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Thesis a New Synopsis of the Mosquitoes

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Thesis a New Synopsis of the Mosquitoes THESIS A NEW SYNOPSIS OF THE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) OF COLORADO Submitted by Dominic Anthony Rose Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management In Partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2016 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Boris Kondratieff Co-advisor: Michael Weissmann Harry Savage Brian Foy Copyright by Dominic Anthony Rose 2016 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT A NEW SYNOPSIS OF THE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) OF COLORADO Harmston and Lawson (1967) provided the most recent comprehensive review of the mosquitoes of Colorado, reporting 42 species in six genera. Over the last 48 years, a number of important studies that included mosquitoes of Colorado have been completed enhancing the knowledge of this medically important group of flies. To date, the number of Colorado mosquitoes has increased to 54 species in seven genera. Additionally, mosquito vectored pathogens of humans and animals have shifted in Colorado from primarily Western equine encephalitis virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus to primarily West Nile virus. The objective of the current project is to provide an up-to-date synopsis of the species and genera known to occur in Colorado including distributions at a county scale. The study also provides up-to-date illustrated keys to the adult females, fourth instar larvae, and a summary of the important taxonomic characteristics that allow separation of species for both adult females and fourth instar larvae. The species summary includes relevant biological notes and comments on each species such as its phenology, overwintering stage, larval habitat, host preference, medical importance and unique behaviors. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the guidance and help of many people and companies. In no particular order, I would like to thank my mother and father, Gregg and Jo Ann Rose, who encouraged confidence and a strong work ethic to take on a Master’s Thesis; Colorado Mosquito Control provided research funding, including some transportation and use of equipment; Vector Disease Control International provided some transportation and use of equipment; Peter Swinburn, of MolsonCoors Brewing Company, provided research funding to get the project off its feet; Lou Bjostad of Colorado State University, provided funding to visit USNM/WRBU; Jim Pecor at USNM/WRBU provided access and assisted with the Smithsonian collection; Katie LeVan at the National Ecological Observatory Network provided access and assisted with the NEON collection; Harry Savage at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention provided assistance and access to the CDC collection, as well as donating hundreds of specimens to the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity; Utah Mosquito Abatement association, specifically Randel Sessions and Robert Brand for the permission to use illustrations from “Identification Guide to the Mosquitoes of Utah” (Nielsen et al., 2002); Amy Cutler provided additional illustrations; Steve DeFeyter and Zane Mcallister provided collection data from the Grand River Mosquito Control District (Mesa County). Angel van Gulik tested and proofed the manuscript for errors, as well as providing critical feedback. Also, with gracious acknowledgment to the people who assisted during collection trips: Tony Steck, Jo Ann C. Rose, Corinna Peters, Boris Kondratieff, Michael Weissmann, and Nicholas Salazar. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 4 Species Historically Reported From Colorado ......................................................................................... 4 Mosquito Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................ 7 A Brief Report on the Viruses of Concern in Colorado ............................................................................ 8 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 13 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................ 14 Table 1. List of Culicidae recorded from Colorado by genus, subgenus, and specific epithet. .............. 16 CHAPTER TWO KEY TO THE ADULT FEMALE MOSQUITOES OF COLORDAO ......................... 17 GENERA ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Aedes ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Anopheles ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Culex ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 Culiseta ................................................................................................................................................... 43 Psorophora ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Uranotaenia ............................................................................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER THREE KEY TO THE FOURTH INSTAR LARVAL MOSQUITOES OF COLORADO ... 46 GENERA ................................................................................................................................................ 47 Aedes ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 Anopheles ................................................................................................................................................ 69 Culex ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 Culiseta ................................................................................................................................................... 74 iv Psorophora ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Uranotaenia ............................................................................................................................................ 78 CHAPTER FOUR SPECIES SUMMARY OF THE MOSQUITOES OF COLORADO .......................... 79 Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) ........................................................................................................................ 80 Aedes albopictus (Skuse) ........................................................................................................................ 83 Aedes campestris Dyar & Knab .............................................................................................................. 86 Aedes canadensis canadensis (Theobald) ............................................................................................... 90 Aedes cataphylla Dyar ............................................................................................................................ 93 Aedes cinereus Meigen ........................................................................................................................... 96 Aedes communis (de Geer) .................................................................................................................... 100 Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) ....................................................................................................................... 103 Aedes epactius Dyar & Knab ................................................................................................................ 106 Aedes excrucians (Walker) ................................................................................................................... 109 Aedes fitchii (Felt & Young) ................................................................................................................. 112 Aedes flavescens (Müller) ..................................................................................................................... 116 Aedes hendersoni Cockerell .................................................................................................................. 120 Aedes hexodontus Dyar ......................................................................................................................... 123 Aedes impiger (Walker) ........................................................................................................................ 127 Aedes implicatus Vockeroth
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