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*i~ I 'I ,' History of Armagh,

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Cachet used by the Armagh, Pennsylvania Post Office on all Air Mail letters posted during the week ending May 21, 1938. The view is the William Penn Highway (U. S. Route 22) running through the Borough. This is the main street.

2 Preface

This booklet has been prepared at the request of many friends and neighbors whom I have known for years. It is not intended as a complete history of Armagh. It would require many more pages and years of investigation to write an accurate detailed account of its settlement in 1792, and the activity of our people up to the present time. I believe, however, that the facts set forth in these pages are. accurate. Much :of the material has been furnished by descendants of some of the earlier settlers who still reside in this community. Their help has been greatly appreciated. I would like to suggest that when you are out traveling that you make Armagh your stopping place. You will find it a friendly community. You are welcome. There is plenty of parking space on the four corners. We do not use parking meters. Parking is free.

3 A Letter to the Postmasterof Armagh, Ireland

A. G. Mayrick, Esq. Cathedral Road Armagh, Armagh County, North Ireland Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter dated Feb. 23, 1949. I was glad to hear from you. The Guide Book referred to was very, interesting. It has been read by several of my neighbors who enjoyed it very much. The celebration commemorating 1500 years of activity in and around your city must. have been a very impressive event. Since there has been a close relationship between Armagh, Ireland and Armagh, Pennsylvania, U. S. A., I have prepared the following history of our early settlers who braved the mountains and the Indians in order to establish themselves and their families in a new land. It was here in Pennsylvania that William Penn invited all people to come regardless of their creed or political belief. It was a land of Freedom, and has remained so throughout the years. Pennsylvania is a wonderful state in which to live and work. Armagh is a small town, but a good town. I hope you will enjoy the brief history which I have prepared for you, and for others who are interested in the early history of Armagh, Pennsylvania. Yours truly, RALPH 0. TREXLER

4 CHAPTER I Armagh - An Early Settler

The Borough of Armagh is located in the southern end of Indiana County on the William Penn Highway which runs east and west. The eastern terminal of this highway is City, New York. Armagh is three hundred miles west of New York, and fifty-six miles east of , Pennsylvania. It is the oldest borough in the county. Founded in 1792. It was named after a province in Northern Ireland. The original settlers were Irish. Their religion, Protestant; their church affiliation, mostly Presbyterian. There has been some confusion in the minds of many regarding the settling of Armagh. This has been due to the fact that George Findley arrived in this community as early as 1764. He had already been in America some years prior to this date. He "tomahawked" a claim of 1800 acres in 1765. It was located a few -miles southeast of Armagh in what is now known as East Wheatfield Township. Due to trouble with the Indians he did not have a chance to establish a home until 1795. It is true he had some sort of shelter on the tract as early as 1769 as reference has been made to "Findley's Cabbins" by various persons, and is on record on several early land transfers. No doubt he used these cabins as he jour- neyed back and forth. It is certain that not much building was done in this area until 1792, as no cabin was safe from the straggling band of roving Indians, until after the signing of the Peace Treaty in Greenville in 1795. You will recall that the Delaware and Shawnee Indians carried a grudge against the English. On one occasion they allied themselves with the French. Now was their time for squaring accounts with their old enemy, the Iroquois, who were helping the English. These Indians openly boasted that they had killed and scalped more English settlers than any other tribe. The graves of three Delaware Indians buried on the Findley tract stand out as mute evidence of the hazards to which the earlier set- tlers-were subjected. George Farmer was slain, while plowing on this tract. He was a "Bound" boy, working for George Findley. The foregoing facts show very clearly that George Findley should be considered an original settler of East Wheatfield Township. Findley heirs still reside on a portion of this tract which is located a few miles south- east of Armagh. He is buried in the old Mathews graveyard. He died September 7, 1814, being 58 years of age. His marker is about the only one standing, and the inscriptions are quite legible. Many of the graves were marked 5 with field stones, without inscriptions. Other flat stones are in such a poor state of preservation that the inscriptions are illegible. There are over 200 burials in this cemetery. The mine at Boltz is also located on a portion of the original Findley tract. This entire area was known as Wheatfield, and was a part of West- moreland County. Later on Westmoreland County was divided and Indiana County became a separate legal sub-division of the state. Wheat, field became East Wheatfield and West Wheatfield. For many years each of these townships has been governed by its own board of supervisors.

