Stephanie Stefanski PhD Student, University Program in Environmental Policy Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University
NAAFE Forum 2017, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico Context: Fisheries in Argentina ¡ High volume & high-valued seafood product exports to developed countries
¡ Unique oceanography that supports high biodiversity & high volume fisheries
¡ ITQ Management regime designed to achieve both social & economic objectives ¡ Four commercially important fisheries managed by ITQs since 2010 ¡ 25% of total fisheries export value
PATAGONIAN TOOTHFISH 2015 EXPORTS HAKE HOKI SOUTHERN BLUE WHITING (Chilean Sea Bass) Tons 99,600 14,000 4,000 2,600
Per unit value (USD) 2,464 2,116 2,850 19,565
Revenue (USD Million) 245.4 30 11.8 50.9
Source: Subsecretaria de Pesca y Acuicultura, 2015 Species Country Export Value per ton (USD) Chilean Seabass Argentina 19,565 Argentine red shrimp Argentina 6,320 Cod United States 2,936 Southern blue whiting Argentina 2,850 Hake (Fillets & Steaks) United States 2,845 Argentine Hake Argentina 2,464 Surimi United States 2,363 Pollock United States 2,155 Argentine Hoki Argentina 2,116 Hake, Whiting United States 1,623 (Fresh & Frozen)
Sources: Subsecretaria de Pesca y Acuicultura, 2015; NOAA Fisheries, 2015 Photo source: Oceana, MSC, PacificHarvestSeafoods Six Principal Ports
Buenos Aires Mar del Plata Illiteracy Rate Rio Negro Port Population (%) Pto. Madryn & Mar del Plata 618,989 1.0 Rawson Puerto Madryn 82,883 1.5 Chubut Rawson 131,313 1.9 Comodoro Rivadavia Comodoro Rivadavia 186,583 1.0 Puerto Deseado 107,630 1.2 Santa Cruz Ushuaia 56,956 0.6 Pto. Deseado
Tierra del Fuego
Ushuaia Source: INDEC Census 2010 Argentina: Fisheries Legislative Framework
¡ 1998: Federal Fisheries Act
¡ Article 27 of Federal Fisheries Act:
¡ The following factors should inform the allocation: ¡ Domestic manual labor employment ¡ Domestic investment ¡ Historic landings of each species ¡ Historic production of fishery products, onboard or on land ¡ Sanctions for violations of fishery laws ¡ The transfer of quotas from ice trawler vessels (fresqueros) to freezer or factory processor trawler vessels will not be permitted.
¡ 2010: Implementation ITQ Management Regime SOUTHERN BLUE PATAGONIAN ALLOCATION RULES HAKE HOKI WHITING TOOTHFISH Min. % of Historical Landings 0.5 3 1 1 Allocated Quota (% of TAC) 69.47 25 80 81.20 Concentration Limit (% of TAC) 10 15 40 40 INITIAL QUOTA ALLOCATION WEIGHTS (%) Historical Landings 50 50 50 50 Labor Employed 30 30 30 30 Production 15 10 15 15 Investment 5 10 5 5 Infraction Penalty -5 -1 -1 -2 QUOTA RESERVES AND FUNDS
Reallocation Fund Y 57 Y Y Administrative Reserve 0.45 8 0.68 18.80 Conservation Reserve 0 10 20 0 Artisanal Reserve 2.76 N N N Social Reserve 27.07 N N N Working Rules of the ITQ Program
¡ 15-year concession ¡ Fixed percentage of TAC ¡ Baseline period:1989-1996; 1999 ¡ Social Reserve: Provinces can allocate additional hake quota to support local economic development ¡ Artisanal Reserve: Shared quota for artisanal hake fishing vessels Working Rules: Transfers & Operations
¡ Permanent and temporary transfers: ¡ Quota price negotiated between recipient and seller ¡ Incur transfer fees paid to government ¡ Temporary transfer fee calculated per ton ¡ Permanent transfer fee calculated per ton multiplied by duration of permit ¡ Unidirectional trading restriction: ¡ Coastal fleet can buy from but not sell to offshore processing fleet ¡ “Use-it-or-lose-it”: ¡ Vessels lose quota for insufficient use ¡ Biological Halt: ¡ Coastal vessels must stay in port for 50 days, which can be divided up to 5 periods (min. 10 days) ¡ Offshore vessels must stay in port for 75 days, which can be divided up to 5 periods (min. 15 days) Fleet Composition: Fishing Vessels
Attribute Offshore Fleet (Arrastreros) Coastal Ice Trawler Fleet (Fresqueros)
Double-beam & factory trawler Rada o ria (yellow fleet) Vessel type Surimi Costeros (coastal) Long-line Fresqueros (ice trawler) Average Length 42-70m 25-63m
Average Trip Length 60-70 days 4-15 days
Storage Freezer hold On ice storage
Processing Onboard Onshore
Source: Estremar.com (left), NuestroMar.org (right) Evaluating Outcomes
How do configurations of rights-based management influence ecological, social, and economic outcomes?
¡ Economic efficiency ¡ Social equity ¡ Fleet composition ¡ Fishery communities/ Landing locations ¡ Ecological sustainability
Source: Stephanie Stefanski (top); Histarmar.com.ar (middle); El Mortero Chubut (bottom) Annual Hake Landings by Vessel Type 100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Rada o Ria Coastal Ice Trawler Trawler Longliner Shrimp Trawler Surimi
Source: Annual Landings. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganaderia y Pesca,
Ice trawler Freezer Processor Factory Processor Coastal Rada o Ria
Source: Consejo Federal Pesquero, Annual ITQ Reports *DO NOT CITE Southern Hake Landings by Port 100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Mar del Plata Puerto Madryn Rawson Comodoro Rivadavia Puerto Deseado Ushuaia
Source: Annual Landings. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganaderia y Pesca,
ALTURA, FRESQUERO ALTURA,PROC.CONGELADOR Ice Trawler Freezer Processor ALTURA,PROC.FACTORIAChubut ProvinceCOSTEROS, FRESQUERO FactorySanta Processor Cruz ProvinceArtisanal RADA O RIA, FRESQUERO Coastal Rada o Ria 15,000 4,000 3,000 10,000 2,000 5,000 Quota Quota (tons) Allocation Quota Quota (tons) Allocation 1,000 0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Ice Trawler Freezer Processor Ice Trawler Freezer Processor Social ReserveFactory Allocation, Processor byArtisanal Vessel Factory Processor Coastal Type over TimeCoastal Rada o Ria Rada o Ria Source: Consejo Federal Pesquero, Annual ITQ Reports *DO NOT CITE Future Directions
¡ Surveys with fishery firms and vessel owners ¡ Analyze government data on landings and allocations, 2006-2016 ¡ Reduced form & Dynamic discrete choice models ¡ Expect to find different social and economic outcomes across different fisheries, fleet types, and coastal regions. ¡ Thematic Questions ¡ To what extent do the social and economic outcomes align with the envisioned goals of the program? ¡ Do trading restrictions cause unintended consequences for the coastal fleet? ¡ Are vessels substituting effort to unregulated fisheries, like red shrimp? ¡ Is the ITQ program inducing high-grading and bycatch? Questions?
Acknowledgements NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Consejo Federal Pesquero
Stephanie Stefanski [email protected]