The Language Environment of First Century Judaea Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series Editorial Board David Golinkin – Alberdina Houtman Marcel Poorthuis – Joshua Schwartz Freek van der Steen Advisory Board Yehoyada Amir – David Berger – Shaye Cohen Judith Frishman – Martin Goodman Clemens Leonhard – Tobias Nicklas – Eyal Regev Gerard Rouwhorst – Seth Schwartz – Yossi Turner VOLUME 26 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/jcp The Language Environment of First Century Judaea Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels Volume Two Edited by Randall Buth and R. Steven Notley LEIDEN | BOSTON Bar-Ilan University, Israel University of Tilburg: Faculty of Catholic Theology, The Netherlands Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies, Israel Bar-IlanIngeborgIngeborg University, RennertRennert Center Center Israel for for Jerusalem Jerusalem Studies, Studies, Bar-Ilan Israel University, Israel UniversityBar-IlanUniversity University, of Tilburg:Tilburg: Israel Faculty Faculty of of Catholic Catholic Theology, Theology, The editors gratefully acknowledge TheThe Netherlands the financial support of the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. University of Tilburg: Faculty of Catholic Theology, This book is printed onSchechter Theacid-freeProtestant Netherlands paper.Institute Theological of JewishUniversity, Studies, The NetherlandsIsrael Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationIngeborgSchechterSchechter Rennert Institute Center of JewishJewish Data for Studies, Studies,Jerusalem Israel Israel Studies, Israel Interaction between JudaismIngeborg and RennertChristianity Center in history, for Jerusalem religion, Studies, art and Israel literature / edited Theby Marcel editors gratefully Poorthuis, acknowledge Joshua Schwartz, the financial Joseph support Turner. of the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. Library p. ofcm. Congress — (Jewish Cataloging-in-Publication and Christian perspectives Data series ; v. 17) ThisThe Includes editors book gratefullyis bibliographical printed acknowledge on acid-free references. the financialpaper. support of the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. The ISBN language 978-90-04-17150-3 environment of first (hardback century : Judaeaalk. paper) / edited by Randall Buth and R. Steven Notley. pages 1. Judaism--Relations--Christianity—History. cm—(Jewish and Christian perspectives series 2. Christianity ; volume 26) and (Jerusalem other religions— studies in the synopticLibraryThisJudaism—History. book ofgospels isCongress printed ; Volume I. onCataloging-in-Publication Poorthuis, acid-free Two) Marcel, paper. 1955- II.Data Schwartz, Joshua. III. Turner, Joseph. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBNInteractionLibrary BM535.I4856 978-90-04-26340-6 of Congressbetween 2008 JudaismCataloging-in-Publication (hardback and : Christianityalk. paper)—ISBN in Data history, 978-90-04-26441-0 religion, art and (e-book) 1. Bible. literature / edited New Testament—Language,by 296.3’9609—dc22 Marcel Poorthuis, Joshua style. 2. Synoptic Schwartz, Joseph problem. 3. Judaea Turner. (Region) 4. Language and languages. I. Buth, Interaction p. cm. Randall. —between (Jewish II. Notley, Judaism and R. Christian Steven. and Christianity perspectives in history, series ;religion, v. 17) art and literature2008031295 / edited byIncludes Marcel Poorthuis, bibliographical Joshua references. Schwartz, Joseph Turner. BS2361.3.L37 ISBN p. cm. 978-90-04-17150-3 —2014 (Jewish and Christian (hardback perspectives : alk. paper) series ; v. 17) 225.4—dc23 1.Includes Judaism--Relations--Christianity—History. bibliographical references. 2. Christianity and other religions— 2013048855 Judaism—History. ISBN 978-90-04-17150-3 I. Poorthuis, (hardback Marcel, : 1955-alk. paper) II. Schwartz, Joshua. III. Turner, Joseph. 1. Judaism--Relations--Christianity—History. 