PROPOSED LOTTE CHEMICAL TITAN TE-3 PROJECT AT INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, PASIR GUDANG, DARUL TAKZIM

Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment

October 2015

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Proposed TE3 Lotte Chemical Titan Project at Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate, Pasir Gudang, Johor Darul Takzim Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PROPOSED LOTTE CHEMICAL TITAN TE-3 PROJECT AT PASIR GUDANG INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, PASIR GUDANG, JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM

INTRODUCTION

1. This report presents the salient findings of the Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (Detailed EIA) study carried out to assess the potential environmental impacts that may arise from the construction and operation of a new olefins production unit and a revamp of some existing facilities (hereinafter referred as “the Project” or “TE-3 Project”), which are located at Pasir Gudang, State of Johor.

2. The Project involves the installation of a new catalytic olefins convertor process unit, the KBR Catalytic Olefins Converter (hereinafter known as “K-COT”), a revamp of the existing Cracker Plant No. 2 and Benzene-Toluene-Xylene or BTX Plant, and the development of new storage faciltiies for the storage of products and by-products.

3. The Detailed EIA is a requirement under Section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 as the proposed Project is a prescribed activity [Item 6(d): Petrochemicals (Production Capacity of each product or combined product of 50 tonnes per day)] under the Second Schedule of Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015.

4. The Project Proponent is Lotte Chemical Titan (M) Sdn. Bhd., which is wholly owned by Lotte Chemical of the Republic of Korea, one of Asia’s top chemical production companies.

The Project Proponent’s contact detail is as follows:

LOTTE CHEMICAL TITAN (M) SDN. BHD. Lot PLO 312, Jalan Tembaga 4 Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate 81700 Pasir Gudang, Johor

Tel : 07 – 253 8888 Fax : 07 – 251 7881 Email : [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]

Contact persons: Mr. Lee Kyoung Seog – Director / TE3 Project Ms. Wong Pei Wen – Project Engineer, Process / TE3 Project Ms. Mylene Casiguran – Environmental Engineer

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

5. The study was undertaken by ERE Consulting Group Sdn. Bhd and the Consultant’s contact details are as follows:

ERE Consulting Group Sdn. Bhd. 9, Jalan USJ 21/6 47630 Subang Jaya Selangor Darul Ehsan

Tel : 03 - 8024 2287 Fax : 03 - 8024 2320 Email : [email protected] / [email protected]

Contact persons: Peter Ho Yueh Chuen – Project Advisor Tan Yen Chen – Technical Coordinator

6. The Project will be carried out within the land area currently occupied by LCTSB’s main petrochemical complex in the Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate (PGIE) and its bulk storage areas within the Johor Port. The Project is to be located on Lot PLO 257, PLO 425 and Titan Terminal 2 of Johor Port (total area 49.99 hectares). The area in which the main process facilities of the Project are to be located is identified by the following coordinates:

Boundary Latitude Longitude K-COT 1 N 1° 27' 0.94" E 103° 53' 23.80" K-COT 2 N 1° 26' 55.50" E 103° 53' 20.17" K-COT 3 N 1° 26' 54.49” E 103° 53' 23.12" K-COT 4 N 1° 26' 56.94” E 103° 53' 28.75"

7. The Project site is accessible via the (Route 17) and the JB East Coast Highway (Route 35) which connects Tampoi in the west to Pasir Gudang, the Johor Port and in the east. It is also accessible from via the Senai-Desaru Highway (E22) to Tanjung Langsat.

8. The nearest residential area (Perjiranan 10 in Taman Air Biru) is about 1.6 km away northeast from Project site. Traditional villages are found beyond 2-3 km radius to the east and west of the site. The major urban centres of Masai, Kampung Pasir Puteh, Taman Mawar, Taman Rinting, Taman Sierra Perdana, Taman Bukit Dahlia, Taman Pasir Putih and are located close to or within the vicinity of 5km radius from the Project (Figure ES-1).

STATEMENT OF NEED

9. Lotte Chemical Titan (M) Sdn Bhd, being the first and largest integrated producer of olefins and polyfins in the country, has set an objective to increase production to meet future demand for the products. In order to meet this objective there is need to improve the efficiency of operations and enhance production through the adoption of more efficient technologies. The Project is aimed to achieve this objective.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

10. The Project is also consistent with national economic targets set for the petroleum and petrochemical sector under the Oil, Gas and Energy National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) of the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3) for the country. The Project within the PGIE is also ideal as the industrial area is one of the three petrochemical zones identified for the establishment of such industries.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

11. Currently, LCTSB has eleven (11) plants producing hydrocarbon products such as Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) under the registered trademark name of Titanpro® and Titanex®. The facilities include 2 Cracker Plants (PC -1 and PC-2 for production of ethylene and propolyene); a BTX Plant (for production of Benzene and Toluene); 2 Polypropylene Production Plants (PP); 2 Polyethylene Production Plants (PE); a TBA Plant (for production of Tertiary Butyl Alcohol); a BD or Butadiene Production Unit (for production of 1,3- Butadiene); and an Olefin Conversion Unit (OCU) for production of propylene.

12. The Project involves the installation of a new side cracker (K-COT) for the production of propylene and ethylene. The revamp of one of the existing Cracker Plant (PC-2) and the BTX Plant is to take account of the changes in production of the additional production unit. The K-COT Process Unit is combined with the existing PC 2 plant to allow the process gas stream after cracking in the K-COT Unit to be tied-in with the cold section of the existing PC 2 plant.

13. The K-COT process has been selected due to its versatility to use various feedstocks for conversion to high value primary products such as propylene and ethylene. The process is based on a patented technology using the fluid bed catalytic cracking reactor system. This is a more efficient alternative to the steam cracking process of the existing Cracker Plants and achieves better yield of products.

14. The key to the process is the conversion of recycled C4s, C5s organic compounds, C6-C7 non-aromatic organic compounds, LCO (light cycle oil) and external naphtha feedstock to high value products such as ethylene, propylene and BTX in the fluid bed catalytic cracking reactor. The process gas is cooled, compressed, treated for oxygenates, oxygen, acetylene and acid gas removal, dried and sent forward for product separation. The main products are proplylene and ethylene which are base materials for production of polypropylene and polyethylene in the respective production plants.

