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Home , Applixware, Eric Allman, GIMP, GNU Emacs, Lincoln Stein, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer

ANATOMY OF A SYSTEM

Linux¨ is named after , The Big Ideas Behind Linux Magazines Hardware/Systems ApacheCon: www.apachecon.com Project Hosting architect of the , the heart of Eric S. Raymond’s The Open Magazine: www.openmagazine.net Storm Linuxª from Stormix Technologies, Inc.: VA Linux Systems: www.valinux.com YAPC (Yet Another Conference): www.collab.net The cutting edge www.stormix.com Penguin Computing: www.sourceforge.net the . But a complete Cathedral & The Bazaar Linux Magazine: www.linux-mag.com www.yapc.org/America or ª www.penguincomputing.com of software : www.linuxjournal.com OpenLinux from Caldera Systems: www.yapc.org/Europe Downloads Linux distribution contains the work of hun- outlines the way a distributed IBM: www.ibm.com/linux LinuxWorld: www.linuxworld.com www.caldera.com Top Linux Web Sites www.ibiblio.org will belong to people who start network of ¨ Cobalt Networks, Inc.: www.cobalt.com www.freshmeat.net dreds of separate open source software Maximum Linux: www.maximumlinux.com TurboLinux : www.turbolinux.com www.linux.com www.themes.org from individual vision and brilliance, projects. A surprise to many people is the can build leading-edge, Major Linux Distributors LinuxPPC: www.linuxppc.com Conferences www.linux.org ª www.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM then amplify it through the effective amount of code that companies like Sun, high-quality software without ¨: www.redhat.com : www.yellowdoglinux.com O’Reilly Open Source Convention: www.slashdot.org ª www.linuxtoday.com GNU/Linux: www.debian.org Hard Hat Linux for Embedded Systems from conferences.oreilly.com Kernel (News and Notes) construction of voluntary SGI, and Digital (Compaq) have con- centralized control. Another LinuxWorld New York: www.lwn.net www.kernel.org SuSE: www.suse.com MontaVista Software, Inc.: www.mvista.com tributed. This poster peels back the skin of O’Reilly book,Open Sources, ª www.linuxworldexpo.com www.linuxgazette.com www.kernelnotes.org communities of interest. ª RTLinux from FSMLabs: www.fsmlabs.com Linux-Mandrake : LinuxWorld San Jose: the Linux distribution to show many of the contains essays on open source software or www.rtlinux.org O’Reilly Sites Philosophy —ERIC S. RAYMOND www.linux-mandrake.com www.linuxworldexpo.com The Cathedral & The Bazaar www.oreilly.com www.fsf.org major projects and their relationship to each development methodology by many of the key ¨ Linux: www.slackware.com Atlanta Linux Showcase: www.oreillynet.com www.opensource.org other and to the whole Linux anatomy. developers who have made it happen. ww.linuxshowcase.com linux.oreilly.com www.opencontent.org

C/C++ Programming Tools Command-Line Utilities Mozilla The X System GNOME KDE Office Applications Peer-to-Peer Communication

The FSF’s gcc C compiler is the single Linux includes a full complement of Mozilla, the free version of ’s The , developed at MIT by Jim Gettys, Bob Scheifler, and a ’s GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment) is one of the The K Desktop Environment (KDE) was the first comprehensive graphical Sun’s StarOffice and Corel’s Increasingly, instant messaging and most important programming tool for Unix command-line tools, courtesy of suite, is the one third- host of contributors, is the foundation of all the Linux most popular graphical desktop environments for Linux. Next-generation inter- environment for Linux, and is still one of the most popular. KDE is built on top WordPerfect Office Suite are the most other peer-to-peer technologies are Linux, since it is required for building the Foundation’s GNU party graphical application certain tools. The Linux version of X is maintained by the XFree86 project under the faces based on GNOME are now being developed by companies such as Helix of the Qtª Toolkit, which is now available under the Q Public License (or QPL). popular third-party office-type applica- looking to be the foundation of the next the system and all the other tools. project. What many people don’t real- to be on every Linux system. Though leadership of Dirk Hohndel of SuSE. High-level programming toolkits for X Code and . GNOME includes a choice of window managers, including is a product of Norway’s Trolltech AS and is the foundation of the KDE desk- tions for Linux. They aren’t strictly a revolution in Internet technologies. Other key tools include make, source ize is that the free implementations of some people argue that Mozilla