Andaman & Nicobar Gas Power Project

NVVN Replies of Additional details sought in Minutes of Meeting of EAC held on 30.12.2020 for Andaman Gas Based Power Project (55 MW) Sr. Information sought by NVVN Reply No. EAC a. There are lot of eco- The proposed power project is a small project sensitive areas present based on clean fuel (LNG), therefore no in and around the significant impact on eco-sensitive areas or proposed location, schedule-I species are anticipated. Given the therefore, wildlife scale and richness of biodiversity and ecology of conservation plan for the A&N Islands, preparation and implementation of area for Schedule -I site specific wildlife conservation plan for species including Marine Schedule-I species and Marine Ecosystem shall Eco-system to be not be commensurate with the economics of the prepared and submitted. power project. In view of the above, it is proposed that NVVN shall contribute to the Wildlife Conservation Measures already undertaken by A&N Forests & Wildlife Department.

Marine Environment Impact Assessment Study report by NIOT, Chennai submitted to MOEF&CC, reports that there is no Schedule-I Marine species recorded near the project site within a kilometer. Hence there will be no significant effect on Schedule-I species due to the proposed gas based power plant activity. Moreover most of the marine ecosystem are geographically isolated (Figure-1). The major effluent of the power plant will be brine water (+15 to +18 ppt of ambient) and heated water (+5 °C of ambient). According to model studies, the brine water will be diluted and the temperature of the water will be dissipated and return to ambient level within 60 m distance. It will not affect marine life except the plankton of the ambient environment during intake. Therefore specific marine conservation plans are not needed for the proposed project. However, funds from Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER) are to be provided to NGOs or research organizations to study the Scheduled species and propose conservation plans for Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The detailed clarification from NIOT is enclosed as Annexure-I. A Wildlife Conservation Plan for schedule-I species mentioned in the EIA report is enclosed as Annexure-1A. Sr. Information sought by NVVN Reply No. EAC b. A plan for marine outfall Marine Environment Impact Assessment Study including options and undertaken by NIOT, Chennai recommends a design to be prepared so design for marine outfall. The impact on marine that impact on both flora and fauna has already been studied. A plan marine flora and fauna for marine outfall including options and design to be studied. mitigate the impacts on marine flora and fauna is enclosed as Annexure-II. c. Brine water dilution plan NIOT in its Maine EIA report has predicted the is to be prepared. dilution concentration with suggested design of outfall for proper dilution of brine. Brine water dilution plan is enclosed as Annexure-III. d. Technology for The following water treatment wastewater treatment is systems/technology is envisaged in proposed to be submitted. gas based power project. I. For wastewater containing oil & grease will be separated in oil separator through gravity. II. As only 20 person will be deployed during operation of project the domestic sewage shall be about 2.4 m3/day which is a very small quantity and will be treated in a portable Membrane based Bio-reactor (MBBR) Technology or Septic tanks as per techno-economic feasibility. III. Separation of suspended pollutants and sludge will be done by Lamella Clarifier. The details of wastewater treatment systems in proposed gas based power project is enclosed as Annexure-IV. e. A list of activities as a CER/CSR activities like development of park, part of CSR to be drinking water facilities, education, health prepared. facilities as raised in Public Hearing may be provided with appropriate budget. A list of activities as a part of CSR/CER is enclosed as Annexure-V. f. The consultant, NIOT NIOT vide email dated 06.01.2021 has who conducted the study confirmed to present Marine EIA Study in next on impact of proposed EAC meeting. Copy of Email is enclosed as activity on marine life to Annexure-VI. be present in the next EAC meeting.

Annexure-I

MOEF&CC Query: a) There are a lot of eco-sensitive areas present in and around the proposed location, therefore, a wildlife conservation plan for the area for Schedule-I species including Marine Eco-system to be prepared and submitted.

Clarification provided by NIOT

The list of Schedule I species along with other scheduled species (II and IV) is given in Table-1. The Scleractinians (Coelenterates) species, molluscs, sea cucumbers, etc are observed in 10 km radius of the proposed project at Hope Town. But there is no Schedule-I species recorded near the project site within a kilometer. Hence there is no effect on schedule-I species due to the proposed 55 MW gas based power plant. Moreover most of the marine ecosystem are geographically isolated (Figure-1).

The only impact of the power plant on marine ecosystem could be due to discharge of effluents.

The major effluent of the power plant will be brine water with salinity (+15 to +18 ppt above ambient water) and temperature slightly above ambient water (+5 °C above ambient water). According to model studied, the brine water will be diluted and the temperature of the water will be dissipated and return to ambient level within 60 m distance. Therefore operation of project will not affect marine life except the plankton of the ambient environment during intake. Therefore specific marine conservation plans are not needed for the proposed project. However, funds from Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER) shall be provided to NGOs or research organizations to study the Scheduled species and propose Wildlife Conservation Plan (WCP) for them at Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Figure-1. Geographically isolated marine ecosystem from the proposed project

Table-1. Status of wildlife species in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