15. The combined C6+ fraction is processed in the BTX plant to recover aromatics, while the C6-C7 non-aromatics fraction is recycled to the K-COT Process Unit as feed. The revamp of the BTX plant is to increase the unit capacity from 34.8 Tons/hour to 52 Tons/hour of C6 – C8 (Pygas) feed.

16. The mixed C4s stream produced from both PC 1 and PC 2 Cracker plants is processed in the existing Butadiene extraction unit, TBA, and OCU units. Remaining C4s are recycled back to the K-COT Process Unit as feed. C5 streams recovered from both PC 1 and PC 2 Cracker plants are also recycled back to the K-COT reactor as feed.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

17. The overall production processes for the Project is summarised in Figure ES-2. The expected production outcome before and after implementation of the Project is summarised in the table below.

Estimated Quantity (kilotonne/annum) Products Existing After Implementation Increment Approx. % Ethylene 658 755 97 15 Propylene 352 477 125 36 Butadiene 85 80 -5 -6 Tertiary-Butyl Alcohol 73 117 44 60 Aromatics (BT) 148 300 152 103 Others (Fuel, H2,etc) 350 396 46 13

18. Additional storage installations of two (2) new storage tanks namely one for the mixed C4 at the existing TBA plant, and one for HPG at the BTX plant are proposed. An existing Ethylene sphere storage tank with an existing capacity of 900 m3 within the existing petrochemical complex will be converted for storage of mixed C4 and C5 (see table below).

Type of Type Shape Location Capacity (MT) Chemical Mixed C4 (C4 New Sphere TBA Plant 250 Raffinate) 1 HPG New Tank ISBL area 530 Mixed C4 Converted Sphere ISBL area 550 Raffinate- 2 + from Ethylene /Petrochemical C5 storage tank complex

19. Air emissions from the Project are mainly due to gas emissions from the K-COT Regenerator during its operation (see table below). Other intermittent gas emissions are expected from the Air Heater Furnace and Thermal Oxidizer. Intermittent emission from Decoking pot will only occur twice a year. These are beside those due to operation of the flare system for flaring off waste gases.

Source Expected Emission Concentration Discharge Destination (mg/Nm3) Frequency Regenerator Flue Carbon monoxide (CO) 315 Continuous Stack Gas Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 10 (147,340 kg/hr) Sulphur Oxides (SOx) <100 Particulate Matter <50 Volatile Org. Cpds (VOCs) 5

20. The K-COT process is expected to generate three aqueous streams; an oily process water from dilution steam blowdown (about 10,280 kg/hr), blowdown from steam generation system (about 800 kg/hr) and spent caustic (about 4,440 kg/hr). All wastewater will be channelled to the existing Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 (WWTP 2) for treatment. The plant will be upgraded from 25 m3/hr to 40 m3/hr to meet the increase in wastewater generated. Treated wastewater will be directed to the observation pond to check for compliance with discharge standards before discharging to Sungai Perembi.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

21. The main solid waste generated from the Project is spent catalysts and dessicants which may be generated continuously or periodically (see table below). The wastes are to be managed through recovery by vendors or waste licenced contractors or sent for disposal at approved landfill or scheduled waste disposal facility (such as Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd).

Waste Type Quantity Discharge Management (Kg) Frequency Method Superflex SF-100 1,000 Daily Disposal at Local (Kaolin, Zeolite, non Authority landfill fibrous alumina, quartz) Nickel Sulphide 27,328 Once every 5 - 10 Return to supplier years Palladium on activated 6,536 Once every 3 – 5 Precious Metal alumina years Recovery Nickel Oxides & 4,702 Once every 3 – 5 Disposal at Molybdenum Oxides on years scheduled waste activated alumina facility

Cobalt Oxides & 14,200 Molybdenum Oxides on activated alumina 3A-EPG-2 1/8” pellets 16,602 Once every 2 Disposal at Local 3A-EPG 1/16” pellets years Authority landfill GT-BTX Extractive 1000 – Every 4 – 9 weeks Disposal by Solvent blend Techtiv 2000/ year incineration at DOE’s 500 licensed waste contractor

22. Noise from the Project is expected to be generated from various operations and equipment. Areas of significant noise may be expected from the process gas compression section, the flue gas and catalyst handling section, as well as equipments such as tail gas decompressor, pumps and air blowers.

23. Power for the Project is to be sourced from the national power grid (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) and from LCTSB’s own co-generation power plants which utilises natural gas as the fuel. The latter is expected to supply about 69 MW at peak usage.

PROJECT OPTIONS

24. Site option – no other site has been considered as the present project is intended principally to improve overall operations efficiency and production by a revamp of present operations which is enhanced with the introduction of a new process unit (K-COT process unit).

25. Technology option - LCTSB is currently utilising the steam cracking technology to breakdown heavy hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) to produce olefins (ethylene and propylene) and other chemicals which form the base for other production processes. The new process unit for cracking, the K-COT process unit, is based on fluidised catalytic cracking technology which has the versatility to convert a

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

variety of chemicals into olefins and other aromatics. The main criterion for the technology selection is based on the versatility of the technology in tackling various feedstock combinations of naphtha and process recycles.

26. No Project Option – The no project option has been considered. While there will be no increase in emissions and discharge with the option, the option does not benefit LCTSB as improvement in production efficiency and production capacity, hence an improvement in competitiveness will not be achieved. This option does not benefit the industry in a competitive international environment.

EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

27. The following table is a summary of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the existing environment for the Project site and its immediate surroundings.

Item Description

Topography The Project site is part of the industrial area which houses the existing operations of the Lotte Chemical Titan’s petrochemical plant. The site had been cleared and levelled and is currently at the desired platform for development of the extension. The site is about 4m above msl.

