DOCSLIB.ORG

On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study Project Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study Project Report National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study Project Report October 2010 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study Project Report October 2010 “Energy and persistence conquer all things.” Benjamin Franklin Contents Figures and Tables iv Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Study Mandate 6 What Will This Study Contribute? 7 Study Methodology 8 Assumptions 9 Why Is Satellite Servicing Important? 11 What Has Been Done Before? 14 The Dawn of Satellite Servicing Skylab Solar Maximum Mission Repair Palapa B2 and Westar 6 Satellite Servicing Gets Its Challenge Hubble Space Telescope International Space Station, The “Killer App” Technology Demonstrators NASDA: Engineering Test Satellite VII U.S. Air Force: Experimental Spacecraft System Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology DARPA: Orbital Express New International Initiatives Historical Activities The Evolution of Tools and Techniques Myths about Servicing 27 “There Is Nothing To Service” “Servicing is Costly” “Satellites Cannot Be Serviced Unless They Were Designed To Be Serviced” What Are Appropriate Human and Robotic Servicing Paradigms? 32 Chapter 2: Satellite Servicing: The Vision 35 Refurbishment/Refueling of Satellites in Near-Earth Environments 36 Construction of Large Structures 37 Orbital Detritus Management 38 Contents | i Chapter 3: Satellite Servicing: The Benefits 40 Commercial Benefits 41 Scientific and Technological Benefits 43 Strategic Benefits 45 Outreach Benefits 46 Chapter 4: Satellite Servicing: The Implementation 48 The Map of Servicing Capabilities 49 The Notional Missions 52 Notional Mission Characteristics Mission Design Methodology and Cost Estimation Autonomous Rendezvous and Capture Technology Robotic Technology Astrodynamics The L1 Orbit Trajectory Used for Servicing (LOTUS) Mission Sequence 64 Technology Gap Assessment 67 Servicer Spacecraft Bus Rendezvous and Berthing/Capture/Docking Manipulation Refueling Autonomy Satellite Servicing Integration into Mission Design ISS Demonstration Activities 72 The Recommended Actions 75 Optimize Engineering Design and Trade Studies Invest in Key Enabling Technologies Assess a Range of Customers for Satellite Servicing Create Design Recommendations for Future Spacecraft Establish Customer/Provider Working Groups Integrate the Satellite Servicing Infrastructure with NASA Program Architectures and Priorities Execute the Mission Sequence ii | On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study Project Report | October 2010 Chapter 5: Satellite Servicing: The Challenges 78 Technological Challenges 79 Economic Challenges 80 Making Future Missions More Serviceable 82 Getting Close Enough Mode of Servicing Serviceability Design Commonality Chapter 6: Conclusion 86 References 89 Related Historical Materials 92 Acronyms 93 Appendixes 96 Appendix A – Congressional Legislation and Reports Bearing 97 on Science with the New Space Transportation Architecture Appendix B – RFI Responses Summary 99 Appendix C – International Workshop on On-Orbit Satellite Servicing 104 Appendix D – Functional Decomposition of the Activities Required 119 for Satellite Servicing Appendix E – Results of the Integrated Design Center (IDC) Instrument 141 Design Laboratory (IDL) Study on Autonomous Rendezvous and (Berthing, Capture, Docking) Sensor Package, and Robots 1 through 3 Appendix F – Notional Mission Studies 153 Contents | iii Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 The Pillars of On-Orbit Servicing vi 1.2 The Gemini Rendezvous and Docking Experiments 5 1.3 Classes of Satellites for Servicing 12 1.4 The Repaired Skylab 14 1.5 Solar Maximum Mission in the Space Shuttle Bay 15 1.6 Palapa B2 Recovery 16 1.7 HST First Servicing Mission: COSTAR Installation 17 1.8 HST Servicing Sophistication Progression 19 1.9 ISS SSRMS Installing Cupola 20 1.10 ISS Solar Array Repair 21 1.11 Robonaut 2 22 1.12 EVA Power Tool Progression 25 1.13 Unique, Purpose-Built, On-Orbit Repair Tools 26 1.14 Astronaut Training Refines the Tools and Improves On-Orbit 26 Performance of the Human-Machine Interface 1.15 AERCam Sprint 33 1.16 Robotic Assistants 33 2.1 Refueling Depot in Use 35 2.2 Refueling Depot Assembly 37 2.3 Orbital Modification 38 3.1 HST SM4 Release 40 3.2 Refueling an Orbiting Communications Satellite 42 3.3 On-Orbit Assembly 44 3.4 Removal of Undesirable Spacecraft 45 3.5 HubbleSite Visits during HST SM4 47 4.1 The Flight Hardware for the Notional Missions 48 iv | On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study Project Report | October 2010 4.2 Seminal Mission Coverage of the Servicing Study Trade Space 50 4.3 Servicing Study Trade Space Regions Covered by Historical Missions 51 4.4 Notional Mission Suite Coverage of the Servicing Study Trade Space 51 4.5 Front-end Robotics Enabling Near-term Demonstration (FREND) System 57 4.6 Ranger Telerobotic Shuttle Experiment 58 4.7 Safety Ellipse 60 4.8 The LOTUS 61 4.9 The Recommended Mission Sequence 64 4.10 Tools for Closing the Technology Gap 67 4.11 Robotic Refueling Mission (RRM) 72 4.12 Dextre Pointing Package (DPP) 73 4.13 Astronaut in Action 75 5.1 Earthrise from the Moon 78 6.1 Returning from Mars 86 Tables 1.1 Table of Recommended Actions 4 4.1 Notional Mission Summary Table 53 4.2 Servicer Costs for Each Notional Mission 55 4.3 Table of Recommended Actions 76 Figures and Tables | v Executive Summary In the past two decades, some of the most extraordinary successes in space exploration have emphasized the growing importance of on-orbit servicing. As space explorers, our challenges have moved beyond simply launching complex spacecraft and systems. We are faced with the need to more fully exploit the flight systems already launched, to construct large structures in situ to enable new scientific ventures, and to provide systems that reliably and cost-effectively support the next steps in space exploration. A more refined consciousness of the need to reduce, reuse, and recycle here on Earth drives towards a similar awareness of these needs beyond our planet. The proliferation of abandoned satellites poses known hazards to newer members of the constellation, and may occupy unique and economically valuable orbital real