市場の高質化と市場インフラの総合的設計 Raising Market Quality- Integrated Design of “Market Infrastructure”

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市場の高質化と市場インフラの総合的設計 Raising Market Quality- Integrated Design of “Market Infrastructure” 慶應義塾大学大学院経済学研究科・商学研究科/京都大学経済研究所連携 グローバルCOE (Center of Excellence)プログラム MARCH 2011 No.10 Newsletter 市場の高質化と市場インフラの総合的設計 Raising Market Quality- Integrated Design of “Market Infrastructure” Contents 02 Foreword: Market Quality and Work-Life Balance 04 Activity Report 1. The Third Mini Conference on Panel Data 2. The Tenth Conference on Panel Research 3. Historical Analysis Section International Workshop, “Global Trade and Merchant Communities in Eurasia: Transitions from the 18th to 19th Centuries” 4. The 12th Macroeconomics Conference 5. Asia Regional Conference on Banking Supervision and Regulation 6. January 2011 Group Meeting of the Kanto Area Study Group of the Business History Society of Japan / The Tenth GCOE History Seminar: “The Financial Sector in China in the Early 20th Century - From Shanghai and Tianjin Case Studies” 08 Introduction of Research Activities ▼ Theory Development Section 09 List of Achievements 12 Personnel Transfers 目次 02 巻頭言:市場の質とワーク・ライフ・バランス 04 活動報告 1. 第3回パネルデータ・ミニコンファレンス 2. 第 10 回パネル調査・カンファレンス 3. Historical Analysis Section International Workshop,“Global Trade and Merchant Communities in Eurasia: Transitions from the 18th to 19th Centuries” 4. 第 12 回マクロコンファレンス 5. Asia Regional Conference on Banking Supervision and Regulation 6. 経営史学会関東部会 2011 年1月例会/ 慶應 / 京都連携 GCOE 歴史分析班 第 10 回ヒストリーセミナー 「20 世紀前半、中国における金融業:上海と天津の事例から」 08 研究活動紹介 ▼ 理論分析班 09 業績一覧 12 人事動向 Market Quality and Work-Life Balance 市場の質とワーク・ライフ・バランス Noriko Tsuya 津谷典子 Professor, Faculty of Economics, Keio University 慶應義塾大学経済学部教授 グローバル COE プログラム「 市 場の高 質 化と市 場イ The Global COE Program “Raising Market Quality and Integrated Design ンフラの総合的設計」では、制度、組織、文化など市場 of Market Infrastructure” seeks to account for the dynamic relationship を取り巻く様々な要素の総体である市場インフラと市場 between market quality and market infrastructure, defined as an integrated の質との関係を動的に解明することを目的とする。私は、 entity of various components constituting the market, such as institutions, パネルデータ班および労働班のメンバーとして、市場の organizations, and culture. As a member of the panel-data section and labor section of the program, I have undertaken research on the multidimensional 質をワーク・ライフ・バランスの視点から多面的に検証 nature of market quality from the perspective of work-family balance. This することをテーマに研究に取り組んでいるが、ここでは、 article summarizes the major findings from two studies that I am currently 私が現在行っている2 つの研究の結果を紹介したい。 working on. 第一の研究は、学歴と学校卒業後の最初の雇用が結婚 My first study examines how education and first employment after をはじめとするパートナーシップ形成にどのように結び completion of schooling are related to partnership formation such as ついているのかを、ライフコースの視 点から検 証するも marriage and cohabitation.(1) Major life events such as graduation from のである(1)。 20 〜 30 代は、学校卒業、入職、結婚や出 school, entry into the labor market, marriage and childbearing tend to 産 な ど 、 複 数 の イ ベ ント が 集 中 し て 起 こ る 時 期 で あ り、 concentrate on one’s 20s and 30s. Among these events, education and なかでも学歴と学卒後の初職はその後の人生に大きな影 first employment are especially important because they strongly influence 響を与える重要な事柄である。