DOCSLIB.ORG

Reliability and Maintainability of Defence Equipment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reliability and Maintainability of Defence Equipment Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General NATIONAL, AUDIT OFFICE Ministry of Defence: Reliability and Maintainability of Defence Equipment Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 1 February 1989 Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London E4.90 net 173 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE: RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY OF DEFENCE EQUEMENT This report has been prepared under Section 6 of the National Audit Act, 1983 for presentation to the House of Commons in accordance with Section 9 of the Act. John Bourn Comptroller and Auditor General National Audit Office 1 February 1989 The Comptrollerand Auditor Generalis the headof the NationalAudit Office employing some 900 staff. He, and the NAO, are totally independent of Government. He certifies the accounts of all Government departments and a wide range of other public sector bodies; and he has statutory authority to report to Parliament on the economy, efficiency and effectiveness with which departments and other bodies use their resources. MINISTRY OF DEFENCE: RELIABILm AND MAINTAINABILITY OF DEFENCE EQUPMENT Contents Pages Summary and conclusions 1 Part 1: Background and Scope of the NAO Study 8 Part 2: The Department’s R&M Policy and Initiatives 10 Part 3: The Department’s Arrangements for Implementing R&M Policy 15 Part 4: The Role and Performance of Contractors 19 Part 5: Contract Incentives and Warranties 23 Glossary of terms and abbreviations 26 Appendices 1. Major R&M studies and initiatives since 1978 28 2. Surveys by NAO consultants 30 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE: RELIABILm AND i&‘JiVTmABILITY OF DEFENCE EQUIPMENT Summary and conclusions 1. The Ministry of Defence have for many years been concerned about the reliability and maintainability (R&M) of equipment purchased corn Defence contractors. They have estimated that unreliability is increasing support costs by over El billion a year. While all unreliability cannot be eliminated the Department accept that considerable improvements could be achieved which would yield significant savings. R&M also affects the availability of equipment; for example, during peacetime between a third and a half of the Royal Air Force’s fast jet fleet is not available for training because of scheduled maintenance, modification action, inspection, or unscheduled rectification. There is substantial room for improvement in all these areas. 2. The problem of defence equipment R&M is not unique to the United Kingdom; the United States in particular have recognised the need for improvements in the R&M of their defence equipment. In 1979 the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) commented that an improvement in R&M was potentially the most cost-effective measure directly open to the Department in the equipment field. 3: This Report records the results of an examination by the National Audit Office (NAO) of the effectiveness of the Department’s R&M management and the achievements of both the Department and industry since the PAC last examined this matter in 1978-79. The NAO’s fieldwork was completed before publication of the Defence Committee’s Fifth Report of 1987-88 (HC 431). However, this NAO Report takes account of the evidence on this subject given to the Defence Committee by the Department. I intend to provide PAC with further details to supplement this Report, on a confidential basis. 4. There is one general point to be made plain at the start. The Armed Services and British contractors take pride in the performance of their equipment; many equipments perform superbly well at home and overseas. The NAO found that there is now a marked interest and concern on the part of both the Department and British contractors to make further progress. In co-operation - and co-operation is the key - they are working together to improve the quantity and quality of the resources directed to reliability and maintainability and to provide the working procedures, tests and contractual arrangements that will be conducive to this end. This general statement conditions the following account of the issues examined and the NAO’s detailed findings which are summarised below. Findings and On whether the Department have demonstrated sufficient commitment to conclusions their policy on R&M and have taken adequate action to influence its achievement 5. The need for good R&M has long been recognised by the Department and they have undertaken numerous studies in an attempt to improve 1 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE: RELIABILITI AND MAINTAINABILITY OF DEFENCE EQUEMEiVT their arrangements for achieving it (Appendix 1). In September 1987 the Procurement Executive Management Board endorsed the basis of a strategy for improving the reliability of equipment. This was followed, in March 1988, by a tri-service policy statement from the Department on the importance to be attached to