S. Species name Common/local Legislation status under no name wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 Mammals 1. Orcaella brevirastris Dolphin Schedule I 2. Physeter macrocephalus Sperm Whale Schedule I Reptiles 3. Crocodylus porosus Saltwater Crocodile Schedule I 4. Lepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Sea Schedule I Turtle 5. Chelonia mydas Green Sea Turtle Schedule I 6. Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Sea Schedule I Turtle S. Species name Common/local Legislation status under no name wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 7. Caretta caretta Loggerhead Sea Schedule I Turtle 8. Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Sea Schedule I Turtle Fishes 9. Rhincodon typus Whale Shark Schedule I; Part IIa Fishes 10. Anoxypristis cuspidata Knifetooth Sawfish Schedule I; Part IIa Fishes 11. Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry Shark Schedule I; Part IIa Fishes 12. Rhynchobatus djiddensis Giant Guitarfish Schedule I; Part IIa Fishes Molluscs 13. Cassis cornuta Horned Helmet Schedule I; Part IVb 14. Cypraecassis rufa Bull mouth Helmet Schedule I; Part IVb 15. Charonia tritonis Trumpet Triton Schedule I; Part IVb 16. Conus milneedwardsi Glory of India Schedule I; Part IVb 17. Nautilus pompilius Chambered Schedule I; Part IVb Nautilus 18. Tridacna maxima Elongate Giant Schedule I; Part IVb Clam 19. Tridacna squamosa Fluted Giant Clam Schedule I; Part IVb 20. Hippopus hippopus Bear Paw Clam Schedule I; Part IVb 21. Trochus niloticus Commercial Schedule IV; Part 19, XIV Trochus 22. Turbo marmoratus Great Green Turban Schedule IV; Part 19, VI 23. Lambis (Harpago) Chiragra Spider Schedule IV; Part 19, VI chiragrachiragra Conch 24. Lambis (lambis)crocata Orange Spider Schedule IV; Part 19, VIII Conch 25. Lambis Truncate Spider Schedule IV; Part 19, XI (lambis)truncatatruncata Conc 26. Lambis (Millepes) Scorpio Conch Schedule IV; Part 19, X scorpiusscorpius 27. Cypraea mappa Map Cowrie Schedule IV; Part 19(ii) 28. Cypraea talpa Mole Cowrie Schedule IV; Part 19(iii) S. Species name Common/local Legislation status under no name wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 29. Pleuroploca trapezium Trapezium Horse Schedule IV; Part 19 (iv) Conch 30. Placuna placenta Windowpane Oyster Schedule IV; Part 19 (xii) 31. Echinodermata (all Sea Cucumber Schedule I; Part IV-C Holothurians) Coelenterates 32. All Scleractinians Reef Building Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 33. All Antipatharians Black Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 34. Tubipora musica Organ Pipe Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 35. All Millepora species Fire Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 36. All Gorgonians Sea Fan Schedule I; Part IVA 37. All Calcareans Sponges Schedule III Arthropoda 38. Robber Crab Crustacea Schedule I 39. Horseshoe crabs Crabs Schedule IV (Merostomata) Landward side animals–mammals 40. Sus sorofaandamanensis Andaman Wild pig Schedule I Part I Birds and reptiles 41. Anas gibberifronsalbogularis Andaman Teal Schedule I; Part III 42. Rhyticeros (undulatus) Narcondam Schedule I; Part III narcondami Hornbills 43. Megapodius freycinet Nicobar Megapode Schedule I 44. Caloenas Nicobar Pigeon Schedule I; Part III nicobaricapelewensis 45. Najas agittifera Andaman cobra Schedule II; Part II

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR GAS POWER PROJECT (55

MW) and GAS SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE (FSRU) AT HOPE TOWN IN FERRARGUNJ TEHSIL IN SOUTH ANDAMAN DISTRICT, ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS Prepared by :

Consultant: Vimta Labs Limited 142, IDA, Phase-II, Cherlapally, Hyderabad–500 051, www.vimta.com (QCI/NABET ACCRIDITED EIA CONSULTANT, Recognized by MoEF&CC, New Delhi)

TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No. Contents Page No. 1 Introduction 1 2 Salient Features of the Project 1 2.1 Nature and Size of the Project 1 2.2 Statutory Clearances 3 2.3 Environmental Setting of The Site 3 3 Study Area 5 4 Methodology 6 4.1 Floral diversity in the Study Area 6 4.2 Faunal and avi-fauna diversity in the study area 6 4.3 Aquatic diversity in the study area 7 4.4 Proximity to Wildlife Sanctuary/National Park/Eco-sensitive 7 area 4.5 Mangroves and Mangrove Flora of the Study Area 9 4.6 Fauna of Study Area 10 5 Conservation Plan For Schedule-I Species 13 5.1 Status and Proposed Conservation measures for Elephant 14 (Elephas Maximus Indicus) 5.2 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Andaman Wild 15 Pig (Sus scrofa andamanensis) 5.3 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Peafowl (Pavo 16 cristatus) 5.4 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Narcondam 17 Hornbill (Rhyticeros narcondami) 5.5 Status and Proposed Conservation measures for Andaman 18 Wood Pigeon (Columba palumboides) 5.6 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Osprey 19 (Avifauna) (Pandion haliaetus) 5.7 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Alexandrine 20 Parakeet (Avifauna) (Psittacula eupatria) 5.8 Threats to Avifaunal species 21 6 Action Plan for Conservation of Avifauna 22 7 Budget 23 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1. Environmental Setting of the Project Site 3 2. List of Mangroves and Mangrove Associates Found in the 9 Study Area 3. Schedule-I species in Study area under Wildlife 11 (Protection) Act, 1972 4. List of Schedule-I species in Marine Ecosystem in Study 12 Area 5. Tentative Budget for Wildlife Conservation Plan 23 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1 General Plant Layout for Andaman Gas based Power 2 Project and Gas Supply Infrastructure (FSRU) 2 Study Area with Ecological Sampling Locations 4

1. Introduction

M/s. NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited (NVVN), (A wholly owned subsidiary of NTPC) proposes to construct Andaman & Nicobar Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) based Power Project of 55 MW capacity and gas supply infrastructure (FSRU) in vicinity of power plant at Hope Town in Ferrargunj Tehsil in South Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

MOEF&CC vide letter No. J-13012/14/2018-IA II (T) dated 02.08.2019 and its amendment dated 22.10.2019 & 29.01.2020 accorded the Terms of Reference (TOR) for carrying out EIA study. Accordingly, EIA study was conducted and Public Hearing (PH) was held successfully. After incorporating the MOM of the PH, application for Environmental clearance was submitted to MOEF&CC on 23.12.2020. The proposal was discussed in meeting of Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) held on 30.12.2020. As per Minutes of meeting published on website of MOEF&CC the following information is sought by MoEF&CC.

Quote

“There are lot of eco-sensitive areas present in and around the proposed location, therefore, wildlife conservation plan for the area for Schedule -I species including Marine Eco-system to be prepared and submitted.”

Unquote

To comply the MOEF&CC condition as per the MOM of the EAC meeting, a wildlife conservation plan has been prepared.