戦後のわが国の経済発展 one’s subsequent life course. Concomitant with rapid economic growth, に伴って教育水準は上昇し、特に 1980 年代半ば以降若 educational levels have increased substantially in postwar Japan, and increases of young Japanese with higher education have been especially dramatic 者男女の高学歴化は本格化している。その一方で、バブ since the mid-1980s. On the other hand, due to the burst of “bubble ル経済の終焉とその後の不況、経済のグローバル化によ economy” and the following economic downturn, the Japanese labor る国際競争力維持の必要性などから、わが国の労働市場 market has undergone fundamental change in recent decades. In an attempt の特徴とされてきた終身雇用制度が揺らぎ始め、派遣や to increase their competitiveness in the face of economic globalization, 契約およびアルバイトなどの非正規雇用が若者を中心に employers have also been moving away from lifetime employment, a long 近年急増している。このような雇用の不安定化は未婚化 prevalent feature of the Japanese labor market. These changes resulted in the や少子化の要因のひとつとされ、若者の雇用の安定化を rapid increases of non-regular employment such as keiyaku (employment 少子化対策の一環として捉える政策的動きも顕著になっ under a fixed-term contract) or haken (contract work for a specified ている。 period) especially among young people. The proliferation of non-regular 2004 年に実施された「結婚と家族に関する全国調査」 employment is also a major cause of Japan’s marriage and fertility declines と、この 調 査 時に 18 〜 49 歳 であった 男 女を 3 年 後 の in recent years, and employment of young adults has become part of the 2007 年に追 跡した調 査から得られるミクロ・パネルデー government policies and programs that address low fertility. Drawing on the panel data from the 2004 National Survey on Marriage タを用いた分析によると、男女ともに、高学歴と学卒後 and the Family and its 2007 follow-up, the study above found that, for both の正規雇用への就職はその後の雇用の安定性と経済力に men and women, higher education was associated positively with regular 大きなプラスの影響を与えている。さらに、正規雇用へ employment and higher earning power later in life course. Further, regular の就職は男女、なかでも男性の初婚確率を大きく上昇さ employment following the completion of schooling significantly increases せることから、学卒後の最初の職が非正規雇用であった the likelihood of first marriage, especially men’s marriage. Because it is 者はその後正規雇用に移行することが難しく、経済的に unlikely for those whose first employment was temporary to subsequently 不利な状況に陥ることが多いだけでなく、結婚すること switch to regular employment, economic disadvantages tend to accumulate, も難しいという状況が窺われる。ここから、若年期の雇 resulting in the significantly lower likelihood of marriage among those 用の安定性を確保することによりもたらされる長期的な without stable employment. This suggests that compatibility between work ワーク・ライフ・バランスは、働き手たる男女の家族形 and family has important implications for market quality in the long run 成を促進するという意味で、市場の高質化にとって重要 because job stability during young adulthood facilitates subsequent family であることが示唆される。 formation. My second study looks at the changing patterns of the work-family 第二の研究は、20 〜 49 歳の結婚している男女とその interface among Japanese couples at peak working ages, analyzing the 配偶者の就業時間と家事時間の関係を分析することによ relationship between time married men and women age 20–49 spend on り、わが国の働き盛り夫婦の日々の生活におけるワーク・ 2 ライフ・バランスのパターンと変化を検証するものであ employment and time they spend on household tasks.(2) This study uses る(2)。 この分 析に用いたミクロ・データは、1994 年に実 data drawn from the 1994 National Survey on Work and Family Life, and 施された「現代家族に関する全国調査」、慶應義塾大学 the 2000 and 2009 National Surveys on Family and Economic Conditions COE 形成基礎研究「アジア金融危機とマクロ経済政策」 (NSFEC). The 2000 NSFEC was conducted by the Keio University COE の一 環として 2000 年に実 施された「アジアとの比 較 か Program “Asian Financial Crisis and Macroeconomic Policy Response,” らみた家族・人口全国調査」、そして本グローバル COE and the 2009 survey was carried out by the above Global COE Program in の一環として、米国東西センターよりの受託研究プロジ collaboration with the East-West Center. ェクトとして 2009 年に実施した「人口・家族全国調査」 This study found that while the employment rate among Japanese により収集されたものである。 