CHAPTER II Armagh Founded

Armagh was founded in September, 1792, by eight families who arrived in America from Armagh, Ireland, on July 21, 1792. They came from an Associate Reformed church. They were: James Graham, his wife Margaret J. (see Chapter, "Nobility Forsaken") and four children. A Mr. Parker-might have been a brother-in-law of Mrs. Graham, who was previously married to William Parker; David Tomb (brother of Margaret J. Graham) married to Elizabeth Dickson and one child; Mary Tomb, sister of David Tomb, married to Richard Dempsey; Catherine, another sister of David Tomb, married to James Anderson; Elizabeth Tomb married to Alexander Carna- than and four children; A. Fee, his wife and one child Elizabeth; James Leslie, his wife; James Luke and his wife; Hugh Junkins and his wife. It is assumed that all the Tombs or "Thoms" mentioned were brothers and sisters. They were children of William Tomb of Armagh, Ireland. One son, Hugh, stayed in Ireland. The first winter after their arrival was rather difficult. Due to raids by the Indians, who were still seeking revenge against any white settler they were forced to flee to the East St. Clair blockhouse near the present site of McLaughlintown, in the Ligonier valley. This occurred a number of times. Armagh appealed to these Irish because it resembled their own Armagh in Ireland. It is located in a depression of the Allegheny Moun- tains. It is 1536 feet above sea level. The summits of surrounding moun- tains rise to a height of 2440 feet. Three miles to the south flows the Conemaugh River. In the early days it was a beautiful stream abounding with fish. It is now a yellow stream carrying sulphur that flows into it from the many soft coal mines along its course. 6 CHAPTER III Growth of Armagh Since reading the booklet you mailed to me I can realize that our Armagh resembles your Armagh in many ways. (Booklet referred to is one sent by the Postmaster of Armagh, Ireland, to the Postmaster of Armagh, Pennsylvania.) Armagh enjoyed a lot of prosperity until the year 1855. A charcoal furnace, still standing, produced iron for a number of years prior to its financial failure in 1855. This is still known as Buena Vista Furnace. As many as twenty teams a day transported the finished iron to a canal three miles south of Armagh, which carried the iron east a distance of thirty- eight miles. From there the flat boats were carried up the mountainside by a narrow gauge railroad, known as the Portage Railroad, operated by windlass, and dropped down the other side of the mountain into the canal to continue on its way toward . The return trip carried groceries, dry goods, spices, coffins, etc., for the settlers. Mules and horses powered the boats. Many of our older residents still recall stories from along the canal as told by mule drivers of that day. Hundreds of wagons loaded with emigrants passed through Armagh daily headed for the west. Several saw mills provided lumber for building purposes, blacksmith shops employed many men. A harness shop employed twenty-two men. We had six licensed hotels in this immediate vicinity. Twenty-two inns or overnight places were available. One of the orginal hotels, "The Maples," is still in operation. It is in the center of town. Five stores were in operation. Farmers from as far away as Arm- strong County found a ready market for their butter and eggs. Charcoal making was a substantial industry. Plenty of wood from the forests was available. Two tanneries were in operation. A foundry made stoves and parts. A distillery on the edge of the present Tinkcom farm made good whiskey. Whiskey at that time was a sort of currency. It was easier and more profitable to transport a gallon or so of whiskey over the mountains than it was to transport the equivalent value in grain, hay, etc., or other bulky items. The stage coaches provided a lot of employment. -The very corner where the post office and Lewis's Grocery Store now stands was the ex- change place for the horses. Due to the rugged country, poor roads, steep grades, etc., it was necessary to change horses quite often. The arrival of the stagecoach was a great event, and always caused a lot of excitement. It brought the settlers together and helped relieve the monotony of life, bound to exist in such a sparsely settled and untamed community. 7 I am inclined to think that the desire for fellowship was one of the reasons, together with a desire for religious training, that helped pack our little Presbyterian church every Sunday. The church stands on a hill, and is still in use as a place of worship. The old cemetery is interesting, and has an historic value. The church and cemetery were established shortly after 1792. The old hotel referred to was built about 1820. The village was incorporated in 1834; and has been a borough ever since. There are about one hundred registered voters. Nearly everyone is a homeowner. The decline in the business activities of this community was due-to the change in times. The was built through Seward, Pennsylvania, three miles south of Armagh, which eliminated the stage- coach and the need for the canal. Chemical curing of hides eliminated the tanneries. Discovery of bigger and better iron ore deposits in other parts of the country, and better reduction methods eliminated the char- coal furnaces. The automobile destroyed the harness business, and so on. Armagh at this writing has adapted itself to the present mode of living and traveling, by taking what business is available from motorists on the William Penn Highway, and State Highway No. 56 running north and south. No. 56 crosses the William Penn Highway in the heart of the town. We now have two hotels - one with license, one without. The older hotel ("The Maples") was built about 1820. It is an old landmark. It stands on the southwest corner. A service station and restaurant with license; a garage and Chevrolet Agency; and the Post Office and General Store occupy the other three corners. In recent months there have been four eating places established close to Armagh. All are busy. Local coal mines provide employment. Many of our people work at the Bethlehem Steel plant, located in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. This city is known as the "Flood City." It was nearly destroyed by a flood in 1889, and badly damaged by another in 1936. It is thirteen miles south of Armagh. Armagh also has a Methodist church, a grange hall, known as the William Penn Grange, a very good consolidated school, and a volunteer fire company. The children are transported to and from school in buses. The school has 450 students. Our town is a friendly town, in spite of the fact that it is small. It has grown considerably in the past five years. The location is ideal, the climate excellent. There is easy access to the larger towns surrounding it. There are good roads in all directions. The indications are that- it will continue to grow and improve. 8 CHAPTER IV t t WippyP"