the achievement of the proper balance between operational availability, performance, and whole life cost of defence equipment through the application of their R&M policy. This raises complex issues calling for difficult trade-off decisions against operational performance, scheduled in-Service dates and initial purchase cost. The NAO’s main findings and related conclusions on this issue were that: (a] The Department’s ultimate goal is the achievement of high operational effectiveness with low whole life costs. For this reason it has for many years been their policy that R&M be afforded equal priority to performance. However, both the NAO’s examination and the Department’s own studies have indicated that R&M has consistently been sacrificed to performance, initial purchase cost and time. In view of the major impact of R&M on operational availability and life cycle costs, the Department need to ensure that sufficient weight is attached to R&M considerations when designs and specifications are being prepared (paragraphs 2.2-2.4, 2.14(c), 2.18- 2.20 and 3.23). (b) It is of considerable importance that R&M is adequately considered when procurement decisions are made. Organisational steps are required to ensure that this has been done. The NAO therefore endorse recommendations made to the Procurement Executive Management Board to strengthen the role of the Directorate General of Defence Quality Assurance on R&M, in particular to provide reliability inputs to Equipment Policy Committee papers. The knowledge that these inputs are required should help to ensure that proper attention is given to reliability problems at the earlier stages of project development. The NAO consider, however, that if real improvements are to be achieved there must be a will to delay or halt projects where R&M has not been fully considered, or where evidence points to levels of R&M below those specified (paragraphs 2.5-2.6). (c) The Committee for Defence Equipment Reliability and Maintainability (CODERM), the Department’s focal point for R&M, has exerted little influence in securing the implementation of the Department’s policy because it has no executive status or direct access to funds; furthermore it has a rapid membership turnover. The two committees to whom CODERM are accountable have themselves no executive responsibility in the area and have offered CODERM little direction. The Department need to consider how the promotion of R&M policy can be made more effective (paragraphs 2.7-2.13). (d) The many MOD studies on R&M have for the most part found a lack of commitment in this area, ineffective management, inadequate resources, a need for better information and scope for tighter contracting, particularly in the specification of R&M requirements. However, action to eliminate these weaknesses has generally been limited. The Department need to take concerted action to remedy the shortcomings highlighted by their own studies (paragraphs 2.14-2.16). MIMSTRY OF DEFENCE: RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY OF DEFENCE EQWMENT (e) The main underlying obstacles to progress have been the inability of the Department to quantify conclusively the costs and benefits of improving R&M; the fact that the financial consequences of poor R&M fall on the Services Support budget whilst the investment in R&M is met by the Procurement Executive equipment budget; the pressure from Operational Requirements and Financial staffs to meet cost and timescale constraints; the lack of sufficient top-level commitment by the Department and industry to the rigorous implementation of agreed R&M principles at project level; and practical difficulties in defining contract terms and enforcing them. Until these factors are addressed substantial improvements in R&M are unlikely (paragraph 2.17). (f) The NAO found that contractors on fixed price contracts can be reluctant to divulge the results of R&M programmes to the Department. There is also the danger that they may plan minimal R&M programmes in order to reduce costs. The Department should ensure that their requirements for information and demonstration of achievement are clearly spelt out in the specifications and that contractors’ R&M proposals are thoroughly analysed in the course of tender assessments (paragraphs 2.19-2.20). (g) The United States’ Armed Services have each taken major practical initiatives to improve R&M. They have sought to address three key areas where progress in the United Kingdom has been most limited: accountability by contractors to project managers and by them to the Services; high-level involvement within the Department; and commitment of all parties, particularly industry. The Department should examine the scope for implementing positive measures of the kinds employed in the United States (paragraphs 2.21-2.24). On whether the Department have established suitable organisational arrangements to ensure that their R&M policy is properly implemented 6. The Operational Requirements staffs specify equipment needs (including R&M) and project managers are required to meet them. Both groups are supported by advice from a number of Department branches. The NAO found that the arrangements for providing R&M advice were complex and involved a multiplicity of branches and personnel, and that the instructions and information upon which those responsible for R&M depend were not fully reliable.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Progress in Delivering the British Army's Armoured
