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Album Booklet O GEMMA CLARISSIMA MUSIC IN PRAISE OF ST CATHARINE THE CHOIRS OF ST CATHARINE’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE EDWARD WICKHAM DIRECTOR O gemma clarissima Jacob Regnart (1540/45–1599) Sarum chant 1. Ave Katherina marr [3:45] 11. Nobilis et pulchra * [1:21] Music in Praise of St Catharine Ludwig Senfl (1489/91–1543) Walter Frye (fl. 1460–1474) 2. [Ave Katherina marr]/Cos regis [4:59] 12. Kyrie ‘Deus creator omnium’ from Missa Nobilis et pulchra [7:19] Adrian Willaert (c.1490–1562) The Choirs of St Catharine’s College, Cambridge 3. O gemma clarissima [2:43] Sarum chant 13. Inclita sancte virginis Catherinae * [1:06] Edward Wickham conductor Sarum chant 4. Ave virginum gemma * [1:06] Jacquet of Mantua (1483–1559) 14. Inclita sancte virginis Catherinae [4:25] Jean Mouton (before 1459–1522) 5. Ave virginum gemma [5:04] Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525/6–1594) 15. Inclytae sanctae virginis Catherinae [2:37] Sarum chant 6. Virgo sancta Katherina [0:23] Anonymous (early-16th century) (Copenhagen, MS 1848) Nicolas Gombert (c.1495–c.1560) 16. Ave virgo Katharina [4:36] 7. Virgo sancta Katherina * [2:58] Sarum chant Sarum chant 17. Passionem gloriose * [0:40] 8. Virgo flagellatur * [2:18] Richard Fawkyner (fl. c.1480) Pierre Vermont (c.1495–c.1532) 18. Gaude rose sine spina [15:26] About The Choirs of St Catharine’s College: 9. Virgo flagellatur [5:30] ‘[...] unified by a thread of tenderness and warmth Anonymous (early-16th century) Total playing me [72:02] that runs through the whole disc’ (‘Annaberg’ Choirbook 1/D/506) The Telegraph 10. [Katherinae collaudemus] /Fulta fide Katherina [5:38] ‘[...] firm, intelligent shaping of * sung by the St Catharine’s Girls’ Choir this enterprising and rewarding recital’ BBC Music Magazine The story and cult of St Katherine clerics be executed. Miraculously, their bodies remain untouched by the fire into One of the most ubiquitous and beloved which they are cast; they become martyr saints of the Middle Ages, St Katherine was saints. Sll entranced with Katherine’s represented in literature, the visual arts, outward beauty rather than understanding and music. Although almost certainly not her inner devoutness, the Emperor offers historically accurate, her acon-packed, to have a statue of Katherine made, to be inspiring story resonated powerfully worshipped by his people. When she throughout medieval Europe. Recorded rejects this offer, Maxenus orders that she along with many other hagiographies in be imprisoned. Katherine’s wisdom and the medieval best-seller, the Legenda piety also impress her gaoler and the Aurea, or Golden Legend by Jacobus de Empress: they too are converted; they Voragine in the 1260s, the tale relates too are martyred by the increasingly that Katherine was an educated, eloquent furious Maxenus. He devises a cruel princess who lived in Alexandria. When she instrument of torture, involving wheels witnesses the mistreatment of Chrisans studded with sharp blades. In answer to by the Emperor Maxenus, Katherine Katherine’s prayer, however, an angel determines to reason with him, and strikes the horrible machine, which shaers fearlessly states her case. The Emperor is into many pieces, killing many onlookers – torn between exasperaon at this Katherine, however, is unharmed. The challenge to his authority and admiraon emperor’s fury with Katherine is so for Katherine’s beauty. Unable to make severe by now that he orders that she any headway in his own discussion with be beheaded. Aer her death, her sancty her, he summons fiy of his most skilled and purity are proven by the flow of milk, clerics to argue with Katherine and to rather than blood, from her severed head. convince her to renounce her faith. Her body is borne away by angels to Mount However, Katherine’s eloquence is such Sinai – today sll the site of a monastery that, instead, all fiy of these seasoned dedicated to the saint, in a locaon which debaters are defeated: they fall silent in has known more than its fair share of recognion of her superior reasoning, and instability and violence. The medieval report to the emperor that Katherine’s narrave informs us that the saint’s bones words have converted them to Chrisanity. exude a miraculous oil which heals The Emperor commands that all fiy of the the sick. The Legenda Aurea emphasises five of godlessness and materialism for which A nun, Clemence of Barking, composed a A note on the music Katherine’s qualies: her wisdom, he stands: this image resonates with vivid version of the hagiography in Anglo eloquence, constancy, chasty and dignity. contemporary depicons of the Virgin and Norman in the later twelh century; and The repertoire in this programme spans a In the Legenda and translaons adapted Katherine’s fellow virgin martyr Margaret Katherine is the first saint (aer the Virgin century in which the cult of St Catharine from it, Katherine’s