2. Salient Features of the Project:

The project site is located at a distance of 3.1 km in North direction from Port Blair city and 4.5 km in NNW direction from Veer Savarkar International Airport in Hope Town at Ferrargunj Tehsil in South Andaman District of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The 0.82 ha (2.0 acres) project site is located at Lat 11°41’47.77” N and Long 92°43’38.65” E in Hope town, Port Blair, Andaman. The highway NH-223 is at a distance of 8.4 km in WNW direction from the proposed site.

2.1 Nature and Size of the Project

The proposed greenfield power project will have Gas engine based power generation technology with a capacity of 55 MW at Hope Town in Ferrargunj Tehsil in South Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. LNG is an increasingly popular option for power generation. One reason is the growing availability via gas grids or LNG transport by ships. A key advantage of gas power plants is their flexibility: they can be activated rapidly, making them an excellent source of peak base load power. Additionally, gas has a very low environmental impact. Low emissions and high efficiency in energy productions of around 45% play a key role in investment decisions.

Figure-1: General Plant Layout for Andaman Gas based Power Project and Gas Supply Infrastructure (FSRU)

2.2 Statutory Clearances The following statutory clearances/commitments have been obtained/ applied.

 Land Availability:

The proposed LNG based power project (55 MW) will be accommodated within the available land of Two (2) acres located in Hope Town. The proposed land is a Government land and falls under Port Limit. The land is under physical possession of NVVN Ltd.

Ministry of Shipping, Government of India vide letter dated 15.07.2020 has accorded “NO Objection Certificate” for establishment of Gas based Power Project at the proposed project Site.

 Water Availability:

Sea Water will be used for the proposed power project. The water requirement for the proposed project is estimated at around 8 m3/day (approx. 0.33 m3/hr) and will be required only for makeup to engine cooling, yard cleaning, potable water and initial filling of fire water tank. As sea water desalination will be adopted, around 25 m3/day (approx. 1.04 m3/hr) of water will be drawn from the sea. Main plant area will be provided with sweet drinking water supply from the desalination plant.

 Fuel Linkage

The required LNG for proposed power project will be met from the proposed gas supply infrastructure such as Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU) in vicinity of proposed power plant project at Hope Town. These infrastructures shall be established by the LNG supplier who shall be selected through transparent tendering process. The Notice Inviting Tender (NIT) has been issued for selection of LNG supplier and the same is under process of finalization.

2.3 Environmental Setting of The Site

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) consist of very fragile island ecosystems and some of the most pristine in the world. These ecosystems are very diverse and support very unique flora and fauna. These differences are also evident in the flora and fauna of the two islands.

Table-1: Environmental Setting of the Project Site

Sr. Particulars Details No

1 LNG FSRU Facility and Power Plant Facilities Village Hope Town

Sr. Particulars Details No

Tehsil Ferrargunj

District South Andaman

State Union Territory: Andaman & Nicobar Island

2 Geological co- The corner coordinates are given in Table below: ordinates Sr. Latitude Longitude No 1 11°41’47.77” N 92°43’38.65” E 2 11°41’43.82” N 92°43’40.93” E 3 11°41’43.23” N 92°43’40.03” E 4 11°41’43.59” N 92°43’39.22” E 5 11°41’46.15” N 92°43’37.43” E 6 11°41’47.53” N 92°43’37.20” E

3 Elevation Maximum: 11 m MSL above MSL Minimum: 4 m MSL 4a Climatic Annual Maximum Temp: 32.20C; conditions Annual Minimum Temp: 21.30C; and As per IMD- Annual Rainfall: 2917.5 mm. Port Blair 4b Site specific Parameters Pre- Monsoon Post- Winter data (March monsoon 2019 monsoon 2019 to November 2019 2019 & 2019) 2020 Temperature 21.1 - 20.5 – 26.2– 22.4 – ºC 34.5 34.0 32.1 31.2 Rainfall 226.8 2000 355.0 32.1 (mm) Humidity 36 - 96 67 - 98 65 – 90 58-86 (%)

5 Nearest NH-223 (8.4 km, WNW). highway 6 Nearest Nil. railway station 7 Nearest Veer Savarkar International Airport (4.5 km, SSE). airport 8 Nearest  Hope Town (0.3 km, NW); and Town/City  Port Blair (3.1 km, SSE). 9 Nearest water Andaman Sea (Adjacent). bodies 10 Reserve /  Mount Harriet Shoal Bay RF (0.7 km, N); Protected  Mangrove Swamp (2.5 km, WNW); forest  Namunaghar PF (2.8 km, SW);  Port Mouat Brindaban RF-II (4.5 km, WNW);  Port Mouat Brindaban RF-I (5.1 km, W);  Jirkatang RF (5.6 km, NW);  South Andaman RF (8.5 km, N);  Birch Ganj PF (8.6 km, SSE); and  Port Mouat PF (9.1 km, SW).

Sr. Particulars Details No

11 Other Cellular jail (3.1 km, SE) historical and archaeological places 12 Ecology  Mt. Harriet National Park (3.4 km, NNE); sensitive/  Ross Island (Netaji Shubash Chandra Bose Island) (4.3 Protected km, SSE) areas as per  Snake Island-I (7 km, SSE); Wild Life  Snake Island-II (7.1 km, SSE); and Protection Act  Loha Barrack crocodile sanctuary (11.2 km, SW). 1972 (National Park/ Wild life Sanctuary/ Bio-sphere reserves) 13 Defence Navy's Floating Dry Dock (2.8 km, SW); and installations Air force Station Prothrapur (9.0 km, S). 14 List of Chatam Saw Mill & 5 MW Power Plant (0.8 km, SSW); Industries Aggreko Energy Rental 15 MW Power Plant (0.8 km, SSW); Surya Chakra Power Corporation Ltd 10 MW (1.5 km, NW); ANEMCO Private Limited 10 MW (2.5 km, SSE); Electricity office 9.8 MW (2.7 km, SSE); and Phoenix Bay Power House 5 MW (2.8 km, SSE). 15 Seismic zone Zone-V as per IS 1893, Part-I: 2002.

