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Home , Concentric zone model, Core city, Downtown, Primate city, Sector model, Urban structure

Urban

More than half the world’s population now lives in . Reminder: Central Place Theory

• Services cluster in settlements. • The range of a service varies with the service. • The number of peeps needed to patronize a service is the threshold. • And, each service, and by extension settlement (be it a town or ) has a market area or hinterland. Gravity Model- market area analysis. Where to locate a service. • Predicts that the optimal location for services is directly related to the number of people in an area and the distance they must travel to access the service. • In the graph: 1400 people who live 0 kilometers from the service will frequent while close to zero people at 50 km. • (Remember some services have greater ranges than others) Rank Size Rule

• In most developed countries, if settlements are ordered from largest to smallest by population, the country’s nth largest city is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. • Huh? • The 2nd largest city is ½ the size of the biggest city • The 3rd largest city is 1/3 the size of the biggest • The 15th largest city is 1/15 the biggest city

That’s fun. Who cares? Well if there is a regular pattern, it means services are pretty evenly distributed to most citizens. Primate Cities

• Not all countries follow the rank-size rule. Some have primate cities. A primate city is one in which the largest settlement has more than twice the people of the next biggest settlement. • This means services are clustered in one city and there is not enough wealth to pay for all the necessary services. Folks have to travel long distances to patronize certain services (esp high end consumer and professional services) Rank-size or primate?

• (metro areas) – : 20,137,152 – : 4,434,252 – Monterrey: 4,106,054 – Puebla: 2,728,790 – Toluca: 1,936,126

Primate Rank-Size or Primate?

• (just ): – : 8,949,477 – Yokohama: 3,689,603 – : 2,666,371 – Nagoya: 2,263,907 – Sapporo: 1,914,434

Rank size (ish) Rank size or primate? • USA (2012): – NY, NY: 8,336,697; – LA, CA: 3,857,799; – : 2,714, 856 – , TX: 2,160,821 – Philly: 1,5,47,607 – Phoenix, AZ: 1,488,750 – San Antonio, TX: 1,382,951 – San Diego, CA: 1,338,348 – , TX: 1,241,162 – San Jose, CA: 982,765 Rank Size Rank-size or Primate?

• : – : 8,294,058 – : 2,293,099 – : 1,741,961 – Liverpool: 830,112 – Leeds: 750,700 – Sheffield: 551,800 Rank size or Primate?

• China: – Shanghai: 27,965,403 – Beijing: 19,785,051 – Tianjin: 10,290,987 – Chengdu: 9,209,393 – Guangzhou: 8,525,000 – Wuhan: 7,297,141

Who the hell knows? Rank-size or primate?

• (2009): – Istanbul: 12,829,960 – Ankara: 4,306,105 – Izmir: 3,276,815 – Bursa: 1,854,285 – Adana: 1,563,545

Primate Rank-size or primate?

• : – : 7,734,614 – : 3,811,516 – Giza: 2,443,203 – Port Said: 538,378 – Suez: 488,125

Eh…rank size at first…primate as it goes on. This has to do with the highly clutered nature of Egypt’s population- they’re all on the Nile or along the coast of the Red Sea. Periodic markets

• At the lowest end of the central place hierarchy are periodic markets: temporary gatherings where vendors sell goods & services. • After the market day, they move to another location – Bazaars in some Muslim countries-one day/one city, except Friday (prayer) – Farmer’s markets in developed countries Global Cities • “Global cities” are closely integrated into the world economy and ranked as alpha, beta, or gamma level cities based on the number of MNC headquarters, professional services (lawyers, bankers, financiers), political factors like power, cultural institutions, and major infrastructure projects like airports and hospitals. Distribution of Talent

• Talented people (higher education, special skills) tend to cluster in more culturally diverse cities not because of economic prospects. Global cities con’t

• Global cities also have more consumer services. – For example, London & New York have more theater productions than almost the rest of their respective countries combined – More luxury & specialty retail stores than could be supported by the local population (larger market area) • For example, Ferraris, Lamborghinis, Porches, in Hong Kong Business Services in developing countries • Business services in developing countries- offshore financial services (banks). Many states or colonies (esp of UK) offer low taxes and total privacy to account holders, making them attractive tax shelters (Cayman Islands, Switzerland, Cyprus, etc.) • Back-office processing (includes accounting, payroll, clerical activities, call centers). These are the guys in you talk to when your computer doesn’t work. Lower wages and improvements in communication technology means these functions can be moved to LDC’s. Key: ability to speak English. Why do services cluster in settlements? • 2 Types of Rural Settlements: – Clustered Rural Settlement: agriculturally based community in which families live close together with fields surrounding buildings (hamlet/village) • Common in colonial America New England American clustered – Dispersed rural settlement. Buildings clustered around a central “common.” These colonists came settlement: farmers living in large homogenous groups, so the on individual farms, cluster makes sense. isolated from neighbors. Clustered Rural Settlements • Circular rural settlements: central open space, surrounded by structures

