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Linux Anatomy ANATOMY OF A LINUX SYSTEM Linux® is named after Linus Torvalds, The Big Ideas Behind Linux Magazines Hardware/Systems ApacheCon: www.apachecon.com Project Hosting architect of the Linux kernel, the heart of Eric S. Raymond’s The Open Magazine: www.openmagazine.net Storm Linux™ from Stormix Technologies, Inc.: VA Linux Systems: www.valinux.com YAPC (Yet Another Perl Conference): www.collab.net The cutting edge www.stormix.com Penguin Computing: www.sourceforge.net the operating system. But a complete Cathedral & The Bazaar Linux Magazine: www.linux-mag.com www.yapc.org/America or ™ www.penguincomputing.com of open source software Linux Journal: www.linuxjournal.com OpenLinux from Caldera Systems: www.yapc.org/Europe Downloads Linux distribution contains the work of hun- outlines the way a distributed IBM: www.ibm.com/linux LinuxWorld: www.linuxworld.com www.caldera.com Top Linux Web Sites www.ibiblio.org will belong to people who start network of programmers ® Cobalt Networks, Inc.: www.cobalt.com www.freshmeat.net dreds of separate open source software Maximum Linux: www.maximumlinux.com TurboLinux : www.turbolinux.com www.linux.com www.themes.org from individual vision and brilliance, projects. A surprise to many people is the can build leading-edge, Major Linux Distributors LinuxPPC: www.linuxppc.com Conferences www.linux.org ™ www.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM then amplify it through the effective amount of code that companies like Sun, high-quality software without Red Hat®: www.redhat.com Yellow Dog Linux : www.yellowdoglinux.com O’Reilly Open Source Convention: www.slashdot.org ™ www.linuxtoday.com Debian GNU/Linux: www.debian.org Hard Hat Linux for Embedded Systems from conferences.oreilly.com Kernel (News and Notes) construction of voluntary SGI, and Digital (Compaq) have con- centralized control. Another LinuxWorld New York: www.lwn.net www.kernel.org SuSE: www.suse.com MontaVista Software, Inc.: www.mvista.com tributed. This poster peels back the skin of O’Reilly book,Open Sources, ™ www.linuxworldexpo.com www.linuxgazette.com www.kernelnotes.org communities of interest. ™ RTLinux from FSMLabs: www.fsmlabs.com Linux-Mandrake : LinuxWorld San Jose: the Linux distribution to show many of the contains essays on open source software or www.rtlinux.org O’Reilly Sites Philosophy —ERIC S. RAYMOND www.linux-mandrake.com www.linuxworldexpo.com The Cathedral & The Bazaar www.oreilly.com www.fsf.org major projects and their relationship to each development methodology by many of the key Slackware® Linux: www.slackware.com Atlanta Linux Showcase: www.oreillynet.com www.opensource.org other and to the whole Linux anatomy. developers who have made it happen. ww.linuxshowcase.com linux.oreilly.com www.opencontent.org C/C++ Programming Tools Unix Command-Line Utilities Mozilla The X Window System GNOME KDE Office Applications Peer-to-Peer Communication The FSF’s gcc C compiler is the single Linux includes a full complement of Mozilla, the free version of Netscape’s The X Window System, developed at MIT by Jim Gettys, Bob Scheifler, and a Miguel de Icaza’s GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment) is one of the The K Desktop Environment (KDE) was the first comprehensive graphical Sun’s StarOffice and Corel’s Increasingly, instant messaging and most important programming tool for Unix command-line tools, courtesy of web browser suite, is the one third- host of contributors, is the foundation of all the Linux graphical user interface most popular graphical desktop environments for Linux. Next-generation inter- environment for Linux, and is still one of the most popular. KDE is built on top WordPerfect Office Suite are the most other peer-to-peer technologies are Linux, since it is required for building the Free Software Foundation’s GNU party graphical application certain tools. The Linux version of X is maintained by the XFree86 project under the faces based on GNOME are now being developed by companies such as Helix of the Qt™ Toolkit, which is now available under the Q Public License (or QPL). popular third-party office-type applica- looking to be the foundation of the next the system and all the other tools. project. What many people don’t real- to be on every Linux system. Though leadership of Dirk Hohndel of SuSE. High-level programming toolkits for X Code and Eazel. GNOME includes a choice of window managers, including Qt is a product of Norway’s Trolltech AS and is the foundation of the KDE desk- tions for Linux. They aren’t strictly a revolution in Internet technologies. Other key tools include make, source ize is that the free implementations of some people argue that Mozilla hasn’t include GTK+, Qt,™ and Motif (which has recently been released as Enlightenment, Sawfish, and WM, plus facilities for creating applications with top. KDE is the preferred environment on SuSE, Mandrake, and Corel Linux. part of Linux but are bundled with Gnutella and Freenet are peer-to-peer code control tools like CVS and RCS, many of these tools were developed succeeded as an open source project, OpenMotif®). drag-and-drop