No history of Armagh would be complete without the story of "Wippy." It was handed down by the earlier settlers, and it is believed to be true by many who are living today. "Wippy" was a Delaware Indian, who for some reason settled in a cabin somewhere in or near the George Findley tract referred to in pre- vious pages. He may have been ostracized by his own tribe for some offense; or may have taken to the settlers who were kind to him, or per- haps he had been Christianized and become partly civilized. At any rate he lived in a cabin known as "Wippy's Cabin." He did not go back to his tribe. Now, "Wippy" had a secret. No white man to this day has ever learned his secret. Early settlers tried to learn his enigma, but each time this lone Indian threw them off the trail. "Wippy" left his cabin as often as three times a year. No one was ever invited to join him. He would remain away for a week or ten days. Settlers would often call at his cabin. You can imagine their surprise as they gazed upon pounds of pure lead piled in the corner of his cabin. He never came back empty-handed. He would spend days melting the lead and casting it into pellets for his gun. Settlers were often treated to a hornful of pellets for their muzzle-loaders. Now the secret, or mystery, of this story -where did "Wippy" get the lead? How far from Armagh did he travel? How did he learn of this valuable deposit of lead? Is the ore still available? Why has no one dis- covered it? It is a matter of record that certain ores rich in lead may yield as much as 85% lead. Where this richness occurs the ore may appear in pockets yielding pure lead up to 100 pounds. Many pockets may occur in a given area, but are seldom linked together. It is possible, therefore, that "Wippy" knew of many scattered rich deposits of lead. In fact he was known to boast that "heap" plenty shot in them hills. One thing is certain -proof of the truth of this story would we well established if some of these days lead deposits would be found in or near Armagh. "Wippy" is supposed to have been slain by the whites; why, no one knows. The body was buried along the Conemaugh river near Johnstown. 9 CHAPTER V Nobility Forsaken Love seems to have played a part in the settlement of Armagh. Lord Parker of Belfast, Ireland was of the nobility. He had two sons. One of these sons was William. Nothing much is known of the other. William was married to Margaret J. Tomb. He died, leaving his widow, and a small family. Sometime later the widow fell in love with James Graham. He was caretaker of her estate. He was a fine man, but because of the difference in their social status, much opposition was brought to bear against the widow, who decided to marry Graham. As a result she sold her interest in the estate, married Graham, and started for America. This is the same family referred to in Chapter II. It is believed that the Grahams were the real founders of Armagh, as a patent for considerable land in and near Armagh was granted them by the State of Pennsylvania. Mention of the activity of this family will appear in a later chapter. Some years after their arrival in Armagh, James Graham died. His burial place is unknown. It may be in the old Presbyterian cemetery or the old graveyard on the Lester Mathews farm, as many of the early set- tlers are buried in these old cemeteries. Time and weather have beaten down the markers, and as a result the identity of many of the dead has been destroyed. In many instances family names have disappeared entirely. A short genealogy of the Graham family appears in Chapter 9.