Kraal Village,

French “long lots” along St. Lawrence River in • Linear rural , settlements: fields extend beyond homes in long lines and provide access to road or river Dispersed Rural Settlements

• MidAtlantic & Midwest. Colonists came in tiny groups, so settlements were consequently smaller. • In the UK, the dispersed settlements were forcibly consolidated into clustered settlements between 1750 and 1850 in the enclosure movement. This made farming more efficient, but ended up evicting farmers who ended up moving to cities to work in factories. History of

• Agricultural Revolution leads to permanent settlements • Jericho in & Catal Huyuk in Turkey host about 6,000 peeps 8,000 BC

• Large urban areas emerge in Mesopotamia: Ur, Babylon, Sumer, etc. • Urbanity diffuses to Egypt, India, and China OR evolves independently from 3,000-2000 multiple hearths BC

• More sophisticated urban settlements in the city states of Troy, Mycenae (), - larger population, market area, more services (like theater) 2500 BC- • Romans launch big time urbanization. Found lots of new cities based on 400’s AD trade- Rome, London, Barcelona, , etc. Rome=1 million peeps? History of Urbanization con’t

• Roman Empire falls, major urban centers decline as trade declines 400s AD- • Major urban areas in China & India, several reaching over 1 million peeps 1200’s AD

• Medieval lords expand urban areas to bolster their armies. • These new urban dwellers went about reestablishing trade networks based on surpluses from the countryside 1200’s - • Urban areas grew with more sophisticated market squares, large churches, 1500’s palaces, and defensive walls. Churches usually dominate the skyline.

• With Industrial Revolution, London became most populous city in the world, 1800’s- then New York, now its Tokyo (32 million in the metro area) Present Urbanization: process in which urban settlements grow • Two patterns: – Increasing percent of people in urban settlements. • Developed countries-3/4 population lives in urban areas. Developing countries – 2/5 live in urban areas. Urbanity reflects a more developed society that has undergone industrialization and shift to tertiary economies. – Increasing number of people in urban settlements. • Raw numbers of urban inhabitats is higher in developing countries- 7 of 10 most populous cities are in LDC’s (Cairo, , , , Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Shanghai) Central Business District: CBD

• “;” usually the historic heart of the city & often on the water • Usually the center of the city- most easily accessible point to the rest of the city • Pretty small- about 1% total • Large portion of public, business, and consumer services • Seldom high residential or industrial use Land competition in CBD

• - lots of cities and counties zone land for residential, commercial, or industrial use. This should help keep residential areas free of harmful pollution and traffic. It has side effects: – Business owners must find more expensive commercial land – Difficult to rezone once industry moves on – Causes segregation and high prices in some areas

• Bid rent theory- assumes that residential, commercial, and industrial interests will compete for land in the CBD Bid Rent Theory

• A confusing-looking way of saying that the closer to the CBD you get, the higher the demand for land, and hence rent is more expensive – For retailing, the rent is highest at the CBD, then commercial, then , then single houses. – Firms and households make decisions based on Central Place & Weber’s Theory on where to locate. Bid-rent, another way A word on population density • It’s relative- population density in is “low density” when compared with . • High population density: inner cities (- 27,345.9/km2; New York- 10650/km2; Hong Kong- 6,380/km2; Mexico City- 6,000/km2; Tokyo-6,000/km2) • Highest population density: Manila, - 42,857/km2

• Medium population density: suburbs, low rise apartments (Beijing- 1300/km2; Fairfax County, VA: 1,066/km2; Fredericksburg- 902/km2) • Low population density: rural areas, small towns (Spotsylvania County- 116.4/km2; Summers County, WVA- 15/km2; Niobrara County, Wyoming- .9/sq m) Models of

1. 2. 3. Multiple Nuclei Model 4. Galactic city model Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model • The result of bid-rent theory • Zone of transition: Industry and poor quality housing. Immigrant neighborhoods • Zone of worker’s homes- modest older homes • Commuter zone “bedroom communities” • Example: Chicago • Does not fit most other parts of the world where poorer housing is in suburbs, and wealthier live close to CBD Hoyt’s Sector Model

• Hoyt also used Chicago for his model, but claimed that certain land uses started just outside the CBD and then those activities radiated outward from there. This was facilitated by streetcars () • Fits some British cities pretty well Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model • This model asserts that cities are built of a bunch of nodes and that different services are attracted to those nodes. • For example, warehouses locate near ports, hotels near airports, bars near universities, and so on. • CBD is not as central. Predicts that like- activities will be near each other • Rapidly growing modern cities: Houston, LA Galactic City Model/Peripheral

• Like a galaxy. CBD at center, small cities orbit it. DC is a pretty good example- Arlington, Falls Church, Woodbridge, Alexandria, Tyson’s Corner, Silver Spring are all DC satellites. • Suburban areas in between CBD and “edge cities.” Edge cities become necessary so you don’t need to travel into CBD in high traffic Applying the models