hasn’t include GTK+, Qt,ª and (which has recently been released as Enlightenment, Sawfish, and WM, plus facilities for creating applications with top. KDE is the preferred environment on SuSE, Mandrake, and Corel Linux. part of Linux but are bundled with Gnutella and Freenet are peer-to-peer code control tools like CVS and RCS, many of these tools were developed succeeded as an open source project, OpenMotif¨). drag-and-drop support, pull-down menus, and other GUI features. GTK (The Like GNOME, the KDE Group has developed a suite of office applications many distributions or available for file-sharing tools. Jabber¨ is an open and editors like and . There as part of Berkeley Unix and con- we believe its contributions are GIMP Toolkit) is the foundation for the GNOME . called KOffice, which includes a word processor and programs for creating pre- download over the Internet. The source instant messaging system with are many variations of vi, including tributed to the GNU project from immense and will become more Useful Books: Key Web Sites: GNU/GNOME is the default desktop environment for the Red Hat¨ and Debian sentations, spreadsheets, illustrations, and much more. GNOME team is currently developing a client-server architecture that allows , , , and . Along with the there, so the rivalry between Linux pervasive in the future. In addition Volume 8: X Window System www.xfree86.org Linux distributions. , an Excel-like XML-based people to communicate with one C compiler, all systems need and rely and BSD is overshadowed by deeper to the browser, the Mozilla project is Administrator’s Guide www.x.org spreadsheet application, and another over different IM systems, on various libraries, including glibc cooperation. responsible for the JavaScript lan- Linda Mui, Eric Pearce www.opengroup.org/openmotif Useful Books: Key Web Sites: Useful Book: Key Web Sites: Evolution, an Outlook Express-type including AOL’s Instant Messenger SM Learning Red Hat Linux www..org KDE Application Development www.kde.org (AIM) and ICQ. and libstdc++. The is the most widely used guage, , and Tinderbox. Parts Linux X User’s Guide groupware suite. The GNOME and Bill McCarty developer.gnome.org Uwe Thiem (MTP) developer.kde.org command line shell for Linux. There of Mozilla, including Gecko, are being Ellen Siever KDE groups are also developing office Useful Books: www..org www.konqueror.org are other versions of the classic incorporated into other applications Programming with Qt Learning Debian GNU/Linux application suites that will include word Useful Book: Programming with GNU Software www..org .kde.org Bourne shell, along with tcsh, a and also into the GNOME 2.0 desktop. Matthias Kalle Dalheimer Bill McCarty processors, presentation software, Peer-to-Peer: The Disruptive Potential Mike Loukides, Andy Oram www.helixcode.com www.trolltech.com modern version of the C Shell (csh). The Concise Guide to GTK+/Gnome Application Development and /viewing tools. Other Behind Collaborative Networking Key Web Sites: www.eazel.com www.trolltech.com/qpl companies, including ApplixWare and Learning the vi Editor XFree86 for Linux (New Riders) Gene Kan, Jeremie Miller Linda Lamb, Arnold Robbins Useful Books: www.mozilla.org AbiSource, are also developing office www.mozillazine.org Aron Hsiao (Que) (forthcoming from O’Reilly) CVS Pocket Reference Linux in a Nutshell applications for Linux for commercial distribution. The GIMP (GNU Image Gregor N. Purdy Ellen Siever, Stephen Spainhour, Key Web Sites: Learning GNU Emacs Jessica Hekman, Stephen Figgins Manipulation Program) is an open source Photoshop¨ clone, and www.jabber.org (developers) Debra Cameron, Bill Rosenblatt, Running Linux Ghostscript is a freely available www.jabber.com (users) Eric S. Raymond Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, PostScript . gnutella.wego.com Lar Kaufman GNU Emacs Manual freenet..net Richard M. Stallman (FSF) sed & awk Useful Books: Managing Projects with make Dale Dougherty, Arnold Robbins GIMP Pocket Reference Andrew Oram, Steve Talbott sed & awk Pocket Reference Sven Neumann Debugging with GDB: Arnold Robbins U S Grokking the GIMP The GNU Source-Level Effective awk Programming ERS Richard M. Stallman, Cygnus Solutions Arnold Robbins Carey Bunks (New Riders) Databases (FSF) (forthcoming from O’Reilly) Learning the bash Shell Key Web Sites: Databases are critical for even small Cameron Newham, Bill Rosenblatt www.openoffice.org organizations; they store the content for Using csh & tsch www.corel.com many web sites with interfaces through Perl, Tcl, and Python Paul DuBois koffice.kde.org Perl DBI, PHP, or