    AVF0014 Written evidence submitted by Nicholas Drummond “Progress in Delivering the British Army’s Armoured Vehicle Capability.” Nicholas Drummond Defence Industry Consultant and Commentator Aura Consulting Ltd. ______________________________________________________________________________ _________ Contents Section 1 - Introduction Section 2 - HCDC questions 1. Does the Army have a clear understanding of how it will employ its armoured vehicles in future operations? 2. Given the delays to its programmes, will the Army be able to field the Strike Brigades and an armoured division as envisaged by the 2015 SDSR? 3. How much has the Army spent on procuring armoured vehicles over the last 20 years? How many vehicles has it procured with this funding? 4. What other capabilities has the Army sacrificed in order to fund overruns in its core armoured vehicles programmes? 5. How flexible can the Army be in adapting its current armoured vehicle plans to the results of the Integrated Review? 6. By 2025 will the Army be able to match the potential threat posed by peer adversaries? 7. Is the Army still confident that the Warrior CSP can deliver an effective vehicle capability for the foreseeable future? 8. To what extent does poor contractor performance explain the delays to the Warrior and Ajax programmes? 9. Should the UK have a land vehicles industrial strategy, and if so what benefits would this bring? 10. What sovereign capability for the design and production of armoured vehicles does the UK retain? 11. Does it make sense to upgrade the Challenger 2 when newer, more capable vehicles may be available from our NATO allies? 12. What other key gaps are emerging within the Army’s armoured vehicle capability? 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Defence in Northern Europe
    FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Erkki Nordberg, Defence Staff Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 10 AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 ISBN 951-25-0873-7 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1997: National Defence College All rights reserved Oy Edita Ab Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1997 INTRODUCTION The historical progress of air power has shown a continuous rising trend. Military applications emerged fairly early in the infancy of aviation, in the form of first trials to establish the superiority of the third dimension over the battlefield. Well- known examples include the balloon reconnaissance efforts made in France even before the birth of the aircraft, and it was not long before the first generation of flimsy, underpowered aircraft were being tested in a military environment. The Italians used aircraft for reconnaissance missions at Tripoli in 1910-1912, and the Americans made their first attempts at taking air power to sea as early as 1910-1911.
    [Show full text]
  • CRUISE MISSILE THREAT Volume 2: Emerging Cruise Missile Threat
    By Systems Assessment Group NDIA Strike, Land Attack and Air Defense Committee August 1999 FEASIBILITY OF THIRD WORLD ADVANCED BALLISTIC AND CRUISE MISSILE THREAT Volume 2: Emerging Cruise Missile Threat The Systems Assessment Group of the National Defense Industrial Association ( NDIA) Strike, Land Attack and Air Defense Committee performed this study as a continuing examination of feasible Third World missile threats. Volume 1 provided an assessment of the feasibility of the long range ballistic missile threats (released by NDIA in October 1998). Volume 2 uses aerospace industry judgments and experience to assess Third World cruise missile acquisition and development that is “emerging” as a real capability now. The analyses performed by industry under the broad title of “Feasibility of Third World Advanced Ballistic & Cruise Missile Threat” incorporate information only from unclassified sources. Commercial GPS navigation instruments, compact avionics, flight programming software, and powerful, light-weight jet propulsion systems provide the tools needed for a Third World country to upgrade short-range anti-ship cruise missiles or to produce new land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) today. This study focuses on the question of feasibility of likely production methods rather than relying on traditional intelligence based primarily upon observed data. Published evidence of technology and weapons exports bears witness to the failure of international agreements to curtail cruise missile proliferation. The study recognizes the role LACMs developed by Third World countries will play in conjunction with other new weapons, for regional force projection. LACMs are an “emerging” threat with immediate and dire implications for U.S. freedom of action in many regions .