estate that could be recycled for other uses. With the successful completion of a series of Hubble Space Telescope repairs, as well as the assembly of the International Space Station, we can look forward with confidence to plan such a future. Satellite servicing is a tool—a tool that can serve as the “master enabler” to create the architectures needed to conquer the next frontiers in space. Figure 1.1 – The Pillars of On-Orbit Servicing – This graphic highlights the three pillars of satellite servicing to date: the space shuttle (lower left), the Hubble Space Telescope (right), and the International Space Station (upper left). The NASA On-Orbit Satellite Servicing Study, (HEFT) that is charged with developing the new mandated by Congress and supported by the space exploration plans. The comprehensive HEFT NASA Advisory Council (NAC), investigates what study is in keeping with the will of the Congress our future may hold. This document, an internal and the Administration as expressed in the recently report by the Space Servicing Capabilities Project signed multiyear 2010 NASA Authorization Bill. at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center that It will include a study of the development of an performed the study, captures the work performed in-space servicing capability and identify those areas under this Congressional mandate. Its conclusion where human participation in servicing is required or is unequivocal. Viable plans can be put into place beneficial. to develop a meaningful on-orbit satellite servicing Our introduction dissects some common myths capability, allowing us to achieve our key ambitions in about satellite servicing. The main points fall into space using today’s technology and with current and two general categories: “There is nothing to service” projected launch systems. These plans would advance and “It is too costly to service.” Superficially, these our presence in space by enabling more effective use statements appear plausible. However, by studying of assets at near-Earth locations and by supporting the end-to-end life cycle costs of a wide variety of future ventures to more distant destinations. This missions, it becomes apparent that these myths are report discusses such an initiative. incorrect except for limited or unlikely situations. This study incorporates the results from the There are constellations of satellites that would following major activities: 1) conduct an industry- benefit from refueling and/or orbit modifications. wide Request For Information (RFI) to notify the These were not designed to be serviceable, although satellite servicing community of an opportunity for current technology could enable such servicing. discussion, 2) conduct the International Workshop Moreover, the business cases are sound for those on On-Orbit Satellite Servicing in March 2010 to applications that have a commercial component, thus engage the community, 3) examine notional missions refuting the statement that servicing is too costly. to bracket the trades involved for possible servicing Even for those applications that do not have a customers, 4) examine near-term in-space hardware commercial business case, the systems engineering demonstrations to provide relevant and immediate rigor of designing a serviceable system improves the results, and 5) develop and validate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commercial Spacecraft Mission Model Update
    Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) Report of the COMSTAC Technology & Innovation Working Group Commercial Spacecraft Mission Model Update May 1998 Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation M5528/98ml Printed for DOT/FAA/AST by Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power, Boeing North American, Inc. Report of the COMSTAC Technology & Innovation Working Group COMMERCIAL SPACECRAFT MISSION MODEL UPDATE May 1998 Paul Fuller, Chairman Technology & Innovation Working Group Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) Associative Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Department of Transportation TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMERCIAL MISSION MODEL UPDATE........................................................................ 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1 2. 1998 Mission Model Update Methodology.................................................................. 1 3. Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 2 4. Recommendations....................................................................................................... 3 5. References .................................................................................................................. 3 APPENDIX A – 1998 DISCUSSION AND RESULTS........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    2001 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts Federal Aviation Administration's Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) May 2001 ABOUT THE ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION (AST) AND THE COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE (COMSTAC) The Federal Aviation Administration’s senior executives from the U.S. commercial Associate Administrator for Commercial Space space transportation and satellite industries, Transportation (AST) licenses and regulates U.S. space-related state government officials, and commercial space launch activity as authorized other space professionals. by Executive Order 12465, Commercial Expendable Launch Vehicle Activities, and the The primary goals of COMSTAC are to: Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, as amended. AST’s mission is to license and • Evaluate economic, technological and regulate commercial launch operations to ensure institutional issues relating to the U.S. public health and safety and the safety of commercial space transportation industry property, and to protect national security and foreign policy interests of the United States • Provide a forum for the discussion of issues during commercial launch operations. The involving the relationship between industry Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and the and government requirements 1996 National Space Policy also direct the Federal Aviation Administration to encourage, • Make recommendations to the Administrator facilitate, and promote commercial launches. on issues and approaches for Federal policies and programs regarding the industry. The Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) provides Additional information concerning AST and information, advice, and recommendations to the COMSTAC can be found on AST’s web site, at Administrator of the Federal Aviation http://ast.faa.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