wives at reproductive ages stayed at around 60 percent during the 15 この 分 析 によると、妻 の 就 業 率 は 約 6 割 で 1994 〜 years from 1994 to 2009, the average work hours of employed wives 2009 年の 15 年間あまり変化していないが、就業する妻 declined from around 36 hours per week in 1994 to 32 hours in 2009. の平均就業時間は週約 36 時間から約 32 時間へと減少し This decline was due primarily to decreases in the proportion of wives ている。これは主に週 42 時間以上就業する割合の低下 who worked 42 hours or more per week. As those working 42 hours or により起こっており、このように長時間就業する者の多 more are highly likely to hold regular employment, this result implies the くは 正 規 雇 用 であると考えられることから、1990 年 代 increasing marginalization in the Japanese labor market of working wives 半ば以降出産・子育て期にあって働く妻の労働力の縁辺 at childbearing and child-rearing ages. On the other hand, wives’ average 化が進んでいると考えることもできる。一方、家庭内労 housework time decreased from around 33 hours per week in 1994 to 働の多くを占める家事時間については、妻の平均時間は 28 hours in 2009 while the corresponding hours for husbands remained 1994 年の週約 33 時間から 2009 年の 28 時間へと減少し roughly 3 hours. As a result, husbands’ share of household tasks increased ているが、夫の平均時間は週およそ3 時間と低く、大き from 7 percent to 12 percent, but this increase was due mainly to reduction な変化をみせていない。その結果、夫婦の合計家事時間 in wives’ housework time. Compared to other developed countries, the における夫の分担割合は増加したが、これは主に妻の家 share of Japanese husbands (roughly 10 percent) in couples’ housework 事時間の減少によるもので、およそ1 割というわが国の time is notably low. 夫の平均家事分担割合は先進国中際立って低い。次に、 Turning to the relationship between employment time and household 就業時間と家事時間の関係をみると、妻は自分の就業時 task time, wives tend to cut their housework hours as their own 間が増えるにつれて家 事 時 間を削り、この傾 向は 2000 employment hours increase, and this tendency has become stronger after 年 代に入り強くなっている。妻の就 業 時 間が週 35 時 間 2000. Husbands’ housework hours also increase when their wives work 以上(フルタイム)になると、夫の家事時間も若干増え full-time (35 hours or more per week), but the amount of increase is るが、その増加量は週 1 〜 3 時間と少ない。さらに、妻 relatively small: 1 to 3 hours per week. Moreover, the combined workload の就業時間と家事時間の合計である総労働時間は、妻自 (housework time and labor-market time combined) rises dramatically as 身の就業時間が増えるに伴って急激に増加し、就業して wives’ employment hours go up. The average combined workload of wives いない妻と週 49 時間以上の長時間就業している妻を比 more than double when we compare full-time homemakers and wives who べると総労働時間には2 倍以上の開きがある。これは、 worked 49 or more hours a week in the labor market. This indicates that 働く妻は家庭でも多くの家事をこなしていることを示し full-time employed wives spend many hours in domestic chores, implying ており、フルタイム就 業 する妻 がさらにフルタイムで家 the persistence of the “double shift” of full-time housework among full- 事をするという「ダブルシフト」 の傾 向は、2000 年 代に time employed wives in Japan today. むしろ顕在化している。 Adult men and women in post-industrial societies spend most of their わが国をはじめとするポスト工業化社会に生きる成人 daily lives in the labor market and the home. Providing that time is a finite の多くは、睡眠時間を除く1日の大半を仕事と家庭生活 resource, time allocation between work and family has profound impacts on に費やしている。また、限りある資 源である時 間をどの the
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