3. STUDY AREA

The study on Ecology and Biodiversity of the project cover core area (Project Area) and its buffer extends to a radius of 10 km radius. The 0.82 ha (2.0 acres) project site is located at Latitude 11°41’47.77” N and Longitude 92°43’38.65” E in Hope town, Port Blair, Andaman. It is adjacent to the sea. On the Northern side, there is a hillock and the area is an abandoned stone quarry. There are two Tamarind Trees and one Casuarina Tree towards the sea side in the project site. Towards the hill side, there are some wild or forest shrubs and trees.

Information and data relating to fauna, mainly published / documented secondary data was used with caution in order to ensure that the data is relevant to the study area. The extent of study area is shown in the Figure – 1.

FIGURE-2 : STUDY AREA MAP (10 KM RADIUS)

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Floral diversity in the study area

Initially, interaction and discussion with NTPC/NVVN officials was made to understand and get the first hand information about the project and associated activities. The published secondary literature and baseline surveys conducted during the EIA study was reviewed to understand the general plant composition of the region. A rapid field survey of the study area was conducted followed by interactions/discussion with the forest officials of Andaman and Nicobar Forest Division. RET status were reviewed through IUCN Red List Categories and scheduled of the species from Wild Life Protection Act-1972.

4.2 Faunal and avi-fauna diversity in the study area

The published secondary literature and baseline surveys conducted during the EIA study was reviewed. Meeting/consultations with NTPC/NVVN

6 officials, Forest officials, fishermen, villagers were conducted to generate information regarding the presence of different mammal species in the region. A rapid sign surveys, wherever possible, was conducted to confirm the presence of certain species. A pictorial handbook for identifying Schedule-I species was used for interactions with the locals. Information on faunal diversity was reviewed from the forest divisions.

A reconnaissance survey was carried out by trained observers using standard equipment like binoculars and names of the bird species were confirmed from “Birds of Indian Sub-continent - a field guide” instantaneously in order to avoid biases. Information on bird species was also collected through the review of standard secondary literature and working plans.

4.3 Aquatic diversity in the study area

Marine EIA was separately undertaken through National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai (NIOT), the report of which has already been submitted to MOEF&CC along with application for Environmental Clearance.

4.4 Proximity to Wildlife Sanctuary/National Park/Eco-sensitive area

The ecosystems in the study area includes marine (Andaman Sea), forests, cropland and urban ecosystems. The project site is close to the mouth of Port Blair Port and it facing the Chatham Island towards the Southern side. Towards the Northern side Mount Harriet Shoal Bay Reserve Forest and Mount Harriet National Park are located within a distance of about 1.5 km from the project site. Further towards the north of the Mount Harriet Shoal Bay Reserve Forest lies the South Andaman Reserved Forest. Jirkatang R.F., is located towards Northwest of the project site. Namunaghar Protected Forest and Port Mouat Brindaban R.F lie towards the West of the project site. Slightly towards the north, between Namunaghar P.F and Port Mouat Brindaban R.F, Mangrove Swamps with Mangrove forest are present.

According to the Department of Forests and Environment, Andaman and Nicobar Administration (http://ls1.and.nic.in/doef/WebPages/Forest.html), the following 12 types of forests are present in ANI. All the 12 forest types have been recorded and reported from the Mount Harriet National Parks and its surroundings in the buffer zone.

Vegetation of these islands has been classified into following twelve forest types by Champion and Seth. However, these forest types are not distinctly demarcated and they imperceptibly merge into one another and form an intimate mixture. All these different types of forests have been found in the buffer zone, in and around the Mount Harriet National Park.

1) The Giant evergreen forests (1A/C1): Mostly occur in deep alluvial soil near the banks of larger streams. Dominant species are: Dipterocarpus spp., Calophyllum soulattri, Artocarpus chaplasha, Amoora wallichii etc.

2) The Andaman Tropical Evergreen Forests (1A/C2): Similar to the giant evergreen forests but not so luxuriant and occur mostly on hilltops. Major species are: Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Xantho-phyllum andamanicum, Artocarpus chaplasha, Myristica andamanica etc.

3) The Southern hilltop evergreen forests (1A/C3): They occur on the exposed upper slopes and tops of hills and sometimes on steep slopes lower down. Prominent species are: Dipterocarpus costatus, Mesua ferrea, Canarium manii, Hopea andamanica

4) The Andaman semi-evergreen forests (2A/C1): They are the luxuriant types of forests with many giant trees both of evergreen and deciduous nature. Climbers are often heavy. Occur in valleys. Main species are: Pterocymbium tinctorium, Sterculia campanulata, Terminalia bialata, T.procera, Albizia chinensis, Albizia lebbek etc.

5) The Andaman moist deciduous forests (3A/C1): They are distributed extensively in Andamans but not that much in Nicobar group of Islands. Top storey is irregular with tall deciduous trees followed by a second storey which comprise numerous species including some evergreen trees. Major species are: Pterocarpus dalbergioides, Terminalia bialata, T.Manii, T.procera, Pterocymbium tinctorium, Tetrameles nudiflora, Dillenia pentagyna etc.

6) The Andaman secondary moist deciduous forests (3A/C1/2S1): They occur in worked over areas of the primary type. Important species are: Canarium euphyllum, Pterocymbium tincto-rium, Salmalia insignis, Tetrameles nudiflora, Terminalia manii, Terminalia procera, Albizia lebbek etc.

7) The Littoral forests (4A/L1): They occur all around the coast wherever a fair width of sandy beach occurs. Manilkara littoralis is the most characteristic species of this type in these islands. Other species Scavela frutescens, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Morinda citrifolia, Terminalia catappa, Pandanus tectorius etc.

8) The Mangrove (Tidal swamp) forests (4B/TS2): They occupy shores, mouth of creeks and inland channels of these islands. These are salt tolerant species like Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora candelaria, Bruguiera conjugata, Bruguiera parviflora, Avicennia officinalis, Ceriops tagal, Kandelia candel, Sonneratia caseolaris, Excoecaria etc.