Geology The PGIE, in which the Project site is located, is underlain by predominantly undifferentiated deposits of the Quaternary Age consisting mainly of clay, silt, sand and minor gravel. Sedimentary rock of Permian age is found in areas near Johor Port, Pasir Gudang.

Soil Natural soils in the site area include acidic soils of the Kranji series which consist of saline gley soil and acid sulphate soils. The northern areas above Project site predominantly feature Harimau-Tampoi soil.

Land Use The Project site is located within the PGIE which is occupied by a mix of light, medium and heavy industries (refer to Figure ES-1). Within a 2 km radius the Project site is surrounded mostly by medium scale to heavy industries which include the Sultan Iskandar and YTL power generation stations, MMHE (ship building), Evergreen Heavy Industrial Corporation (container manufacture), CCM Chemicals, Bridgestone Tyre Workshop, Gan Fatt Forklift Machines, Premier Bleaching Earth, Boon and Cheah Steel and Pipes, Harris Pye Engineering, and oil palm refineries and oleochemical plants (eg. PGEO Edible Oils, Palm Maju Edible Oil). Johor Port occupies an area of approximately 396 ha. of the coastline to the south of the project site.

There are no residential areas within 1km radius from Project site. The nearest residential area, Perjiranan 10 in Taman Air Biru, is 1.6 km away northeast from Project site, Traditional villages are found beyond 2-3 km radius to the east as well as west of the project site. The main Pasir Gudang township consisting of commercial, recreational and public institutions are to be found beyond 2 km radius from the Project Site.

Based on the Dictrict Local Plan, there is no change in the land use within the near vicinity of the Project site. Changes in future land use are for areas further away. New residential and commercial areas are mostly

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Item Description planned in the area between 2.4 - 5km northwest, north and east of Project site. Additional industrial areas have also been planned and this will include the area presently occupied by Kampung Pasir Gudang Baru more than 2 km away to the northwest.

Climate The climatic information of 40 years (year 1975 to 2014) is obtained based on data from the nearest Meteorological Station located at Senai (location: N 1°38', E 103° 40', 37.8 m above msl).

The Project site is likely to be influenced by two distinct monsoonal seasons which is Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The area is expected to receive high rainfall with high mean relative humidity and mean annual temperature as summarized as below:  Average annual rainfall of 2498.9 mm  Mean annual temperature of 26.1 0 C  24 hour mean relative humidity from 83.2% to 87.8%

Wind - predominant winds are from North and Northeast making up more than 27% of the time. Northwesterly and southerly winds make up about 8-9% of the total time. Calm periods (wind < 0.3 m/s) make up a high percentage (35%) of the Annual Wind Rose.

Hydrology The PGIE has 5 main hydrological catchments, the Sg. Perembi, Sg. Buloh, Sg. Tukang Batu, Sg. Laloh and Sg. Kim Kim. Drainage (including treated wastewater) from the Project area will be directed to the Sg. Perembi which forms the main drainage system for the western area of the PGIE and where the Project is located.

The Sg. Perembi acts as the main drainage for the western area of the PGIE and the urbanized areas of Pasir Gudang. The natural river has been largely channelized with concrete embankments along its upper catchment within the PGIE. It is channalised all the way to the Straits of Johor where the river ultimately discharges. The river mouth is located within the Johor Port area.

Based on site observations and discussions with the local authority, no groundwater is known to be abstracted for domestic purposes within the PGIE

Infrastructure Road network and Utilities PGIE is connected to Johor Bahru through a four-lane Lebuhraya Pasir Gudang, JB Eastcoast Highway and a trunk road. Several main roads connecting PGIE to Pasir Gudang city centre includes Jalan Pekelling, Jalan Emas, Jalan Bandar and Jalan Besar.

Power Supply PGIE is currently receiving power supply from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) through 500kV cable running at 275 kV which is connected to the grid. The Project proponent under the entity of Titan Petchem (M) Sdn. Bhd. and Titan Petrochemicals (M) Sdn. Bhd. possess private license with licensed capacity of 56 MW and 42 MW each respectively to generate electricity using natural gas.

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Item Description

Water Supply

Syarikat Air Johor Sdn. Bhd. (SAJ Holdings) has been commissioned to serve water supply to the communities and industries within Pasir Gudang.

Port Facilities

Johor Port currently offers multiple services for instance Liquid Bulk Services at both non-edible liquid terminal as well as edible liquid terminal, Bulk & Break Bulk Services.

Sewage

Most industries in the PGIE have installed individual septic tanks for sewage treatment as no centralised sewerage system is available to serve the entire PGIE.

Ecology The PGIE is largely a developed area with no ecological entity of any significance due to land clearing and industrial and urban development. Only residual riparian mangroves along the undeveloped coastline and lower stretches of the main rivers are seen to remain. A thin line of residual mangrove is observed along the lower stretch of the Sg. Perembi right up to its river mouth in the Johor Port. However, there was no observed concentration of wildlife nor are the mangroves of any significant commercial value.

Socio- The nearest human settlements are Taman Air Biru, Taman Mawar, Quarters economy Guru Taman Mawar and MMHE flat which is located between 1 and 2 km away from the Project Site. Three human settlements which located within the 3km radius are such as Taman Bukit Dahlia, Kg Kuala Masai and SAJ quarters.

Due to the lack of official data, an estimate of the population within 3 km radius of the Project site was made based on the information from an assessment of the socio-economic profiles of respective villages/settlements collated by the village headmen and residents associations.

An estimate of 40,873 people and 7,822 households live within 3km radius from the Project site. In general, males comprised about 44%, while the females 56% fo the population. The majority is aged between 20 and 59 years old (69%), while 21% are aged 19 years and below. Those above 60 years made up about 10%.

Malays make up about 88%, followed by Indians (7%), Chinese (4%) and other races (1%). The majority of the working population is in the private sector (56%), about 36% with the government and about 8% are self-employed (small businesses).

Human Most of the respondents rated their health at least fair, with only a very small Health percentage with poor or very poor health (6.0%). The main reported illness among the household members is asthma (17.7%), hypertension (9.3%) and diabetes. The main reason for seeking medical attention was flu and cold (40.3%), fever (21.0%) and asthma (10.3%).

