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Giuseppe Martucci - La Canzone Dei Ricordi

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Giuseppe Martucci - La Canzone Dei Ricordi JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra zpěvu Obor zpěv Giuseppe Martucci - La canzone dei ricordi Diplomová práce Autor práce: BcA. Lukáš Hacek Vedoucí práce: prof. PhDr. Jindřiška Bártová Oponent práce: PhDr. Alena Borková Brno 2015 Bibliografický záznam HACEK, Lukáš. Giuseppe Martucci - La canzone dei ricordi [Giuseppe Martucci - The Song of Memories]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra zpěvu, 2015. xx s. 65. Vedoucí diplomové práce prof. PhDr. Jindřiška Bártová. Anotace Diplomová práca „Giuseppe Martucci – La canzone dei ricordi“ pojednáva o znovuzrodení neopernej hudby v Taliansku. Dôraz kladie na zobrazenie spoločenskej a kultúrnej situácie počas života klavíristu, dirigenta a skladateľa Giuseppe Martucciho (1856 -1909), na jeho vzťahy s umeleckými osobnosťami európskeho i celosvetového formátu. Diplomová práca vyzdvihuje umelecký prínos života a tvorby Giuseppe Martucciho a prináša podrobný rozbor Martucciho piesňového cyklu La canzone dei ricordi. Annotation The diploma thesis "Giuseppe Martucci - La Canzone dei Ricordi" discusses the rebirth of the non-operatic music in Italy. The emphasis is on the portrayal of a social and cultural situation during the life of the pianist, conductor and composer Giuseppe Martucci (1856- 1909), his relationships with artistic figures of European and worldwide caliber. The diploma thesis highlights the artistic contribution of the life and work of Giuseppe Martucci and provides a detailed analysis of Martucci's song cycle The Song of Memories. Kľúčové slová Giuseppe Martucci, Pieseň spomienok, piesňový cyklus, Rocco Emanuele Pagliara, Arturo Toscanini, talianská hudba Keywords Giuseppe Martucci, The Song of Memories, song cycle, Rocco Emanuele Pagliara, Arturo Toscanini, Italian music Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som predkladanú prácu spracoval samostatne a použil som uvedené zdroje. Brno, 1. máj 2015 Lukáš Hacek Obsah ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. GIUSEPPE MARTUCCI ........................................................................................................... 3 2. ARTURO TOSCANINI A GIUSEPPE MARTUCCI ........................................................... 26 3. LA CANZONE DEI RICORDI ............................................................................................... 29 3.1 PIESEŇ Č. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 PIESEŇ Č. 2 ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.3 PIESEŇ Č. 3 ............................................................................................................................. 38 3.4 PIESEŇ Č. 4 ............................................................................................................................. 41 3.5 PIESEŇ Č. 5 ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.6 PIESEŇ Č. 6 ............................................................................................................................. 47 3.7 PIESEŇ Č. 7 ............................................................................................................................. 50 4. KOMPLETNÝ ZOZNAM DIEL GIUSEPPE MARTUCCIHO .......................................... 53 4.1 DIELA S OPUSOVÝM ČÍSLOM ................................................................................................... 53 4.2 DIELA BEZ OPUSOVÉHO ČÍSLA ................................................................................................ 55 ZÁVER ................................................................................................................................................ 60 POUŽITÉ INFORMAČNÉ ZDROJE .............................................................................................. 61 Úvod Existuje mnoho dôvodov, prečo nebola z pohľadu historického vývoja inštrumentálna hudba v Taliansku, či uţ koncerty pre sólové nástroje alebo symfonická hudba, na tak vysokej úrovni, ako napríklad v Nemecku, kde komponovali symfonickú hudbu skladatelia ako napríklad Joseph Haydn (1732 - 1809), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791), Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827), Franz Schubert (1797 - 1828), Robert Schumann (1810 - 1856) a Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809 - 1847). A to aj napriek skutočnosti, ţe k modernizáci nástrojovej techniky výrazne prispelo veľa talianskych remeselníkov. A uţ i skladateľ Alessandro Scarlatti (1660 - 1725) pomáhal zavádzať nové orchestrálne podoby – cyklus dvanástich symfónií. Dôraz na melódiu sa však v Taliansku prejavoval najmä v názore, ţe ľudský