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Annex

Resolutions ofthe First Palestinian Congress, , / Oetober, /948

I. The Conference decides that the task of the Arab in has not been and will not be accomplished except when the Zionists have been finally defeated. 2. The Conference decides that the of Palestine will await eagerly and impatiently the decision to be taken at Organisation. They hope that it will be just and fair. 3. The Conference urges the Arab Governments to leave words and statements behind and to resort to real deeds. 4. The Conference draws the attention of the Arab Govemments and peoples to the fact that the formation of a Palestine Govemment at Gaza at a time when the Palestine people are scattered is an action which will be harmful and detrimental, especially as it imposes on the unwilling people the leaders of a single party which is notorious for its negative policy. The action paves the way for the recognition of the new Govemment by certain States, just as others have recognised the Jewish pretences; its result will be the partition which we are fighting against. For all these reasons the Conference will not support this Government or have any confidence in those who do so. 5. The Conference pi aces responsibility for any disasters or calamities which befall Palestine from now on, on the shoulders of those Arab Govemments who support the Govemment of Gaza. Deeds of the men of the new Government will be the cause of grave miseries in the future in the same way as they were throughout the last thirty years. 6. The Conference views the formation of that Govemment in its present form as contradictory to the early decisions of the when it was agreed that no Government was to be instituted until the whole of Palestine soil had been freed from the Zionist Tyranny and the Palestinian people could decide for themsel ves the form of Govemment they wanted. 7. The Conference requests the Govemment and press of sister [state] to refrain from supporting the Government of Gaza which lies within Egypt's zone of occupation. If this new weak and feable Govemment remains in existence it will be the greatest disaster to befall the Arabs

208 Annex 209

of Palestine as it will make it possible for the lews to conquer the whole country. 8. The Conference calls upon the Arab armies to carry out a crushing attack in order to restore dignity to the Arab nation and rescue the country. 9. The Conference conjures the United Nations Organisation to seek justice in regard to Palestine. 10. The Conference begs the Arab Kings and Govemments to redouble their efforts for the liberation of the country. 11. The Conference hails the Arab armies who have expressed their full readiness to die for Palestine. 12. In view of the existing national connections and ties between Palestine and the Transjordan Hashemite Kingdom the Conference places on His Majesty King Abdallah the greatest hopes for the defence of Palestine and the preservation of its Arabism and sacredness. The Conference is confident that His Majesty will agree that solutions be imposed on Palestine by people who yeam for authority, from whose bad deeds and selfishness during thirty long years, the Palestine people have been rid. The Conferences gives His Majesty unrestricted power to speak in the name of the Arabs of Palestine and to negotiate, and do everything on their behalf for the purpose of reaching a solution to their case in the form he wishes. His Majesty is our agent in all respects of relation to the future of Palestine. The Conference supports His Majesty in every step he will take towards solving the Palestine deadlock. The Conference considers His Majesty the only authority and resort for the Arabs of Palestine, who have placed in hirn all their confidence and loyalty. 13. The Conference decides to send a telegrarn to the Arab Higher Executive notifying it that the Arabs of Palestine have withdrawn from it their confidence and that the Arab Higher Executive has no right any Ion ger to represent them or speak on their behalf, because the Arab Govemments have taken up the Palestine case. 14. The Conference decides to elect a permanent executive commiUee to ensure that the decisions shall be put into effect. 15. The Conference decides to send copies of these decisions to the Transjordan Hashemite Kingdom Govemment and to all Arab and legations at Amman for submission to their Govemments.

[Source: Arab News Agency, 2 , PRO, FO 816/130] Notes

PREFACE

I. Joseph Nevo, Abdallah VeArviyei Eretz (Abdallah and the Arabs of Palestine), (, 1975). 2. Cf., in particular, A vi Shlaim, Collusion Across the , King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement and the Partition of Palestine (Oxford, 1988); Mary C. Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making ofJordan (Cambridge, 1990); I1an Pappe, The Making ofthe Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947-1951 (, 1992); Kamal Salibi, A Modern (London, 1993); Uri Bar-Joseph, The Best of Enemies: Israel and Jordan in the War of 1948 (London, 1987).

PART I

Chapter 1: East and West of the

1. Sa'id al-Tall, Al-Urdun W' Filastin (Jordan and Palestine), (Amman, 1984), pp. 24-5; Ma' an Abu Nowar, The History oj the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Vol. I: The Creation and Development ofTransjordan 1920-1929 (Oxford, 1989), p. 29; Sulayman Musa, lmarat Sharq al-Urdun, Nishataha W'Tatawrah ji Rub' al-Qurn 1921-1946 (The , Its Activity and Evolution throughout a Quarter of a Century, 1921-1946), (Amman, 1990), pp. 13-4; Ahmad Muhafaza, Imarat Sharq al• Urdun, Nishataha W' Tatawrahji Rub'al-Qurn 1921-1946 (The Emirate of Transjordan, Its Activity and Evolution Throughout a Quarter of a Century, 1921-1946), (Amman, 1990), p. 25; B. Thomas to H. Philby, 8 March 1924, Public Record Office (PRO), CO 733-67. 2. UrielDann, 'EmirutEverHaYarden 1921-1946' (TheEmirateofTransjordan 1921-1946), Occasional Papers, No. 81, Shiloah Center, Tel Aviv University, February 1982, p. I; Sulayman Musa, A' alam Min al-Urdun (Land marks in Jordan), (Amman, 1986), p. 58; Nevo, Abdallah, p. 11. 3. Dann, 'Emirut', p. 2; Musa, A' alam Min al-Urdun, p. 52; Sulayman Musa, Ta'sis al-Imara al-Urduniya 1921-1925 (The Foundation of the Jordanian Emirate 1921-1925), (Amman, 1971), pp. 18-26; ' al-Muhafaza, Al• 'Alaqat al-Urduniya al-Britaniya min Tasis al-lmara Hata IIgha al-Md ahada 1921-1957 (Jordanian-British Relations Since the Foundation ofthe Emirate till the Abolition of the Treaty 1921-1957), (, 1973), pp. 21-28. 4. Abu Nowar, p. 24; Munib al-Madi and Sulayman Musa, Tarikh al-Urdunji al-Qurn al-' Ishrin (The History of Jordan in the 20th Century), (Amman, 1959), p. 101; Mahmud Ubaydat, Al-Urdunji al-Tarikh (Jordan in History), (Tripoli, 1992), pp. 184-6. 5. Abdallah Ibn Husayn, Mudhakirat al-Malik Abdallah Ibn Husayn (Memoirs of King Abdallah, Son of Husayn), (, 1945, reprint Amman, 1965), pp. 153-7; Musa, A'alam Min al-Urdun, pp. 75-6; Khayr al-Din al-Zirkali,

210 Notes 211

'Aamanfi Amman (Two Years in Amman), (, 1925), pp. 44-5; Aaron Kleiman, Foundations 01 British Policy in the : The Cairo Conlerence 01/921 (Baltimore, 1970), pp. 129-32; PRO FO 371-6343, pp. 107-14. 6. PRO, ibid.; Musa, Ta'sis, pp. 111-12. When later describing the meeting with Churchill in his memoirs, Abdallah made no mention of such aproposal, yet the editor of the English version of the memoirs added in a note that Abdallah' s notion to create a united Arab state of Transjordan and Palestine was rejected by ChurchilL Abdallah Ibn Husayn, Mudhakirat, pp. 168-70; P. P. Graves (ed.), Memoirs 01 King Abdallah (London, 1950), p. 204n. 7. Sulayman Musa, Ayam la Tunsa', Al-Urdun fi Harb 1948 (Unforgeuable Days, Jordan in the 1948 War), (Amman, 1982), p. 28. 8. Uriel Dann, Studies in the History 01 Transjordan, 1920-1949, The Making ola State (Boulderand London, 1984), p. 37; Zirkali, p. 49; Ubaydat, pp. 242-3. 9. Kleiman, pp. 212-21; Dann, Studies, p. 40. 10. H. St John Philby, Stepping Stones in Jordan, Private Papers Collection, Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford, p. 29. 11. Walid Kazziha, 'The Political Evolution of Transjordan " Middle Eastem Studies (MES), VoL 15, No. 2 (May, 1979), p. 251; Abu Nowar, pp. 61-2. 12. Churchill to Samuel, II July 1921, PRO, CO 733-3; Dann, Studies, pp. 4~3; Abu Nowar, p. 64; Kazziha, p. 251; H. St John Philby, 'Transjordan' ,Journal olthe Royal Central Society (JRCAS), VoL II (1924), p. 302. 13. Philby, 'Transjordan,' 302; Philby, Stepping Stones, p. 54. 14. Peter Gubser, Jordan, Crossroads 01 Middle Eastem Events (London and Boulder, 1983), p. 78. 15. Great Britain Parliamentary Papers 1922, Cmd. 1785. The articles referred to dealt with freedom of conscience and freedom of worship and with the status of nationals of state members of the League of Nations. 16. PRO CO 733-64. 17. Abu Nowar, p. 116. 18. Philby, Stepping Stones, p. 54; Bemard Wasserstein, The British in Palestine; The Mandatory Govemment and the Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929 (London, 1978), p. 35; Michael Assaf, HaYahasim Bein Aravim Ve Yehudim BeEretz Israel 1860-1948 (Relations Between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, 186~ 1948), (Tel Aviv, 1970), p. 397; Government of Palestine, Report olthe Govemment 01 Palestine and Transjordan to the year 1927, Part 2, Transjordan, p. 8; Report ... to the year 1928, p. 5. 19. In 1937, for ex am pie, government of Palestine, Report ... to the year 1937, p. 303; Report ... to the year 1938, p. 314.

Chapter 2: Ambition in the Making

I. Kazziha, p. 247; Juhaina Khouri, Hivatsruta VeHitpathuta Shel HaZehut HaLeumit HaPalestinait Al Pi Halton 'Filastin' BaShanim 1911-1926 (The Emergence and Development of the Palestinian National Identity Based on the Filastin during the Years 1911-1926), Unpublished MA Thesis, University of , 1990, p. 119. 212 King Abdallah and Pa/estine

2. PRO FO 371-6343, pp. 107-14; Abdallah, Memoirs, p. 168; Ahmed Gomaa, The Foundation 0/ the League 0/ the Arab States (London, 1977), p. 79; Yehoshua Porath, In Search 0/ Arab Unity, 1930-1945 (London, 1986), pp. 22-3; Zirkali, p. 49. 3. Israel Gershuni, 'HaLeom HaAravi, Beit Hashem VeSuria HaGedola BeHaguto Shel Abdallah' (The Arab Nation, The Hashcmite Dynasty Greater in the Writings of Abdullah), Part Two, Hamizrah Hehadash, Vol. 25 (1975), No. 3, pp. 162-83. Daniel Pipes otTers a distinction between two kinds of pan• Syrian nationalists: the purists, like Antun Sa'ada and his Syrian Social Nationalist Party, who sought a Greater Syrian state complete in itself without reference to a larger union, and the pragmatists, for whom Greater Syria was merely a stcpping stone towards pan-Arab policy. Abdallah, according to Pipes, was the most prominent and articulate of the pragmatists. Cf. Daniel Pipes, Greater Syria: The History 0/ an Ambition (, 1990), p. 40. 4. American Vice-Consul to the State Department, 19 October 1932, in Ibrahim al-Rashid (ed.), Documents on the History 0/ , Vol. 3, (Salisbury, NC, 1976), pp. 141-5; Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making 0/ Jordan, p. 101. 5. H. Cox to H. McMichael, 7 January 1939, PRO FO 371-23276 E811. 6. Abdallah Ibn Husayn, Al-Takmila Min Mudhakirat Hadrat Sahib al-Jalala al• Hashemiya, al-Malik Abdallah Bin Husayn (The Completion of the Memoirs of His Majesty, the Hashemite Highncss, Abdallah Ibn Husayn), (Am man, 1951), p.39. 7. Alec Kirkbride, From the Wings, Amman Memoirs 1947-1951 (London, 1976), p. 3: William Rogcr Louis, The in the Middle East 1945-/951: , the and Postwar Imperialism (London, 1984), p. 351; Dann, Studies, p. 11. 8. Clinton Bailey, The Participation o/the in the Politics ofJordan, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 1965, p. 57. 9. Dann, Studies, p. 11. 10. Salibi, A Modern History of Jordan, p. 74. 11. Neil Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. 2: Arab Zionist Negotiations and the End ofthe Mandate (London, 1986), p. 13. 12. Kazziha, p. 250; Neil Caplan, Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question 1917-1925 (London, 1978), pp. 171-2; Kleiman, p. 198. 13. Caplan, Palestine Jewry, p. 128. 14. For an excellent account on the visit and its results, see Dann, Studies, pp. 51-72. 15. Caplan, Palestine Jewry, pp. 171-2; idem, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. I, p. 50; Nevo, Abdallah, p. 13; Dann, Studies, p. 52; Aharam, 14 January 1923. 16. Dann, Studies, p. 52; Porath, In Search 0/ Arab Unity, pp. 72-3. 17. Filastin, 5, 19,31 January, 3 March 1923; Karmil, 10,31 January 1923; Aharam, 14 January 1923; Oriente Moderno, Vol. 2 (1922/3), pp. 539-40, 598-600. 18. Daily Mail, 9 April 1923. 19. Fredrick Kisch, Palestine Diary (London, 1938), p. 36n.; Doar HaYom, 23 April 1923; Wasserstein, pp. 123-4; Dann, Studies, pp. 84-90: Philby, Transjordan, pp. 296ff.; Joseph Nevo, 'Is There A Jordanian Entity?' The Jerusalem Quarterly, VOI. 16 (Summer 1980), pp. 98-9. On the overwhelmingly Notes 213

tribai nature of the Amirate in the mid 1920s, see Archmendrite Bulus Salman, Khamsat Aa' wamfi Sharq al-Urdun (Five Years in Transjordan), (Jerusalern, 1929), pp. 7-18. 20. Yehoshua Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement 1929-1939 (London, 1977), p. 72; Kisch, pp. 65,96-7,103, 105,236,338,387. 21. Eli Shaltiel, Pinhas Rotenberg (pinhas Rotenberg 1879-1942, Life and Times), (Tel Aviv, 1990), pp. 213-14, 265-6, 375-6. 22. Filastin, 29 April 1921, 8 January 1923,4 March 13 May 1924,6, 13 November 1925,30 March 1928; Karmil, 13 February 1927; luhaina Khouri, pp. 119-20. 23. Ahmad Shuqairi, Arba' unAmmafi al-Hayat al-'Arabiya w'al-Dawliya (Forty Years of Arab and International Life), (Beirut, 1973), p. 146; Philby, Stepping Stones, p. 85; Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, p. 72; Karmil, 3 October 1926; Filastin, 5 October, 1926. 24. Karmil, 26 March, 31 May 1924; Filastin, 23 May 1924. 25. Mahmoud Amin Abdallah, King Abdallah and Palestine 1921-1950 Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 1972, p. 43; Philby, Stepping Stones, pp. 36-7; Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence 0/ the Palestinian Arab National Movement 1918-1929 (London, 1974), p. 114. 26. Nevo, Abdallah, p. 14; Madi and Musa, p. 453; Shuqairi, p. 145; Report 0/ the Govemment 0/ Palestine and Transjordan to the Year 0/ 1929, p. 143; Filastin, 25 September 1929; Alif Ba, 27 September, 19 October 1929. 27. Muqqatam, 18 luly 1928; Sawut al-Sha' ab, II July 1928, quoted by PRO FO 371-13075 E4277, 15364E5443; Porath, In Searcho/Arab Unity, pp. 18,25-7. 28. 'Ali al-Muhafaza, AI-' Alaqat, p. 58; Yoav Gelber, 'The Alliance of the Bars Sinister: lewish-Jordanian Relations 1921-1948' (unpublished manuscript), Ch. 3; Shaltiel, pp. 200-2, 394. 29. Anita Shapira, 'The Option on Ghur al-Kibd: Contacts between Emir AbdaIlah and the Zionist Executive 1932-1934', Studies in , No. 2 (Auturnn 1980), pp. 240,242-3. On previous attempts ofTransjordanian shaykhs to seIl their land to the Jews and on earlier Zionist endeavours of economic penetration to Transjordan, see Gelber, 'Alliance', Ch. 3. 30. The British alleged role aroused particularly outrageous response by Ithamer Ben Avi, who published aseries of editorials in his Doar Hayom titled 'Je Reaccuse!'; see Doar Hayom, 22, 24, 26 April, 8, 14 May 1931. Those accusations provoked tremendous interest and were also published in local English and news papers; cf. Palestine Bulletin, 23 April 1931 ; Filastin, 10 May 1931. 31. Kisch, p. 387; Shaltiel, pp. 405, 407. 32. Muhammad Izzat Darwaza, Hawl al-Haraka al-Arabiya al-Haditha (On the Modem Arab Movement), (, 1959), Part 3, p. 101; Sulayman Bashir, Juzur al-Wisaiya al-Urduniya (Origins of the Jordanian Mandate), (Jerusalern, 1980), pp. 9ff. 33. For a vivid description of his 'pauperism' , see Mendel Cohen, BeHatzar HaMelechAbdallah (At King Abdallah's Court) (Tel Aviv, 1980), pp. 50-61. 34. Central Zionist Archives (CZA), S25-3487; Emmanuel Neumann, In the Arena: An Autobiographical Memoir (New York, 1976), p. 136; Bayan Nuyhad al-Hut, AI-Qiyadat w'al-Muasasat al-Siyasiyafi Filastin 1917-1948 (Political Leadership and Organizations in Palestine 1917-1948), (Acre, 1984), p. 283; 214 King Abdallah and Palestine