9) The Brackish water mixed forests (4B/TS4): They are considered as the finest development of tidal forests and may be a closed forest of 35 m height. These are found in larger deltas and creeks along the outer periphery and at places where salt water mixes with fresh water. Major species are: Heriteria littoralis, Barringtonia racemosa, B.asiatica, Brownlowia lanceolata, Nypa fruticans, Phoenix paludosa etc.

10) The Sub mountain hill valley swamp forests (4C/FS2): They are represented mainly by evergreen species which are usually low, crowded and profusely branching. The characteristic genera are: Calamus, Ficus and Alpinia.

11) The Cane brakes (1/E1): They are found throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen climaxes and locally in moist deciduous forests. Cane brakes are impenetrable thorny thickets sometimes with a few tall trees. Major species are: Calamus sp. and sometimes creeping bamboo, Dixochloa andamanica.

12) The Wet bamboo brakes (I/E2): Often very dense, occurring throughout tropical evergreen tracts of Andamans. Prominent species are: Dendrocalamas brandisi, Oxytenthera spp, Bambusa schizostachyoides.

4.5 Mangroves and Mangrove Flora of the Study Area

There are no mangroves within and around the project area, However, there are dense patches of Mangroves with in 10 km radius of project site. There are also degraded patches in some areas. A list of Mangroves and Mangrove associates found in the study area is given below.

Table-2: LIST OF MANGROVES AND MANGROVE ASSOCIATES FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA

Scientific name Family Habit Acanthus ebracteatus Acanthaceae Shrub Acanthus ilicifolius Acanthaceae Shrub Acanthus volubilis Acanthaceae Climber Acrostichum aureum Pteridaceae Shrub Acrostichum speciosum Pteridaceae Shrub Aegiceras corniculatum Myrsinaceae Tree

Scientific name Family Habit Avicennia alb Verbinaceae Tree Avicennia marina Verbinaceae Tree Avicennia officinalis Verbinaceae Tree Brownlowia lanceolata Tiliaceae Shrubby Tree Bruguiera cylindrica Rbizophoraceae Tree Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rbizophoraceae Tree Bruguiera parviflora Rbizophoraceae Tree Bruguiera sexangula Rbizophoraceae Tree Cerbera floribunda Apocynaceae Tree Cerbera manghas Apocynaceae Tree Cerbera odollam Apocynaceae Tree Ceriops tagal Rbizophoraceae Tree Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae Tagal or Burma Mangrove Clerodendrum inerme Verbinaceae Shrub Derris heptaphylla Fabaceae Climber Derris scandens Fabaceae Climber Excoecaria agallocha Eupborbiaceae Shrubby Tree Heritiera littoralis Sterculiaceae Tree Kandelia candel Rbizophoraceae Tree Licuala peltata Arecaceae Mangrove Fan palm Licula spinosa Arecaceae Mangrove Fan Palm Lumnitzera littorea Combretaceae Shrubby Tree Lumnitzera racemose Combretaceae Shrubby Tree Nypa fruticans Arecaceae Palm Phoenix paludosa Arecaceae Palm Phoenix paludosa Arecaceae Sea Date Palm Rhizophora stylosa Rbizophoraceae Tree Rhizophora apiculata Rbizophoraceae Tree Rhizophora mucronata Rbizophoraceae Tree Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Rubiaceae Shrubby Tree Sonneratia alba Sonneratiaceae Tree Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Tree Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratiaceae Tree Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae Tree Xylocarpus moluccensis Meliaceae Tree

4.6 Fauna of Study Area

The project site is devoid of any major wildlife. There were no nests of any bird or breeding grounds of any wild animal on the project site. As such, the project site not used for any RETS fauna. But the buffer zone including the Mount Harriet provides suitable habitat for many Birds, Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. The details of Schedule-I species under terrestrial Ecosystem as per findings of EIA Study and details of Schedule-I species under marine ecosystem are described in following paras.

4.6.1 Details of Schedule-I species in Terrestrial Ecosystem

A list of Schedule-I species found in Study area (10 Km radius from project site), under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 is given in Table-3.

Table-3: Schedule-I species in Study area under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Sr. Name of Species Local Name Status No. Asian Elephant 1. Elephas maximus EN / I (Mammalia) Sus scrofa Andaman Wild Pig 2. NT / I andamanensis (Mammalia) 3. Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl (Avifauna) LC / I Narcondam Hornbill 4. Rhyticeros narcondami EN / I (Avifauna) Andaman Wood Pigeon 5. Columba palumboides EN/NT/I (Avifauna) 6. Pandion haliaetus Osprey (Avifauna) LC / I Alexandrine Parakeet 7. Psittacula eupatria NT / I (Avifauna)

4.6.2 Details of Schedule-I species in Marine Ecosystem

Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Study was separately undertaken through NIOT, Chennai, the report of which has already been submitted to MOEF&CC along with EC application. The major findings of marine EIA are as follows.

The list of Schedule I species is given in Study area (10 Km) are given in Table-1. The Scleractinians (Coelenterates) species, molluscs, sea cucumbers, etc. are observed in 10 km radius of the proposed project at Hope Town. But there is no Schedule-I species recorded near the project site within a kilometer. Hence, there is no effect on schedule-I species due to the proposed 55 MW gas based power plant. Moreover, most of the marine ecosystem are geographically isolated.

The only impact of the power plant on marine ecosystem could be due to discharge of effluents.

The major effluent of the power plant will be brine water with salinity (+15 to +18 ppt above ambient water) and temperature slightly above ambient water (+5 °C above ambient water). According to model studied, the brine water will be diluted and the temperature of the water will be dissipated and return to ambient level within 60 m distance. Therefore, operation of project will not affect marine life except the plankton of the ambient environment during intake. Therefore, as per NIOT, specific marine conservation plans are not needed for the proposed project. However, funds from Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER) shall be provided to NGOs or research organizations to study the Scheduled species and propose Wildlife Conservation Plan (WCP) for them at Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

A list of Schedule-I species in marine ecosystem found in Study area are given as follows.