2. Christianity and other religions— Judaism—History. BM535.I4856 2008 I. Poorthuis, Marcel, 1955- II. Schwartz, Joshua. III. Turner, Joseph. This 296.3’9609—dc22 publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, BM535.I4856 ipa , Greek, 2008 and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities.2008031295 For 296.3’9609—dc22 more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1388-2074 2008031295 issnISBN 1388-2074 978 90 04 17150 3 isbn 978 90 04 26340 6 (hardback) Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. isbnKoninklijke 978 90 04 Brill 26441 NV 0 (e-book) incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. KoninklijkeAll rights reserved. Brill nv incorporatesNo part of this the publicationimprints Brill, may Brill be Nijhoff, reproduced, Global translated,Oriental and stored Hotei in Publishing. AllISSNa retrieval rights 1388-2074 reserved. system, No or part transmitted of this publication in any form may or be by reproduced, any means, translated, electronic, stored mechanical, in a retrieval system, or transmittedISBNphotocopying, 978 90 in recording04 any 17150 form or3or by otherwise, any means, without electronic, prior mechanical, written permission photocopying, from recordingthe publisher. or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in ThisIDC book Publishers, is printed Martinus on acid-free Nijhoff pape Publishersr. and VSP. aprinted retrieval in system, the netherlands or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,All rights reserved. recording No part or otherwise,of this publication without mayprior be written reproduced, permission translated, from the stored publisher. in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Authorizationphotocopying, torecording photocopy or itemsotherwise, for internal without or prior personal written use permissionis granted by from Koninklijke the publisher. Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222Authorization Rosewood to Drive, photocopy Suite 910,items Danvers, for internal MA or 01923, personal USA. use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV Feesprovided are subject that the to appropriate change. fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. printedFees are insubject the netherlands to change. printed in the netherlands Contents Introduction: Language Issues Are Important for Gospel Studies 1 Randall Buth Sociolinguistic Issues in a Trilingual Framework 7 1 The Origins of the “Exclusive Aramaic Model” in the Nineteenth Century: Methodological Fallacies and Subtle Motives 9 Guido Baltes 2 The Use of Hebrew and Aramaic in Epigraphic Sources of the New Testament Era 35 Guido Baltes 3 Hebraisti in Ancient Texts: Does Ἑβραϊστί Ever Mean “Aramaic”? 66 Randall Buth and Chad Pierce 4 The Linguistic Ethos of the Galilee in the First Century C.E. 110 Marc Turnage 5 Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus’ Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors 182 Serge Ruzer Literary Issues in a Trilingual Framework 207 6 Hebrew, Aramaic, and the Differing Phenomena of Targum and Translation in the Second Temple Period and Post-Second Temple Period 209 Daniel A. Machiela 7 Distinguishing Hebrew from Aramaic in Semitized Greek Texts, with an Application for the Gospels and Pseudepigrapha 247 Randall Buth vi contents 8 Non-Septuagintal Hebraisms in the Third Gospel: An Inconvenient Truth 320 R. Steven Notley Reading Gospel Texts in a Trilingual Framework 347 9 Hebrew-Only Exegesis: A Philological Approach to Jesus’ Use of the Hebrew Bible 349 R. Steven Notley and Jeffrey P. Garcia 10 Jesus’ Petros–petra Wordplay (Matthew 16:18): Is It Greek, Aramaic, or Hebrew? 375 David N. Bivin 11 The Riddle of Jesus’ Cry from the Cross: The Meaning of ηλι ηλι λαμα σαβαχθανι (Matthew 27:46) and the Literary Function of ελωι ελωι λειμα σαβαχθανι (Mark 15:34) 395 Randall Buth Index of Ancient Sources 423 Subject Index 448 Introduction: Language Issues Are Important for Gospel Studies Randall Buth The articles in this collection demonstrate that a change is taking place in New Testament studies. Throughout the twentieth century, New Testament scholar- ship primarily worked under the assumption that only two languages, Aramaic and Greek, were in common use in the land of Israel in the first century. Studies on the Gospels have assumed that Aramaic was the only viable language for Jesus’ public teaching or for