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Item Description

Baseline Air Air quality monitoring was carried out at Taman Air Biru, Taman Mawar & quality Taman Pasir Gudang Baru representing the identified sensitive receptors for the Project. The parameters monitored were TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2, CO, VOC, total PAH, and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn. Fe, SiO2).

None of the parameters which were tested were above the desired limits of the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards prescribed by the DOE. Metals in the atmosphere were all low or below detection limits. The analyses of VOCs substances as well as PAH showed that these were below or near their detection limits.

Baseline Odour quality sampling was carried out at three identified sensitive receptors Odour (similar to that for air quality) over three periods of the day namely: morning, Quality afternoon and night-time. Results from the study showed that over the sampled period, odour due to oleochemical (unpleasant) dominated the odour descriptor for the areas tested.

Baseline Water quality sampling was carried out at four (4) locations along the Sg. Water Quality Perembi: (W1 – W4). The stretch of the river monitored is tidal and influenced by sea water intrusion as shown by high chloride level in samples during high tide. Saline water is effectively flushed out upstream of W3 during low tide by flow from the upper catchment of the river.

Overall water quality of the river is poor at between Class III and IV of the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) recommended by the DOE. Flow of the river is made up largely of runoff (mainly during storm events) and discharges from surrounding industrial and residential-commercial premises. Except for some parameters such as Conductivity, Salinity and Chloride, water quality of the river is not much changed at high and low tide. This indicates that tidal flushing of the river is not strong enough to remove pollutants discharged into it.

Noise Environmental noise measurements were collected over a 24 hour period at three (3) identified locations. Average noise levels, LAeq for day time at N1 and N2 (project boundary) were well below the DOE’s permissible noise limit [70dB(A)] but exceeded the limit [60 dB(A)] for night time.

Average noise level recorded at N3 (residential area of Taman Air Biru) exceeded the guideline limit during both day time [(55 dB(A)] and night time [(45 dB(A)]. Noise in the area is influenced by surrounding industrial activities and not solely that of the existing LCTSB operations.

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF CURRENT OPERATIONS

28. An assessment of the environmental performance of current operations was made based on a review of recent monitoring data obtained from the environmental monitoring programme undertaken by LCTSB. The type and frequency of monitoring is reflected in the table below.

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No Description Stations/ Parameters Tested Frequency Samples Stack – 19 Dust, SO , NO , VOCs Quarterly Periodic 2 2

Stacks - CEMS 1 SO2, NO2, NO, CO2, H2O, Temperature, Pressure Continuous

Ambient air 15 TSP, SO2, NO2, CO, CO2, VOCs Monthly

L , L , L L and L Boundary noise 8 eq 10 90, min max Monthly

Final effluent Temp, pH, BOD , COD, SS, Oil & Grease, 2 5 Weekly discharge Phenol Septic tank Temp, pH, BOD , COD, SS, Oil & Grease, AN, 1 5 Monthly discharge Nitrate, Phosphorus Surface water Temp, BOD , COD, SS, AN, Oil & Grease, 5 5 Monthly (river) Phenol Temp, DO, SS, Oil & Grease, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, Marine water 3 As, Pb, Zn, CN, AN, NO2, NO3, PO4, Phenol, Quarterly Faecal Coliform

29. Stack monitoring and CEMS results showed that the emissions of SO2, NO2, dust and VOC generally complied with the emission limits specified in the conditions of approval. Occasional spikes were detected in dust, SO2, and VOC emissions on some occasions but readings returned to normal subsequently..

30. Ambient air quality monitoring for SO2, NO2, and CO undertaken within the main petrochemical complex and the storage terminals in Johor Port showed that the concentration levels were within the ambient limit of MAAQG 1989/MAAQS 2013. The results are not specific to LCTSB alone but are reflective of the ambient air quality contributed by the various sources within the PGIE and the Johor Port.

31. Ambient noise monitoring is undertaken on a monthly basis at eight (8) locations along the petrochemical complex boundary. Results of monitoring for the year 2014-2015 showed that boundary noise for day and night time fell within the limit of 70 dB(A) and 60 dB(A) of the recommended guidelines for industrial areas.

32. Surface water monitoring undertaken at five (5) sampling locations along Sg. Perembi showed that high levels of BOD, COD, suspended solid (SS), oil and grease, ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) and phenol were contribute by industrial sources from upstream. On several occasions BOD, COD, SS and AN exceeded the NWQS Class IV limits. A spike in AN levels in the river towards the last Quarter of 2014 and first Quarter of 2015 indicated a significant source of AN to the river. This could be attributed to tidal intrusion of sea water into the river. High levels of AN and Nitrate-N recorded in the sea towards the end of 2014.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

33. Marine water quality monitoring is conducted on a quarterly basis at three (3) locations within the Johor Port area. Results showed that the tested parameters such as SS, oil and grease, cyanide, AN, Nitrate-N and phosphate showed elevated levels when compared against Class III of the MWQCS. AN levels were especially high but the source of which is not known.

34. Environmental compliance audit was carried on 23-24h July 2015 for the LCTSB Pasir Gudang Plant and its terminals. From the exercise conducted, nine (9) good practices, two (2) NCRs and two (2) observations were raised and issued. The NCR and observations issued were mainly on the scheduled waste management. Project Proponent has carried out the corrective action and the report was submitted to DOE on 13 August 2015.

SENSITIVE RECEPTORS

35. The sensitive receptors which are identified for the Project are to be found within about 3 km radius from the Project site. The identified sensitive receptors include the following:

• Taman Air Biru including Perjiranan 8, Perjiranan 9, Perjiranan 10, and Perumahan Bakti which is located within 1.6-3 km northeast of the Project site; • Taman Mawar which is located within 1.8- 3 km north of the Project site; • Kampung Pasir Gudang Baru located within 2.5-3 km to the northwest of the Project site; and • Sg. Perembi

The locations of the sensitive receptors are shown in Figure ES-3.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Quantitative Risk Assessment

36. A Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) was undertaken. The hazardous substances identified are mostly flammable and some toxic substances. Two case scenarios were modelled, namely:

• Base Case – conservative case both in terms of consequences (e.g. use of the maximum inventories of hazardous substances in tanks/ drums; worst case storage conditions; releases are modelled based on initial maximum (rather than average) release rates; and no account taken of site drainage/emergency spill containment systems to limit the spread of liquid release etc.), and frequency – i.e. no account has been taken of project site safety operations e.g. operators intervention to prevent or minimize releases and no credit has been take to account for the site Safety Management System.