Filastin, 14, 19,24,25 January, 30 May, 7, 21,30 June 1933; Kannil, 26 April 1933. 35. Neumann, p. 144; Shapira, pp. 246-7. 36. Cox report on the political situation in Transjordan, February 1933, PRO FO 371-16926 E2153; Sir Cosmo Parkinson report on a meeting with Abdallah. PRO CO 831 4411 I. 37. Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. 2, pp. 13,203; for a good account of Jewish agency payments to Abdallah during the 1930s and the , see Gelber, 'Alliance'; cf. also Bashir (both draw heavily on Jewish Agency documents). 38. Cox report on the political situation in Transjordan, February 1933, PRO FO 371-16926 E2153; Kisch, p. 387. 39. Filastin, 13 June 1933; Muqattam, 18 June 1933; A. Kirkbride report on Transjordan, July 1933. PRO FO 371-16926 E4841; Hut, pp. 275, 283. 40. Yehoshua Porath, 'Abdallah's Greater Syria Programme,' MES, Vol. 20, No. 2 (April 1984), p. 174; Porath, In Search of Arab Unity, p. 24; , 20 November 1931, p. 13; Filastin, 13 June, 24 October 1933. 41. CZA S25-3485. 42. HaAretz, 26 April 1934; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. 2, pp. 13,203; Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, pp. 73-4; Barry Rubin. The Arab States and the Palestille Conflict (Syracuse, 1981), pp. 46-7. 43. CZA S25-10122. 44. PRO FO 37[-17884 E4823, E5246; Filastin, 12 April 29 May, 1934; Ja'amiya al-'Arabiya, 10 April 1934; Elias Sasson, BaDerekh EI HaShalom (On the Way to Peace), (Tel Aviv, 1978), p. 36. For AbdaIlah's own account of his impressions from his 1934 visit to Britain, see Thomas Hodgkin, Letters from Palestine 1932-36, ed. E. C. Hodgkin (London, 1986), p. 73. 45. Yuval Arnon-Ohanna, Herev MiBayt (A Sword from Within: The Intemal Struggle Within the Palestinian Movement 1929-1939), (Tel Aviv, 1981), pp. 223ff.; Rubin, p. 47; Filastin, 5 November 1933,6 September 1934. 46. ESCO Foundation, Palestine, A Study ofJewish, Arab and British Policies (Yale, 1947), Vol. 2. p. 777; Muhammad Amin al-Husayni, Haqa'iq 'an Qadiyat Filastin (The Truth on the Palestine Problem), (Cairo, 1954), pp. 71-2; Filastin, 14,19,21,24,25 January 1933; author's interview with Yehoshua Pairnon. 47. Filastin. 5 June 1934; HaAret", 9,17 May 1934; Sasson, p. 36; Rubin, p. 47; Porath, The Palestillian Arab National Movement, pp. 73-5; Nevo. Abdallah, pp. 14-15; W. E. Goldner, The Role ofAbdallah Ibn Hussein inArab Politics 1914-1951. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford, 1954, pp. 180--1. 48. Ja 'amiya ai Arabiva, 10 April 1934; Fiiastin, 16 April, 5 June, 17 July, 1934; Porath, The Paieslinian Arab National Movement, pp. 73-5,78; Hut, p. 305; Goldner, p. 181. 49. Filastin, 5 March. 13 July 1935; Oriente Modemo, Vol. 3 (1934), p. 165; report. February 1933, PRO FO 371-16926 E2153.

Chapter 3: A Fall-back Alternative

1. Abdallah to Wauchope, 22 February 1936, PRO FO 371-20065 E2146; Cox 10 Wauchope. 26 March 1936, ibid., E2871; Wauchope 10 Abdallah, 30 March 1936. ibid., E7573. Notes 215

2. Political monthly reports, Transjordan, April 1936, PRO FO 371-20019 E3442. 3. Ibid., May,June 1936 E4201 ,E5208; Oriente Moderno, VoL 16, 1936, p. 509; Madi and Musa, p. 456; Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, p. 206; Goldner, p. 198; Mohammad Ibrahim Faddah, The Middle East in Transition: A Study ofJordan 's Foreign Po/iey (London, 1974), p. 8; Benjamin Shwadran, Jordan: AState of Tellsion (New York, 1959), p. 227; Akram Zu'aytir, Watha'iq al-Haraka al-Wataniya al-Falastiniya 1918-1939 (Documents of the Palestinian National Movement 1918-1939), (Beirut, 1979), p. 430. 4. Political monthly reports, Transjordan, August, September 1936, PRO FO 371-20019 E6708, E7012; Izza! Tanus, Al-Falastiniyn (The Palestinians), (Beirut, 1982), p. 160; Nasser Eddin Nashashibi, Jerusalem's Other Voiee (Exeter, 1990), p. 49. 5. Khayriya Qassimiya (ed.), Filastinfi MudhakiratQauwqji 1936-J948 (Palestine in Qauwqji's Memoirs 1936-1948), (Beirut, 1975), pp. 37-9. 6. Political monthly reports, Transjordan, September 1936, PRO FO 371-20019 E6708; Wauchope to Ormby-Gore, 8 September 1936, ibid., 20025 E5923; KeHy (British Embassy Cairo) to Randel (Foreign Office London), 28 October 1936, ibid., 20028 E6782. 7. Moshe Sharea, Yomall Medilli (political Diary), Vol. I, 1936 (Tel Aviv, 1968), pp. 242-5; CZA S25 3243. 8. Jon Kimche, The Seeond ArabAwakening (London, 1970), p. 160; Hut, p. 55; Zu'aitir, Watha'iq, p. 447. 9. Shuqairi, pp. 233-4; Shareu, Yoman Medil!i, 1936, pp. 359,362; Zu'aitir, Watha'iq, pp. 461-2. 10. . Collusion Aeross (he Jordan (Oxford, 1988), p. 55; Shaltiel, p. 472. I I. Emile al-Ghuri,Filastin Abr Sittil! 'Aama (Palestine through Sixty Years), VoL 2 (Beirut, 1973), pp. 76-7, 94, 131; Zu'aitir, Watha'iq, pp. 381-2; Rubin, p. 70; Faddah, pp. 8-9; Mahmoud Amin AbdaIlah, p. 65; Ghassan Kanafani, 'Thawrat 1936 fi Filastin' (The 1936 Revolt in Pa!estine), Shu'un Füastiniya, No. 6 (January 1972), p. 7 I. 12. Qassimiya, pp. 60-1. 13. Aharon Klieman, Hafred 0 Meshol (Divide or Rule), (Jerusalem, 1983), p. 39; Sharetl, Yoman Medilli, Vor. 2, 1937 (Tel Aviv, 1971), p. 113; Sasson, p. 69; Dov Hoz on a meeting with Samir al-Rifa'i, 14 May, 1937, in Meir Avizoharand Isaiah Friedman (eds), lyunimBeToehniot HaHalukn 1937-1947 (Studies in the Palestine Partition Plans 1937-1947), (Beer Sheva, 1984), pp. 212-13. 14. Amin al-Husayni, pp. 73, 75; Ghuri, VoJ. 2, pp. 134--5; HUI, p. 363; Madi and Musa, pp. 460-1; Abdallah, Al-Takmila, pp. 119-20; Filastin 21 July 1937; Palestine Post, 16 July 1937; Rendel's minute on a letter from Ormsby-Gore 10 Eden, 3 July 1937, PRO F020808 E3906; toOrmsby-Gore, 27 April 1937, PRO CAB 24/269 127(37); Royal Commission Report (London, July 1937), pp. 80-6. 15. Gomaa, p. 80; Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, p. 230; Darwaza, VoL 3, p_ 161; Wilson, p. \23; Shwadran, p. 227; ESCO Foundation, pp. 857-8; PRO FO 371-20814 E5567. 216 King Abdallah and Palestine

16. Difa', 3, 6, 17 January 1938; Filastin, 5, 6, 17 January 1938; Jamiy' a al-lslamiya, 5,6, 18 January 1938; Political monthly reports, Transjordan, June, July 1937, CO 8314118: Tannus, p. 169; Ghuri, VoL 2, pp. 134--5; Hut, p. 363; Shuqairi, p. 237; Sharett, Yoman Medini, 1937, pp. 226-7; Michael Cohen, Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate 1936-1945 (New York, 1978), p. 51; see also Klieman, Hafred 0 Meshol, p. 38. 17. Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, p. 225; Tannus, pp. 169-70; Rubin, p. 86; ESCO Foundation, pp. 857-8. 18. Kanafani, p. 71; Nashashibi, pp. 56-7. 19. Joseph Heller, BaMaavak LeMedina: HaMediniut HaTzionit BaShanim 1936-1948 (The Struggle for a Jewish State, Zionist Politics 1936-1948), (Jerusalem, 1984), p. 221; Sharett, Yoman Medini, 1937, p. 373,1938, pp. 32, 100; Sasson, p. 115; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, VoL 2, pp. 92ff. 20. Filastin, 28 May 1938. See also Madi and Musa, p. 459; Oriente Moderno, VoL 18 (1938), pp. 307-8; PRO FO 371-21885 E3866. 21. Difa', 28, 29, 30 May 1938; Filastin, 30 May 1938; Aharam, 26 May 1938. 22. Jamiy' a al-1slamiya, 15 June 1938. 23. Joseph Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit Shel Hatenua HaLeumit HaAravit HaFalastinit 1939-1945 (The Political Development ofthe Palestinian Arab National Movement 1939-1945), Ph.D. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 1977, pp. 33-41; Shaltiel, p. 506; McMichael to McDonald, 4 January 1939 (on interview with Rutenberg) PRO CO 733 409-75872/51. 24. Protocol of McDonald-Abu al-Huda conversation, 21 February 1939, PRO FO 371-23225 El464. 25. Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit, pp. 83-5; Palestine Post, 22 May 1939. 26. Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit, pp. 84--5; Kirkbride to McMichael, 3 June 1939, PRO CO 733 406-75272/4. 27. CZA S25 3485, 3486; Musa,lmarat Sharq al-Urdun, pp. 201, 237, 357, 375, 404. 28. Rutenberg to AbdaIlah, 12 July 1936, PRO CO 8314112; Shaltiel, pp. 458--61; Sharett, Yoman Medini, 1936, p. 211. 29. Abdallah to Rutenberg, 17 July 1936, PRO CO 8314112; Political monthly reports, Transjordan, January 1937, ibid., 41/8; Shaltiel, p. 472. 30. Rutenberg to Maffey (Undersecretary, Colonial Office), 5 June 1937, PRO CO 831 41/2; Sir Cosmo Parkinson report on a meeting with Abdallah, 17 May 1937, ibid. 31. Avizohar and Friedman, pp. 212-13; Shapira, pp. 250-1; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. 2. pp. 41, 66; Heller, p. 221; Sharett, Yoman Medini, 1937, pp. 373, 387-8. 32. Sharett, Yoman Medini, VoL 3,1938 (Tel Aviv, 1972), pp. 137,219; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, VoL 2, p. 94; Moshe Gabai, Kedma Mizraha (Towards the East), (Giv'at Haviva, 1984), pp. 62-4. 33. Sharett, Yoman Medini, 1937, pp. 387-8,1938, pp. 137,219. 34. Difa', 16,21 July 1937. See also Ibrahim Hashim to Kirkbride, 1 August 1937, PRO FO 371-20814 E5567; McMichaei to McDonald 22 November 1938, PRO FO 371-21867 E7117. 35. Qassimiya, pp. 82-3. Notes 217

Chapter 4: Between Syria and Palestine

I. Bashir, 16 June 1939; Aharam, 15 August 1939. 2. Majid Khadduri, 'The Scheme of Fertile Crescent Unity. A Study in Inter-Arab Relations', in R. N. Frye (ed.), The Near East and the Great Powers (Cambridge, Mass., 1951), pp. 141 ff.; Al-Kitabal-Urduni al-Abiyad (Jordan's White Paper), (Amman, 1947), pp. 19-81; Nevo, Abdallah, pp. 19-20; Aharam, 20 . 3. Al-Kitab al-Urduni, pp. 64-70: Dann, Studies, p. 13. 4. Minutes of H. M. Eyres of the Foreign Office, quoted by Porath, In Search 0/ Arab Unity, p. 214; see also pp. 303, 315. 5. McMichael 10 CO, 17 June 1941, PRO FO 371-27296 E3225; Kirkbride to the Minister Resident, Cairo, 28 , CO 733-46114; Michael Eppel, 'The Iraqi Domestic Scene and its Bearing on the Question of Palestine, 1947', Asian and Ajrican Studies (AAS), Vol. 24, No. I (March 1990), p. 70. 6. Sasson, pp. 183-4; Porath, In Search 0/Arab Unity, pp. 29-3 I; Porath, Greater Syria, pp. 179-80; Sharett, Yoman Medini, Vol. 5, 1940-2 (Tel Aviv, 1979), pp. 55, 91; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. 2, p. 119; Transjordan Situation Report, PRO FO 371-31382 E7567; Shlaim, p. 71. 7. Porath, In Search 0/ Arab Unity, pp. 29-31; Sharett, Yoman Medini, Vol. 5, 1940-2, p. 91. 8. Urdun, quoted by Shay (The Hagana Intelligence Service), Haifa files, Box B No. 1079,16 , Hagana Archives (HA); Aharam, 20 August 1943; Gabriel Zifroni interview with Abdallah, 13 , Zifroni private papers; AsherGoren, HaLiga HaAravit (The Arab League), (Tel Aviv, 1954), p. 42. 9. Nathaniel Katzburg, Mediniut BeMavoch: Mediniut Britaniya BeEretz Israel 1940-/945 (The Palestine Problem in British Policy 1940-1945), (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 68-9ff.; Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance: A History 0/ Jewish Palestine /939-/945 (Philadelphia, 1970), pp. 262-3. 10. HA, Shay files, Haifa, Box B, 1030,21 March 1943; 1079, 16 April 1943; Box C, 1121, ! ; Filastin, 15 ; Porath, Greater Syria, pp. 178-9; Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit, p. 151; CZA S25-3568, 30 April 1940; ibid., 3139; McMichael to CO (report for March-May 1940), PRO CO 733-446176032-3872. 11. McMichael to CO, I September 1941, PRO FO 371-271-34. 12. HA, Shay files, Haifa, Box B, 276, 11 December 1940; ibid., Box C, 1468, 250ctober 1943. 13. McMichael to CO, 9 September 1940, PRO CO 733-426175872/85; Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit, pp. 277ff.; HA, Shay files, Haifa, Box B, 1030,21 March 1943; 1079, 16 April 1943; 1088,29 April 1943; Box C, 1121, 1 June 1943; Box D, 1009, 5 March 1943; HA, News of the Jewish Agency's Arabic Department, 7 July, 7, 19 ; Filastin, 10 March 1942,2 August 1945; Zifroni's interview with Abdallah (n. 8 above). 14. Nevo, Abdallah, p. 20: HA, Shay files, Haifa, Box A, 276,12 November 1940; Box C, 1468,25 October 1943. 218 King Abdallah and Palestine