    [Show full text]
  • Cranfield University
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY LEIGH MOODY SENSORS, SENSOR MEASUREMENT FUSION AND MISSILE TRAJECTORY OPTIMISATION COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY PhD THESIS CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE, POWER AND SENSORS PhD THESIS Academic Year 2002 - 2003 Leigh Moody Sensors, Measurement Fusion and Missile Trajectory Optimisation Supervisor: Professor B.A. White July 2003 Leigh Moody asserts his right to be identified as the author. © Cranfield University 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of Cranfield University and without acknowledging that it may contain copyright material owned by MBDA UK Limited. i ii ABSTRACT When considering advances in “smart” weapons it is clear that air-launched systems have adopted an integrated approach to meet rigorous requirements, whereas air-defence systems have not. The demands on sensors, state observation, missile guidance, and simulation for air-defence is the subject of this research. Historical reviews for each topic, justification of favoured techniques and algorithms are provided, using a nomenclature developed to unify these disciplines. Sensors selected for their enduring impact on future systems are described and simulation models provided. Complex internal systems are reduced to simpler models capable of replicating dominant features, particularly those that adversely effect state observers. Of the state observer architectures considered, a distributed system comprising ground based target and own-missile tracking, data up-link, and on-board missile measurement and track fusion is the natural choice for air-defence. An IMM is used to process radar measurements, combining the estimates from filters with different target dynamics. The remote missile state observer combines up-linked target tracks and missile plots with IMU and seeker data to provide optimal guidance information.
    [Show full text]
  • The Market for Missile/Drone/UAV Engines
    The Market for Missile/Drone/UAV Engines Product Code #F655 A Special Focused Market Segment Analysis by: Aviation Gas Turbine Forecast Analysis 5 The Market for Missile/Drone/UAV Engines 2010-2019 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................2 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................2 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................................2 Trends..........................................................................................................................................................................3 The Competitive Environment...............................................................................................................................3 Market Statistics .......................................................................................................................................................4 Table 1 - The Market for Missile/Drone/UAV Engines Unit Production by Headquarters/Company/Program 2010 - 2019 ..................................................5 Table 2 - The Market for Missile/Drone/UAV Engines Value Statistics by Headquarters/Company/Program 2010 - 2019...................................................8 Figure
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques Tiziou Space Collection
    Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Isaac Middleton and Melissa A. N. Keiser 2019 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series : Files, (bulk 1960-2011)............................................................................... 4 Series : Photography, (bulk 1960-2011)................................................................. 25 Jacques Tiziou Space Collection NASM.2018.0078 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Identifier: NASM.2018.0078 Date: (bulk 1960s through
    [Show full text]
  • IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY a LITERATURE STUDY on COMMAND to LINE of SIGHT MISSILE SYSTEM Ramakrishna G*1, G.K.D
    ISSN: 2277-9655 [Ramakrishna* et al., 7(1): January, 2018] Impact Factor: 5.164 IC™ Value: 3.00 CODEN: IJESS7 IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY A LITERATURE STUDY ON COMMAND TO LINE OF SIGHT MISSILE SYSTEM Ramakrishna G*1, G.K.D. Prasanna Venkatesan 2 * Faculty of ECE, Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala, India DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1147484 ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to explain the CLOS (Command to Line of Sight) Missile Systems in detail. The includes the concept behind it, the technology used and the applications in modern warfare. While the paper will largely deal with CLOS guidance, the theory behind basic functioning of a guided weapon/missile will also be discussed. The MCLOS (Manual Command to Line of Sight), SACLOS (Semi Automatic Command to Line of Sight), and ACLOS (Automatic Command to Line of Sight) are also presented along with their applications. KEYWORDS: ACLOS, MCLOS, SACLOS I. INTRODUCTION A Guided weapon may be described briefly as a weapon system which the warhead is delivered by an unmanned guided vehicle. Guided missiles have only been in practical use since the advent of World War II. It is because the technology has enabled the invention of the final product has been around for a lot longer. From the oldest of discoveries, like that of gunpowder in the 1st millennium BC by the Chinese to the rapid advances in the field of science, they have all been required to the practical enabling of the concept of guided missile systems [1][2]. The Germans were the first to field guided weapons with the use of V1 guided bomb and the V2 rocket.