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• Sensitivity Case – where final event frequency has taken into account the factor for the project site safety operations and activation of the Safety Management System e.g. shutdown systems, and operators intervention to prevent or minimize releases, where appropriate for small, medium and large releases.

37. Modelling for the cumulative risks due to the existing facilities and the proposed Project demonstrate that the extent of the Individual Risk (IR) contours lie within the industrial area surrounding the Project site and do not extend to the nearest sensitive receptors (residential areas). The risks associated with the hazards due to the operation of the Project are within the DOE risk acceptance criteria for voluntary and involuntary exposure.

38. A comparison of the cumulative risk contours for the existing facilities with the cumulative risk contours which include the additional risk due to the Project for Base Case Scenario, shows that there is substantial increment in the existing risk on the surrounding industrial facilities (up to 450m northwest of the site). However, the IR contours did not extend beyond the industrial area into the residential zone. Risks are still within the DOE risk acceptance criteria.

When compared against the Sensitive Case Scenario, the cumulative risk contours of 1 x 10-5 fatality/year is unchanged while the incremental risk for the 1 x 10-6 fatality/year contour extends slightly to the northwest of the Plant (50m), at the Jetty (BT-2) area (64m), and on southwest side of Terminal 2 (126m). Activation of the site Safety Management System reduces the risk substantially.

Air Quality Assessment

39. Air emissions during the construction period are due mainly to fugitive dust and trace amount of CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 and dark smoke from construction vehicle combustion sources. The impact due to fugitive dust is expected to be short term and will only be a localised nuisance problem within the Project site.

40. The assessment of air quality impact for the operational of new K-COT plant was carried out using AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD) which uses steady state Gaussian equation that combines source emission, meteorological information, terrain, and dispersion coefficients to predict the maximum average incremental concentration (MAIC) of pollutants. The two scenarios of normal and abnormal operations were modelled (the latter involving abnormal flaring).

41. The overall findings show that the predicted MAIC for all air pollutants modelled (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO) under the scenarios of normal and abnormal operation at the identified sensitive receptors were low and ground level concentrations (GLC) were well within the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guideline (MAAQG), 1989 and the IT-2 2018 (MAAQS, 2013).

42. However, although the MAIC for PM2.5 was low, the predicted GLC at ASR 3 and ASR 4 exceeded the MAAQS for Year 2020. This is due to already high measured background levels of PM2.5 for the two receptors which were recorded at close to the MAAQS level.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Health Impact Assessment

43. Of the air pollutants evaluated the Health Quotient (HQ) for all the parameters (TSP, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO) were determined to be below 1 which indicates health risk due to air emissions from the Project are within acceptable levels. However, the HQ for PM2.5 at Taman Mawar and Taman Air Biru is calculated to be 1.04 and 1.26 respectively, which is an indication for an increase health risk for people with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases living around the two areas.

44. As discussed earlier, the high levels of PM2.5 at the two receptor areas is due not so much by the additional contribution from the Project, rather the two areas have high baseline levels contributed by existing sources in the PGIE. In view of this a comprehensive air quality management plan is recommended to be implemented by a higher authority (eg. MPPG) to develop an overall strategy to reduce pollutant load affecting the Pasir Gudang area.

Greenhouse Gases

45. CO2 is one of the greenhouse gases (GHG) released from the K-COT process but with a low Global Warming Potential (GWP). The estimated CO2e (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent) from the operation of K-COT is about 0.188 million MT/year.

Odour Assessment

46. A qualitative assessment for odour was made by comparison between the concentration levels of the detected volatile chemical against the established odour threshold values (OTV) for the chemical in question. Measured values of some of the volatile organic chemicals monitored within the plant were determined to be above their OTV values. However, baseline odour conducted using infield olfactometer at the sensitive receptors was determined to be characteristic of emissions from nearby oleochemical plants unlike those odours from the petrochemical complex.

Noise Assessment

47. Construction noise is contributed by various sources including the operation of machinery, construction activities such as piling, compacting, excavating, concrete mixing, grinding, and others. The predicted ambient daytime noise levels during the construction phase is likely to exceed the Maximum Permissible Level of 70 dB(A) at the Project boundary. However, the predicted cumulative noise contributed by construction activities has minimal impact to the nearest residential area, namely Taman Air Biru.

48. For the operational phase, predicted ambient daytime noise levels at the Project boundaries are expected to comply with the Maximum Permissible Level of 70 dB(A). As for night-time, the noise levels at the Project boundaries are found to comply with the Maximum Permissible Sound Level [+3dB(A)] for each of the respective receptors.

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49. For an abnormal operation as in a situation requiring significant flaring of gases and chemical residues, significant noise is predicted to impact surrounding residential areas. The sudden increase in noise during such an event is likely to elicit an adverse reaction from surrounding population. However, the impact is only expected to be short term in nature as noise will reduce as flaring ends when waste gases are exhausted. Nevertheless, such abnormal events should be minimised through effective operations.

Waste Management

50. Wastes generated from the construction phase consists of a variety of materials much of which is non-hazardous and can be recovered, such as paper, plastics, formwork, cartons and boxes, metals), while others require to be disposed into municipal landfill. Some scheduled waste (e.g. used paints, spent lubricating oil, spent hydraulic oil, spent mineral) will be expected and most of these can be recovered or recycled by third party waste contractors. The adoption of good and effective management practices will minimise impacts due to such wastes.