PART 11

Chapter 5: Towards the End Game: Palestine

I. Adopted by a meeting of American Zionists (attended by and David Ben Gurion) in May 1942 in Hotel Biltmore in New York, the programme demanded the establishment of a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine as apart of a new world order after the war. 2. Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit, pp. 228-30,420--6. 3. Richard Jesse, 'Great Britain and Abdallah's Plan to Partition Palestine: A Natural Sorting Out', MES, Vol. 22, No. 4 (October 1986), p. 505; Amikam Nachmani, Great Power Discord in Palestine. The Anglo-American Committee of lnquiry into the Problem of European lewry and Palestine 1945-1946 (London, 1987), pp. 49-50; Alan Bullock, The Life and Times ofEmest Bevin, Vol. 3 (London, 1983), p. 172; Pipes, p. 79. 4. Kirkbride to McMichael, 30 , PRO CO 733/46114; James Lunt, Glubb (London, 1984), p. 128; Cunningham to Creech-Jones, 27 , PRO FO 371-52559 E8615. 5. PaIestine Government, Prepared in and lanuary 1946 for the Anglo-American Committee of lnquiry, Vol. I, pp. 99-102. 6. Cunningham to FO, I December 1945, Cunningham Papers, Box I, File I, Private Papers ColJection, The Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. 7. Bevin to Kirkbride, 30 , PRO FO 371-52560 E9844/31. 8. Nevo, Abdallah, p. 38; Lord Killearn (British Ambassador to Cairo) to Bevin, 4 , PRO FO 371-52310 E96/96; Filastin, 6 ; Jon Kirnehe, The Second Arab Awakening, p. 166; Sulayman Musa, Safhat min Ta'arikh al-Urdun al-Hadith 1946-1952 (Pages from the Modern of Jordan 1946-1952), (Amman, 1992), p. 15. 9. Kirkbride to CO, 13 , PRO FO 371-51574E24181; Kirnehe, The Second Arab Awakening, p. 166; Wilson, p. 161; Mustaqbal, 19 . 10. Bullock, Vol. III, pp. 172,294--5; 332, 508; Jesse, p. 506. 11. Joseph Nevo, 'Syria and Jordan: The Politics of Subversion' , in Moshe Ma' oz and Avner Yaniv (eds), Syria Under Assad: Domestic Constraints and RegionaL Risks (London, 1986), pp. 141-2; Khadduri, pp. 143ff.; National Archives, Washington (NA), Department of State, Intelligence Research Report, I , OSS files, No. 3332. 12. Taqrir Lajnat al-Tahqiq al-Niyabiya fi Qadiyat Filastin (Report of a Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry on the Palestine Problem), (, 1949), pp. 14,53-61; Madhabit lalasat Durat al-Ijtima al-Rabia 'Ghayir al-' Aadiya (Protocols of the Meetings of the Arab League's Fourth Extra Ordinary Session), 8 , (Cairo, 1947), pp. 11,30--1,47-8; Cunningham Papers, I June 1946, Box I, File 2; PRO FO 37 E6380; Goren, pp. 130--2; Madi and Musa, pp. 463-4. 13. Michael Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers (Princeton, 1982), p. 195; Wilson, p. 161. 14. Cunningham to Creech-Jones, 27 August 1946, PRO FO 371-52555 E861. Perhaps a Freudian 'slip of the pen', but what Kirkbride and his staff thought Notes 219

of Abdallah' s intentions towards Palestine can be seen in their monthly reports in 1946 where events in Palestine continued to be recorded under the heading 'internal affairs' ,even after Transjordan had become an independent state with the termination of the mandate. Only at the end of the year were events in Palestine correctly placed under 'foreign affairs'; see monthly reports, PRO FO 371-52935,52936. 15. David Ben Gurion, Likrat Ketz HaMandat: Zikhronot Min Ha' Izavon Juni 1946-Mertz 1947 (fowards the End of the Mandate: Memoirs June 1946-), (Tel Aviv, 1993), pp. 81-2; Gelber, 'Alliance', Ch. 13. 16. Protocols of talks with Abdallah, August 1946, Sasson private papers: Sasson interview, in Sasson, p. 369. Abdallah's report of the meeting to the British is not completely identical with Sasson's account. Cf. Kirkbride to Bevin, 15 August 1946, PRO FO 371-52553 E8106. 17. Sasson, private papers. 18. Pappe, 'British Foreign Policy', p. 23. 19. Yoav Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim Term Hitnagdut Tzevait: HaMasa U'Matan Bein HaSochnut HaYehuditLeMitzraiym VeYarden 1946-1948' (The Negotiations of Jewish Agency with Egypt and Transjordan 1946-1948), Cathedra, No. 35 (April 1985), p. 135; Avraham Sela, 'Maga'im Mediniym Bein HaSochnut Ha Yehudit LeBein Memshalot Ever Ha Y arden U'Mitzraiym BiDvar Heskem AI Halukat Eretz Israel' (Political Contacts between Jews, the King of Transjordan and the Egyptian Government re Agreement on the Partition of Palestine 1946-1947), Haziyonut, Vol. 10 (1985), p. 276. 20. Nevo, Abdallah, p. 41; Ritchie Ovendale, Britain, The United States and the End ofthe Palestine Mandate 1942-1948 (Suffolk, 1989), pp. 158-9; Masri, 6 ; Aharam, 7 February 1947; Wahda, 11 February 1947; Ben Gurion, Likrat Ketz HaMandat, p. 38; Lunt, pp. 125--{); Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim', pp. 134-5; Avraham Sela, MiMaga'im LeMasa U'Matan: Yahasey HaSokhnut HaYehudit U'Medinat Israell Aim HaMelech Abdallah 1946-1950 (From Contacts to Negotiations: Relations ofthe Jewish Agency and the State ofIsrael with King Abdallah 1946-1950), (fel Aviv, 1985), p. 15. 21. Filastin, 26 ; Kul Shay, 28 March 1947. 22. Cunningham Papers, 4 June 1946, Box I, File 1; American Embassy, Cairo to State Department (SD), NA RG 59 890b, 14 ; ibid., 26 December 1946, 17 ; Wilson, p. 158; Nevo, Abdallah, p. 42; Musa, Sajhat, p. 23; Fadhel Jamali, 'Arab Struggle for Liberation and Federation (Experiences of Mohammad Fadhel Jamali 1943-1958)" pp. 22, 27, unpublished manuscript, Private Papers Collection, Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. 23. Protocol of the 6th Session of the Arab League Council, 17-29 March 1947, (Cairo, 1949), pp. 51,55,58; Difa', 19 March1947; Masri, 25 March 1947; Goren, p. 135; Khadduri, p. 175, n. 41; Wadsworth (US Ambassador, Baghdad) to SD, 23 , CZA S25-9037. 24. Wadsworth to SD, ibid. 25. Difa', 11, 16 ; Filastin, 1I July 1947; Sha' b, 16 July 1947; Aharam, 24 July 1947; Wahda, 19 ; Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim', p.136. 26. Aharam, 24 July 1947; Wahda, 29 July, 19 September 1947; David Hurovitz, BeShlihut Noledet (Mission from a Newborn State), (Tel Aviv, 1951), 220 King Abdallah and Palestine

p. 200; Michael Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 266; Christopher Pirrie-Gordon (British Legation, Amman) to Bevin, 26, 28 July 1947, PRO FO 371-61876 E6779, E6835. 27. Pirrie-Gordon to Bevin, 30 July 1947, PRO FO 371-61876 E7242; Golda Meyerson to Moshe Shertok, n.d. (probably early ), Israel State Archives (SA), 2770/3. 28. Pirrie-Gordon to Bevin, 30 July 1947, PRO FO 371-61876 E7242; L. Pinkerton (US Minister, Beirut) to SD, 12 , NA RG 59 890b No. 48. 29. PRO FO 371-62206 E8482, EI0615. 30. Creech-Jones to Cunningham, 13 , Cunnigham Papers, Box 2, File 3; Richard's (British Embassy Baghdad) memorandum, October 1947, PRO FO 371-61530 EI0823; Lunt, pp. 125-6, 128. 31. Pirrie-Gordon to Bevin, 30 July, 1947, PRO FO 371-61876 E7242; 32. Kirkbride to Bevin, 16,29 October, 17 November 1947 PRO FO 816/89, 28 October 1947, FO 8161112; Kirkbride to Burrows (Eastern Department, FO), 290ctober 1947, ibid. 33. CZA, S25-9038, 27 October 1947. 34. Minutes of C. J. E. Cable (FO), 4 November 1947, PRO FO 371-62226 EI0711. 35. Draft letter from Bevin to Abdallah, ibid., E 10711; Kirkbride to Bevin, 3 October 1947, ibid., 371-61530 E9240, 140ctober 1947,371-61882 E9639. 36. CZA S44-696, 29 June 1947. 37. British Middle East Office (BEMO), Cairo, to FO, 22 November 1947, PRO FO 371-61889 E11oo8, 11 December, 1947, FO 371-61580 EII775, 15 , FO 371-62225 EI 1328; Kirkbride to Bevin, 26 November, 1947, FO 371-61890 EII162, 15 December 1947, FO 371-62226 E12084. 38. Wadsworth to SD, 23 June 1947, CZA S25-9037; 's talks with Abdallah, 22 August 1947, ibid., S25-3960; Pirrie-Gordon to Bevin, 30 July 1947, PRO FO 371-61876 E7242. 39. Yoram Nimrod, ' Bein Ben Gurion LeAbdallah: Shtei Pgishot, Shnei Dgeshiym Halufiym' (Golda Meir between Ben Gurion and Abdallah: Two Meetings, Two Alternatives), in Joseph Nevo and Yoram Nimrod (eds), HaAravim EI Mut HaTenu'a HaTzionit ve'HaYeshuv HaYehudi 1946-1950 (The Arabs, the Zionist Movement and the Jewish Community 1946--1950) (Oranim, 1987), pp. 61-2. See also Shertok to Meyerson, 4 August 1947, SA 2270/3. 40. CZA S25-3909. 41. CZA S25-3960. 42. Danin's report on the meeting with Abdallah, CZA S25-4004. 43. Ibid.; David Ben Gurion, Yoman HaMilhama (1948 War Diary), (Tel Aviv, 1982), p. 100; emphasis added. 44. Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim' , p. 141. 45. William Macatee (US Consul General, Jerusalem) to SD, 11, 18 November 1947, United States Department of State, Foreign Rel1ltions 0/ the United States: 1947, Vol. 5 (Washington, 1975) (hereafter FRUS), pp. 1254, 1269; Kirkbride to Bevin, 17 November 1947, PRO FO 816/89; Fil1lstin, 5 November 1947; Aharam, 10 November 1947, see also Davar, 11, 17, 18 November 1947. 46. Kirkbride to Bevin, 17 November 1947, PRO FO 816/89; Kirkbride, From the Wings, p. 4. Notes 221

47. Filastin, Difa', 4 September, 1947; Shn'ab, 5 September 1947. 48. Ahnram,24July 1947;Shn'ab, Filastin, ll September 1947. 49. Broadmead (British Legation ) to Bevin, 22 November 1947, PRO FO 371-68403 E300; Jamali, p. 22. 50. Iraqi Parlimentary Committee, pp. 75-6; Pinkerton to SD, 12 October, 1947 No. 48, NA RG 59, 890b; Sha'ab, September 1947. 51. Kirkbride to Bevin, 140ctober 1947, PRO FO 371-61882, 160ctober, 1947, FO 816/89; Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 17, 20-1, 141. 52. Arif al-Arif, Al-Nakba (The Catastrophe), (Beirut, n.d.), Vol. I, p. 15; Husayni, p. 21; Jamali, pp. 193-4; Wahda, 9 October 1947; Filastin, 10 October 1947. 53. Transjordan Political Reports, October 1947, PRO FO 371-62206 E10615; Kirkbride to Bevin, 22 October 1947, ibid., 61885 El0074. 54. Kirkbride to Bevin, 11 November 1947, PRO FO 816/89; Report of British journalists from Amman, 17 October 1947, CZA S25-9038. Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim', p. 137, n. 47. 55. Report of Britishjoumalists from Amman, 17 October, 1947, CZA S25-9038. Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim' ,p. 138; Ahnram, 3 November 1947. 56. Kirkbride to Bevin, 11 February 1947, PRO FO 371-61748 E\330/2l31; Nevo, Abdallah, p. 47. 57. Z. Sherfto Sasson, 2 August 1945; Sherfto E. Epstein, 3 August 1945, CZA S25-6649; Transjordan Political Reports, August 1945, PRO 371-45415 E7502; Filastin, 3 February, 4 June, 3 September 1946. 58. Y. Shimoni's report, 17 July 1947, CZA S25-3909. On the Arab Front, see Nevo, HaHitpathut HaPolitit, pp. 325-9. 59. Sherf to Sasson, 2 August 1945, Sherf to Epstein, 3 August 1945, CZA S25-6649; Danin' s report on the meeting with Abdallah, ibid., 4004; Transjordan Political Reports, August 1945, PRO FO 371-45415 E7502; Filastin, 3 February, 4 June, 3 September 1946; Wahda,9, 17 March 1947. 60. SA, Section 65, File 747, Transjordan Consulate Jerusalem, 19 February, 18 May, 19 November, 23 December 1947,10,30 January, Man Huwa LiRijal Filastin (Who's Who in Palestine), (Jerusalem, 1946), p. 100; Yakov Shimoni, Aroiyei Eretz Israel (The Arabs ofPalestine), (Tel Aviv, 1947), p. 3300.; HaAretz, 14 , Filastin, 17 March 1947. 61. CZA S25-3909, S25-3000, No. 89/912; Sela, MiMaga'imLeMasa U'Matan, p. 17; Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), 22 April 1946; Sasson pri vate papers, protocol of 19 August 1947 meeting with Abdallah; Filastin, 16,21 ; Wahda, 4 April 1947; Shn'ab, 19 May 1947; Al HaMishmar, 16 June 1947. 62. Yazid Yusuf Sa'igh, Al-Urdun w'al-Falastiniyun (Jordan and the Palestinians), (London, 1987), p. 11; Musa, Ayam, pp. 80-1. 63. British HQ in Palestine to the Chief Secretary, 20 August 1946, PRO FO 371-52930 E8187; Yona Bandman, 'HaLegion HaAravi Likrat Milhemet HaAtzmaut' (The Towards the War ofIndependence), Ma' arachnt, No. 294-5 (July 1984), pp. 39,41. 64. Bandman, p. 39; Difa', 13, 14 March 1946; HaBoker, 240ctober 1947. 65. Abdallah to American Ambassador, Baghdad, June 1947, CZA S25-9037; Kirkbride to British joumalists, Amman, October 1947, S25--9038; Danin report on meeting with Abdallah, C2A S25-4004; Foreign Office minutes, PRO 222 King Abdallah and Palestine

371--62226 E 10711; interview with Yehoshua Palmon; Sasson private papers, protocol of meeting with Abdallah, 12, 19, August 1946. 66. Cunningham Papers, I lune 1946, Box I, File 2; British legation Amman to the Chief Secretary, PRO FO 816/89; Kirkbride to Bevin, 4luly 1947, FO 371-52935 E2935; Danin report on meeting with Abdallah, CZA S25-4004. 67. Aharam, 16 November 1947.

Chapter 6: The Crucial Phase

I. Tuck (US Ambassador, Cairo) to Marshall (Secretary ofState) 16lanuary 1948, No. 49 NA, RG 890 i; Macatee to SD, 3 , ibid.; Situation reports Transjordan, PRO FO 371--62206 EI 2344; Musa, SaJahat, p. 51. 2. Tuck to MarshalI, No. 49 NA, RG 890i; Kirkbrideto Bevin, 8 December 1947, PRO F037 1--62226 E12416; 15 December 1947, ibid., E12084; 12lanuary, FO 371--68365 E548; BEMO to Foreign Office, 11 December, 1947, FO 371--61580 EI 1775; 15 December 1947, FO 371--62226 E11328; Arif, Vol. I, pp. 65-8; Rubin, p. 180. 3. Israel State Archives, Tewlot Mediniot VeDiplomatiot (Political and Diplomatie Documents), December 1947-May 1948 (1erusalem, 1980) (PDD), Nos 89, 114; Tuck to MarshalI, 16lanuary 1948, No. 49, NA, RG 890 i; Minute of Burrows, 28 November 1947, PRO F094 EI 0806; Ben Gurion Diaries, Vol. I. p. 91; Gelber, 'Maga'im Diplomatim' , pp. 146-9; llan Pappe, Britain alld the Arab Israeli Conflict /948-195/ (London, 1988), pp. 10--11; M. Cohen, Retreat, p. 318. 4. Glubb, memorandum, December 1947, PRO FO 816/112. 5. Burrows, memorandum, 24 lanuary 1948, PRO FO 371--66817; Bulloek, p.509. 6. Kirkbride to FO, 11 lanuary 1948, PRO FO 371--68365 E548; ISA, Foreign Ministry (FM) files 163/4, Political Department Report, 27 October 1947; Pappt\ Britain, p. 10; lasse, p. 507, note 12; Wilson, p. 164. 7. Kirkbride to Bevin, 12,20 lanuary 1948, PRO FO 816/112. 8. Kirkbride to Bevin, 23 December 1947, FO 371--61583 E12229; 5 lanuary 1948, FO 371--68367 E2095; 14 February, 1948, ibid., E2163; Cunningham to Creech-lones, 20 December 1947 FO 371--62226 EI2317. 9. Kirkbride to Bevin, 16lanuary 1948, PRO FO 816/112; Beeley to Bromley (British Embassy, Washington), 20 lanuary 1948, FO 03 EI877. 10. Campbell (British Ambassador, Cairo) to Bevin, 7 , PRO FO 371--68366 E1832; Aharam, 3 December 1947,26,27 lanuary, 6 February 1948; Difa', 21 December 1947; Nahar, 8 ; Ruz al-YusuJ, 18 Fcbruary, 1948; Masri, 5 March 1948; New York Times, 26lanuary 1948; Nevo, Abdallah, p. 62. 11. Beeley to Bromley, 20 , PRO FO 371--68403 EI877; Burrows, memorandum, 24lanuary 1948, FO 371--66817 E1458. 12. Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 February 1948, PRO FO 371--68366 E19161111G; Pirrie• Gordon to Burrows, 28 January 1948, ibid., EI 730/G. 13. Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 February 1948, PRO FO 371--68366 EI916111/G. 14. lohn Baggot Glubb, A So/dier with the Arabs (London, 1957), pp. 63,66; idem, The Changing Scenes oJ LiJe: An Autobiography (London, 1983), p. 141. Notes 223