CHAPTER VI The First School The first school was a subscription school. It was established in 1799. It was a log affair, and was located a short distance south of the old Presbyterian church. There were no books excepting those in the hands of the teacher. Letters were formed on a board or pasted on. The board was shaped like a paddle with a handle. No doubt it also served as a persuader for good conduct. The following were the first scholars: Katie Tomb, Hugh Tomb; John Tomb, Elizabeth Fee, Jeannette Fee, Josias Fee, Elizabeth Carr. - The teacher was Robert Davis, an old Revolutionary soldier, who resided at Hoskins Mill. He died in 1813, being over 60 years of age. He was buried in the old Luther cemetery. The cemetery is located between the house and garage of Robert Wagner, who resides in Clyde, Pennsylvania. It appears that seven or eight other burials had been made in this cemetery. The markers have crumbled to dust. 10 CHAPTER VII Establishment of the First Church The first knowledge of a church in this area was October 7, 1786. There probably was no church building. Church probably referred to re- ligious services in the cabin of some settler. If there was a -building it was located somewhere between the Cone- maugh River and Armagh. The present church was erected in 1820. It is still in a good state of preservation. It stands on a hill a short distance south of Armagh. The first preacher was Rev. George Hill, a wonderful man, and a brilliant preacher, who was called to serve the church April 17, 1792. His time was divided between Fairfield, Donegal, and Armagh until April 11, 1798. Due to ill health he was forced to give up a part of his work. For twenty years or so, thereafter Armagh had no regular minister. Occasional supply preachers preached at irregular intervals until Dec. 13, 1826. Since then many ministers have served this church. Regular services are still conducted under the leadership of Rev. Norman Koehler, who is pastor of the Bethany Presbyterian Church in Johnstown. The early records of the church are gone, but what records are available show the following names of those who served as regular ministers either part or full time until Oct. 7, 1873. Rev. J. H. Kirkpatrick-Dec. 13, 1826 to Oct. 3, 1833 Rev. S. H. Terry-June 9, 1835 to Oct. 6, 1840 Occasional supplies for four and one half years. - Rev. S. Swan - May 22, 1846 to April 13, 1855 Rev. Ross Stevenson-April 16, 1857 to 1859 Rev. 0. H. Miller-Jan. 16, 1861 to June 17, 1863 Rev. G. W. Shaffer -Dec. 2, 1867 to Oct. 7, 1873 To those who may be interested in the ministers who followed their names may be secured from the church records at a moments notice.

CHAPTER VIII Firsts in Armagh The first child born was...... Elizabeth Fee, date Aug. 22, 1793 First School ...... : (Subscription) 1799 First Teacher ...... Robert Davis, 1794 First Tavern ...... James Graham, 1800 11 First Foundry ...... James Dick, 1842 First Blacksmith Shop ...... Peter Dike, 1800 First Survey...... Joseph McCartney, 1800 First Store ...... Mollie Dempsey, 1802 First Carpenters ...... William and Samuel Parker First Tanner ...... Robert Luther First Physician ...... John Young First Justice of the Peace ...... James Dunn First Saddler .Thomas Carr First Postmaster .Thomas Carr First Burgess ...... Col. Robert Brandon, May 10, 1834 First Regular Church Building ...... Present Presbyterian Church, 1829 First Charcoal Furnace ...... Dr. Stephen A. Johnston