51. The main solid and scheduled wastes generated during the operational phase are spent catalysts and spent desiccants. Some of the spent catalysts will be generated continuously (e.g. from the K-COT process) while some will be generated periodically such as the acetylene/oxygen reactor. These catalysts will be replaced once their lifespan is reached. Scheduled wastes generated are to be stored in the O & D scheduled waste shelter which has adequate capacity to cater to the additional waste generated.

52. Of the catalysts which are used, Nickel Sulphide (NiS) has high toxicity potential having carcinogenic properties and high toxicity to aquatic organisms. For management, the waste catalyst is returned to the supplier for treatment and recovery of the usable material. However, not all spent catalysts are hazardous or toxic such as Superflex SF-100 which is made up of materials such as kaolin, zeolite, non-fibrous alumina and quartz which are naturally occurring substances in the environment. It is proposed for an application to be made for such wastes to be allowed to be disposed into municipal landfill.

Water Quality Assessment

53. Water quality modelling for Sg. Perembi was undertaken using a stream water quality model (QUAL2K). The model was applied based on various assumptions and limitations for the river (such as river is well mixed and generally homogenous, low tide conditions, etc). Modelling was undertaken for three scenarios namely baseline (existing situation), future (with the Project and normal operation of wastewater treatment plant) and worst-case (where treatment failure occurs).

54. Results of baseline modelling show that ambient DO concentration tends to deplete as the river flows downstream with levels close to Class III and Class IV of the National Ambient Water Quality Standards. This is attributed to low reaeration and high input of organic pollutants into the river from upstream sources

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55. Ambient DO is also shown to become depressed while BOD increased slightly downstream with inputs of treated effluent (meeting Standard B discharge limits) from the Project. In the event of treatment plant failure, the depression in DO increases significantly and tends towards anoxic levels further downstream. The level of BOD is shown to escalate significantly (230 mg/L at peak).

56. Sg. Perembi is a severely polluted river which is affected mainly by discharges from industries within its catchment in the PGIE. It has no beneficial use except to act as a main drainage for conveyance of runoff and wastewater from its catchment to the sea. There are also no sensitive receptors of importance along the river downstream. Under normal conditions and, in the absence of storm events, the observed flow in the river is mainly contributed by wastewater discharges from such sources. As such, the impacts due to the Project on the river may be considered to be inconsequential relative to its present state of pollution.

Social Impact Assessment

57. For this study, a perception survey, a public dialogue and semi-structured interviews were carried out to probe social and related issues that the communities and related stakeholders have encountered due to their proximity to industries in the Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate.

58. Key findings from the perception survey indicated that the majority of respondents were satisfied with their current living environment. The main environmental issues of concern were air pollution (76% of respondents), odour (40%), noise (30%), and pollution of river (3%).

59. There was the perception that the expansion of the industrial area of the PGIE would create more job (79%) and economic (68%) opportunities and improve local infrastructure (72%). However, they also felt that the expansion would also lead to increase foreign workers (82%), affect quality of the environment (78%) and worsen traffic condition (68%).

60. Awareness of the proposed Project was low (79% not aware) and this it to be expected as it involves only a small expansion and there is not much information in the news. The majority would like to know more, in particular on the potential impact on human health (52%) and the environment (47%).

61. From the public dialogue and interviews conducted, most participants were generally concerned about environmental pollutions, mainly air pollution and odour, generated from industrial activities. Some of the participants highlighted that the quality of health of the people in Pasir Gudang, especially children, is bad as many of them have asthma or often get sick. Many participants stressed the importance of public awareness on the risks of exposure to environmental problems and the need to raise awareness on response measures in the event of emergencies.

62. Results of the environmental assessment study have shown that the impacts due to air, and water pollution, noise and risks due to accidental events which lead to fire and explosion from the Project are well within acceptable levels and do not significantly affect local residents. However, there is need to be mindful of

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the concerns of the local population with regards to air pollution, health, and safety affecting them. Measures to allay their concerns through awareness campaigns and CSR initiatives are recommended to be given due consideration by the Project Proponent.

Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

63. A summary of the sources and potentially significant impacts identified and the mitigation measures proposed for the Project are as tabulated in Table ES-1.

RESIDUAL IMPACTS

64. The identified significant adverse environmental impacts due to the Project were evaluated and various mitigation measures were identified to address them accordingly. The evaluation of these adverse impacts showed that almost all can be mitigated to levels where the impacts are not significant or are at acceptable levels which comply with prescribed limits or guidelines issued by the DOE or other recognized authority. Besides there are also benefits from the Project and these relate to the creation of employment, business and services opportunities. Nevertheless, there are some identified residual issues which have longer term implications which require to be addressed.

65. As mentioned earlier, public perception of air pollution is high among respondents surveyed and there is a desire for a reduction in pollution levels in the areas where they reside. The intention of the DOE to lower the acceptable 3 limits for PM2.5 in the coming years from the current level of 75 μg/m to a target level of 50 μg/m3 by 2018, and an ultimate level of 35 μg/m3 by 2020 is a step in the right direction. In view of the large number of sources of emissions, there is need for a comprehensive plan to reduce overall background levels of PM2.5 in the Pasir Gudang area. The development of such a plan requires the effort of a higher authority and the participation of the contributing industries and the port.

66. Feedback from the social study has also highlighted concern from residents in nearby residential areas for protection of their health and safety from accidental events. Although LCTSB has adopted a comprehensive Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and evacuation programme for its own operations it does not extend to other industries. A more comprehensive ERP which is managed at higher authority level is recommended to be prepared to manage public response to such emergencies. This plan may be under the auspices of the Pasir Gudang Emergency Mutual Aid (PAGEMA) programme which involves industries operating within the Pasir Gudang industrial area and Johor Port. There is need for education and awareness of the public to such situations and to prepare them for such events should they occur.

67. Noise in an abnormal event when there is a need to flare large quantities of gases and residual materials as a safety measure, residential houses in surrounding areas may be expected to experience noise much higher than the background levels. The levels at which noise is predicted is likely to elicit public complaints. Although there is no likelihood of noise exposure which is detrimental to hearing or has any long-term effect is it nevertheless relevant for

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

the Project Proponent to develop a mechanism for receiving public complaints and responding to them. It is recommended that a Grievance Mechanism to respond to public complaints be adopted in its environmental management plan for operation of the plant.