Table-4: List of Schedule-I species in Marine Ecosystem in Study Area

S. Species name Common/local Legislation status under no name wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 Coelenterates 22. All Scleractinians Reef Building Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 23. All Antipatharians Black Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 24. Tubipora musica Organ Pipe Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 25. All Millepora species Fire Coral Schedule I; Part IVA 26. All Gorgonians Sea Fan Schedule I; Part IVA Arthropoda 27. Robber Crab Crustacea Schedule I Landward side animals–mammals 28. Sus sorofaandamanensis Andaman Wild pig Schedule I Part I Birds and reptiles 29. Anas gibberifronsalbogularis Andaman Teal Schedule I; Part III 30. Rhyticeros (undulatus) Narcondam Schedule I; Part III narcondami Hornbills 31. Megapodius freycinet Nicobar Megapode Schedule I 32. Caloenas Nicobar Pigeon Schedule I; Part III nicobaricapelewensis 33. Najas agittifera Andaman cobra Schedule II; Part II

5. Conservation Plan For Schedule-I Species

Given the scale and richness of biodiversity and ecology of A&N Islands, preparation and implementation of site specific wildlife conservation plan for Schedule-I species and Marine Ecosystem shall not be commensurate with the economics of the power project. In view of the above, it is proposed that NVVN shall contribute to the Wildlife Conservation Measures already undertaken by A&N Wildlife Department. However, in order to comply with the recommendations of EAC, a Conceptual Wild Life Conservation Plan is proposed as follows for the species present in Hope Town area.

Species specific Wildlife conservation plan for the Schedule-I species reported or recorded from the buffer zone of the project site. As per the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Seven faunal species were recorded from the study area which are listed in Schedule-I species viz. Elephas maximus, Sus scrofa andamanensis, Pavo cristatus, Rhyticeros narcondami, Columba palumboides, Pandion haliaetus, Psittacula eupatria

5.1 Status and Proposed Conservation measures for Elephant (Elephas Maximus Indicus)

Status of Elephant (Elephas Maximus Indicus)

During discussion with villagers, it came to know that Elephants were brought to Andaman Islands to do Forest Work in 1960. The Company that brought Elephants went bankrupt and released 30 Elephants in Wild on the Island. The Elephant Population of those released Elephants has increased over the years. Middle Andaman holds a population of feral Elephants, however, no Elephants were seen during survey and discussion at Hope Town.

The species Elephas maximus is an Indian Elephant of the family Eliphantidae. The species is falling under EN / I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Proboscidea Family: Elephantidae Genus: Elephas Species: E. maximus Sub Species: E. m. Indicus (Trinomial Name)

Conservation WPA 1972 : Schedule-I status IUCN: Endangered IUCN Status Introduction Asian elephant is smaller than African bush elephant. The highest body point is on the head. The back is convex. They have small ears with laterally folded dorsal borders. An adult male weighs upto 4t and adult female will weigh upto 2.7t. Habitat: Occurs in wide range of habitats like forests, scrublands, secondary forests, grasslands and agricultural lands. Diet: The diet is herbivorous. They are both grazers and browsers. They prefer grasses. They are known to feed on 112 plant species. They need around 80 to 200 liters of water a day. Ecology: Elephants are social animals and live in groups. The herd is led by female matriarch. They are crepuscular in nature. They can use

Threats:

Habitat destruction is a major threat to Elephants. Due to fragmented forests, Elephants come in conflict with humans. Poaching for ivory is another major threat to elephants.

Impact on the species due to the proposed project:

Presence of Elephant was not recorded in within the project site and Hope Town Island. Occasional movement of elephants is recorded in the Port Blair area by forest department.

Recommendations and suggestion to mitigate the existing threat some key conservation aspects are:

As there is no direct interaction of project activites with this species, NVVN shall support of activities of forest department in conservation of elephant.

5.2 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Andaman Wild Pig (Sus scrofa andamanensis)

The species Sus scrofa andamanensis is an Indian wild pig of the family Suidae. The species is falling under EN / I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Suidae Genus: Sus Species: S. scrofa

Sub Species: Sus WPA 1972 : Schedule-I scrofa cristatus IUCN: LC (Trinomial Name) Conservation status IUCN Status Introduction The Andaman pig is probably a feral population. They live in the forest of Andaman group of islands since time immemorial. They are being poached by the primitive tribes, and exact population status is not known.

Habitat: Andaman Wild Pig (Sus Scrofa Andamanensis), only occurs in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Lives in dense tropical forest and has evolved accordingly with darker coat and slender body. reared. Wild pigs like to rest and nest in areas with low growing dense vegetation. Diet: Feeding the roots, nuts small animals tubers, insects snakes, small animals and carrions. Feed in the early morning and late in the evening. It is the main food of the forest dwelling tribes of these islands who have special hunting rights under the wildlife (Protection) Act under section 65.. Ecology: Wild pigs have a habit of cutting grass and making a kind of shelter in which they are said to leave the young.

Major Threats: The Andman wild pigs is found in the Mt. Harriet National Park area of Andaman and Nicobar Island. The pigs are mainly hunted by primitive tribes for meat as their main source of proteins.

Impact on the species due to the proposed project:

As there is no direct impact on species due to the proposed Andaman gas project, the efforts of forest department for conservation of this species shall be supported by NVVN.

5.3 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)

The species Pavo cristatus is an Indian Peafowl of the family Phasianidae. The species is falling under EN – LC / I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae Genus: Pavo Species: Pavo. cristatus Sub Species: Pavo cristatus (Binomial Name)

Conservation WPA 1972 : Schedule-I status IUCN: LC IUCN Status Introduction Among the species listed in schedule I, Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is declared as the 'National Bird' of India in the year 1963.Since the early 1990’s, there have been reports of increasing illegal trade of the 5 listed avifauna, large-scale mortalities are reported attributed to enhanced use of insecticides/pesticides in agricultural lands, poaching, and retaliatory killings by people due to alleged crop depredation by avifauna. Several stronghold areas of the avifauna species in the country are now concerned about its current declining status. Habitat: The birds are found in scrub-jungles and forest edges; it shows affinity to moist and dry deciduous biomes. The species also found along the sea shore, in agriculture fields, along streams with good vegetation. The avifauna species prefers a habitat mosaic of scrub and open areas, with moist and dry deciduous biomes. The avifauna species were spotted mostly buffer area, in field nearby sea shore marshy areas. Diet: Peafowl is an opportunistic feeder and an omnivore. It is mentioned that peafowl are mainly granivores as they chiefly feed on paddy in the agricultural ecosystem. They are considered pests in the agricultural ecosystem. Ecology: The Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus (Galliformes: Phasianidae) is the national bird of India, and is common and widely distributed in the Indian Subcontinent. However, its distribution is patchy and ranges from the Himalayas in the north to peninsular India in the south. The threats and conservation plan for avifaunal species is presented in Section 5.8.