CHAPTER IX A Limited Genealogy of the Children of Mrs. Margaret J. Graham Children of Mrs. Margaret J. Graham were as follows: From her first husband-William Parker; Samuel, who died in 1812. William married Jane McCaffran. Jane married William Johnston. Hugh died, 1813. Children from her second husband - James Graham - were as fol- lows: Catherine and Mary. Mary died, 1812. Before her death she divided her land into five equal shares of which Samuel, William, Hugh, all Parkers, and Catherine 'Graham each re- ceived a share. It is quite likely that it was at this time that these heirs began the sale of land. The prices ranged from $ .50 to as much as $2.50 an acre. Armagh was on its way to a greater prosperity. Daniel Tinkcom, Sr. arrived in Armagh from Rhode Island in 1808. He married Isabelle McDonald, a daughter of Captain McDonald, a pio- neer in Brush Valley Township. She was previously married to Samuel Parker who died in 1812. Daniel Tinkcom died in 1840 at 50 years of age. His wife died at the age of 91 years, and is buried in the old Armagh cemetery. She left a son, William Parker, from her first husband. He died, unmarried, May 24, 1857. The following children were from the second husband - John L. married to Margaret Elder, Captain Daniel L., Jr. married first to Caro- line Clark, then to Amy I. Johnston, then to Nancy J. Trimble. Descend- ants of these marriages still reside in Armagh. Margaret Graham died sometime in 1812 or 1813, and is one of the first settlers buried in the old Mathews graveyard. 12 CHAPTER X Early Business Establishments The second store in Armagh was opened by William Parker and William Johnston in 1804. It was a small affair, but far more complete than Molly Dempsey's shop. The third store and a tavern was operated by Thomas Dickey. James Elliott was the next merchant and tavern keeper. His store and hotel was a log building and stood on the site since known as the Tinkcom Hotel ("The Maples.") This hotel has been in the possession of Mr. and Mrs. Millard Krill and family since 1947. The intervening tavern keepers were Robert Brandon, General John Hued, John M. Davidson, John Thompson, Samuel Singer, Daniel Tink- com, Sr., William Parker, Captain Daniel Tinkcom, and James Tinkcom. Captain Daniel Tinkcom operated this hotel for nearly twenty-four years. Alexander Elliott and Samuel Mears were early merchants, and op- erated a good general store. They were succeeded by John Elliott and J. J. Johnston, then by A. Elliott and S. A. Johnston, next by Harry Elliott, who died in 1925. Descendants of this family are still actively en- gaged in business in Armagh. It may be interesting to note that the corner on which the Harry Elliott store stood has never been used for any purpose other than business. This corner is now being used as a restaurant known as Trexler's Inn, and a service station operated by Ralph M. Stewart. This corner has been the scene of much activity during the past 150 years. James Elliott, Jr., also operated an inn, formerly occupied by Samuel Parker. This was in 1823. The exact location of this old building is not known. It probably was close to the four corners. Armagh had still another store. It was housed in a building owned by Mrs. James Freed. Frederick Leidy was the storekeeper. He was fol- lowed by William Barnwell, Henry Moore, Johnston and Thompson, Nutter and Cunningham. Fire destroyed this store. A frame storehouse replaced this building. It housed a business and was operated for a number of years by Mrs. Freed's son.

CHAPTER XI Buena Vista Furnace Buena Vista Furnace was built during the very early days of Armagh. It is still standing. It is one mile north of town on Route 56. It can be seen by turning left off the highway at the bridge over Black Lick Creek. It is only about fifty feet off the highway. 13 The ore for making iron was dug from the hillside back of the furnace. A few years ago a group of public spirited people tried to get the state legislature to create a park on the land surrounding the furnace. It was refused. Nevertheless, it is still a beautiful spot. The furnace faces toward the creek, which is rather wide at this point. On the other side of the creek is a slight mountain which at certain seasons of the year is beau- tiful. It is covered with a dense growth of trees. This business of making iron was in the hands of Dr. Alexander Johnston who arrived in Armagh quite early. He practiced very little after arriving here, but devoted most of his time to business. He was an ex- cellent man, and was a good physician. He died in January, 1875, and was buried in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. His wife was Elizabeth Lowry. The children of this union were: John Lowry, Stephen Alexander, Mary, Jane, and George. Stephen Alexander came into possession of the furnace and the land surrounding it after the death of the doctor. He formed a partnership with a Mr. McCleland. They operated the furnace for some years. He was also a partner with M. Elliott in the store business mentioned in a previous chapter. After the death of Mr. Elliott, his widow and Mr. Johnston con- tinued the business until 1880. He was one of the organizers of the Farmers National Bank of Indiana, Pennsylvania. His wife was Mary Elizabeth Elliott. There were seven children born to this union. Descendants of Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Johnston still reside in Armagh.