68. Potential residual issues have been identified relating to waste management and odour. The former issue may arise in the event of poor or improper waste management practices, while the latter when abnormal operations occur. Good management and operational practices are required to be strictly implemented and observed to minimise such issues occuring.

69. Abandonment is not the preferred option for the Project unless unforeseen circumstances dictate that operation of the Project is no more technically or economically viable. Residual impacts of abandonment of the Project is significant if hazardous materials (including raw materials and products), as well as residues of chemicals, by-products and wastes are left and allowed to leach or spill into the environment. Action to prevent this happening requires that proper clean up of the facility be implemented and an action plan be put into operation in the event of abandonment.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

70. The environmental management objectives for the Project are to identify critical issues and plan to minimise their impacts, ensure that the environmental legal requirements are addressed, and monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures through environmental audits and monitoring programmes.

71. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) framework provides the basic mechanism on the organisational set-up, the environmental monitoring system and the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) of the Project. An EMP will be prepared prior to the commencement of the construction work.

72. An Environmental Officer shall be appointed by the Contractor to oversee the implementation of the mitigation measures and to liaise with relevant agencies pertaining to matters related to the environment. The Environmental Officer will also liaise with the local communities to keep them informed on the progress of the Project and to address their complaints.

FINDINGS OF THE EIA

73. The overall findings of the DEIA support the development and operation of the Project as the assessment of environmental impacts show that anticipated residual issues are within acceptable levels and are not likely to have significant long-terms impacts to human health or to the environment in general. The proposed measures identified in this EIA are required to be adopted for implementation.

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74. However, there are certain recommendations which require the intervention of higher authority(s) and these relate to issues such as long-term plans to address air pollution, traffic and odour issues perceived to be of concern to residents in Pasir Gudang. In addition, measure for public to response to emergency situations needs to be developed and adopted for implementation for residents in the Pasir Gudang area.

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Table ES-1 Summary of Potential Significant Impacts, Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts for the Project

Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Construction Stage a. Minor groundwork Air pollution  Installation of 3m hoarding at Project boundary. No residual impact. activities such as The main emission is fugitive dust  Watering the site by using water browser/ similar method. foundation and lesser amount of CO, CO2,  Adoption of good housekeeping. preparation. NO2, SO2 and dark smoke.  Loading and unloading of the construction materials shall be b. Vehicles movement done at an area nearby to the entrance/exit. for transportation of  Lorries that will be used for transporting materials machineries construction should be properly covered up with plastic or tarpaulin. materials, equipment  Pave section of roads or lay it with crusher run to reduce the and machinery fugitive dust. c. Construction activities  The speed of vehicles and heavy equipment within the Project such as drilling Site should be <20km/hour. d. Exhaust from site  Restrict access to eliminate unnecessary travel. vehicles and  Open burning of construction waste is prohibited. machinery (i.e. diesel  generator set). Regular maintenance of the vehicles and construction machineries.  Any power generation equipment with rated burning of liquid fuel > 15 kg/hr shall be notified to DOE Johor State prior to operation. a. Noise from Noise  All the equipment and machineries shall be well-maintained. No residual impact. transportation The noise from the construction  The noise level of these machineries / equipment shall be activities from and to equipment are considered as minimized by the proper lubrication, modernization, maintenance, the Project Site. intermittent noise, therefore the mussing and provision of silencer wherever possible. b. Noise due receivers may not be continuously  Provision PPE to the workers that are expose to high noise area. construction activities exposed.  It is best that the construction activities to be undertaken during such as daytime (between 7am to 7pm). jackhammering, piling,  The Factory and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulation, 1989 compacting, and the Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulation, excavating and 1987 must be complied at all time. paving, concrete mixing, grinding, and unloading of construction materials

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Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Construction Stage Generation of Waste Management  Include a requirement for waste avoidance, waste minimisation No residual impact. construction waste, a. Management of construction and waste recovery plan. domestic waste and waste, domestic waste and  Hold contractors and sub-contractors responsible for material scheduled waste. scheduled waste. recovery and recycles. Educate contractors on recovery b. Improper disposal of domestic techniques. waste may decrease the  Various types of waste shall be segregated and stored in different quality of receiving waterways. containers. Recyclable waste sent to a recycling centre while c. Improper storage of domestic non-recyclable materials are to be disposed at MPPG approved waste may attract pests, landfill vermin and other disease  Open burning is to be prohibited. vectors.  Management and disposal of the scheduled waste shall be d. Low impact on the scheduled carried out in accordance to the Environmental Quality waste as the generation is low. (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005.

Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Operational Stage Use of hazardous Quantitative Risk  Update the existing emergency response plan (ERP). Residual impact is substance that will used Risk of fire and explosion of the  Engineering design for the tanks and equipment shall ensure that minimal provided during production stage flammable and toxic substance. sufficient reliability, redundancy and basic process control system recommended mitigation along with the independent Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) measures are is accounted for. implemented.  The capacity of the bunds shall be designed to comply with NFPA 30 standard and the bunds should be leak-tight and fire-resistant.  All emergency shutdown valves (ESDV) provided shall be fire- proofed for adequate time duration and the remotely operated shut down valves can be considered to be provided to prevent escalation of fire.  Ensure only fully trained and competent personnel are employed for the proposed storage area.  Enforce safety procedures to ensure authorized access only to the

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Operational Stage proposed project site.  Ensure that the tanks in operation have enough headspace margin for the intake to be closed off in time.  Ensure that all the protection systems are thoroughly inspected, maintained and tested periodically.  Perform regular emergency response drills (including desktop exercises).  Undertake regular maintenance of the process equipment

Emission from the new Air Pollution  The preventive maintenance of equipment shall be carried out Residual impact is K-COT Plant. K-COT reactor generates regularly. minimal provided combustion products such as CO,  An effective emergency response plan with a built-in alarm and recommended mitigation CO2, H2O, SOx, NOx and small shutdown system of the critical operations should be adopted. measures are quantities of fine catalyst dust.  Existing flaring system for PC-1 (Z-5400) and PC-2 (2Z-5400) implemented. should be reviewed to cater for the worst case events.  VOC parameter to be monitored at the regenerator flue stack on quarterly basis.  The Project Proponent shall adopt the Guidance Document on Petrochemicals and Guidance Document on Fuel Burning Equipments and Air Pollution Control for guidance during detail engineering design of the Project.  Fugitive emissions of volatile organic substances shall be minimized.  Redundant power supply system shall be implemented.  Pasir Gudang Complex Protection Relay Coordination is to be reviewed.  Pest control is to be engaged more frequently.