15. Minute of Burrows. 9 February 1948. PRO FO 371-6838 E2696; Bullock. p. 509. For an indirect indication of Britain' s desire that Abdallah take Gaza, see Kirkbride to Bevin. 13 April, 1948. FO 371-68852 E4687. 16. Sasson to Shertok, 13. 19 January 1948, CZA S25-170 I; Minute of Burrows. 9 February 1948. PRO FO 371-68368 E2696; Tuck to SD, 27 March 1948. NA RG 890B; Kimche, The Second Arab Awakening. p. 167; Jon and David Kimche. Both Sides ofthe Hili: Britain and the Palestine War (London, 1960). pp. 108, 113n.; Glubb. Soldier, p. 63; Trevor Royle, Glubb Pasha (London, 1993), p. 359; Dann, Studies, p. 15L 17. Kirkbride to Bevin, 14 February 1948, PRO FO 371-68367 E2163; Sasson to Shertok. 4. 13. January 1948, CZA S25-1701. 18. The State Department was split over what solution ought to be sought to the Palestine problem. While the UN affairs' section and the US delegation to the UN tended to share Britain's views, other officials were less enthusiastic about the idea. FRUS /948 (Washington, 1976), VoL 5, pp. 895-6, 899. 19. Abu a!-Huda to Abdallah. 8 February 1948, PRO FO 816/l 12; Bevin to Kirkbride. 9 February 1948, FO 371-68366 E1916/l I1G; emphasis added. 20. Tuck to SD. April 1948. No. 418, NA RG 890B; PRO CAB 128/2 CM (48). 22 March 1948. 21. Royle. pp. 353ff.; Kirkbride to Bevin, 15 May 1948, PRO FO 371-68853 E6329; AJexander (War Secretary) to Bevin, 27 April 1948, ibid., E6408; see also, ibid., E6409. 22. Douglas (US Ambassador, London) to MarshalI, 25 May 1948, FRUS 1948, VoL 5, p. 1050; Bevin to Kirkbride, 14 May 1948, PRO FO 371-68853 E6506. 23. Kirkbride to Bevin, 8 May 1948, PRO FO 371-68852 E6008; Bevin to Alexander 13 May 1948, FO 800/477; CAB 128/12 CM (48) 33. 27 May 1948. FO 800/477; CAB 128/12 CM (48) 33, 27 May 1948; Royle. pp. 354-7, 366-7; Bullock. p. 595, Musa, Ayam, pp. 242--4. 24. ISA, Teudot LeMediniot HaHutz Shel Medinat Israel (Documents on Israel's Foreign Policy). VoL I, 14 May-30 (Jerusalem, 1981) (hereafter DFP), No. 203. 25. PDD, No. 482. 26. Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 February 1948, FO 371-68366 E19161111G; Bevin to Kirkbride, 13 June; Kirkbride to Bevin, 14 , FO 816/123. 27. Kirkbride to Bevin, 17 November 1947, PRO FO 371-62194 E 10806; Minute of Burrows, ibid. 28. PDD, Nos 114. 181,449,482,483. 29. Jasse, p. 517. 30. Tuck to SD, ! 6 January 1948, NA RG 890; Transjordan situation reports PRO FO 371-62206 EI 1786; Filastin, 1 January,2 March 1948; Aharam, 27 February 1948. 31. Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 24,56; Salih Sa 'ib Juburi, Mihnat Filastin w' Asraraha al-Siyasiya w'al Askariya (The Palestine Ordeal and its Political and Military Secrets), (Beirut, 1970), pp. 114-15. 32. Qassimiya, pp. 141-2; A vraham Sela, 'Surya VeShe' elat Eretz Israel MeHakamat HaLiga HaAravit Ad LeHeskem Shvitat HaNeshek' (Syria and the Palestine Problem: From the Foundation of the Arab League to the Armistice Agreement), Ma' aharot, Nos 294-5 (July 1984), p. 48. 224 King Abdallah and Palestine

33. Abdallah to Abd al-II1ah, 29 November 1947 CZA S25-5441718; Qassimiya, pp. 135-6; British Ambassador in Jedda to Cunningham, 25 April 1948, Cunningham Papers, Box 3, File 4. 34. PDD, Nos 31, 35; Rubin, pp. 178-9. 35. lraqi Parliamentary Committee, p. 28; PRO FO 371-68403 E 1877; Ilan Pappe, The Making ofthe Arab Israeli Conflict 1947-195] (London, 1992), p. 104. 36. Tuck to SD, 20 December 1947, NA RG 89OB; Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 95-6; Wahid al-Dali, Asrar al-Jami'a al-Arabiya w' Abd al-Rahman Azzam (Secrets of the Arab League and of al-Rahman Azzam), (Cairo, 1982), p. 262. Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 65; Sela, 'Surya', p. 48; PDD, No. 31. 37. Kirkbride to Bevin, 20 December 1947, PRO FO 61583 E12129; BEMO to FO, 11, 15 December 1947, FO 61580 E1l775; FO 62226 E1l928; lraqi Parliamentary Committee, p. 137; Tannus, p. 362. 38. Cunningham to Creech-Jones, 1 February 1948, Cunningham Papers, Box 3, File I; Sati to Sasson 26 January 1948 in Nimrod, pp. 102-4; Sasson to Meyerson, 27 January 1948, CZA S25-1701; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 38; Qassimiya, pp. 132, 144-6, 152; Kirkbride to Bevin, 20 March 1948, PRO FO 8161117; 25 April 1948, FO 816/1 18; Filastin, 9,1 I March 1948;Aharam, 8 March 1948; Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 100-1; Abdallah al-TalI, Karithat Filastin: Mudhakirat Abdallah al-Tal! Ka'id Ma'arakat al-Quds (The Catastrophe of Palestine: Memoirs of Abdallah al-TaU, Commander of the Battle on Jerusalem), (Cairo, 1959), pp. 10-11; Jon Kimche, Seven Fallen Pillars, The Middle East 1915-1950 (London, 1950), pp. 215-16. 39. Palmon's report on a meeting with Qauwqji, I April 1948, SA 65/4; Joseph Nevo, 'The Arabs of Palestine 1947-48: Military and Political Activity', MES, VoL 23, No. I (January 1987), pp. 23-5. 40. Near East Radio, London, 12 May 1948, Summary ofArab Broadcasts (SAB) 05/48; Qassimiya, pp. 181, 194-5, 197-204. Muhammad Nimer al-Huwari, Sirr al-Nakba (The Secret of the Catastrophe), (, 1955), pp. 188-91. 41. Aharam,3 December 1947; Nahar, 6 March 1948; Filastin, 25 December, 1947, 6 March 1948; Difa', I I March 1948; Ruz al-Yusuf, 10 December, 1947, Summary ofArab Press (SAP), pp. 313-47; Kutla, 28 January 1948, SAP 13/48. 42. Jerusalem Radio, 14 May 1948, SAB 108/48; Filastin, 9, 20, 27 December, 1947, I January, 9 March, 13 April 1948; Aharam, 3, 26, 29 December 1947; Difa', 1 I March, 15 April 1948; Muhammad Ali Aluba, Filastin w' al-Damir al-lnsani (Palestine and the Human Conscience), (Cairo, 1964), p. 142; Qassimiya, p. 154. 43. Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. lOi -2; Juburi, pp. 119-24; Jon and David Kimche, pp. 80-1; Aharam, 16 February, Filastin, 8 February 1948, SAP 17/48 Difa', 11 March 1948. 44. Kirkbride to Bevin, 14 February 1948, PRO FO 371-68367 E2163; Tuck to SD,27 March 1948, No. 256, NA RG 89OB; Masri, 21 March 1948, SAP66I48; Filastin, 4 April 1948. 45. KirkbridetoBevin,13 April 1948 PROF08161l17; PDD,No. 398; Aharam, Difa', 12 April 1948; Jon and David Kimche, p. 107; Rubin, p. 198; Musa, Ayam, p. 51. 46. Rubin, p. 198; Dali, p. 264; Aluba, p. 142; Nevo, Abdallah, pp. 68, 80-1. 47. Aluba, pp. 142-3; Faddah, pp. 19-20; Difa', 15 April, 1948. 48. Royle, p. 345; emphasis added. Notes 225

49. Kirkbride to Bevin, 16, 18 April 1948, PRO FO 816/1 17; Kirkbride to Bevin, 16 April 1948, FO 371-68852 E4783; Tuck to SD, 25 April 1948, No. 418, NA RG 890B; Sela, 'Surya', p. 50. 50. TucktoSD, 23,25 April 1948, Nos 405, 418, NA RG 890B; Kirkbrideto Bevin, 16 April 1948, PRO FO 816/117. 51. Kirkbride to Bevin, 17, 18, 19 April 1948, PRO 816/117; Musa, Ayam, pp. 51-2; Aharam, Akhbaral-Yawm, 18 April, 1948. 52. Kirkbride to Bevin, 20, 21 April 1948, PRO FO 816/117; Masri, 20,22 April 1948. 53. Kirkbride to Bevin, 25 April 1948, PRO FO 816/117; Kirkbride, From The Wings, p. 24; Juburi, p. 128. 54. Dali, pp. 233-4; Arif, pp. 282-3; Tannus, pp. 409-10; Difa', 25 April 1948. 55. PDD, p. 686n.; Aharam, 27 April 1948; Musa, Ayam, pp. 53-4; Juburi, p. 129; Jon and David Kimche, p. 108. 56. Kirkbride to Bevin, 25, 29 April 1948 PRO FO 816/118; Jasse, p. 514. 57. Kirkbride to Bevin, 29 April 1948, PRO FO 8161118; BEMOto FO, 29 April 1948, FO 371-68371 E5474; Creech-Jones to Cunningham, Cunningham Papers, Box III, File 4; Hut, p. 618; Dali, pp. 235, 264; Juburi, pp. 130, 133; Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, p. 34; Jon and David Kimche, p. 109. 58. Tannus, p. 422; Hut, p. 610; Shwadran, p. 250; Zeev Sherf, Shelosha Yamim (Three Days), (Tel Aviv, 1959), p. 169; Jon and David Kimche, 151; Dali, p. 264; Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, p. 192. 59. Musa,Ayam,p.54;Juburi,pp. 130, 166-7, 169; Aluba, pp. 143-4; Watha'aiq Khatira 'Ala Itisal WaU al-Amar Fi Sharq al-Urdun Bi'l Yahud Qibl Harb Filastin W' Ba' adah (Important Documents on the Contacts of Ruler of Transjordan with the Jews before and after the War), (Cairo, n.d.), pp. 58-68; Huston-Boswell (British Ambassador, Beirut) to Bevin, 2 May 1948, PRO FO 371-68371 E5614. 60. Yusuf Haykal, lalasatfi Raglulan (Meetings in Raghdan [Palace]), (Amman, 1988), p. 58; Madi and Musa, p. 471; Glubb, Soldier, p. 85; Musa, Ayam, p. 54; Juburi, pp. 130,166-7,169. 61. Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 194--5; Jon and David Kimche, p. 151; Sherf, p. 170; Arif, pp. 288; Tannus, pp. 422-3; Pappe, Britain, p. 21; Musa, Ayam, pp. 55-6; Juburi, p. 168. 62. Juburi, pp. 169-70, 172-3; Musa, Ayam, pp. 56-7. 63. Kirkbride to Bevin, 23 December 1947, PRO FO 371-61583 E12229; 13 April 1948, FO 371-68852 E4861; 13 April 1948, FO 816/117. 64. Kirkbride to Bevin, 8, 10 May 1948, PRO FO 8161117; PDD, No. 498; Cunningham report on the 7 May meeting, Cunningham Papers, Box V, 5; Ovendale, p. 296; Musa, Ayam, p. 69; Sherf, p. 164; Radio Jerusalem, 6 May 1948, SAB 103/48; Radio Beirut, 9 May 1948, SAB 104/48. 65. Kirkbride to Bevin, 8 May 1948, PRO FO 816/117; PDD, No. 458; Haykal, p. 20; Abdallah, Takmila, p. 28; Jon and David Kimche, p. 153. 66. PDD, Nos 1,29,31; Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 28,65-6; Pappe, Britain, p. 10. 67. PDD, Nos 67, 86, 105, 114, 115, 144, 186,457,482; Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 90--3, emphasis added. 68. Sasson to Shertok, 13, 19 January 1948 CZA S25-170 I; Sherf, p. 62, emphasis added. 226 King AbdaLlah and Palestine

69. Danin to Sasson, 4 January 1948, CZA S25-9638; Sasson to AbdalIah, 11 January 1948, ibid, 9038; Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 65-{); PDD, No. 29. 70. PDD, Nos 90,144. 71. Macatee to SD, 18 November 1947, No. A-205, NA RG 890i. After Prime Minister 5amir al-Rifa'i resigned, in December 1947, he asked for American assistance in obtaining Dajani's job; ibid., 23 January 1948, No. 87; Dann, Studies, pp. 106--7; 5tabler (American Vice-Consul) to 5D, 20 , No. 17, NA RG 890i; 30etober 1948, No. 74, ibid., 890B; 13 July 1948, No. 6, 25 July, 1948, No. 20, ibid., RG SOL BBlPalestine. 72. Sasson to Abdallah, 1I January, Sati to Sasson, 26 January 1948, CZA S25-9038; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 163; PDD, Nos 105, 144, 162. 73. Royle, p. 344. 74. Sati to Sasson, 26 January 1948, CZA S25-9038; The Sasson Bennan Plan, 13 March, and Shimoni's comments, 21 March 1948, ibid., S25-9383; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 283; Palmon' s report on meeting with Qauwqji, 1 April 1948, SA 65/4; PDD, Nos 144,273; Yaakov Shimoni's letter to the author, 4 June 1993; Bar-Joseph, p. 21; Royle, p. 334. 75. Kirkbride to Bevin, 7 January, PRO FO 371-{)8364 E306; 12 January 1948 FO 371-{)8365 E548; Pappe, Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conjlict, p. 17. 76. PDD, No. 164. 77. Haykal, pp. 13,70. CZA, 525-9038; PDD, No. 328. 78. CZA, S25-9038; PDD, No. 328. 79. Kirkbride to Bevin 23, 24 April 1948, PRO FO 816/117; Chief of the Royal Court, Amman, to the Jewish Agency, 12 April 1948, CZA 525-9038; Sasson to Abdallah, 22 April 1948, Chiefofthe Royal Court to 5asson, 23 April 1948, ibid., 1704; PDD, Nos 376, 406, SOS; Difa', 19 April 1948; emphasis added. 80. Cunningham Papers, 10 April 1948, Box V, File 2. 81. Jon and David Kimche, p. 108. 82. PDD, Nos 482, 483; Kirkbride to Bevin, 2 May, 1948, PRO FO 371-68371 E5398; Musa, Ayam, pp. 85-7; 5hlaim, pp. 178-9, 183; TaU, p. 22. 83. Jasse, p. 515; PDD, Nos 449, 483. 84. Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 382-3; PDD, No. SOS; Kirkbride, From the Wings, p.21. 85. Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 May 1948, PRO FO 8161119. 86. Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 382-3; PDD, No. 457; Kirkbride to Bevin, 8 May 1948, PRO FO 371-{)8852 E6008; Lunt, p. 135; 5hlaim, pp. 182-5. 87. Bevin to Alexander, 13 May 1948, PRO FO 800/447; Musa,Ayam, p. 78; Dali, p.262. 88. Musa, Ayam, p. 78; Bulloek, pp. 562-3. 89. PDD, Nos 482, 505; Austin (American Representative, UN) to Marshall, FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, Part ii, pp. 946--8. 90. PDD, Nos 482, 505; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 397; Jasse, p. 515. 91. Radio Jerusalem, 5 May 1948, SAB 100148; Near East Radio, Jerusalem, 7 May, 1948, SAB 102/48; Radio Beirut, 9 May 1948, SAB 104/48; Report of7 May 1948, CZA 525-9038. 92. 5hlaim, p. 225. 93. PDD, No. 410; 5asson to Abdallah's court, 7 May 1948, CZA S25-9038. 94. ISA, Minhelet HaAm, Protocolim (Protocols of the People' s Administration), (Jerusalem, 1978), Protoeol of 12 May 1948; Sherf, pp. 63-4. See also Musa, Notes 227