    China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    Federal Aviation Administration 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts May 2013 FAA Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) • i • 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover: The Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Antares rocket is seen as it launches from Pad-0A of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, Sunday, April 21, 2013. Image Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 COMSTAC 2013 COMMERCIAL GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT LAUNCH DEMAND FORECAST .
    [Show full text]
  • About the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (Ast) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (Comstac)
    2000 COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION FORECASTS Federal Aviation Administration’s Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) May 2000 ABOUT THE ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION (AST) AND THE COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE (COMSTAC) The Federal Aviation Administration’s senior executives from the U.S. commercial Associate Administrator for Commercial Space space transportation and satellite industries, Transportation (AST) licenses and regulates U.S. space-related state government officials, and commercial space launch activity as authorized other space professionals. by Executive Order 12465, Commercial Expendable Launch Vehicle Activities, and the The primary goals of COMSTAC are to: Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, as amended. AST’s mission is to license and • Evaluate economic, technological and regulate commercial launch operations to ensure institutional issues relating to the U.S. public health and safety and the safety of commercial space transportation industry property, and to protect national security and foreign policy interests of the United States • Provide a forum for the discussion of issues during commercial launch operations. The involving the relationship between industry Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and the and government requirements 1996 National Space Policy also direct the Federal Aviation Administration to encourage, • Make recommendations to the Administrator facilitate, and promote commercial launches. on issues and approaches for Federal policies and programs regarding the industry. The Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) provides Additional information concerning AST and information, advice, and recommendations to the COMSTAC can be found on AST’s web site, at Administrator of the Federal Aviation http://ast.faa.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • Tr 101 374-01
    TR 101 374-1 V1.2.1 (1998-10) Technical Report Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Broadband satellite multimedia; Part 1: Survey on standardization objectives 2 TR 101 374-1 V1.2.1 (1998-10) Reference DTR/SES-00038-1 (cq090ios.PDF) Keywords broadband, satellite, earth station, multimedia ETSI Postal address F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Office address 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis Valbonne - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Internet [email protected] http://www.etsi.org Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1998. All rights reserved. ETSI 3 TR 101 374-1 V1.2.1 (1998-10) Contents Intellectual Property Rights..............................................................................................................................10 Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................10 1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................11 2 References..............................................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • US and Russian Human Space Flights
    Aeronautics and Space Report of the President Fiscal Year 1888 Washington, D.C. 20546 .- vi a, The National Aeronautics and Space Act of L CL aJ L 1958 directed the annual Aeronautics and L u- Space Report to include a “comprehensive i L 0 Q description of the programmed activities and the a, b! a, U accomplishments of all agencies of the United m a v, States in the field of aeronautics and space 13 C m activities during the preceding calendar year. ” VI U .- I 3 In recent years, the reports have been prepared m K 0 L on a fiscal year basis, consistent with the a, budp < etary period now used in programs of the Federal Government. This year’s report covers activities that took place from October 1 , 1998, through September 30, 1999. i TABLEOF CONTENTS National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........1 Department of Defense ......................... 17 Federal Aviation Administration ................... 19 Department of Commerce ....................... 27 Department of the Interior ...................... 39 Federal Communications Commission .............. 47 Department of Agriculture ....................... 49 National Science Foundation ..................... 59 Department of State ........................... 63 Department of Energy .......................... 65 Smithsonian Institution ......................... 67 Appendices .................................. 71 A-1 U.S. Government Spacecraft Record ............................... 72 A-2 World Record of Space Launches Successful in Attaining Earth Orbit or Beyond ................................... 73 B Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles, October 1, 1998-September 30, 1999 .............................. 74 C U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights, 1961-September 30, 1999 ..................................... .79 D U.S. Space Launch Vehicles .................................... .97 E-1 A Space Activities of the U .S. c.overr!men?-Hist~rica! Eudget Summary- Budget Authority (in millions of real-year dollars) ..........................