    [Show full text]
  • Desind Finding
    NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE ARCHIVES Herbert Stephen Desind Collection Accession No. 1997-0014 NASM 9A00657 National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Brian D. Nicklas © Smithsonian Institution, 2003 NASM Archives Desind Collection 1997-0014 Herbert Stephen Desind Collection 109 Cubic Feet, 305 Boxes Biographical Note Herbert Stephen Desind was a Washington, DC area native born on January 15, 1945, raised in Silver Spring, Maryland and educated at the University of Maryland. He obtained his BA degree in Communications at Maryland in 1967, and began working in the local public schools as a science teacher. At the time of his death, in October 1992, he was a high school teacher and a freelance writer/lecturer on spaceflight. Desind also was an avid model rocketeer, specializing in using the Estes Cineroc, a model rocket with an 8mm movie camera mounted in the nose. To many members of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR), he was known as “Mr. Cineroc.” His extensive requests worldwide for information and photographs of rocketry programs even led to a visit from FBI agents who asked him about the nature of his activities. Mr. Desind used the collection to support his writings in NAR publications, and his building scale model rockets for NAR competitions. Desind also used the material in the classroom, and in promoting model rocket clubs to foster an interest in spaceflight among his students. Desind entered the NASA Teacher in Space program in 1985, but it is not clear how far along his submission rose in the selection process. He was not a semi-finalist, although he had a strong application.
    [Show full text]
  • China Missile Chronology
    China Missile Chronology Last update: June 2012 2012 18 May 2012 The Department of Defense releases the 2012 “Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China” report. The report highlights that the PLA Air force is modernizing its ground‐based air defense forces with conventional medium‐range ballistic missiles, which can “conduct precision strikes against land targets and naval ships, including aircraft carriers, operating far from China’s shores beyond the first island chain.” According to the Department of Defense’s report, China will acquire DF‐31A intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and enhanced, silo‐based DF‐5 (CSS‐4) ICMBs by 2015. To date, China is the third country that has developed a stealth combat aircraft, after the U.S. and Russia. J‐20 is expected conduct military missions by 2018. It will be equipped with “air‐to‐air missiles, air‐to‐surface missiles, anti‐radiation missiles, laser‐guided bombs and drop bombs.”J‐20 stealth fighter is a distinguished example of Chinese military modernization. – Office of Secretary of Defense, “Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2012,” distributed by U.S. Department of Defense, May 2012, www.defense.gov; Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, David Helvey, “Press Briefing on 2012 DOD Report to Congress on ‘Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China,’” distributed by U.S. Department of Defense, 18 May 2012, www.defense.gov; “Chengdu J‐20 Multirole Stealth Fighter Aircraft, China,” Airforce‐Technology, www.airforce‐technology.com. 15 April 2012 North Korea shows off a potential new ICBM in a military parade.