Ayam, p. 79. This is the first Jordanian account confirrning Mrs Meyerson's version of Abdallah's proposals. While he disregarded the meeting and the Jewish view, Musa stated that in response to Jewish official attempts (to approach the King) Transjordan's answer went along the lines ofthe position she had taken up till then ('Ifthe Jews give up theirintention to aJewish state and remain in their current positions for another year, then Palestine would be unified with Transjordan '). The govemment of Palestine would include Jewish ministers and there was to be ajoint (Arab-Jewish) parliament.1t was made clear to the Jews that this was the only way to avert war; ibid. 95. Minhelet HaAm, 12 May 1948; pp. 42-3; TaU, p. 68; Sherf, p. 64. 96. Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 401; PDD, Nos 410,507. 97. For a meticulous analysis of this argument, see Shlaim, pp. 212-14. See also Bar-Joseph, pp. 49-50. 98. Shlaim, p. 216. 99. Kirkbride to Bevin, 12 January 1948, PRO FO 371-68365 E548; Difa', 10 December, Aharam, 26 December 1947; Filastin, 13 January 1948; Difa', Sha' ab, 7 January, Masri, II January 1948, SAP 6/48; Difa', 14 January 1948, SAP 7/48; Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 101-2. 100. Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, pp. 149-50; Qassimiya, pp. 132, 148. 101. Iraqi Parliamentary Committee, p. 149; Husayni, p. 70; Nevo, 'The Arabs of Palestine,' pp. 47-8; , The Birth 0/ the Palestinian Problem 1947-1949 (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 58-9. 102. Qassimiya, pp. 157-8. 103. Near East Radio, II May 1948, SAB 105/48; Radio Cairo, 13 May 1948, SAB 106/48. 104. PDD, No. 53. 105. Bandman, pp. 43-5; Musa, Ayam, pp. 81, 83; Glubb, Soldier, p. 89; TaU, pp. 37-8; Shwadran, p. 245; Aharam, 18 April 1948. 106. Bandman, p. 42; Musa, Ayam, pp. 45-50; 'Johnny's' report, 25 March, 1948, SA, FM, files 2568/4; Sasson to Shertok, 15, 20 April 1948, CZA S25-5634; Glubb's memorandum, 25 , PRO FO 371-75298 E8592. 107. Bandman, p. 42; Musa, Ayam, pp. 43,50,85-7; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 93; A. H. H. Abidi, Jordan: A Political Study 1948-1957 (London, 1965), p. 42; Glubb, Soldier, p. 71; Shwadran, p. 245; TaU, pp. 4,19-22,28-34. 108. Bandman, p. 42; TaB, pp. 19-22; PDD, No. 470; Musa, Ayam, p. 43; Abdallah to the Mayor of , quoted in Masri, 20 April 1948, SAP 95/48. 109. Aharam, 17,26 December 1947; Difa', 11 March 1948. 110. Kirkbride to Bevin, 14 April 1948, PRO FO 816/117; Gaza District Officer report, March 1948, CZA S25-5634; Musa, Ayam, p. 49; Glubb, Soldier, p. 66; interview with Mr Aziz Shahada; Filastin, 29 February, 11,26 March, 4 April 1948; AI-HaMishmar, 18 March, 1948; HaAretz, 28 March 1948; Esmond Wright, 'Abdallah'sJordan 1947-1951' ,MES, Vol. 5 (1951), p. 445. 111. Musa, Ayam, pp. 10, 115-16; Glubb, Soldier, p. 83; Lunt, p. 140. 112. Musa, Ayam, pp. 83-5,95,101-2; TaU, pp. 31-2. 1l3. Kutla, 15 March, SAP 58/48; Sarih, 29 March 1948, SAP 75/48; Glubb, Soldier, p. 83; Wright, p. 445; Zvi Ne'emam, Mamlechet Abdallah LeAhar HaSipuah (AbdaBah's Kingdom afterthe Annexation), (Jerusalem, 1950), p. 22; Kirkbride to Bevin, 27 December 1947, 13 April 1948, Cunningham to Creech-Jones, 20 December 1947, PRO FO 816/117. 228 King Abdallah and Palestine

114. Danin to Sasson, 4 January, Sasson to Abdallah, 11 January, Sati to Sasson, 26 January 1948, CZA, S25-9038; Sasson to Meyerson, 27 January 1948, ibid., 170l. 115. Distriet Offker Lydda report, March 1948, CZA S25-634; FRUS 1947, VoI. 5, pp. 1318-19; Kirkbrideto Bevin, 12, 13 January, PROFO 371-68365 E548, E595; 12 February 1948, F067 E2137; Mack (British Ambassador, Baghdad) to Bevin, 18 March 1948, FO 371-68396 E3705; Haykal, pp. 9ff.; Filastin, 28 January, 18 February, 13 April 1948. I 16. Cunningham 10 Creech-Jones, 26 April 1948, Cunningham Papers, Box 3, File 4; Aharam, 18,30 April; Difa', 13, 15, 19 April; Filastin, 13, 16,20,21, 24 April 1948; Arif, pp. 253-4, 305, 321; Reja-e Busilah, 'The Fall of Lydda, 1948: Impressions and Reminiscence', Arab Studies Quarterly, VoI. 3, No. 2 (1980, pp. 127-8; Radio Jerusalem, 14 May 1948, SAß 108/48. 117. Haykal, pp. 12-13. 118. Ibid., p. 34; Tannus, pp. 412-13. 119. Husayni, pp. 67,70; Urdun, 17 April 1948; Filastin, 13 April 1948. 120. Radio Jerusalem, 7 May 1948, SAß 103/489; Haykal, p. 60. 121. Minhelet HaAm, p. 27; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 369; Difa', 15,20 April 1948; Filastin, 20 April 1948; Haykal, pp. 25, 30. 122. Urdun, 9 March, Filastin, 4 April 1948; Busilah, p. 127; Musa, Ayam, pp. 44-5, 47-9,108. 123. Haykal, pp. 25-6, 3 I, 33. 124. Tannus, pp. 412-13; Arif, p. 321; Radio Jerusalem, 14 May 1948 SAß 108/48. 125. PDD, No. 505. 126. Dan Kurzman, Genesis 1948: The First Arab Israeli War (New York, 1972), pp. 263-7; Tall, pp. 28-34; Glubb, Soldier, p. 78; Lunt, p. 135; Musa, Ayam, pp. 92-5.

Chapter 7: Invasion and Consolidation

l. Kirkbride to Bevin, 15, 16 May 1948, PRO FO 816/120; 'The Legion in the War' (report prepared by the research section of the Foreign Office), , FO 816/170; Musa, Ayam, pp. 122-7; Pappe, The Making ofthe Arab-Israeli Conflict, p. 73; TaIl, pp. 84-5; Nevo, 'The Arabs of Palestine' , pp. 24-5; A Short History ofthe Last Days ofthe Mandate, p. 94, Sir Henry Gumey's Private Papers, Midd1e East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. 2. Shlaim, p. 183; CZA S25-3569, Report of Umar Dajani, 18 February 1948. 3. Pappe, The Making ofthe Arab-lsraeli Conflict, p. 132. 4. Kirkbride to Bevin, 4 May 1948, Cunningham Papers, Box 3, File 5. 5. Musa, Ayam, p. 122 (emphasis added). 6. KirkbridetoBevin, 13ApriI1948,PROF0816/117;Lunt,p.139;PDD,Nos 482,496; Musa, Ayam, pp. 545-55. 7. Diary of Nigel David Clive (British diplomat in Jerusalem), Private Papers Collection, The Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford; DFP, VoI. I, No. 48; Musa, Ayam, p. 69. For a meticulous account of the events leading to the Arab Legion' s entry to Jerusalem, see Avraham Sela, 'Transjordan, Israel and the 1948 War: Myth, Historiography and Reality', MES, VoI. 28, No. 4 (October 1992), pp. 643-55. Notes 229

8. Glubb, Autobiography, p. 146; Musa, Ayam, pp. 129-30; 135-9; Haykal, p. 45; Dali, p. 239. 9. Musa, Ayam, pp. 129-30, 135-9. 10. CliveDiary; Sela, 'Transjordan, Israel and the 1948 War', pp. 651-3; Haykal, pp.45,53;Musa,Ayam,pp.136, 141, 143-4;Qassimiya,p.198;Tall,pp.l00-1. 11. Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins, 0 Jerusalem! (London and Jerusalem, 1972), p. 476; Itzhak Levy, Tish'a Kabin (Nine Measures), (Tel Aviv, 1986), p. 249; Dov [Bemard] Joseph, Kirya Ne' emana (A Faithful City), (Tel Aviv, 1960), p. 139. 12. Aharam, 30 May 1948; DFP, Vol. 1, Nos 163, 189; Musa, Ayam, p. 312. 13. Kirkbride to Bevin, 15, 17 May 1948, Abdallah to Kirkbride, 16 May, 1948, PRO FO 816/120. 14. Abdallah to Kirkbride, 16 May 1948, Kirkbride to Bevin, 15 May 1948, PRO FO 816/120; Kirkbride to Bevin, 17 May 1948, FO 371-{i8853; DFP, Vol. 1, Nos 40, 48,56; Dali, p. 239; Haykal, pp. 50-2; Aharam, 19 May 1948. 15. Campbell to FO, 8 June 1948, PRO FO 371-{i8413 E7747. 16. Ibid. 17. Brudett (American Vice-Consul, Jerusalem) to SD, 8 June 1948, FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1105-{i. 18. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1105-{i, 1114-15; Bevin to Kirkbride, 12 June 1948, PRO FO 371-{i8413 E7854; Kirkbride to Bevin, 9 , ibid.; Pirrie• Gordon to Burrows, 25 July 1948, FO 371-{i8822 E9830; DFP, Vol. 1, No. 299; Pappe, British Foreign Policy, p. 52; Tall, p. 191; Glubb, Soldier, pp. 149-50. 19. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5 p. 1106. 20. Ibid.; the Mufti to Abdallah, Abdallah to the Mufti, 15 May 1948, PRO FO 816/120; Campbell to Bevin, 6 July 1948, FO 371-{i8857 E9054; Decrees of the Transjordanian military govemor, June-July 1948, SA, section 65, file 3700; Haykal, p. 44; Radio Jerusalem, 17, 26-7 May 1948, SAB 110, 121/48; Radio London, 17, 18 May, SAB 110, 111148; HaAretz 18,23 May 1948. 21. Radio Jerusalem, 27 May, 7 June 1948, SAB 121, 132/48; Near East Radio, 14 June, SAB 139/48; Radio , 16-20 June 1948, CZA S25-2968; Situation Report, 11 June, 1948, SA, FM files 3749/1. 22. Radio Jerusalem, 23, 28-9 May, 1948, Near East Radio, 20 May, Radio Ramallah, 28-9 May,I2June 1948,SAB 114, 116, 133, 137/48; Aharam, May, HaAretz, I June 1948; Musa, Ayam, p. 312. 23. Musa, Ayam, pp. 312-13. 24. Haykal, pp. 68-9,71,79-80. 25. J. Pruen (British Consulate, Jerusalem), report on visit of Arab Legion HQs in Jerusalem, 24May 1948, PRO FO 37 1-{i864 1 E7589;DFP, VoI.1,No.306. 26. Pruen report (n. 25); Bevin to Kirkbride, 9 JUIle 1948, PRO FO 8161123; Situation Report, 11 June 1948, SA, FM file 3749/1; Kirkbride, From The Wings, p. 59; Aluba, p. 146; Nevo, The Arabs of Palestine' , p. 26. 27. Iraqi Parliamentary Report, p. 105. 28. Qassimiya, pp. 197-204. 29. Juburi, pp. 184-{i; Musa, Ayam, pp. 292-3; Avraham Ayalon, 'HaMeoravut Halraqit BeMilhemet HaAtzmaut' ('s Involvement in the War of Independence), Ma' arachot, No. 246 (September 1975), pp. 14-16; Aharam, 19 May 1948; Radio Cairo, 18 August 1948, Assorted Arab Broadcasts (MB), 230 King Abdallah and Palestine

No. 12; Shahada interview, Richmond (Baghdad) fo FO, 26 August 1948, PRO FO 371-68376 EI 1284; Kirkbride to Bevin, 24 August 1948, ibid. EI 1518; Stabler to SD, 12 August 1948, NA RG 867n.; Abdallah to Na'if (his son), 3 June 1948, SA, FM files 374911. 30. Report from IO July 1948, SA, FM files 2569/3; various correspondence in this file and in fiIe 374911; Govemor of , administrative orders, September 1948, ibid., section I 14-3, file I; Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 484,663; Kirkbride to Bevin, 7 June 1948. PRO FO 8161122; DFP, Vol. I, No. 306; Radio RamaIlah, 18, 19 June 1948, CZA S25-2968; Musa, Ayam, p. 297; Kirkbride, From the Wings, p. 30; Glubb, Soldier, p. 133; TaIl, p. 412; Kama! Isma'il Sharif, 'HaAhim HaMuslemim BeMiIhemet Palestina' (The Muslim Brethren in the Palestine War), in Shmue! Sabag (translator), BeEinei Oyev: Shlosha Pirsumim Aravim Al Milhemet HaKomemiyut (In the Eyes of the Enemy: Three Arab Publications on the War ofIndependence), (Tel A viv, 1954), p. 86. 3 I. Mack (Baghdad) to FO, 18 July 1948, PRO FO 371-68375 E9723; Kirkbride to Bevin, 25 September, FO 816/129; 22 October 1948, FO 816/13 I; 'The Arab Legion in the 1948 War' , August 1950, FO 8 I 61170; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 766. 32. Kirkbride to Bevin, 7 Jul)' 1948, PRO FO 371-68375 E9169; DFP, Vol. I, No. 163; Jessup (acting US representative to the UN) to MarshalI, FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1165-6; Kirkbride, From the Wings, p. 57; Bullock, p. 565; Haykal, p. 73. 33. Palcor's Middle Easl Bulletin, 2 July 1948; Brudett to SD, 8 June 1948, NA RG 867n. 34. Ibid.; Stabler to SD, 15 July 1948, ibid., 501. BBlPalesline. 35. Kirkbride to Bevin, 30 May 1948, PRO FO 8161121; Glubb to Kirkbride, 29 September 1948, FO 8161129. 36. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1237, 1419-20; Stabler to SD, 13,25 July 1948, NA RG 501. BB/Palestine; Sasson to Shimoni, 20 August 1948, SA files 3479/1. 37. FoIke Bemadotte, To Jerusalem (London, 1951), pp. 130-1; Arif, p. 572; Pappe, The Making ofthe Arab-Israeli Conjlict, pp. 144-5. 38. Kirkbride to Bevin, 7 July 1948, PRO FO 371-68375 E9169; David Ben Gurion, Medinat Israel HaMehudeshet (The Restored State of Israel), (Tel Aviv, 1969), p. 200; Dan Schueftan, Optzia Yardenit (A Jordanian Option), (Tel Aviv, 1986), p. 69. 39. Kirkbrideto Bevin, I I August 1948, PROF0371-68645 EI0725; to MarshaJl, 30June 1948, FRUS 1948, Vol. V, p. 1164; Bullock, p. 565; Kirkbride, From the Wings, p. 39; Bernadotte, pp. 96, 100; Jon and David Kimche, pp. 198, 200. 40. Kirkbride to Bevin, 3 I August 1948, PRO FO 371-68822 E I 1532; BEMO to FO, 8 July. 1948, ibid .. 68375 E9215; FRUS /948, Vol. V, pp. 1419-20; Bemadotte, pp. 145, 158, 163-4; Abdallah, Takmila, pp. 17-18.

Chapter 8: First Cracks

I. Morris, pp. 69. J34. 2. Radio Ramallah, 10, 12, 15, 16 June 1948, SAB 135, 137, 140, 141/48. 3. Glubb' s report, 12 August 1948, PRO FO 371-68822 E I 1049; Glubb, So/dier, pp. 142-3; idem, Autobiography, p. 152. Notes 231

4. Report on Arab affairs, II June 1948, SA, FM files 347911; Musa, Ayam, pp. 282-3; Glubb, So/dier, p. 158; Haykal, pp. 46--7; Qassimiya, p. 181. 5. 'The Arab Legion in the 1948 War', August 1950, PRO FO 816/170; Musa, Ayam, pp. 283-5, 353; Glubb, So/dier, pp. 143, 159-60. 6. 'The Arab Legion in lhe 1948 War' (n. 5); Pirrie-Gordon 10 Burrows, 25 July 1948, PRO FO 271-68822 E10325; Kirkbride to Bevin, 13 April 1948, FO 81611 17; Tal!, p. 248; Mahmud al-Rusan, 'Ma'arachot Sha'ar HaGay' (The Banles of Bab al-Wad), in Sabag, p. 204. 7. For a conflicting version regarding whether or not the 5th infantry was engaged in a military encounter with Israeli forces, see Busailah, p. 137; Glubb, Soldier, pp. 159-60; Lunt, Glubb, p. 150; Musa, Ayam, pp. 352-3, 359. 8. Pirrie-Gordon to Burrows, 25 July 1948, PRO Fa 68822 E10325; SA, FM files 2569113; Stablerto SD, 14July 1948, NA RG 89Oi; Bemadotle, pp. 158-61; Busailah, p. 147; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 589; Kirkbride, From the Wings, pp. 48-9; Glubb, Soldier, p. 163; Arif, p. 617; Tall, pp. 253-4; Avi Plascov, Tize Palestiniall in Jordan 1948-1957 (London, 1981), pp. 5-6; Wilson, pp. 176--7; Shahada, interview. 9. Wilson, pp. 176--7; Glubb, Soldier, pp. 164-5. 10. Pirrie-Gordon to Burrows, 2S Ju!y, 1948. PRO Fa 271-68822 EI0325. 11. Ibid. 12. On the impact oflhe refugees on Transjordan's society and economy. see 'The Transjordan Situation', 12 August 1948, PRO Fa 371-68822 EI 1049; Haykal, p. 73; Shahada, interview; Radio Ramallah, 13 JUly, 19,20,21,24 August, Radio Cairo, 13 August, SAB 169148, AAB, Nos 8, 14, ! 4a, 18. 13. Radio Ramallah, 25, 26 July, 1948, SAB 179148; Radio Cairo, 25 August 1948, AAB, No. 18; HaAret<., 3 August 1948; New York Times, 27 July, 4 August 1948. 14. Radio Ramallah, 19,20 August 1948; NearEast Radio, 20, 21, 25 August 1948, AAB, Nos 14, 14a, 18; Shahada, interview; Bemadotte, p. 170; Haykal, pp. 91-3 (emphasis added).