hlas spievajúci pieseň, či áriu je tou najvyššou formu hudobného prejavu. Talianski operní skladatelia síce komponovali aj inštrumentálne diela: Téma a variácie pre harfu a husle (1820) Gioacchina Rossiniho (1792 - 1868), Sláčikový kvartet e mol (1873) Giuseppe Verdiho (1813 - 1901), alebo dokonca 18 sláčikových kvartetov a 5 symfónií Gaetana Donizettiho (1797 - 1848). Sú to síce zaujímavé kompozície, ale v kontexte talianskej hudby sú z veľkej časti irelevantné. V skutočnosti sa však značná skupina talianskych skladateľov 19. storočia snaţila pracovať na „neoperných“ hudobných formách. Medzi nimi boli Antonio Bazzini (1818-1897), Giovanni Sgambati (1841-1914), Antonio Scontrino (1850-1922), Giuseppe Martucci (1856-1909) a Marco Enrico Bossi (1861-1925). Komponovali symfónie, sláčikové kvartetá, sonáty a koncerty, ale aj napriek snaţivej pozornosti muzikológov je ich hudba stále z veľkej časti nepreskúmaná. Z vyššie uvedeného zoznamu mien, sa ako zástupcovi ostatných, chcem venovať práve Giuseppe Martuccimu (obr). Zamerať sa chcem na jeho intenzívnu prácu v propagácii inštrumentálnej, symfonickej, komornej vokálnej a inej neopernej hudby v Taliansku na konci 18. 1 storočia. Pretoţe aj napriek dobe v ktorej ţil a komponoval (1856-1909), nie je známy v takej miere, ako väčšina veľkých talianskych operných skladateľov: Vincenzo Bellini (1801 - 1835), Gaetano Donizetti (1797 - 1848), Giuseppe Verdi (1813 - 1901). I Martucciho súčasníci sú nepomerne zmámejší: Giacomo Puccini (1858 - 1924), Pietro Mascagni (1863 - 1945) a Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857 - 1919). Hlavne preto, ţe Martucci neskomponoval ani jednu operu, bol jednoducho "mimo prevádzky“. Ako 11 ročný bol prijatý na neapolské konzervatórium a uţ v roku 1875, v jeho devätnástich rokoch absolvoval ako klavírny virtuóz medzinárodné turné. O päť rokov neskôr bol menovaný profesorom klavíra na neapolskom konzervatóriu a v roku 1902 sa stal jeho riaditeľom. Martucci začal komponovať vo veku 16 rokov. Napísal mnoho komorných diel pre klavír a iné nástroje, inštrumentálne sonáty, piesňové cykly, dva klavírne koncerty a dve symfónie. A sú to predovšetkým práve jeho dve symfónie, ktoré jasne odzrkadlujú jeho nadšenie z nemeckej orchestrálnej tvorby z konca 19. storočia. Taliansky skladateľ Gian Francesco Malipiero (1882 - 1973) neskôr označil Martucciho Druhú symfóniu, za "východiskový bod renesancie neopernej talianskej hudby". Bolo to znovuzrodenie, ktore podporoval aj sám Malipiero, rovnako ako Alfredo Casella (1883 - 1947), Franco Alfano (1875 - 1954) a Ottorino Respighi (1879 - 1936). Od začiatku svojej kariéry Martucci výrazne rozširoval svoj repertoár. Na jeho klavírnych recitáloch mali prominentné miesto skladatelia ako Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750), Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683 - 1764) a Alessandro Scarlatti (1660 - 1725). Ako dirigent pomáhal uvádzať diela Ludwiga van Beethovena (1770 - 1827), Hectora Berlioza (1803 - 1869), Franza Liszta (1811 - 1886), Roberta Schumanna (1810 - 1856) a Johannesa Brahmsa (1833 - 1897). Talianska premiéra Brahmsovej Druhej symfónie bola v roku 1882, len päť rokov po jej svetovej premiére vo Viedni v roku 1877. Náročnejšie to uţ bolo s doslovným bojom za uvedenie Wagnerovej opery Tristan a Isolda v roku 1888 a za neapolskú premiéru Súmraku bohov, menej ako rok pred Martucciho smrťou. Zastúpenie však mala aj britská hudba. Niekoľkokrát uviedol Symfóniu č. 3 s príznačným pomenovaním „Írska“ od Charlesa Villiersa Stanforda (1852 - 1924), zatiaľ čo s veľkým obdivom vzrastal jeho záujem o francúzsku hudbu Césara Francka (1822 - 1890) a Vincenta d'Indyho (1851 - 1931). No k jeho obľúbencom patril i Édouard Victoire Antoine Lalo (1823 - 1892) a neskôr aj Claude Debussy (1862 - 1918). 2 1. Giuseppe Martucci Narodil sa šiesteho januára 1856 v talianskom meste Capua. (obr.) Bol najstarším synom Gaetana Martucciho a jeho ţeny menom Orsola Martucciello. Capua je mesto v provincii Caserta v regióne Kampánia. Leţí asi 25 kilometrov severne od Neapola. Giuseppe a jeho mladšia sestra Teresa, narodená v roku 1857, získali základy hudby od svojho otca. Ten hrával na trúbke a bol kapelníkom v neapolskej armáde. Deti sa učili hre na klavír a uţ v roku 1864 mali príleţitosť vystúpiť na spoločnom verejnom koncerte. V roku 1867 Martucci verejne predstavil svoju prvú skladbu, polku pre klavír s názvom Il genio – Génius. Miestne noviny si mladého skladateľa a klavíristu ihneď všimli (Il Giornale di Napoli, 4. a 9. 4. 1867). Krátko na to bol prijatý na Conservatorio di Musica San Pietro a Majella v Neapole najskôr ako externý a od roku 1868 ako riadny študent. Beniamino Cesi a L. M. Caracciolo ho učili hru na klavír. Beniamino Cesi (1845 - 1907)
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