CHAPTER XII Indians

Early settlers arriving in America found the choicest land in the hands of the Indians. It was quite natural that they would want this land for themselves. Due to the fact that farming was the chief occupation it was absolutely necessary that they secure this land. It is a matter of record, however, that all whites did not treat the Indians fairly. Whiskey was often used to stupefy their senses so as to separate them from their land. "The walking purchase" in Pennsylvania was another example of an unfair method. The purchase of Manhattan in New York State for a few trinkets was another example of "high-handed finance." 14 Little did these whites realize that all this would react against all whites in the years to come. One of the greatest acts of revenge against the whites was the burn- ing and looting of Hannstown. This was a growing town on the Old Forbes Road,- not far from the present site of Greensburg. It was completely destroyed, and many inhabitants were slaughtered. This attack was led by Simon Girty a half-breed, and a number of de- generate whites dressed as Indians. Girty nursed a grievance claiming he had' been cheated out of a promised commission in the American Army for services rendered the whites years before. The truth of the statement has never been proved. Another thing that added to the growing wrath of the Indians was the realization that they were being pushed westward into country where they did not want to go. The fact that most of their land in Pennsylvania was bought and paid for did not matter. They were still being pushed westward by the many settlers who by now were coming to America in droves. Nearly every nationality was represented by the time the Revolu- tionary War was over. William Penn, the founder of our state and his descendants seem to have been the only people who dealt with the Indians in such a way so as to hold their friendship. No harm ever befell a Penn. This was due to the fair mindedness of the Penns. The treaties made by William Penn were honest documents. The terms and conditions were faithfully fulfilled by both parties. One of the greatest mistakes made by some of our people who dealt with the Indians, was the fact that they underestimated the intelligence of the Indians. They could not read or write, but many of the "talks" made before the heads of our government were masterpieces of logic and reason. Some of the pleas made by certain chiefs and their, "sense-bearers" could well serve as a model for many of our present-day lawyers. Their speeches came from the heart rather than the head, for they loved the land on which their ancestors had lived and died. There is no record of any Indian villages in or near Armagh, when it was founded. There is proof that there were Indian villages as near as Somerset County prior to the Revolutionary War. They were Delaware and Shawnees.' It is evident, therefore, that the depredations committed in this area were done by straggling bands of Indians who may have returned to the mountains and streams to hunt or fish. Seeing whites in possession of their land was sufficient to inflame them to the point where a raid or a few scalps might add to the glory of a cause they knew was lost. A scalp was a piece of thin skin, sliced from the top of the head with a tuft of hair left on for easy handling. It was a lasting bit of evi- 15 dence that the warrior could present to the tribe proving his worthiness and prowess. The more scalps the greater the prestige. One hundred and fifty-seven years have elapsed since the founding of Armagh. The Indians are gone, agriculture seems to be still moving westward and northward. Pennsylvania has become a great industrial state, and still remains a great state among all the states of the nation. There is no better place in which to live. Let us continue to meet all new obstacles as they confront us with courage and sincerity just as our forefathers did. By so doing we are simply following in the footsteps of those who so clearly have shown us the way to a better America.

CHAPTER XIII Miscellaneous A meal at the tavern cost 371/2½ A night's lodging, 50. Oats sold for 250 per bushel Overnight keep of one horse, 50O Whiskey, a drink, 61/40 a gill Whiskey, 25 ¢ per gal Salt, quart, 50! Calico, yard, 500 Very few items from the store were required by the early settlers. A field of flax provided clothing. Hog fat and lye provided soap. Lye was made from wood-ashes. Wool for blankets, etc., came from the sheep. Dyes for the wool, from the forests. Bear, deer, and-small game supple- mented the pork and beef diet. Nails were made by a blacksmith. Sugar and syrup were made from the sap taken from the maple trees. Tea from roasted, dried chestnuts. Tea from the leaves of wild plants. Medicines from certain wild plants, leaves and stems. Brick was made from clay which was close by. Pies from wild berries, etc. Jellies and preserves, from wild berries, and wild fruit, such as plums and cherries. Transportation, mostly on foot and horseback. Furniture was homemade. A few pewter dishes, plates, and spoons, wooden bowls, trenchers and noggins, were part of the kitchen equip- ment. Gourds and hard-shelled squashes were used quite often. Divorce or separation was rare. "Until death do us part" seems to have been taken quite literally. Pastime -there wasn't much. Games and square dances provided some recreation, only after the work was done. The work day began at sunrise, and often lasted until after sundown. Reading - There were few books, but the Bible was a "must" in nearly every cabin. It seems to have been a reliable guide for right living, the same as it is today. 16 CHAPTER XIV Family Names

The following is a list of family names representative of either early or original settlers. There are others, no doubt, and if they have been missed, it has been an oversight. Some of the missing may be names of those whose family name has passed out of existence. Tomb Ray Parker Shedrick Fee Bidleman Brandan Clark Tinkcom Clarebaugh Graham Wilson Cornelius McCartney Junkins Luke Devlin Dike Killan Young Findley Dickey Mack Freed Taylor Leidy Dick Wallace Johnston Rhodes Davis McQuiston Elder Singer Elliott Beatty Carr Cunningham Phillips Dempsey Hutchison Dunn Trimble Luther Stewart Harbison Bard

The End

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