Chapter 9: The Arab League Attempts to Call the Shots

I. Glubb, Soldier, p. 91; Alec Kirkbride, A Crackle ofThoms (London, 1956), p. 161; Shwadran, p. 256; Jon and David Kimche, pp. 164, 168-9; Abdallah, Takmila, p. 30; Tal!, p. 191. 2. Nevo, Abdallah. pp. 95-6. 3. Shlaim, p. 242; Dali, p. 239; Pappt\ 'British Foreign Policy', p. 52; Bemadotte, p. 96; Kirkbride to Bevin, 30 May 1948, PRO Fa 8161121. 4. Tannus, pp. 468-9; Pappe, The Making ofthe Arab-lsraeli Conflict, p. 144. 5. Glubbreport,!2 August 1948, PRO FO 371-68822 EI 1049; Dali, p. 237; Glubb, Soldier, pp. 149-50; Jon and David Kimche, 220; Arif, pp. 593-4; Hayka!, p.79. 6. Pirrie-Gordon to Burrows, 25 July 1948, ibid., E10325. 7. Arif. pp. 573-4; Dali, p. 236. 8. Jon and David Kimche, pp. 164,168-9; Abdallah, Takmila, p. 30; Tal!, p. 191; Jamali, pp. 153, 255; Musa, Ayam, p. 313; DFP, Vol. I, No. 306; Kirkbride to Bevin, 19 June 1948, PRO FO 371-68641 E8303. 9. Qassimiya, p. 217. 232 King Abdallah anti Palestine

10. Sela, 'Transjordan, Israel and the 1948 War', p. 668; Juburi, pp. 236-7; Shlaim, pp. 266-7. 11. Nevo, AbdaLLah, p. 97. 12. Bullock, pp. 294-5,595-7. 13. TaU, p. 342; Aharam, 21, 23,24 September 1948. 14. New York Times, 25 September, Aharam, 26 September 1948. 15. Kirkbride to Bevin, 18 September 1948, PRO FO 371-68461 EI2209, 29 September 1948, FO 816/ 129; Maek to FO, 29 September 1948, FO 371-68462 E12711; Stabler to SO, 20 September 1948, NA RG 890i; The Times, 24 September 1948; Abidi, pp. 51-2; emphasis added. 16. Stablerto SO, 3 September 1948, NA RG 89Oi; 6 September 1948, ibid., 89Ob.; 25 September 1948, ibid., 867n.; Musa, Ayam, p. 359. 17. Stabler to SO, 26 September 1948, NA RG 867n.; Kirkbride to Bevin, 18 September 1948, PRO FG 371-68461 EI2209; Tall, pp. 355-7. 18. Kirkbride to Bevin, 12 October 1948, PRO FO 816/131; New York Times, 29 September, 13 Oetober; Aharam, 6, 16 Oetober; Sawt al-Uruba, 1 October 1948; Arif, pp. 703-4.

Chapter 10: Ahdallah Retakes the Initiative

I. Glubb to Kirkbride, 29 September 1948, PRO FO 816/129; Beaumont (British Consulate, Jerusalem) to FO, 30 September, FO 371-68642 E12738; Aharam, 1,3 Oetober 1948; Arif, p. 706. 2. An organization set up in April when the first Palestinian Arab refugees arrived in Transjordan, engaged mainly in issues regarding propaganda and mobilization. 3. New York Times, 20etober 1948; Aharam, Al-HaMishmar, 30etober 1948; Shahada, interview. 4. Hawari, p. 264; Kirkbride to Bevin, 4 October 1948, PRO FO 816/130. 5. See full text in Annex, pp. 208-9. 6. Arab News Agency, No. 101, 2 Getober 1948, PRO FO 816/130; Nahar, 3 Oetober 1948. 7. Kirkbride to Bevin, 4 Oetober 1948, PRO FO 816/130; Aharam, 3 October 1948; Haykal, pp. 96,112-13. 8. Kirkbride to Bevin, 4,12 Getober 1948, PRO FO 816/130; British Legation, Beirut, to FO, 14 October 1948, FO 371-68643 E13479; Abidi, p. 53; Arif, p. 706; Near East Radio, 19 October, Radio Ramallah, I , AAB, Nos 68, 81. 9. Aharam, 4, 6, 16 Getober 1948; Arif, pp. 707ff.; Hawari, pp. 287-8. 10. Beaumont to FO, 30 September, FO 371-68642 E12738. 11. Aharam, 8 Getober; New York Herald Tribune, 2 November 1948; Radio Ramallah,9, 14 November 1948; Near East Radio, 15 November 1948, AAB, Nos 89, 94, 95; Wright, p. 446; Shahada, interview; emphasis added. 12. Radio Ramallah, 14 November 1948, AAB, No. 93; Shahada, interview; New York Times, 200eeember 1948; Sasson to Shimoni, 27 September 1948, SA, FM files 3749/1; Husayni, pp. 84-6; Kurzman, p. 675. 13. British Consulate, Jerusalem, to FO, 20 October 1948, PRO FO 371-68698 E13559; Royle, p. 384; Haykal, pp. 101-2,104; Juburi, pp. 291-3; Musa,Ayam, pp. 469-70. Notes 233

14. Aharam, 10, 14 November; Jewish Telegraphie Ageney, 16 November 1948; Benjamin Shwadran, 'Jordan Annexes Arab Palestine' , MiMte Eastem Affairs, Vol. I, No. 4 {), p. 102; Abidi, p. 53. The wholeeventis somewhat uncIear, though the act itself is undisputable. See also, Pappe, British Foreign Policy, p. 129. 15. Kirkbride to Bevin, 28 September, PRO FO 371-68862 E12910; BemadoUe, p.240. 16. Kirkbride to Bevin, 23 November 1948, PRO FO 816/133; Reporton Jerieho eongress, 6 Deeember 1948, FO 8161l42; Radio Ramallah, Near East Radio, 18 November, BBC Survey oj World Broadcasting (SWB), 25 November 1948, p. 66; Plaseov, p. 12. 17. Kirkbride to Bevin, 23 November 1948, PRO FO 816/1 33; Report on Jericho eongress, FO 816/142; Radio Ramallah, 15, 18,21,22,23 November, Near East Radio, 21 November 1948, AAB, Nos 94, 97-100; Ramallah, 26 November, SWB, 2 , p. 64; Davar, 19,22, November 1948; Shahada, interview; TaU, pp. 345, 375; Arif, p. 877; Kirkbride, From the Wings, p. 67. 18. Juburi, p. 277. 19. Nashashibi, Jerusalem, p. 218; Report on lerieho eongress, FO 8161142; FRUS /948, Vol. 5, pp. 1645-6; Stabler 10 SD, 12 December 1948, NA RG 867n.; Radio Ramallah, 1 Deeember 1948, AAB, No. 107; Madi and Musa, p. 535; Arif, p. 877; New York Times, 2 December, The Times, 20 December 1948; Wright, p. 446; Abidi, p. 54; TalI, p. 376; Shahada, interview. 20. Report on Jerieho eongress, FO 816/142; Haykal, pp. 113, 126; Pappe, British Foreign Policy, p. 141; TaU, pp. 376-7; Abidi, p. 54; Radio RamaIlah, 1 Deeember 1948, AAB, No. 107. 21. Radio Ramallah, I December SWB, 9 December p. 56; Radio Ramallah, 2 December 1948, AAB, No. 108; Brude1lto SD, I December 1948, NA RG 867n.; Reporton Jeriehoeongress, FO 8161I42; Plaseov, pp. 13-14; Tall, pp. 377-8; Aziz Shahada, 'Megamot HaHakika HaYardenit BaGada HaMa'arvit' (Trends of Jordanian Legislation in the ), Hamizrah Hehadash, Vol. 20 (1970), p. 166; Shahada, interview. 22. Tal!, p. 378; Shahada, 'Megamot', p. 166; Shahada, interview. 23. Near East Radio, 2 December 1948, AAB No. 108; Shahada, interview; Al HaMishmar, 19 February 1971, interview with Muhamad Ali al-la'bri. Cf. FRUS /948, Vol. 5, p. 1646; Plascov, pp. 13-14.

Chapter 11: From Behind the Barn to the Middle of the Road

I. Stabler to SD, 21 Oetober 1948, FRUS 1948, VoL 5, p. 1501; DFP, VoL I, No. 192. 2. DFP, Vol. I, Nos 163, 192,331,416. 3. Sasson, interview. 4. Stabler to SD, 20, 22 July 1948, NA RG 890i. 5. Stablerto SD, 25 July 1948, NA RG 501. BBlPalestine. 6. DFP, Vol. I, No.416; Shimoni toSasson, 17 July 1948,SA, FM files 25691l3. 7. DFP, Vol. I, No. 428. 8. Ibid. 9. Davar, 25, 26 August 1948; FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1376-7; Sasson to FM, 19 August, Abd al-Majid Haydar to Sasson, 21 August 1948, SA, FM Files 234 King Abdallah and Palestine

256911 3; Sasson to Shimoni, 20 August 1948, ibid., 374911; DFP, Vol. I, No. 428. 10. DFP, Vol. I, Nos 461,488,499,522; FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1376-7. I I. Danin to Sasson, 4 January 1948, CZA S25-9638; Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 65; PDD, No. 29. 12. DFP, Vol. I, Nos 166, 192. 13. Ibid., No. 441; Shlaim, pp. 307-8; Schueftan, pp. 79-80. 14. DFP, Vol. I, No. 381; DFP, Vol. 2, October I948- (Jerusalem, 1984), Nos 4, 20, 36. 15. DFP, Vol. I, No. 436, Vol. 2, No. 92; Shimoni to Sasson, 19 August 1948, SA, FM files 3749/ I; Danin to Sasson, 22 September, Shimoni to Sasson, 2 November 1948, ibid., 2570/11; Shimoni to Sasson, 240ctober 1948, ibid., 2424/18. 16. Shimoni to Sasson, 24 October 1948, SA, FM files 2424/18. 17. Sasson to Shimoni, I September, 1948, SA, FM files 3749/1; DFP, Vol. I, Nos 92,107. 18. DFP, Vol. I, Nos 428, 504; Bernadotte, pp. 168-70. 19. DFP, Vol. I, No. 504. 20. Kirkbride to Bevin, 31 August, PRO FO 371-68862 E11532; Douglas to SD, 3 September 1948, NA RG 867n. 21. Stabler to SD, 24 September 1948, NA RG 501. BBlPalestine; DFP, Vol. I, No. 522. 22. DFP, Vol. I, No. 504, Vol. 2, No. 126; FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, p. 1451. 23. Kirkbride to Bevin, 30 October, PRO FO 816/132; Schueftan, pp. 83-4. 24. There was a conspicuous difference between the decisive tone of Shertok's instruction to Sasson regarding Israel's protest and Sasson's actual, markedly more restrained, message to Abu al-Huda; cf. DFP, Vol. 2, Nos 66, 74; see also ibid., Nos 118, 126, 172; Kirkbride to Bevin, 14, 17 November, PRO FO 816/133; Stabler to SD, 11 November, NA RG 867n.; I November 1948, ibid., 501. BB/Palestine; Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 808, 837. 25. DFP, Vol. I, No. 65; Stabler to SD, 21 October,4 November 1948, NA RG 867n. 26. Kirkbride to Bevin, 23 October 1948, PRO FO 8161131. 27. DFP, Vol. 2, Nos 118,126,168; FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1617-18, 1641-2; Kirkbride to Bevin, 4 November 1948, PRO FO 816/133. 28. KirkbridetoBevin,4November 1948,PROF08161133;DFP,Nos 126, 168. 29. FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, pp. 1556-7; Stabler to SD, 27 November 1948, NA RG 501. BBlPalestine; Kirkbride to Bevin, 3, 8 November 1948, PRO FO 816/132; DFP, Vol. 2, No. 266; DFP, Vol. 3, Armistice Negotiations with the Arab States, December 1948- (Jerusalem, 1983), Nos 180, 181,266,286. 30. DFP, Vo!. 2, No. 209. 31. DFP. Vol. 2, No. 277; Vol. 3, pp. XXI-XXII; Ben Gurion Diaries, pp. 854-6, 873.

Chapter 12: Achievement Consolidated

1. Plascov, pp. I Off. 2. New York Times, 9 December 1948; Aharam, 13, 14 December 1948. Notes 235

3. Campbell to FO, 16 December, PRO FO 371-68864 EI6005; Kirkbride to Bevin, 14 December, FO 816/134; FRUS 1948, Vol. 5, p. 1667; luburi, pp. 336--7; Haykal, p. 120; New York Times, 9,12,14 December 1948; New York Herald Tribune, 12, 15 December 1948. 4. FRUS 1949, Vol. 5, pp. 732-4. 5. Ibid., p. 644. 6. Kirkbride to Burrows, 14 , FO 371-75348 E2457. 7. British Consulate, lerusalem, to FO, 4 November 1948, PRO FO 371-68643 E14314. 8. Ibid. Kirkbride c1aimed that this change in Abu al-Huda's principled stance had much to do with personal considerations: he was afraid that if he resigned the King would appoint his sworn foe, Samir al-Rifa' i, and this had made hirn decide to remain in office and carry out the King's policy. 9. DFP, Vol. 3, Nos 180, 181. 10. Ibid.; Musa. Ayam, pp. 492-3. 11. Ibid. 12. Ben Gurion Diaries, p. 885. 13. DFP, Vol. 3, Nos 183, 196. Article 2.2 of the Israeli-lordanian general arrnistice agreement of 3 April 1949, stated that •... no provision of this Agreement shall in any way prejudice the rights, claims and positions of either Party hereto in the ultimate peaceful settlement of the PaIestine question, the provisions of this Agreement being dictated exclusively by military considerations'; ibid., p. 713. 14. DFP, Vol. 3, No. 182. 15. Ibid., Nos 182, 183,184. 16. Ibid., Nos 181, 183, 190. 17. Ibid., Nos 184, 186, 191; Kirkbride to Burrows, 14 February 1949, PRO FO 371-75348 E2457. 18. Bullock, p. 647; Haykal, p. 115. 19. DFP, Vol. 3, No. 193. 20. Ibid., pp. XXIV, 372. 21. Musa, Ayam, pp. 503-9. 22. DFP, Vol. 3, No. 181; Musa, Ayam, p. 500. 23. Musa, Ayam, pp. 503-9. 24. DFP, Vol. 3, pp. XXII, XXV-XXVI; Musa, Ayam, pp. 500-1, 510, 512. 25. DFP, Vol. 3, No. 248; Musa, Ayam, pp. 512-14; Abdallah to Ralph Bunche (UN chief mediator) n.d. (probably mid March, 1949), Glubb papers, Box 8 (fransjordan). 26. DFP, Vol. 3, pp. XXV-XXVI. 27. Shlaim, pp. 416--17; Musa, Ayam, p. 522; Nasir al Din al-Nashashibi, Man Qatala al-Malik Abdallah (Who Killed King Abdallah), (Kuwait, 1980), p. 146; Abdallah toTruman, 25 , PROF08161146;FRUS 1949, Vol. 6, pp. 871, 879-80; DFP, Vol. 3, p. 715. 28. DFP, Vol. 3, Nos 259, 260, 261, 264, 265, 267. 29. luburi, pp. 370, 383, 385; Musa, Ayam, p. 522; Mack to FO, 23 February, PRO FO 371-75348 E2523, Kirkbride to Bevin, 25 February 1949, ibid., E2614. 30. 'The Arab Legion in the War', PRO FO 816/170. 236 King AbdaLlah and Palestine

31. Tall, pp. 35~, 366; Arif, p. 73; Glubb, Soldier, p. 192; Musa, Ayam, p. 460; Juburi, pp. 368-9; Haykal, pp. 120, 124-6, 158; Wright, p. 447; Transjordan situation report, December 1948, PRO FO 371-75273 E407. 32. Situation report, ibid.; Glubb to Kirkbride, 4 June 1949, PRO FO 816/146; Dow to FO, 4 , FO 371-75376 EI09. 33. Kirkbride to Bevin, 31 December 1948, PRO FO 371-75273 E407; Dow to FO, 30 December 1948,1 January, 1949, F0371-.Q8644EI6396,-75376EI09; Musa, Ayam, p. 482. 34. Abdallah to Abu a1-Huda, 6 January 1949, PRO FO 8161151 ; Kirkbride to Bevin, 9 December 1948, FO 371-.Q8643 EI5690; Haykal, pp. 120, 124-6. In 1926 Jarallah served in Atxlallah's rudimentary 'cabinet' as chief justice. 35. Kirkbride to Bevin, 6 January 1949, PRO FO 371-75376 E273. 36. Atxlallah to Abu al-Huda, 6 January 1949, PRO FO 8161151. 37. Transjordan situation reports, February, March 1949, PRO FO 371-75273 E3399, E4646; FO 371-75287 E4645; FRUS 1949, Vol. 6, p. 1080; Musa, Ayam, pp. 524, 526. 38. PRO FO 371-75273 E3399; Beaumont to FO, 30 September 1948, FO 371-.Q8642 E12738. 39. Dow to FO, 4 January 1949, PRO FO 371-75376 EI09, 17 , ibid., E6249; Wright, pp. 543-4. 40. Transjordan situation report, April, 1949, PRO FO 371-75273 E5669; see also ibid., 75376 E6249, E6463, E6464, E6485; Plascov, pp. 14-15; Wright, p. 450. 41. Pirrie-Gordon to Burrows, 30 March 1949, PRO FO 371-75313 E4135; Transjordan situation report, ibid., E4646; FRUS 1949, Vol. 6, p.917 . 42. Plascov, p. 170, note 33.