wisdom is represented trampling on the devil, oen represented Mary and Mary Magdalene) to be invoked in was at its height. From the vast array of as spanning the disciplines of knowledge as a serpent. Chrisne de Pizan’s fieenth-century Book motets, hymns and mass movements which necessary for a medieval scholar, including of the City of Ladies, which constructs a can be found in sources from across logic, rhetoric, branches of mathemacs, Mount Sinai was a popular, if perilous, metaphorical fortress from the stories of Europe, we have selected a representave and natural philosophy. Katherine’s pilgrimage desnaon in the Middle Ages. admirable women. sample of genres, texts and composional chasty and her insistence on taking no European devotees of St Katherine also styles which nonetheless are linked by other bridegroom than Christ allies her visited the monastery of Sainte-Trinité-du- Katherine’s associaon with wheels common threads, devoonal as well as not only with the Virgin Mary but also mont-de-Rouen, which claimed to preserve establishes her as the patron saint aesthec; not least the impulse, with a range of other virgin martyr saints, the relic of St Katherine’s finger: according wheelwrights, spinners and millers; demonstrated in some way by all these such as St Margaret and St Barbara. In to the Legenda Aurea, a monk prayed to because of her chasty, she is the patron works, to project in song the prayers and common with many other saints, the saint that he be given a relic, whereupon saint of young unmarried women; and exhortaons of pious communies towards Katherine is depicted alongside the her finger broke off, allowing him to transport because of her learning and rhetorical skill a saint who might represent their interests instrument of torture most closely it to Northern France. Tales of miraculous she is the patron saint of students and in the court of heaven. associated with her – a sign not of the cures effected in these locaons were scholars. It may have been this last pain it might have inflicted on her body, recorded from at least the thirteenth aspect of her story which prompted In this respect, the role of St Catharine was but of her fortude and sancty in century, creding the saint with healing Robert Woodlark, a former Provost of not so different from that of the Blessed overcoming the physical suffering of the toothache, restoring sight to the blind, and King’s College, Cambridge, to choose to Virgin Mary, advocate-in-chief for the world in favour of her devoon to the ensuring ferlity. name the College he founded in 1473 Catholic faithful in this period. In musical spiritual plane. In visual tradions, from ‘Katherine Hall’. It is only since 1860 that terms this is reflected in the sharing of illuminaons in books of hours and The Legenda Aurea’s account of Katherine’s the College’s patron saint has been given musical materials between feast days for breviaries, to church murals, Katherine is life was translated throughout the Middle her unusual spelling, and the establishment these two important patronesses. For most oen idenfiable by the wheel that Ages into numerous different versions in has become known as St Catharine’s instance, the tune which forms the basis of accompanies her – usually a single wheel, English, Welsh, Irish, Anglo-Norman, French, College. However her name is spelled, Ludwig Senfl’s hymn seng Ave Katherina rather than the four in the torture machine Spanish, Polish, Hungarian, German and and however she is recorded and marr is more commonly associated with described in the Legenda Aurea. Katherine’s Czech; her cult was also popular in Greece, remembered, Katherine connues as the Marian hymn Ave maris stella; while in other emblems are a sword and a crown. Italy and Sweden. There is evidence that a powerful figure of fortude and the chant respond Virgo flagellatur we The saint is also represented trampling St Katherine’s story held a parcular appeal scholarship. encounter a secon (including a voluptuous the pagan Emperor beneath her feet, for women interested in learning. melisma on the word ‘agmina’) that appears signifying her spiritual triumph over the © Miranda Griffin 2019 also in Marian chants. Indeed, the appropriaon of melodies and inseron of extra text. The sound-world Virgo sancta Katharina is notable for its thread is reminiscent of our five-voice texts from other sources is everywhere here is disnct even from that of its scoring – for four equal high voices; an works of the early Renaissance (notably evident in the repertory for St Catharine. nearest contemporary, Fawkyner’s example of the ‘voces pares’ style to which Johannes Regis) yet the harmonic language Chants from the elaborate liturgy for the expansive Gaude rosa sine spina, to be so many composers contributed in this would not be unfamiliar to an English Feast of St Catharine (November 25) are found in the famous Eton Choirbook.
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