• None of the models fit any city exactly, and they basically don’t work outside . (These were all developed in Chicago in 1920’s-40’s) • Apply them together gets a better understanding of where people will live – Concentric: older housing in the center, newer in the outer – Sector: high income families live in the same sectors – Multiple nuclei: similar ethnic background live near each other – Put them together and we can kinda zero in on where, for example, a wealthy Caucasian owner-occupant most likely will live Social Spatial Analysis

• Census tracts: every 10 years the US Census Bureau conducts a census. Urban areas are divided into tracts of about 5,000 residents which try to correspond with neighborhood boundaries • All the census data (income, education, ethnicity, etc.) can then be used with GIS to conduct social spatial analysis of the area to better understand the demography of cities. Houston: Census Tracts & Social Spatial Analysis Put it all together: 77704: older homes, Hispanics w/modest incomes 77079: high income, older college educated couples in suburbs A couple other urban/suburban geo terms: • Boomburgs: rapidly growing city that remains suburban in character. More than 100,000 peeps and not the in the metro area. • Uptown: part of a city that is up and away from the center. Usually, high end residential away from CBD. • Chesapeake, VA is a boomburg- its in the of Hampton-Norfolk-VA-Beach Green & Brownfields • Greenfields: areas that have never been developed for urban purposes. In N. American cities, greenfields often divide dispersed suburban settlements. In European cities, urban development is more concentrated, greenfields are more contiguous.

• Brownfields: an urban area that used to be site of industrial or commercial purposes. Now they are vacant lots. In many cities, these are blights, in some (like Arlington), they make way for new development. European Cities

• CBD’s tend to be more residential, Some sectors- in Paris, high income housing more small services, few radiates to the southwest toward Versailles downtown (often while industrial areas concentrate along because of codes) Seine & Marne River Valleys. CBD- • Built on medieval sites with downtown, but NOT skyscrapers. Those are dendritic (narrow, winding) ; in the suburbs. churches and public buildings prominent in CBD • Often cars are restricted in CBD to reduce congestion, pollution, and promote walking and patronizing local shops • Inverse concentric zone of US cities- wealthy downtown, low-class immigrants in suburbs in government built, high density complexes American cities • During Colonial Era, all cities conformed to “Law of the Indies” which outlined city layout- central plaza, church, radiate from there • Elite zone follows a spine of high quality services & consistent water & electric service- high income housing • Zone of Maturity outside CBD- middle class • In situ accretion- transitional zone between maturity and squatter settlements. • Squatter settlements in periphery. Start as migrant shanties, but evolve to take on more permanent characteristics- roof, rooms, etc. In Mexico City, the pattern is for the ring of squatter settlements to eventually become the in situ accretion zone after a couple decades with a new squatter zone around. • Areas of disamenity radiate out from CBD- these are areas that service low-income residents African cities-fastest growing cities

• 3 CBDs: – Colonial CBD- the remnant of colonial past; might have European feel. Usually pretty small and reflects “formal” economy – Traditional CBD- storefront & curbside service – Market zone- periodic market • Ethnic neighborhoods- reflects tribalism • See anything unusual? – No class distinction • Squatter settlements on outside • Does not apply to North African Muslim cities or cities in South Africa (which follow American & European patterns) Islamic Cities

• Laid out to surround a central mosque • Bazaar surrounds the mosque East Asian Cities

• “No CBD” – CBD is not central, spread out in several zones • Sectors that radiate out from central port zone • Alien Commercial Zone: dominated by overseas Chinese merchants • Western commercial zone: relic of colonial past • Notice social stratification and additions of high income zones Mega Cities-24 of them- w/at least 10 million peeps 1. Tokyo- 35 mil 2. Guangzhou-32 mil 3. Shanghai-29 mil 4. Jakarta-27 mil 5. -26 mil 6. Delhi-24 mil 7. Mexico City-24 mil 8. Karachi-23 mil 9. Manila-22 mil 10. -22 mil 11. Sao Paulo-22 mil 12. -21 mil 13. Beijing- 19 mil 14. LA- 17 mil 15. Osaka-17 mil Borchert’s Epochs of Transportation & impact on American urbanization • Sail-Wagon (1790-1830)- int’l trade by sailing ship, overland goods shipped by wagon. Cities compact. • Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)- Railroad, connected cities, warehouses and large industry on outskirts to get large pieces of land. • Steel rail Epoch (1870-1920)- cars, beginning of dispersion to suburbs • Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)- Speeds transportation of goods and services. People move out to the suburbs and commute to CBD. • Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-Present)- for some professional jobs, location doesn’t matter since telecommuting is possible PS New

• Redesigning urban areas to emphasize walkability to places- shopping, work, house, all nearby – Result is mixed use areas (Pentagon City/Row) those mega townhouses on William Street