POSTSCRIPT

I. GJubb memorandum, 24 July 1949, PRO FO 816/147. 2. Wilson, p. 194. 3. Hussein H. Hassouna, The League olthe Arab States and Regional Disputes: A Study 01 Middle East Conflicts (New York, 1975), p. 40. 4. For additional aspects of that policy, see Bailey, pp. 89-124; Joseph Nevo, 'The Jordanian-Palestinian Pendulum', Middle East Focus, Vol. 9, No. 5 (Summer, 1987), pp. 4-6.

CONCLUSION

1. Sir John Troutback, director of British Middle East Office, Cairo, in Shlaim, p.221. 2. A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins olthe Second World War (London, 1963), p. 98. 3. See, for example, Haykal, pp. 120, 129. 4. Salibi, p. 77. 5. Hodgkin, p. 73. 6. Palcor's Middle East Bulletin, 2 July 1948. 7. Salibi, p. 76. Bibliography

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Wright, Esmond, 'Abdallah's Jordan, 1947-1951', Middle East Journal, Vol. 5 (1951), pp. 439-60. Index

Abd al-Aziz Ibn Sa'ud 4, 90, 96, 103, Greater Syria scheme xiii, 11,21, 110,111, 157,202,205 25,27,44,45,47,56-8,64, Abd al-Illah (Regent of lraq) 96, 104, 66,67,74,84,169,194,201, 105, 189 205,207 Abdallah and Hajj Amin 28-30, 32, 33, 37, and all-Palestine government 141, 40,77,81,82,121 143, 159, 160, 162-165 involvement in internal affairs of alters Arab invasion plan 106-8 Palestine 19,28,29,32,33, annexation Arab areas of Palestine 39,49,50,77-9,126 to Transjordan xiii, 34, 35, 56, and Israeli acquiescence in 66,68,98,101,112,129,139, annexation of Arab Palestine 164, 166, 172, 179, 182, 184, 172 201,203 and Istiqlal 25 approchement to United States 180, and Jewish (semi-)autonomy 13, 181,202 113,117,200 98 and Jewish Agency 26, 48, 60, 78, Arabs of Palestine xiii, xiv, 6, 15, 111,117,119,172 17,19,20,31,32,36,76-82, and Jewish settlement in 89,113,121,122,123,129, Transjordan 22-4, 41 130,133,162-4,194,203,205 and Jews of Palestine xiii, xiv, 6, 12, arrival in Transjordan (1921) xiii, 4, 15,17-19,21,23,40,47,59, 5,28,184,200 61,84, 112,205 assassination of 134 'Jewish Republic' 109 assassination plot (March 1949) 195 'King of all Palestine' 169 and 6, 15, 16, and King Faruq ofEgypt 142 20,32,34 'Bevin's little King' 205 and Kirkbride 55, 57-9, 67-9, 81, castigates Glubb Pasha for surrender 105,113,137,181,206 ofLyddaandRamle 151,152 mediating between Britain and and Churchill5-7, 11, 15,203,204 Palestinian Arabs 31-3, 40 crowned 'King of Palestine' in meetings with Golda Meyerson 69, Coptic church in Jerusalem 71-3,93,94,107,108,116, 166,184 117-21,131, 144,203 defeat at Turaba (1919) 4 military intervention in Palestine 86, denouncing Zionist policies 48 88,89,91,94-6,98-101,103, and Dir Yassin massacre 113, 114, 104 118, 128, 180 on the eve of 1948 War 117-19, 130 and disturbances of 1929 20 and Palestinian Arab nationalism efforts to replace AHC 140 204 familiarity with Palestine question and Palestinian refugee problem before 1921 10 148,151,180 and federal schemes 19,44,62 and partition of Palestine 15, 34, 55, first contacts with Zionists (1921) 16 56,62-4,66,69,98, 111, 112, firsttruce 139, 143, 173 119,174,205

249 250 King Abdallah and Palestine

Abdallah. cont. after Arab invasion 139 peace negotiations with Israel 185. backed by Arab League 158 187-90 endeavours to form Arab Pcel Report 128 govemment in Palestine 75, personality and character 11-14.25. 76,121,139.153,154.155 47.61.84.134.137.203,206. Alami, Musa al- 75. 127 207 Ali Ibn Husayn (King of the Hijaz) 4. proclaimed king (25 May 1946) 58. 21.25,27 64 Aliya 76 proclaims Transjordan's Arab League session, Gelober \947 independence (1923) 8 71,74,95 relations with Nashashibis 37. 40 AII-Palestine govemment rivalry with Faysal 5. 21 see under Palestine Second Palestinian Congress 166. 133 169-72 Allenby, Field Marshall 3 supreme commander of the Arab Amman xiii, 5, 9,10,12,18.20,22. forces 98. 104-6 23.28.32,34.40.47.58,67,68. throne ofDamascus 11. 16.47 70,75,90,95.98. 103. 104. 114. and unification of Palestine and 127.130.131,139,144,151. Transjordan 6. 15. 16, 21. 159. 165, 167. 180. 193, 195. 196 24-7.29.33.35.37.42.46, First Palestinian Congress 162, 56.62.69.71.72,73,91,92, 164-8,170.180.184.208 109,112,130,174 Anglo-American Commiuee 53. 56. and unification as solution to 58.60,63.64,66 JewishlArab conflict 6, 10, 2 I, Anglo-Transjordanian treaty (1928) 19, 22 21 views on/ti es with 138, 172, Anglo-Transjordanian treaty (1946) 58. 173,175.176.178,179, 180-2. 185. 186. 190. 191. 110 197,198,202 Anglo-Transjordanian treaty (1948) 87, visits Jerusalem during battIes 140 197 visits to Britain 16, 17,27.29.30. Aqaba 3. 90. 155 35.57.206 Arab Hashemite Kingdom 170 and White Paper of 1939 128 Arab Independence Party and Zionist support 26. 43 see Istiqlal Zionists considered allies 12. 13. 16 Arab League 39, 54. 56. 58. 59, 63-5. Abdallah. Radi 129 71.73.74.76,81.84,86,87,90, Abu al-Huda. Hassan Khalid 18.41 94,95-101,103,105.107.108. Abu al-Huda. Tawfiq 9. 39. 84. 87.91. 114.117,122.126.132.138. 95. 100, 144, 156. 164. 180-2. 141.146,148.155.158.163, 185.186.196 174,176,179.184.198.205.208 meeting with Bevin (February 1948) and all-Palestine govemment 160. 87-91.93 161 Acre 9. 106. 146 endeavours to form Arab Afulla 106. 155. 189 govemment in Palestine 147, (AHC) 32. 33, 153-5. 159 36-8,53,54,77,79.81.96-9. endorses AbdaIlah' s military 121,123,126.127.140.141. intervention in Palestine 101, 148,150,161, 163, 167, 168, 103.104, 107, 127 170.185.209 and first truce 147. 156 Index 251

Arab League, cont. (1936-1939) 31-4, 43, 49, intervention in Palestine 54, 74, 75 53,98,201 and Mufti of Jerusalem 158 Arab states 95, 143 rejects Bemadotte's proposals 147, deployment military forces in 156, 157, 159 Palestine 142-4, 155, 165, 166 and Second Palestinian Congress interference in Palestine 54 169 invasion of Palestine 98 seeking to re-establish Palestinian see also Egypt, lraq leadership 53 Arabs of Palestine Arab Legion 79,81,86,87,91,95,96, see Palestinian Arabs 104,106,107, 126, 127, 129, Arava 188, 189 130,133,138,140,141,149, Arif, Arif al- 141 151,155,162,166,177,179-81, Arlosoroff, Hayim 22, 27 188,189, 191, 192, 194, 196 arrnistice negotiation and agreement after first truce 139 (Rhodes) 187, 188, 194, 196, 196 attack on Gesher (28 April AtalIah, Fu'ad 168 1948) J14, 115 133 baule over Jerusalem 134-7, 173 Athlit 109 British officers in 86, 92, 93, 136, Azhar, al- 184 151 Azzam, Abd al-Rahman 76, 101-5, c1andestine meeting with Hagana \07, 135, 157 representative 116,117,134 defence of Lydda and RamIe 150 Ba'th party 197 deployment in Palestine 75, 77, 79, Bab al-Wad 129, 172 80,86,88,89,95,98-100, Baghdad 5, 70 102,106,108, 111, 120, 123, Balfour Declaration 4,8, 10, 16,20,34 131,132,166,172,184 Banu Sakhir (tribe) 22 Etzion bloc battle 121, 124, 125, 132,172,176 Bayt Jibrin 131, 190 folIowing British withdrawal from Bayt Naballah 124, 151 Palestine 74,123-5,142,172 tribes 22, 125, 129 surrender of Lydda and Ramie 148, Beeley, Harold 67, 87 151,152,157 Beer Yaakov (Jewish settlement) 150 used against aI-Jihad aI-Muqaddas Beersheba 79, 81, 122, 125, 129, 131, 160 165, 179 see also Glubb Pasha Beirut 65 Arab Liberation Army 96-8, 100, 101, Beisan 106, 127, 128 105,122,126,129,133,142, Ben Gurion, David 41, 60, 69, 117, 149, 157 177,178,180 and battle over Jerusalem 136, 141 attitude towards Arabs of Palestine and defence of Lydda and RamIe 178 149 '' and 'Abdalliah' 60 enters Palestine 96 misgivings towards AbdalIah 108, formation 74, 97 115 see also Fawzi al-Qauwqji opinion of Bemadotte 146 Arab National Fund (Sunduq al• Ben Shemen 124 Umma) 79 Bemadotte, Count Folke 143, 175, 178 Arab nationalism 4, 200, 204 assassination of 177 Arab Revolt (1916) 161 first proposals 145-7, 156, 158 252 King Abdallah and Palestine

Bemadotte, Count Folke, cont. Cairo 5,14,64,65,69,85,122,161, second proposals 158, 159, 166, 165, 185, 192 174,179,182,187 Arab League meeting, April 1948 Bethlehem 106, 142, 143, 166, 192, 193 100 Bevin, Ernest 55, 57, 66--9, 73, 84-7, Arab League meeting, December 91,93,116, 136, 151 194795,109 and Bernadotte's proposals 146 Arab League meeting, February meeting with Tawfiq Abu al-Huda 194899 (February 1948) 87, 93, 111, Churchill, Sir Winston 7, 15, 16,37, 115 203,204 Biltmore Programme (1942) 53, 59 and Cairo conference (1921) 5 Bir Zait 192 creation of Amirate of Transjordan 'Black Saturday' 60, 62 5,7,10 Bludan 59,64,96 and 1939 White Paper 54 Arab League meeting, June 194659, Clayton, J1tyd 85, 144 95 Cohen, A.H. 23 Britain Cox, Sir Henry Fortnam 11 and Arab Revolt (1916) 5 Creech-Jones, Arthur 115 attitude towards Abdallah and Cunningham, Sir Alan 56, 98, 107, Transjordan xiii, 3-5, 7, 21, 114,135 27,31,35,46,206 Curzon, Lord George 3, 17 and Abdallah's designs 45, 67, 73, 175, 176 84-7,89,90,92,93,173,178, 179,182,185,188,197 Dajani, Hassan Sidqi al- 79 1945 Labour government 55 Dajani, Umar al- 79, 80, 110 occupation of Palestine (1918) 3 Dali, Wahid al- 103, 116 occupation ofTransjordan (1918) 3 Damascus 3, 5, 64, 74, 97, 105, 106, opposition to Jewish settlement in Transjordan 24 122,132,140,195 Palestine legislative council 26 Arab League meeting, 11-14 May Palestinian leadership 53 1948 108, 117, 119, 141 post-mandate interests in Palestine occupied by Faysal 12 91 Damya bridge 133 recognizes independence of Danin, Ezra 70, 71, 118 Transjordan (1923) 8 Dar'a (Arab league meeting, 20 May revokes support of partition 38 1948) 155 treaty with Transjordan (1928) 19, Dayan, Moshe 182 21 Israel-Transjordan peace treaty with Transjordan (1946) 58 negotiations 187 treaty with Transjordan (1948) 197 Dead Sea 3, 60, 188, 190 White Paper of 1930 22 DirYassin,massacreat 101, 113, 114, White Paper of 1939 39, 201 127-9, 180 British mandate of Palestine 3, 5, 8,91 Donovan, WilIiam 111 handing over of, to UN 57, 63, 64 (s) 74, 163 termination of 74, 88, 89, 99, 104, Dunkirk 149 110, 123, 135,202,203 Duwyma 190 Broadhurst, Ronald 92 181 East Bank 196, 197, 199 Burrows 90 Eder, David 16 Index 253

Egypt(ians) 14,39,58,76,91,97, 105, Ghur al-Kibd 23 106,112,140,142,144,156, Glubb, Sir lohn Bagot (Glubb Pasha) 157,166,168,178,188,208 63,67,68,81,85,87,92,98, military forces in Palestine 155, 160, 123,136,144,153,162,178,196 165, 166, 168, 179, 180, 188, account of Bevin-Abu al-Huda 191, 192 meeting (February 1948) 88, Etzion bloc 93, 121 89 batde 125,131, 135, 172, 176 assessment of Palestine war 138 and battle over lerusalem 135, 137 Fa'iz, MithkaI al- 22 and Etzion bloc battle 125 Faluja, al- 165 and Palestinian Arabs 125, 126 Faruq, King ofEgypt 81,100,103, and surrender of Lydda and Ramie 104, 155, 157 123, 149-52 attitude towards AbdaJIah 142, 143 Goldie, Co!. Desmond 116, 135 Faruqi, Hikmat Taji al- 78 Goldman, Nachum 173 Faruqi, Sulayman Taji al- 78,163,167, Greater Syria xiii, 11,21,45-7,56-8, 168 66,67,74,84,169,188,194, Fascists 56 201,205,206 Faysal Ibn Husayn (King of lraq) 3-5, Gulf of Eilat 188 10, 12, 17,21. 25, 49 Gulf of Aqaba 188 Faysal-Weizmann agreement (1919) Gulf of Suez 155 10,46 Fertile Crescent 188, 206 Hadera 189 Filastin (newspaper) 49,194 Hagana 60, 88, 92 First Palestinian Congress (Am man) clandestine meeting with British 162, 163, 166, 168, 184 Arab Legion officers 116, 134 resolutions (text) 208 Haifa 36, 70, 91, 106, 115, 124, 128, First Wor1d War 3, 12, 13,44 139, 146, 168 FrancelFrench xiii, 3-5, 81 in Bernadotte's first proposals 145, in Syria and , allegiance to 146 Vichy 44 surrender to the lews 102, 117 ouster of Faysa1 from Damascus 3,4 Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husayni Futuwa, al- 79 (Mufti of Jerusalem) see al-Husayni, Hajj Amin 58, 91, 133, 160, 174, 189 Hanna, Yusuf 49 in Bernadotte's first proposals 145, Hanun, Falah 78 158 Hashemite Arab State 193, 194 Gaza 78, 79,125,131,146,188 4, 5,13,20,25,42,96, all-Palestine government 159-65, 127, 134, 151, 195, 198 168,170,176,178,179,208 'Arab Hashemite Kingdom' 170 General Armistice Agreement between Arab national movement 12 Israel and Jordan 190, 191 and Arab Revolt (1916) 5 General Committee for the Palestinian enmity with Ibn Sa'ud 4 Refugees 154 loss ofthe Hijaz to Saudis (1924/5) Geneva 80 II 25, 44 and Syria 12 Gesher (kibbutz), Arab Legion attack Hashim, Ibrahim 9,139 (28 April 1948) 114, 124 Hashimi, Taha al- 105 (Jewish settlement) 150 Hawari, Muhammad Nimr al- 79,129 254 King Abdallah and Palestine