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Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Operational Stage Operational of noise Noise  Control of high pressure air noise from the air compressor and Residual impact is emitting equipment and Hearing loss, physiological effects blower requires design modification and operational changes. minimal provided components such as and psychological effects to the  Usage of elastic discontinuities at joints and machines mounts for recommended mitigation pumps, air compressors, onsite workers. pumps. measures are cooling towers, and implemented.  Special damping tapes or spray-on coatings can be used as turbines. control measures for noise levels are not highly bothersome  Usage of two or more valves in the pressure-reduction step and thus reduce turbulence.  Since the project is still in the planning stage, the space planning is an ideal approach to locate or relocate a significant noise source to an isolated site within the occupied structure.  Workers exposed to high noise levels must be provided with earplugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.  Usage of muffler and silencer to reduce the noise impact.  Usage of absorptive materials on ceilings and walls to reduce the background noise.  Installations of engineered barriers include walls and/or earthen berms. a. Main solid and Waste Management  Waste catalyst is returned to the supplier for treatment and Residual impact is scheduled wastes Catalysts (eg.Nickel Sulphide (NiS)) recovery of the usable material minimal provided are spent catalysts has potential having carcinogenic  Management and disposal of the scheduled waste shall be carried recommended mitigation and spent properties and high toxicity to out in accordance to the Environmental Quality (Scheduled measures are desiccants. aquatic organisms Wastes) Regulations 2005. implemented. b. Domestic waste  Spent catalysts that are naturally occurring substances in the generated from environment can be disposed into municipal landfills. Project operation  Storage of the scheduled waste is proposed within the existing may include waste O&D scheduled waste shelter and the PP scheduled waste papers, cardboards, shelter. containers and packaging materials.

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Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Operational Stage a. Treated wastewater Water Quality  Discharge of untreated effluent into nearby receiving water bodies Residual impact is discharge from Deterioration of water quality of Sg is strictly prohibited. minimal provided WWTP 2 to Sg. Perembi.  Industrial effluent must be treated prior to discharge. Treated recommended mitigation Perembi. effluent must comply with Standard B Environmental Quality measures are (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009. implemented.  The treatment system will incorporate an Observation Pond where treated effluent will be checked for compliance to effluent standards prior to discharge into the Sg. Perembi.  In the event of treatment system failure, plant operations should be temporarily shut down until the treatment system has recovered. Effluent should be contained in a holding tank for treatment until the system can be rectified.  Performance of the treatment system is to be undertaken regularly along with maintenance.

Operation of K-COT Socio-economic  Mitigation measures proposed in the EIA on reducing the air a. Insignificant of health impact to pollution impact shall be strictly implemented. workers and the surrounding  A Grievance Mechanism should also be introduced. populations due to the air  Mitigation measures proposed by the EIA to minimise the impact emissions of noise shall be strictly implemented. b. Risks due to an accidental  Project proponent is highly encouraged to develop strategic plan event which may lead to fire for CSR initiatives. and explosion is minimal as the  Raise awareness of the Pasir Gudang Industries and the risk is confined within the environmental and health risks involved through collaboration industrial area. between a higher-level authority and the industries. c. Noise impact to the surrounding  residents will be minimal except Conduct cumulative environmental impact assessment for Pasir during abnormal operation Gudang Industrial Estate by a higher level authority. where emergency flaring of  Develop a ERP for the public. gasses occur.  Priority for employment should be given to the local people. d. Job opportunity to the local  In the event foreign workers are employed, workers’ residents.

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Activity Potential Significant Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact Operational Stage accommodation if provided shall be suitability sited as far as possible to avoid conflicts with local residents

Abandonment a. Economic losses.  Notification to the relevant authority(s) of intent to close Residual impact is b. Impaired aesthetic from operations, removal of structures and clean up, where needed; minimal provided abandoned structures;  Dismantle of non-fixed structures, machineries and equipment; recommended mitigation measures are c. Contamination of soil, water  Removal of machineries, equipment and materials; implemented. and air from hazardous  Shut down any source of ignition or switches; materials and wastes;  Disposal of solid wastes to designated disposal areas and d. Breeding of pests and disposal of hazardous/scheduled wastes by licensed contractors; disease vectors such as  mosquitoes, rats,etc; Clean-up of work area, especially grounds contaminated with chemicals or oils (e.g. at workshops or fuel storage areas); e. Safety to workers and other passerby due to falling  Ensure the Project site is free from any standing waters or water materials or structures. ponding to eliminate mosquitoes’ breeding ground;  Rehabilitation and restoration – may involve re-vegetation of exposed and cut areas that are abandoned;  Construction or installation of a security system such as fencing, warning signs or other barriers to safeguard against intrusion, ensure safety of general public and protect against unauthorised entry and illegal use of the site (e.g. for dumping of waste, etc.); and;  Post-abandonment inspection (particularly for drainage systems, erosion protection measures and stability of surrounding areas) until the Project site is stabilised

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Figure ES-2 Process Mass Flow

EJ 568\Drawing\DEIA\Fig ES-2.cdr ± 0 1 2

Kilometers

Legend Taman Bukit Proposed Project Site Dahlia 5km Titan Petrochemical Plant

Taman Pasir Putih 5km

P 4km

3km P

2km Taman P Tanjung Puteri 1km P Resort 500m 250m P P

Singapore

Figure ES-3 Location of Sensitive Receptors