other languages. The www.abisource.com Berkeley DB, originally developed and Scripting languages are widely used Key Web Site: www.vistasource.com maintained by Margo Selzer and Keith on Linux for everything from system www.fsf.org www.gimp.org Bostic, is now maintained by their com- administration to generating web pany, Sleepycat Software. The Berkeley content. ’s Perl is the most DB is quite flexible, supporting C, C++, widely used but John Ousterhout’s Tcl S Java, Tcl, Perl, and Python APIs. There and Guido van Rossum’s Python are Web Server Software are also a variety of SQL-based data- also extremely popular languages, all base applications available for Linux, the most popular of which is MySQL, included in a typical Linux distribution. Apache is the dominant web server E Mail Servers and List Managers \ developed by Michael Widenius. Thousands of Perl modules are avail- not only on Linux but on the Web as M Other database projects include DB2 able from CPAN, the Comprehensive a whole, with more than 60 percent is one of the must-have applica- for Linux from IBM, PostgreSQL, Perl Archive Network. The Tk toolkit of all visible web servers running M allows the creation of graphical appli- tions for any modern system. Users and mSQL. Apache. Apache was created by the A often rely on their ISP to handle the cations from any of these languages. Apache Group and is now maintained ActiveState is developing a new IDE R gory details of mail forwarding and Useful Books: by the Apache Software Foundation. In delivery, but many administrators need for Perl and Python called Komodo, MySQL & mSQL addition to the core Apache server G to set up these services themselves. which is based on Mozilla. project, there are projects for Perl on Eric Allman’s ,¨ developed Randy Jay Yarger, George Reese, Apache, Java Server Pages (Jakarta) Useful Books: O in 1979 as part of Berkeley’s Unix, is Tim King and XML. mod_perl, mod_serv, and the granddaddy of Internet mail servers MySQL PHP are widely used for generating R and still the most widely used, but Paul DuBois (New Riders) Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, dynamic content on Apache servers. Jon Orwant P Linux also includes Dan Bernstein’s Mastering PostgreSQL Developers in the Apache GUI project qmail and University of Cambridge’s Stephen J. Lombardo are working on a cross-platform graph- Exim. Randal L. Schwartz, Tom Christiansen ical tool called Comanche (which (forthcoming from O’Reilly)

S Perl Cookbook stands for configuration manager for One of the earliest forms of peer-to- Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington Apache) to help make Apache easier Key Web Sites:

R peer communication over the Internet Perl in a Nutshell to configure. Zope is the most compre- came in the form of email mailing lists. Berkeley DB: www.sleepycat.com Ellen Siever, Stephen Spainhour, hensive software for web site design www.mysql.com O Whether the discussion takes place on Nathan Patwardhan and management in the open source an internal server, or in a public forum, www.postgresql.org Programming the Perl DBI world. Using Python-based tools, it T mailing lists bring people with like inter- DB2: www.ibm.com/db2/linux combines dynamic content manage- Alligator Descartes, Tim Bunce A ests together using list management ment, shared development, and sup- Learning Perl/Tk software such as LISTSERV, port for sophisticated management R Nancy Walsh Majordomo, Listproc, SmartList, techniques like and T Mailman, and ezmlm. Object Oriented Perl staging. (Manning) S Security Tcl and the Tk Toolkit Useful Books: I Useful Books: John K. Ousterhout (Addison-Wesley) Apache: The Definitive Guide N Effective Tcl/Tk Programming Ben Laurie, Peter Laurie I sendmail Linux offers traditional Unix security plus a sophisticated filtering and Mark Harrison, Michael McLennan Writing Apache Modules with Bryan Costales, Eric Allman M network address translation (NAT) (Addison-Wesley) Perl and C Managing Mailing Lists mechanism. In addition, there are Tcl/Tk in a Nutshell Lincoln Stein, Doug MacEachern D Alan Schwartz dozens of useful network and security Paul Raines, Jeff Tranter HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide A Stopping Spam tools in a typical Linux distribution or Exploring Expect Chuck Musciano, Bill Kennedy Alan Schwartz, Simson Garfinkel downloadable from the net. Don Libes JavaScript: The Definitive Guide M Learning Python David Flanagan E Network Analysis: tcpd, tcpdmatch, Mark Lutz, David Ascher Dynamic HTML: T Key Web Sites: tcpdump, traceroute, Hummer, Snort Programming Python The Definitive