    [Show full text]
  • S Pace a Lmanac 1 9
    All digital images © 1996 Corbis; original image courtesy NASA SpaceSpace Almanac Almanac 11999 9 9 9 26 AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1999 0.05g 60,000 miles Geosynchronous Earth Orbit 22,300 miles Hard vacuum 1,000 miles Medium Earth Orbit begins 300 miles 0.95g 100 miles Earth Low Earth Orbit begins 60 miles Astronaut wings awarded 50 miles Limit for ramjet engines 28 miles Limit for turbojet engines 20 miles Stratosphere begins 10 miles Space Almanac Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor On the following pages appears a variety of in- formation and statistical material about space— particularly military activity in space. This almanac was compiled by the staff of Air Force Magazine, with assistance and information from R.W. Sturdevant, Air Force Space Command History Office; Tina Thompson, editor of TRW Space Log; Phillip S. Clark, Molniya Space Con- sultancy, Whitton, UK; Joseph J. Burger, Space Analysis and Research, Inc.; and Air Force Space Command Public Affairs Office. Figures that appear in this section will not Space facts from NASA public affairs. always agree because of different cutoff dates, rounding, or different methods of reporting. The information is intended to illustrate trends in space activity. AIR FORCE Magazine / August 1999 27 Introduction In space, astronauts use a special wind- What’s Up There up shaver that contains a vacuum device As of May 26, 1999 to suck up cut whiskers, which could float Country/Organization Satellites Space Debris Total about and possibly harm spacecraft equipment. Probes USA 715 45 3,148 3,908 CIS (Russia/former USSR) 1,338 35 2,586 3,959 Iridium 86 0 0 86 Japan 65 4 51 120 Intl.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts 2012 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    Replace this page with Branded Cover Page 2012 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts 2012 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts May 2012 May 2012 FAA Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) HQ-121583.INDD 2012 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and the Commercial Space Launch Act, 51 U.S.C. Ch. 509, §§ 50901-23 (2011). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/. Cover art courtesy Phil Smith. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration / Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents Executive Summary . 1 COMSTAC 2012 Commercial Geosynchronous Orbit Launch Demand Forecast . 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 5. HISTORY OF THE REPORT . 6. FORECAST METHODOLOGY . 7. COMSTAC COMMERCIAL GSO LAUNCH DEMAND FORECAST RESULTS . 8. Addressable vs .