5.4 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Narcondam Hornbill (Rhyticeros narcondami)

The species Rhyticeros narcondami is an Indian Narcondam Hornbill of the family Bucerotidae. The species is falling under EN–I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Bucerotiformes

Family: Bucerotidae Genus: Rhyticeros Species: R. narcondami Sub Species: Rhyticeros narcondami (Binomial Name)

Conservation WPA 1972 : Schedule-I status IUCN: Endangered species IUCN Status Introduction The bird is a resident of fairly open mixed forest that stretches over most of the island from sea level to about 700m.

However, most Narcondam Hornbill nests are found below 200m. For nesting and roosting, the bird prefers mature undisturbed forest with large trees.

Habitat: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population.

Diet: The hornbill is predominantly frugivorous. Based on seeds in the middens below nesting trees, the following food tree species were identified:

Anamirta cocculus, Capparis sepiaria, C.tenera var., latifolia Garuga, pinnata Amoora rohituka, Terminalia catappa and Ixora brunniscens.

Ecology: They sometimes mob white-bellied sea eagles that fly too close. Being predominantly fruit eaters, they play an important role in the seed dispersal of figs and other plant species. Figs are important in the ecology of many other insular hornbill species and are a major factor determining the distribution patterns of hornbills in forests.

The threats and conservation plan for avifaunal species is presented in Section 5.8.

5.5 Status and Proposed Conservation measures for Andaman Wood Pigeon (Columba palumboides)

The species Columba palumboides is an Andaman Wood Pigeon of the family Bucerotidae. The species is falling under EN / NT/ I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Class: Aves Order: Columbiformes Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Family: Columbidae Genus: Columba Species: Columba palumboides

Conservation WPA 1972 : Schedule-I status IUCN: Near threatened IUCN Status Introduction Pigeon is a French word that derives from the Latin pipio, for a "peeping" chick. Doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests, often using sticks and other debris, which may be placed on branches of trees, on ledges, or on the ground, depending on species. They lay one or (usually) two white eggs at a time, and both parents care for the young, which leave the nest after 25–32 days. Unfledged baby of pigeons are called squabs and are generally able to fly by 5 weeks of age Habitat: Approx. 41 cm in size. Upperparts dark slaty grey, with paler head and neck is with indistinct checkerboard pattern. Under parts is pale blue-grey. The female has head and neck is darker than male. Found in pair or in small parties and is exclusively a forest dweller bird Diet: Mostly eat forest trees fruits in and occurred in dense forest Ecology: Most birds, both sexes of pigeons produce "crop milk" to feed to their young, secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. The threats and conservation plan for avifaunal speicies is presented in Section 5.8.

5.6 Status and Proposed Conservation Measures for Osprey (Avifauna) (Pandion haliaetus)

The species Pandion haliaetus is Osprey of the family Pandionidae. The species is falling under EN / LC/ I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae Genus: Pandion Species: Pandion haliaetus

Conservation status WPA 1972 : Schedule-I IUCN Status IUCN: LC Introduction The osprey are also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk — is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of

prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor, reaching more than 60 cm (24 in) in length and 180 cm (71 in) across the wings. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts. Habitat: The osprey is the second most widely distributed raptor species, after the peregrine falcon, and is one of only six land-birds with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is an uncommon to fairly common winter visitor to all parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia from Myanmar through to Indochina and Southern China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Diet: As its other common names suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It possesses specialized physical characteristics and exhibits unique behavior to assist in hunting and catching prey Ecology: It possesses specialized physical characteristics and exhibits unique behavior to assist in hunting and catching prey. As a result of these unique characteristics, it has been given its own taxonomic genus, Pandion and family, Pandionidae. The threats and conservation plan for avifaunal speicies is presented in Section 5.8.

5.7 Status and Proposed Conservation measures of Alexandrine Parakeet (Avifauna) (Psittacula eupatria)

The species Pandion haliaetus is Osprey of the family Psittaculidae. The species is falling under EN / NT/ I. The classification of this species is given as below:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae Genus: Psittacula Species: Psittacula eupatria

Conservation WPA 1972 : Schedule-I status IUCN: Endangered IUCN Status

Introduction The Alexandrine parakeet species subspecies are distributed in northern India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. Habitat: The Alexandrine parakeet species inhabit dry, deciduous forests, moist lowland forests, trees surrounding cultivated areas, groups of old trees, mangroves and woodlands. Diet: The diet of the Alexandrine parakeet primarily consists of wild and cultivated fruits, wild and cultivated seeds, nuts, flowers, flower buds, shoots, nectar, tender leaves, grains, cereals and vegetables. Ecology: The Alexandrine parakeet species usually breed during November to April. The nest is usually a tree cavity; sometimes they may nest in buildings. The clutch usually has 2–4 eggs. The eggs hatch in about four weeks and chick fledge by seventh week of age. The parental care goes on for further three weeks.

5.8 Threats to Avifaunal species

I. The avifauna species are under threat from various quarters that may include the wild meat, conflict with farmers during cropping season, increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and habitat degradation.

II. Habitat degradation and loss of habitat is more significantly from conversion of their habitat to agriculture, residential and industrial growth, poisoning to crop/vegetation damage, and fat extracts for alleged medicinal values, and killing for wild meat and beautiful feathers.

III. Predators: Foxes, Raccoons, Dogs, Crested Hawk Eagle, Eagle Owl and Jackals etc.

IV. Although these threats may be causing an alarming decline in population, the proposed projects are unlikely to have any significant impact on them.