Reference S www.sendmail.org Mark Lutz Danny Goodman Y www.sendmail.net Security Auditing: COPS, ISS, Python Pocket Reference CGI Programming with Perl S www.sendmail.com SATAN, Tripwire Mark Lutz Scott Guelich, Shishir Gundavaram, www.qmail.org Firewalls: ipfilter, portmap, socks, Python Essential Reference Gunther Birznieks www.exim.org wrappers David M. Beazley (New Riders) Web Design in a Nutshell www.postfix.org Jennifer Niederst LISTSERV: www.lsoft.com Key Web Sites: Encryption Tools: PGP, Kerberos Majordomo: www.perl.com Key Web Sites: www.greatcircle.com/majordomo www.cpan.org www.apache.org Remote Access: SSH, Radius www.perl.org www.comanche.org W SmartList: www.procmail.org perl.oreilly.com .apache.org EB Mailman: www.list.org Security Management: swatch, MA www.ezmlm.org watcher, etc. www.ajubasolutions.com www.apacheweek.com STERS www.python.org www.php.net www.activestate.com www.xml.com Useful Books: www.masonhq.com www.zope.org Practical Unix & Internet Security www.pm.org www.w3.org Simson Garfinkel, Gene Spafford Samba Building Internet Firewalls Elizabeth D. Zwicky, Simon Cooper, D. Brent Chapman TCP/IP and the DNS Kernel and Device Drivers Samba allows the Linux or Unix system to act as a file and print server on a SSH, The Secure Shell: Javaª XML and HTML Protocols, Standards, and Data Formats Windows¨ network. It’s a high-profile The Definitive Guide Many people don’t realize that Bill Joy Linus’s kernel is the heart of the application that is helping to drive Daniel J. Barrett, Richard Silverman and his team at UC Berkeley originally system. The current version is 2.2, To some, Java and Linux might Useful Books: Tim Berners-Lee’s introduction of the to-peer instant messaging system, JavaScript: The Definitive Guide There is a host of standards and Managing IMAP Linux’s acceptance in a corporate Linux ¨ Firewalls developed the implementation of the and is the same on all distributions, sound like an odd combination, but Database Programming HyperText (HTML) relies heavily on XML as its transport David Flanagan protocols that we all rely on, and Dianna Mullet, Kevin Mullet setting. Samba received support from Robert L. Ziegler (New Riders) TCP/IP stack that forms the foundation although the most recent kernel patch, in reality, there’s a lot going on in with JDBC and Java took the Internet by storm in 1993 language, and XSLT gives developers Designing with JavaScript we often use them without even Using & Managing PPP Australian National University, SGI, of the Internet, including all commercial 2.2.16, is not. Firewalls and Internet Security this space. Sun has a long-standing George Reese when people outside of technical cir- the ability to transform XML documents Nick Heinle, Martin Webb giving them a thought. Things like Andrew Sun and Linuxcare. versions. The Linux version is derived William R. Cheswick, Steven M. Bellovin Useful Books: link to Linux, supplying developers cles realized its potential for spread- into output forms such as PostScript, TCP/IP and Ethernet for network directly from the BSD code. BIND, the Java in a Nutshell Java and XML Internet Core Protocols: (Addison-Wesley) Running Linux and for the kernel, in David Flanagan ing information over the then-fledgling PDF, ASCII text, and HTML. Brett McLaughlin communication and data transmis- The Definitive Guide server that implements the domain addition to their recent contribution (WWW). In the sion; DHCP for doling out IP Applied Cryptography Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, Jini in a Nutshell Web Design in a Nutshell Eric Hall Useful Books: name system, was designed by Paul to the community by GPLing years since, the HTML standard has addresses within a host network; Bruce Schneier (Addison-Wesley) Lar Kaufman Scott Oaks, Henry Wong Jennifer Niederst Ethernet: The Definitive Guide Using Samba Mockapetris and built by , StarOffice.ª Other Java-Linux con- been through a few iterations, and the Useful Books: SMTP, POP3, and IMAP for send- PGP Learning Red Hat Linux Javaª Programming on Linux HTML Pocket Reference Charles E. Spurgeon Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown, who still maintains it at the nonprofit nections include the Blackdown Web has evolved into a media-rich HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide ing and receiving email; HTTP for Bill McCarty Peter Kelly Simson Garfinkel Internet Software Consortium. ISC Project, which is a world-wide Nathan Meyers (Waite Group Press) Jennifer Niederst Managing environment dominated by things like Chuck Musciano, Bill Kennedy the Web, and FTP for transferring