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomy 1973-2000 Title Index
    Astronomy magazine title index 1973-2000 Afocal and Projection Astrophotography, 8/81:57–59 # Afro-American Skylore Studied, 1/79:61 Against All Odds: Matter and Evolution in the Universe, 100 Years on Mars, 6/94:28–39, 28–39 9/84:67–70 10-Meter Keck Telescope to Gain Twin, 8/91:18, 20, 22 Age of Nearby Stars, The, 7/75:22–27, 22–27 11-Mintute Binary?, An, 1/87:85–86 Age of the Universe, The, 7/81:66–71 12 1/2 -inch Ritchey-Chretien, A, 11/82:55–57 Age Paradox, The, 6/93:38–43 12.5 Inch Portaball, The, 3/95:80–85, 80–85 Aid to Long Exposure Astrophotography, An, 10/73:35–39, 35–39 13th Jovian Moon Discovered, 11/74:55 Aiming at Neptune, 11/87:6–17 14th Jovian Moon, 1/76:60 Airborne Assault on Comet Halley, 3/86:90–95 15 Years of Space, 1/77:55 Alan B. Shepard (1923-1998), 11/98:32, 34 169th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, The, Alcock's Nova Resurges, 2/77:59 4/87:76 ALCON Lands in Rockford, 1/97:32, 34 17th-Century Nova Indicates Novae are More Numerous then Aldebaran's Girth, 7/79:60 Estimated, 5/86:72 Alexis Lives!, 3/94:24 1976 AA: Discovery of a Minor Planet, 6/76:12–13, 12–13, 12–13, Alien Skies, 4/82:90–95 12–13 Alignment By Laser Light, 4/95:82–83, 82–83 1989 Ends With a Leap Second, 12/89:12 A List, The, 2/98:34 1990 Radio-Video Star Party, The, 4/91:26 All About Telesto, 7/84:62 1 Billion Degree Plasma Discovered by Voyager 2, 1/82:64–65 All Eyes on the Comet Crash, 6/94:40–45, 40–45 1st Extragalactic Pulsar Discovered, 2/76:63 All in the Family, 2/93:36–41 1st Shuttle Payload to Study Resources and Environment,
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Operator in Flight / Flown Launch Application Platform
    List of Electric Propulsion Thrusters flown or ordered Power Power to Number Launch BoL Mass PPS 1350- PPS 1350- HEMPT Satellite Operator In flight / flown Launch Application Platform Prime Launch Vehicle Capacity EP of EOR SK PPS 5000 SPT 70 SPT 100 SPT 140 XR-5 T5 T6 XIPS-25 XIPS-13 NSTAR µ10 Mass (kg) (kg) G E 3050 (kW) (kW) thrusters MSS-2500- Ekspress-1 RSCC Y 1994 Communication NPO 2500 8 N Y 8 GSO MSS-2500- Proton-K Blok DM- Gals 1 RSCC Y 1994 Communication NPO 2500 8 N Y 8 GSO 2M MSS-2500- Proton-K Blok DM- Gals 2 RSCC Y 1995 Communication NPO 2500 8 N Y 8 GSO 2M Boeing Astra 1H Y 1995 BSS-601HP Satellite 3700 2480 4 N Y 4 Systems MSS-2500- Ekspress-2 RSCC Y 1996 Communication NPO 2500 8 N Y 8 GSO Boeing Astra 2A Y 1996 BSS-601HP Satellite 3626 2470 4 N Y 4 Systems Boeing Galaxy 8i PanAmSat Y 1997 BSS-601HP Satellite 3537 4 N Y 4 Systems Boeing PAS 5 PanAmSat Y 1997 BSS-601HP Satellite 3600 4 N Y 4 Systems Boeing PAS 6B PanAmSat Y 1998 BSS-601HP Satellite 3470 4 N Y 4 Systems Eutelsat 115 Boeing Eutelsat West A Y 1998 BSS-601HP Satellite 4135 4 N Y 4 Americas SATMEX 5 Systems Deep Space 1 NASA Y 1998 Science NASA 1 All Electric All Electric 1 MSS-2500- Ekspress-A 1 RSCC Y 1999 Communication NPO 2500 8 N Y 8 GSO Yamal 101 GazKom Y 1999 Communication USP Bus RKK Energiya 1360 1,5 8 N Y 8 Yamal 102 GazKom Y 1999 Communication USP Bus RKK Energiya 1360 1,5 8 N Y 8 Boeing Galaxy 11 PanAmSat Y 1999 BSS-702 Satellite 4477 4 N Y 4 Systems Boeing Orion Network Orion 3 Y 1999 BSS-601HP Satellite 4300 4 N Y 4 System Systems MSS-2500- Ekspress-A
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of KSC and KSC Related Events for 1999
    Chronology of KSC and KSC Related Events for 1999 Elaine E. Liston "V NASA/TM-2000-208588 February 2000 -,_s' Chronology of KSC and KSC Related Events for 1999 Elaine E. Liston, InDyne, Inc., Kennedy Space Center, Florida NASA/TM-2000-208588 February 2000 .,,.is / _.wJ FOREWORD This 1999 Chronology is published to describe and document KSC's role in NASA's progress. Materials for this Chronology were selected from a number of published sources. The document records KSC events of interest to historians and other researchers. Arrangement is by date of occurrence, though the source cited may be dated one or more days after the event. Materials were researched and prepared for publication by Archivist Elaine E. Liston. Comment on the Chronology should be directed to the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Archives, LIBRARY-E, Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 32899. The Archivist may also be reached by e-mail at [email protected], or (321) 867-2407. v -,.q.4 Table of Contents January ........................................................................................ 1 February ....................................................................................... 12 March ......................................................................................... 23 April ........................................................................................... 32 May ............................................................................................ 42 June ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]