Haydir, Amir Abd al-Majid 173, 174, President Palestinian National 181,182 Couneil161 Haykal, Dr. Yusuf 129, 162, 163 replaeed as Mufti of Jerusalem 193 Hebron 3, 78, 81,100,106,107,122, support in Transjordan 22 123,125,131,133,142-4,149, see also Arab Higher Committee 160, 165-8, 190, 192, 193 see also Supreme Muslim Council Herzog, Haim (Vivian) 117 Husayni, lamal al- 49,53,78, 122, Hijaz xiii, 3-5, 10, 12, 14,20,134,200 159 as part of 17 Husayni, Musa Abdallah al- 168 eonquest by Saudis (1924/5) I1 Husayni, Musa Kazim al- 28 Hilmi Abd al-Baqi, Ahmad 79,126, Husaynis 19, 29, 30, 36,40,53, 54, 77, 139,140,141,158,159 82, 167, 192 beeomes Prime Minister all• Palestine Arab Party 53, 78, 168 Palestine govemment 160 and al-Futuwa 79 Hisb al-Istiqlal al-' Arabi see Istiq lai Ibn Rifada 11 Hizb al-Islah Inshas 58, 59, 81 see Reform Party Arab League meeting May 1946 58 Holocaust 53 Iraq(is) 4, 6, 33, 39, 70, 87, 96,97, Hukumat ' Umum Filastin (all-Palestine 104,138,142,155,156,166, govemment) 177,198,200,201 see under Palestine in Abdallah's federation sehemes 61 Hunayti, Muhammad 129 military forees in Palestine 164, 167, Husayn Ibn Ali (Sharif of Meeea, King 168,180,189,191,192,195 of the Hijaz) xiii, 3, 17,20, 134 unifieation with Transjordan 6, 25 Husayn Ibn Talal (King of Jordan) 199 (Jewish underground) 113 and Golda Meir 204 Irshid, Farid 78 Husayn-MeMahon eorrespondenee 20 Israel(is) 133, 144, 184, 193 Husayni, Abd al-Qadir al- 97, 101, and all-Palestine govemment 159, 125, 150 160 Husayni, Hajj Muhammad Amin al• attitude towards Arabs of Palestine (Mufti of Jerusalem) 3, 13, 31, 17tH!, 187 35,38,60,75,79,81,82,99, and general armistice agreement 102,122,125,130,141,158, with Jordan 190 160, 168, 176, 192, 193, 200 and peaee negotiations with and all-Palestine govemment 161, Transjordan 187 164, 167 views on/ti es with Abdallah 138, and assassination plot against 166,172-80,185,190,191, Abdallah 195 196,197,202 beeomes Mufti of Jerusalem 29 military gains after first truee 147 eriticism of Abdallah 23 Israeli Defenee Forees (IDF) 138, 143, endeavours to form Arab 189 govemment 97, 99, 100, 110 battJe over Jerusalem 173 flight from Palestine, Oetober 1937 first truee 143 37 take Beersheva 179 in Germany 49 take Lydda and Ramie 148, 149, meeting with Abdallah during first 151,174 truee 140 Istiqlal(ists) 25, 29,49, 79, 163 Index 255

ja'abri, Shaykh Muhammad Ali al- 78, Jewish National Horne 12,13,16,109 79, 100, 125, 168 Jews of Palestine Jabal al-Druze 74 in Abdallah's unifkation plan 6, 10, Jabir, Salih 75 12,21 Jaffa 70, 78, 79,101, 113,115,122, see also Zionists 127,129,139,146, 15J, 174, Jezreel Valley 189 181,186,188,194 Jihad al-Muqaddas, al- 98, 122, 141, in Bemadotte's proposals 145 149, 192 laish al-Inqaz al-'Arahi, al- Arab Legion actions against 160 see Arab Liberation Army defence of Lydda and RamIe 149 Jarallah, Shaykh Hussam al-Din 9, 193 Jordan River xiii, 3, 9, 11, 18,42,60, Jedda 10 69, 106, 169, 196, 198 60, 78, 106, 138, 142, 155 125 Jericho 106, 107, 125, 165 Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of 190, Second Palestinian Congress 167, 191,197 168,170,172,180,182,184, Juburi, Salih Sa'ib 106 185,193,205 Judea 90, 134 Jcrusalem 5, 9, 12, 18,22,29,36,72. 73,78,79.91,101,106,107,113, Kalandia airport 133 Kalvariski, Hayim M. 42 116,124-6.129,131,133,134, Karmi, Abd al-Ghani 181,182 139,142,149,151,167,169.172. Karrni, Sa'id al- 9 180,186,192,193 Kedma-Mizraha 42 Arab Legion enters I 36 Kerak 3, 22 battle over 93, 135-8, 173. 176 Khalidi family 29 in Bemadotte's first proposals 145 Khalidi, Husayn Fakhri al- 126, 127, capital of Palestine 166 139 in ceasefire negotiations 181, 182 Kirkbride, Sir Alec 55, 57-9, 67-9, 76, disturbances (1929) 20 81, 84-6, 92, 93, 98, 105, 113, in Israel-Tansjordan peace 137,146,162,181,206 negotiations ! 88 and AbdaIlah-Meyerson meeting, in UN partition plan 134 17 November 194773 intemationalization of 188 assessment of Palestine war 138 Old City 93,136. 140 and Israel-Transjordan peace NewCity 175 negotiations 188 surrender Jewish quarter 136, 140 on surrender of Lydda and RamIe Jewish Agency 22-4, 26. 31-3, 40. 41, 150 47,49,60,69,78,87,108-11. Kisch, Col Fredrick 14,22 117,119.134,180,187 and Jewish settlement in Lake Success 146 Transjordan 22-4 Lash, Norman 92 misgivings towards Abdallah 70, 60, 133, 138, 142, 149, 157, 109,114 172,176,177,181,182 negotiations with Palestinian Arabs Lausanne Conference 196, 197 70 Lawrence, T.E. 7 and UNSCOP 66 League of Nations 8, 9, 21, 22 views onlties with Abdallah 27, 42, LebanoniLebanese 58, 65, 71,74, 106, 43,48,70,172 155,156,159,162 see also Zionists Lie, Trygve 115 256 King Abdallah and Palestine

Littleton, Oliver 45 Nablus3,36,60,78, 106, 107, 123, 133, London 7,17,57,58,67,68,85,90, 140-2,149,163,167,168,191,193 93,173 Nahada, al- 73 London conference (1938) 38, 39, 44 18,71,106,116,118 London conference (1946--47) 60-3, 106 78,84 Najada, al- 79, 81, 129 Lydda 122, 123, 127, 129, 157, 176, Najd4 182,186,188 Nashashibi family 28-30, 32, 36, 40, as Husayni stronghold 150 81,126,168 in Bemadotte's proposals 145 relations with Abdallah 36, 37 surrenderofl41, 148-53, 174 see also National Defence Party Nashashibi, Fakhri al- 38, 39, 48, 49 Ma'an 3, 5,40 Nashashibi, Izzmi al- 14\ Mahmud, Nur al-Din 105-7 Nashashibi, Raghib al- 36, 39,49, 78 Majali family 22 Nathanya \77 Majdal125 National Defence Party 36, 38, 168 Marshall, George 115 National Liberation League (Usbat al- McMichael, Harold 45-7 Taharural-Watani) 192 Mecca 3, 7,134 Nazareth 106, 155 Nazi(s) 25,48, 49, 53, 56 Medina 3, 134 70,90,91,113,133,144,146, Mediterranean Sea 112, 180, 188 173,174,179-82,186-8 Meyerson (Meir), Golda 115,202,204 in Bemadotte's proposals 145, 146, and King Husayn 204 158 meeting with AbdaIlah, 10-11 May Israeli offensive 143, 165, 168 1948 93, 94, 107, 108, 116-21, 124 131,144,203 New York 110 meeting with AbdalIah, 17 Newman, Emmanuel14 November 194769,71,73,93 Nieuwenhuys, Jean 176 millet 13, 14,47,200 Norman, Co!. Oscar 117 Mishmar Ha'emek (kibbutz) 98, 101 North 188 Morrison-Grady plan 60-2 Nuyhad, Ajaj 163, 167, 168 Mount Scopus 180 Mount Kastel 101, 150 Office of Strategie Services (OSS) 111 Mount Zion 135 Operation Horev 180 Moyne, Lord 45 Operation Kilshon 135 assassination of 54 Operation Uvda 188 Mufti of Jerusalem 34, 36, 40, 67, 72, 143, 165, 179, 180 77,81,82,89,96,98,99,105, Ormsby-Gore, William 35 107, 110,121,126,130,139, Ottoman(s) 3, 14 140,158,167, 168 Pa1estine see also Husayni, Hajj Muhammad aIl-Palestine govemment 141, 143, Amin al• 159-66,178,179,208 Mufti, Sa'id al- 9 annexation Arab areas to Mulqi, Fawzi al- 85, 87, 89, 167, 186 Transjordan 34, 56, 66, 92, 98, Musa, Sulayman 106, 135 101,110,112,117,146,154, Muslim Brothers 129 158, 162, 164, 166, 168-70, 172,178,179,182,191,192, Na'ifibn Abdallah, Arnir 142 198,201-3 Index 257

Palestine, cant. declaration of Palestinian and Arab invasion 93,103-5, 108, independence 161 110,116,117,120,130,133, Palestinian national movement 13, 28 134,136, 137, 140, 144, 155, Paris 173, 175, 176 172, 198 Philby, H. St John 7, 17 deterioration Arab military position Pirrie-Gordon, Christopher 67 in 115, 124, 127 Plain ofEsdraelon (Jezreel VaIley) 189 and federal schemes 44-6, 48, 50, 55,57,60,62,63,73 Qassim, Adib al- 150 military administration by Qatamun (quarter of Jerusalem) 124 Transjordan 139 battle 131 partition 15,34-7,42,43,48,54, Qauwqji, Fawzi al- 32, 34,96-8, 101, 56,57,59,62,63,65-7,69, 102, I I 1,122,133,142,149,157 72,76,84,85,87-9,95,98, and battle over Jerusalem 136, 141 108,110,111,112,116,119, made commander of the Arab 121, 144, 158, 160, 173, 174, Liberation Army 74 187, 198,201,204 and scheme to toppIe Abdallah 43 separation from Transjordan 4, 7, 8 Qilqilia 142 unification with Transjordan 24, Quwatli, Shukri al- 155 47-9,55,56,59,60,62,63, plot to assassinate Abdallah 195 65,66,69,79,85,87,109, Ramallah 60,106,122,123,125,140, 112,119,134,146,200 148,149.151,153,167,169, Zionists views on future of 53,59,60 193,194 PalestineOffice 129, 153, 162 RamIe 70, 78, 122, 123, 157, 163, 176, Palestine Arab Executive (al-Lajna al• 182,186, 188 Tanfidhiya al-Arabiya as Husayni stronghold 150 al-Filastiniyya) 19,20,28 surrender 141, 148-53, 174 Palestine Arab Party 53, 78, 168 Ras al-Ayn 150 Palestine Electric Corporation 18, 117 Ras al-Naqura 106 Palestine Youth Congress 29 Reading, Lord 23 Palestinian Arabs 199 II 2, 188 and AbdaIlah's growing prestige 82, Reform Party 29 114,126, 167 RendeI, George 35 communist(s) 192, 193 Rhodes (armistice negotiations) 187-9 criticism of Abdallah 20, 23, 28, 29, Rifa'i, Samir al- 9, 63, 64, 69, 84 37,38,43,73, 148, 151, 159, tenders resignation 95 162, 164, 165, 169, 172, 191-5 Rock, Edmond 129 fear of Jewish immigration 25, 28, Rome27 32,45 Rothschild, Lord 14, 16 in Transjordan's govemment and Royal Commission (Peei) 31-3, 35, 37, administration 9 40,42,70.128,139,145,200,201 leadership crisis 77 Rutenberg, Abraham 117, II 8, 120 opposition to 1939 White Paper 39 Rutenberg, Pinhas 18, 22, 38-42 opposition to partition 35, 37, 43, 61 see also Palestine Electric refugees 127, 128, 148, 151-4, 162, Corporation 165, 169, 174-6, 180, 182, 188, 193, 198 Sa'id, Nuri aI- 45, 46, 48, 189 Palestinian National Council 161, 162, Safad 9, 101, 106 168 Safwat, Isma'iI75, 97, 100, 102, 105 258 King Abdallah and Palestine

Salama, Hassan 150 Talallbn Abdallah, Amir (King of Sah 3,4 Jordan) 34, 136 Samakh 106, 155 Tall, Abdallah al- 131, 182, 186 90,106,134,142,167,191-3, battle over Jerusalem 136 195 surrender of Lydda and Ramie 150 Samuel, Sir Herbert 4, 7, 8, 14, 16, 17, Transjordan-Israel peace 20,29 negotiations 187 Sandström, Judge Emil 66 Tamimi, Amin al- 9 Sarafand 123 Tarawana family 22 Sasson, Elias 46, 60-2, 70, 71,109, Taylor, AJ.P. 203 111,1l3,114,118,173-6,178, Tel Aviv 70,106,109,137,155,177, 180,181,186,187,189,191,204 189 meeting with Abdallah, August 1946 Thon, Dr. Yaakov 42 79 3,115,127, 128, 155 Sati, Dr Shawkat al- 108, 109, 111-13, Transjordan (Hashemite Kingdom of 173,187 Jordan, as of 25 May 1946) xiii, Saudi Arabia 33, 39, 75, 86, 96, 97, 3,4,17,110,142,164 111, 156, 157, 205 and all-Palestine government 159 Saudis 96 and armistice negotiations (Rhodes) 106 188, 189 Second Palestinian Congress (Jericho) as part of Arab federation 17 165, 166, 168-72, 182, 184, 193 before 1921 5 resolutions 169, 170, 184, 185 British occupation of (1918) 3 Second World War xiv, 44, 76, 77, 79, governmentapprovalofJericho 80,201 congress resolutions 184, 185 Shabandir, Dr Abd al-Rahman 44 government opposition to contacts Shamir (Rabinovich), Shlomo 116, 135 with Israel 185, 186 Shawa, Rushdi al- 125 in US-Israel relations 175 Shertok (Sharet), Moshe 14,23,27,42, independence 64, 77,110 46,47,60,73,115,118,120, independence(1923) 17, 18 175,177-9,188,204 military administration of Palestine Shiloah, Reuven 187 139-43, 154, 162, 164, 167, Shimoni, Yaakov 118 194 Shuna 169 relations with Syria 64, 74 Six-Day War (June, 1967) 198 separation from Palestine 4,7,8 Southern Rhodesia 49,53 special position regarding Palestine 58,186 65 Sufar (Arab league meeting, September treaty with Britain (1928) 19, 21 1947) 74, 96 treaty with Britain (1946) 58, 110 Sulayman, Hikmat 201 treaty with Britain (1948) 87, 197 Sultan, Idris 150 and plans for unification with lraq 6, Supreme Muslim Council 28, 29 25 Sweden 66 Transjordania 3 Syria(ns) 3-5,7,12,25,27,31,44,59, truces 60,65,75,96-8,102,106,107, first 137, 139-41, 147, 148, 150, 111,155-7,159,162,192,200, 151,153,156,157,172,173 201 second 147, 151-3, 157 Abdallah's intention to invade 4 Truman, Harry S. 120, 190 in Abdallah' s federation schemes 60 Tu1 Karim 78, 106, 138, 142 Index 259

Tuqan, Ahmad 9 Vatican 27 Tuqan, Sulayman 39, 78,163,168 Vichy govemment, in Syria and Tuqan, Ula al-Din 9 Lebanon 44 Turaba 4 Ara 189 Umayyads 12 Washington 110 United Nations 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 68, Wauchope, Sir Arthur 31,35,206 76,84,86,88,90,91,97,100, Weizmann, Chaim 16, 17, 18,22,93, 107, 110,135,136,138,146, 94,204 147,173,191,204,209 meeting with Faysal 10 armistice negotiations (Rhodes) West Bank 197-9 187-9 White Paper of 1939 39, 44, 49, 54, 55, backing Abdallah's annexation of 58,59,128,201 Arab areas of Palestine 166 Woodhead Commission 37, 38 endorsement of partition 91,93,95, 98,99 Yarmuk River 18 intemationalization of Jerusalem Yassin, Abd al-Hamid 129 134, 135, 172, 188 124 mediation (see also Count Folke 161, 184, 198 Bemadotte) 157 partition 84, 113, 116, 117, 121, Zayd, Amir (youngest son of Sharif 131,133,157,175,187,203 Husayn) 3 vote on Palestine 71, 72, 96 Zionist movement 16, 17,22,23,54 Unified Hashemite Govemment of see also Jewish Agency Southem Syria 193, 205 Zionist(s) 4, 38, 46, 173, 208 United Nations Special Committee on considered allies by Abdallah 12, Palestine (UNSCOP) 57, 63, 13,16,20 65-7,70,71,73,74,80 cooperation with Abdallah 15, 43 United States 46,62,64,80,91, 110, first contacts with Abdallah (1921) 111,120,133,138,146,173, 16 184,190,204 interpretation of Ba1four Declaration administration 57-9,107,110, 143, 4 158,180 and land acquisition in Transjordan approached by Abdallah 180, 181 22 favours annexation Arab Palestine to misgivings towards Abdallah 17,41, Transjordan 143, 197 47,108,111 Unsi, Muhammad al- 40, 60 on the future of Palestine 53, 60