Maximum Linux Security Learning Debian GNU/Linux Java and XML JavaScript Pocket Reference Henry Spencer Managing NFS and NIS also maintains INN, the most widely community of volunteer developers the Document Object Model (DOM), Cascading Style Sheets: files over the Internet; and NNTP Bill McCarty Brett McLaughlin David Flanagan PNG: The Definitive Guide Hal Stern Anonymous (SAMS) used usenet news server software. who are working to bring the Java JavaScript, and other advancements The Definitive Guide for accessing Usenet news. Then Linux Device Drivers Greg Roelofs platform to Linux, and Kaffe, a like Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Eric A. Meyer XML Pocket Reference there are MIME-types for images, Useful Books: Alessandro Rubini cross-platform implementation of But HTML isn’t flexible enough for Robert Eckstein video, audio, and documents. We DocBook: The Definitive Guide Key Web Sites: Key Web Sites: Dynamic HTML: Linux Network Administrator’s Guide Linux Multimedia Guide the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). today’s web, and the eXtensible PHP Pocket Reference live and breathe these standards, Norman Walsh, Leonard Muellner Key Web Sites: CERIAS: www.cerias.purdue.edu www.sun.com/linux The Definitive Reference Olaf Kirch, Terry Dawson Jeff Tranter Founded by Tim Wilkinson, Kaffe Markup Language (XML) was at first Rasmus Lerdorf often without knowing we’re doing MP3: The Definitive Guide Samba Home: www.samba.org CIAC: ciac.llnl.gov www.blackdown.org Danny Goodman supports Sun’s own Solaris, Linux, deemed to be far ahead of itself. it. Open protocol standards are Gene Spafford’s Home Page: TCP/IP Network Administration Understanding the Linux Kernel Scot Hacker where noted. Inc., except Reilly & Associates, SWAT: anu.samba.org/cgi-bin/swat ’ ¨ www.kaffe.org Programming PHP Craig Hunt Daniel P.Bovet, Marco Cesati and Windows That’s changed. The new version of Key Web Sites: a key part of what makes the HTTP Pocket Reference www.cerias.purdue.edu/homes/spaf jakarta.apache.org Rasmus Lerdorf, Randy Jay Yarger, www.xml.com KSamba: DNS and BIND Building Linux Clusters CE, and even DOS, and is finding HTML, XHTML, builds upon its exist- Internet work. Clinton Wong security.oreilly.com www.openoffice.org Andi Gutmans, Zeev Suraski, www.ibm.com/developer/sml www.kneschke.de/projekte/ksamba David HM Spector a new home in embedded systems. ing structure by adding some of www.linuxsecurity.com Paul Albitz, Cricket Liu Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo Useful Books: Other Java-related open source XML’s powerful features. XML is www.w3.org Key Web Sites: GnoSamba: www.first.org Managing Usenet Linux Application Development projects include Java Server Pages Web Application Development www.webstandards.org TCP/IP Network Administration www.ietf.org www.open-systems.com/ Michael K. Johnson, Eric W. Troan quickly becoming the defacto markup www.alw.nih.gov/Security Henry Spencer, David Lawrence (JSP/Jakarta), and Enhydra (a with PHP 4.0 www.irt.org Craig Hunt www.ieee.org (Addison-Wesley) for transporting all kinds of data over gnosamba. www.rootshell.org Java/XML-based application server Tobias Ratschiller, Till Gerken www.jabber.org Key Web Sites: the Internet and between applica- Managing IP Networks with www.openldap.org www.securityfocus.com and development environment). (New Riders) www.php.net www.isc.org Key Web Site: tions. Jabber, an open source, peer- Cisco Routers www.freeswan.org www.ietf.org www.kernel.org Scott M. Ballew All books listed are published by O by All books listed are published 99745

KEY CONTRIBUTORS: glibc: Roland McGrath, Ulrich Drepper GNOME: Miguel de Icaza Perl: Larry Wall, Chip Salzenburg, Qmail: Dan Bernstein Created by Tim O’Reilly and Chuck Toporek Designed by Kathryn Heflin and © 2001 Linux Kernel: Linus Torvalds, Alan Cox GNU tools (Emacs and vision of the KDE: , Torben Weis Tom Christiansen, Tim Bunce, sendmail: Eric Allman with review and input from Andy Oram, David Bacigalupi with input from O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. BIND: Paul Vixie free operating system) (gcc) (bash): MySQL: Michael “Monty” Widenius Gurusamy Sarathy Tcl/Tk: John Ousterhout Frank Pohlmann, Laurie Petrycki, and attendees the O’Reilly Marketing Design Group All trademarks are property Exim: Philip Hazel Richard M. Stallman PHP: Rasmus Lerdorf Python: Guido van Rossum T HE O’R EILLY O PEN S OURCE S OFTWARE C ONVENTION XFree86: Dirk Hohndel of the 2000 Open Source Convention Illustration by Jeff Reynolds Design of their respective owners. July 23-26, 2001 San Diego, California