support, pull-down menus, and other GUI features. GTK (The Like GNOME, the KDE Group has developed a suite of office applications many distributions or available for file-sharing tools. Jabber® is an open and editors like vi and Emacs. There as part of Berkeley Unix and con- we believe its contributions are GIMP Toolkit) is the foundation for the GNOME programming language. called KOffice, which includes a word processor and programs for creating pre- download over the Internet. The source instant messaging system with are many variations of vi, including tributed to the GNU project from immense and will become more Useful Books: Key Web Sites: GNU/GNOME is the default desktop environment for the Red Hat® and Debian sentations, spreadsheets, illustrations, and much more. GNOME team is currently developing a client-server architecture that allows vim, nvi, elvis, and vile. Along with the there, so the rivalry between Linux pervasive in the future. In addition Volume 8: X Window System www.xfree86.org Linux distributions. Gnumeric, an Excel-like XML-based people to communicate with one C compiler, all systems need and rely and BSD is overshadowed by deeper to the browser, the Mozilla project is Administrator’s Guide www.x.org spreadsheet application, and another over different IM systems, on various libraries, including glibc cooperation. responsible for the JavaScript lan- Linda Mui, Eric Pearce www.opengroup.org/openmotif Useful Books: Key Web Sites: Useful Book: Key Web Sites: Evolution, an Outlook Express-type including AOL’s Instant Messenger SM Learning Red Hat Linux www.gnome.org KDE Application Development www.kde.org (AIM) and ICQ. and libstdc++. The bash shell is the most widely used guage, Bugzilla, and Tinderbox. Parts Linux X User’s Guide groupware suite. The GNOME and Bill McCarty developer.gnome.org Uwe Thiem (MTP) developer.kde.org command line shell for Linux. There of Mozilla, including Gecko, are being Ellen Siever KDE groups are also developing office Useful Books: www.gtk.org www.konqueror.org are other versions of the classic incorporated into other applications Programming with Qt Learning Debian GNU/Linux application suites that will include word Useful Book: Programming with GNU Software www.pango.org koffice.kde.org Bourne shell, along with tcsh, a and also into the GNOME 2.0 desktop. Matthias Kalle Dalheimer Bill McCarty processors, presentation software, Peer-to-Peer: The Disruptive Potential Mike Loukides, Andy Oram www.helixcode.com www.trolltech.com modern version of the C Shell (csh). The Concise Guide to GTK+/Gnome Application Development and image editing/viewing tools. Other Behind Collaborative Networking Key Web Sites: www.eazel.com www.trolltech.com/qpl companies, including ApplixWare and Learning the vi Editor XFree86 for Linux Havoc Pennington (New Riders) Gene Kan, Jeremie Miller Linda Lamb, Arnold Robbins Useful Books: www.mozilla.org AbiSource, are also developing office www.mozillazine.org Aron Hsiao (Que) (forthcoming from O’Reilly) CVS Pocket Reference Linux in a Nutshell applications for Linux for commercial distribution. The GIMP (GNU Image Gregor N. Purdy Ellen Siever, Stephen Spainhour, Key Web Sites: Learning GNU Emacs Jessica Hekman, Stephen Figgins Manipulation Program) is an open source Photoshop® clone, and www.jabber.org (developers) Debra Cameron, Bill Rosenblatt, Running Linux Ghostscript is a freely available www.jabber.com (users) Eric S. Raymond Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, PostScript interpreter. gnutella.wego.com Lar Kaufman GNU Emacs Manual freenet.sourceforge.net Richard M. Stallman (FSF) sed & awk Useful Books: Managing Projects with make Dale Dougherty, Arnold Robbins GIMP Pocket Reference Andrew Oram, Steve Talbott sed & awk Pocket Reference Sven Neumann Debugging with GDB: Arnold Robbins U S Grokking the GIMP The GNU Source-Level Debugger Effective awk Programming ERS Richard M. Stallman, Cygnus Solutions Arnold Robbins Carey Bunks (New Riders) Databases (FSF) (forthcoming from O’Reilly) Learning the bash Shell Key Web Sites: Databases are critical for even small Cameron Newham, Bill Rosenblatt www.openoffice.org organizations; they store the content for Using csh & tsch www.corel.com many web sites with interfaces through Perl, Tcl, and Python Paul DuBois koffice.kde.org Perl DBI, PHP, or other languages. The www.abisource.com Berkeley DB, originally developed and Scripting languages are widely used Key Web Site: www.vistasource.com maintained by Margo Selzer and Keith on Linux for everything from system www.fsf.org www.gimp.org Bostic, is now maintained by their com- administration to generating web pany, Sleepycat Software. The Berkeley content. Larry Wall’s Perl is the most DB is quite flexible, supporting C, C++, widely used but John Ousterhout’s Tcl S Java, Tcl, Perl, and Python APIs. There and Guido van Rossum’s Python are Web Server Software are also a variety of SQL-based data- also extremely popular languages, all R base applications available for Linux, the most popular of which is MySQL, included in a typical Linux distribution.
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