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Linkages Between Economic Success and Vulnerability to Natural Hazards inngeo – Innsbrucker Materialien zur Geographie Volume 17 Karl Michael Höferl & Simone Sandholz (Eds.): Urban Resilience in Indonesia – Assessing and Evaluating Development Strategies in Yogyakarta and Surakarta Edited by Innsbrucker Studienkreis für Geographie, 2017 ISBN: 978‐3‐901182‐78‐5 Printed with financial support of the International Relations Office, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Review: Christian Obermayr, Christian Steiner, Ernst Steinicke Design and typesetting: Jana Fürstenberg, Karl Michael Höferl Cover: Jana Fürstenberg, images by Simone Sandholz and Karl Michael Höferl Druck: Druck.at About inngeo ‐ Innsbrucker Materialien zur Geographie Edited by Innsbrucker Studienkreis für Geographie, inngeo includes edited, (partially) reviewed lecture manuscripts, excursion reports, project reports as well as short summaries of diploma and doctoral theses, which are beyond the scope of the ‘Innsbruck Geographical Studies’ series. It focuses on student readers, is digitally published and provided via the homepage of the Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Volumes appear irregularly. © Innsbrucker Studienkreis für Geographie ZVR 568774553 Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‐ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Urban Resilience in Indonesia Assessing and Evaluating Development Strategies in Yogyakarta and Surakarta Karl Michael Höferl & Simone Sandholz (Eds.) Final Report of the elective area «Development Research» within the master programme «Global Change – Regional Sustainability» Institute of Geography University of Innsbruck, Austria Contributing authors: Jana Fürstenberg, Kilian Hinzpeter, Karl Michael Höferl, Leonard Hoyos, Stefan Niederer, Simon Kranebitter, Susanne Kubisch, Christian Obermayr, Simone Sandholz, Fabian Sandholzer, Tim Salow, Dominik Scheuer, Nils Unthan Urban Resilience in Indonesia Table of contents 1. Introductory remarks .................................................................................................... 1 2. Indonesia – a geographical overview ............................................................................. 4 2.1 Climate and vegetation ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Natural hazards ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 History ........................................................................................................................................ 6 2.4 Structure of the state ................................................................................................................. 9 2.5 Recent administrative policies and population development .................................................. 10 2.6 Economy ................................................................................................................................... 12 2.7 Urban development in Indonesia ............................................................................................. 14 2.7.1 Historic development ........................................................................................................ 14 2.7.2 Indonesian and Javanese city models ............................................................................... 15 2.8 Introduction to Yogyakarta and Surakarta ............................................................................... 18 2.8.1 Yogyakarta ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.8.2 Surakarta ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.9 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 22 3. Coping with socio‐economic transformations and natural‐hazards in Yogyakarta’s Kampungs .............................................................................................. 24 3.1 Introduction to Yogyakarta City ................................................................................................ 24 3.1.1 Urban hazards and risks .................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Urban planning and housing policy ................................................................................... 25 3.1.2.1 Land rights and ownership structures in Yogyakarta ................................................. 25 3.1.2.2 Urban planning and housing regulations in Yogyakarta............................................. 26 3.2 Motivation ................................................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1 Deduction of research questions ....................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Analysis and evaluation scheme ........................................................................................ 29 3.3 Theoretical background ............................................................................................................ 29 3.3.1 The concept of resilience ................................................................................................... 29 3.3.2 Urban resilience ................................................................................................................. 30 3.3.3 The DPSIR Framework ....................................................................................................... 31 3.3.4 Selection of research areas (RAs) ...................................................................................... 33 3.4 Introduction to the research transect area .............................................................................. 34 3.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1.1 Geographical situation of Code River transect ........................................................... 34 3.4.1.2 Characterisation of Code River transect .................................................................... 37 3.4.2 Large scale urban transformation and responses ............................................................. 38 3.4.2.1 Influence of natural hazards on urban development in Code River transect ............ 38 3.4.2.2 Strategies of communities to cope with natural hazards in Code River transect ................................................................................................ 39 3.4.2.3 Influences of socio‐economic processes on urban development in Code River transect ................................................................................................ 41 3.4.2.4 Strategies of communities to cope with socio‐economic stressors and disruptions in Code River transect ............................................................................. 44 3.5 Assessment of Research Area 1 ................................................................................................ 45 I Urban Resilience in Indonesia 3.5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 45 3.5.1.1 Basic infrastructure of RA 1 ........................................................................................ 46 3.5.2 Transformative processes and responses in RA 1 ............................................................. 48 3.5.2.1 Influences of natural hazards on community development in RA 1 .......................... 48 3.5.2.2 Strategies of local actors to cope with natural hazards in RA 1 ................................. 49 3.5.2.3 Impacts of socio‐economic stressors and disruptions on community development in RA 1 .................................................................................................. 52 3.5.2.4 Strategies of local actors to cope with socio‐economic stressors and disruptions in RA 1 .............................................................................................. 54 3.5.3 External impacts on RA 1 ................................................................................................... 55 3.5.4 From impacts to responses in RA 1 ................................................................................... 56 3.6 Assessment of Research Area 2 ................................................................................................ 62 3.6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 62 3.6.1.1 Basic infrastructure of RA 2 ........................................................................................ 64 3.6.2 Transformative processes and responses in RA 2 ............................................................. 66 3.6.2.1 Influences of natural hazards on the community development in RA 2 .................... 66 3.6.2.2 Strategies of local actors to cope with natural hazards in RA 2 ................................. 69 3.6.2.3 Impacts of socio‐economic stressors and disruptions on community development in RA 2 .............................................................................
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