    [Show full text]
  • KILLING TRADE with CHILE THRIVES Agreed to Allow the Supply of Enriched Uranium Fuel Rods to Chile for the Lo Aguirre Reactor
    the Falklands war, the government KILLING TRADE WITH CHILE THRIVES agreed to allow the supply of enriched uranium fuel rods to Chile for the Lo Aguirre reactor. BRITISH COMPANIES are continuing to sell arms 'State of siege' which could be used for The Centaur half-track vehicle, internal repression and which with official British nuclear equipment to Chile, permission is already in Chile on despite the introduction of a demonstration to the Chilean army, is a' lightly armoured gun carrier brutal 'State of siege' nearly six months ago by dictator described by its makers as suitable for a wide range of internal security General Augusto Pinochet. activity. In a brochure issued to a According to British Chilean delegation at a recent arms government documents, show, manufacturers Laird handed to the New Statesman (Anglesey) Ltd boasted that Centaur earlier this week by a had 'outstanding potential in both {\'iinistry of Defence source, fighting and support roles ... speeds two British companies are now actively trying to win up to 100 kph and a choice of weapons systems, bodies, equipment Chilean contracts, reports fits, cargo personnel... result in a DUNCAN CAMPBELL versatility unequalled by any other current vehicle design'. Laird ONE CONTRACT is for the (Anglesey) Ltd is a subsidiary of the refurbishment of a nuclear reactor, Laird Engineering group. A group and the other, quite separate contract spokesman refused to comment on is for the supply of up to 300 armed whether the proposed Centaur deal vehicles for the Chilean army. would now go ahead. The Department of Trade and Pinochet first declared the 'state of Industry, the documents show, official permission over six months to Britain on a government- siege', which allows him unlimited issued an export licence last year for a ago to tender for the Chilean nuclear sponsored 'trade promotion visit' in.
    [Show full text]
  • OPERATION CORPORATE Taken from the PWO's Diary at the Time On
    OPERATION CORPORATE Taken from the PWO’s Diary at the time on HMS GLAMORGAN (transcribed by Danny Wort ex RS) 1982 2 April Argentine troops invade Falkland Islands. Garrison of about 80 marines put up a good fight killing and wounding Argies in a fierce gun battle. Marines run out of ammo and told to put down arms by Commander. 1500 Argentine troops against 80 but what a fight. RAS(L) with BLUE ROVER – 158 tons 4 April South Georgia invaded marines from ENDURANCE put ashore, put up a good fight, fired anti-tank rockets at CORVETTE, seriously damaged it and brought down helicopter. We are on our way to the Ascension Islands. Big Task Force underway. RAS(L) TIDESPRING – 200 tons 5 April Britain mustering task force, Hermes and Invincible made ready, Cmdo Brigade and 1st parachute battalion embarked and with others. “Tally Ho! Here we come Argies” 6 April Fearless sails from U.K. We are moving South. RAS(L) TIDESPRING – 228 tons 10 April Arrive Ascension Islands much activity with Hercules bringing stores out from U.K. RAS(L) APPLELEAF – 200 tons 12 April Vertrep stores all day, food, ammo and Beer 13 April More work bringing on stores RAS(L) APPLELEAF – 212 tons 14 April Depart Ascension to R/V with Hermes. The Harriers look very impressive, hope they are good combat aircraft, though they are usually ground attack. 15 April Admiral Woodward to Hermes, flag in Command. Steam back to Ascension. 16 April Prep for war, much activity, stores accounting, black out ship 17 April Heading South with SHEFFIELD, ALACRITY, ARROW, BRILLIANT, GLASGOW and COVENTRY.
    [Show full text]
  • Archie to SAM a Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense
    Archie to SAM A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense Second Edition KENNETH P. WERRELL Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama August 2005 Air University Library Cataloging Data Werrell, Kenneth P. Archie to SAM : a short operational history of ground-based air defense / Kenneth P. Werrell.—2nd ed. —p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Archie, flak, AAA, and SAM : a short operational history of ground- based air defense, 1988. With a new preface. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-136-8 1. Air defenses—History. 2. Anti-aircraft guns—History. 3. Anti-aircraft missiles— History. I. Title. 358.4/145—dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public re- lease: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii In memory of Michael Lewis Hyde Born 14 May 1938 Graduated USAF Academy 8 June 1960 Killed in action 8 December 1966 A Patriot, A Classmate, A Friend THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii DEDICATION . iii FOREWORD . xiii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . xv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION . xvii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION . xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xxi 1 ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD WAR II . 1 British Antiaircraft Artillery . 4 The V-1 Campaign . 13 American Antiaircraft Artillery . 22 German Flak . 24 Allied Countermeasures . 42 Fratricide . 46 The US Navy in the Pacific .
    [Show full text]