Conservation Measures for Avifaunal Species

I. Green belt and plantation will be developed all along the project boundary. Green belt and plantation will act as effective- barrier to attenuate the noise generated in the project boundary.

II. Proper maintenance, of machines at regular intervals will be done to reduce generation of noise.

III. Green belt and plantation will work as effective- barrier to Intake structure and RO plant boundary for control of noise.

IV. Acoustic enclosures will be provided for all the DG sets during operation phase.

V. Proper maintenance of vehicles will be done to limit the noise and gaseous emissions.

VI. Noise levels will be maintained within prescribed limits by adopting suitable mitigation measures.

Therefore, no direct impact will occur at listed avifauna due to project activity in construction and operation phase.

6. Action Plan for Conservation of Avifauna

I. Encourage afforestation activities in consultation with forest department. The selection of plant species should be in consultation with local forest department based on requirements of avifauna roosting, food (Grains, Pulses, fruiting trees etc.) and shelter.

II. Small Grove of Trees (a group of trees that grow close together, generally without many bushes or other plants) will be planted in habituated areas of villages and school compounds located in buffer area in consultation with local forest department. Groves are small patches of vegetation will be protected in traditional manner.

III. Organize seminar, conferences, nature club, poster presentation at school and Gram Panchayat level around the bird habitation area. Local population will be made aware to do not kill birds for meat, feathers.

IV. Train the staff & laborers involved in project activities and make them aware of sensitive avifauna status as National Bird of India, and Schedule- I species protected under Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and related knowledge.

V. Wildlife Signage containing information about environment, wildlife, forest conservation, about wildlife animals along with photographs will be displayed in core and buffer areas to create awareness among the local people.

VI. Wildlife Environment Day and Wildlife Week (1st to 07th Oct) will be celebrated together with forest department and involving local population to create awareness among the people for the conservation of peafowl avifauna species.

7. BUDGET

The tentative budget amount for the ‘Wildlife Management’ in the vicinity of the project and buffer zone under wildlife conservation plan is indicated as follows:

Table-5: Tentative Budget for Wildlife Conservation Plan (First five years of Construction and Operation)

Sr. Activities In No Lakhs Rs. 1 Habitat improvement 5.0 Support afforestation activities of Forest Department 2 Awareness Programme for Construction & operation workers of 2.5 project 3 Wildlife Conservation programme of forest department 5.0 Support to programmes of Wildlife Deaprtment Awareness and Community participation on conservation of wildlife (Celebration of important occasions such as wildlife week, 4 5.0 International day of forests, World wetland day etc., awareness campaigns in schools and villages, free health camps for villagers can be conducted on behalf of the forest department) Biodiversity assessment and research 5 5.0 Research and monitoring of Schedule-I Species 7 Contingency 2.5 Total (Rupees Twenty Five Lakhs Only) 25.0

Note: The above budget is tentative and shall be finalized in consultation with forest department. The detailed schedule of activities during the above period shall be decided in consultation with Forest Department. Future plan for conservation of species shall be prepared in consultation with Forest Department after the above plan period.

Annexure-II

MOEF&CC Query: b) A plan for marine outfall including options and designs to be prepared so that impact on both marine flora and fauna be studied.

NVVN Reply:

The NIOT has undertaken Marine EIA Study which include baseline marine ecosystem data, modelling for design of intake and outfall points, marine impact assessment due to power project and FSRU etc. The plan for marine outfall and designs as sought by EAC is given as below.

A. SALINITY AND WATER TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN COASTAL AREA NEAR THE PROPOSED SITE

The major factors influenced by the power plant effluent will be temperature and salinity from the surface to bottom. Therefore, Salinity and temperature profiles were taken around Hope Town in Port Blair Bay. Salinity and temperature observations were taken from 9 stations - A1 to A9 (Figure-1). Time series observation of salinity and temperature was taken at a fixed point (T1) near the proposed site. The Figure-2 and Figure-3 show the variation of temperature and salinity from Stations A1 to A9. Figure-4 & 5 show the variation of temperature and salinity of the fixed point T1. During the time-series data collection, the salinity recorded from 29.55 PSU to 31.20 PSU and temperature varied between 29.30°C and 30.80°C in the entire profile. The salinity profile shows variable trend towards bottom while temperature profile showed decreasing trend towards bottom.

Figure-1. Salinity and Temperature Sampling Sites (A1 – A9: Spatial Profile Stations and T1: Time-series Station)

Figure-2. Vertical Distribution of Water Temperature (°C) from Stations A1 to A9

Figure-3. Vertical Distribution of Salinity (PSU) from Stations A1 to A9

Figure-4. Vertical Distribution of Water Temperature (°C) in Time-Series Station T1

Figure-5. Vertical Distribution of Salinity (PSU) in Time-Series Station T1

B. DISPERSION MODELLING STUDIES (i) For Power Plant

(a) Cooling Water Intake and Outfall Requirements

In order to meet the water requirement of the project through the desalination plant, it is required to draw 25 m3/day of water from the sea. The brine discharge will be 17 m3/day with a +5oC temperature rise and with salinity +15 to +18 ppt excesses. It should be noted that the intake quantity of 25 m3/day and outfall quantity of 17 m3/day is in the ratio of 1.5:1. Similarly, the effluent salinity values will increase by 1.5 times relative to the intake. This means that the "salt", mass (kgs) withdrawn (as intake) and "salt" mass discharged are the same. Thus, there is no additional "salt" being introduced into the system. Therefore, a well-designed diffuser to disperse and distribute the "salt" is required. However, there is an additional input of heat in terms of temperature, which needs to be evaluated. The increase of temperature can be controlled by the cooling water design and thus with proper technique and operational condition, this impact can be reduced.

(b) Receiving Water Quality Standards and Mixing Zone Requirements for Initial Mixing

The discharge of wastewater into receiving water(s) has two aspects regarding its impact on ambient water quality.

1. When viewed from the larger scale of the entire receiving water body, water quality criteria specific to the designated beneficial uses needs to be achieved.

2. At the same time, it is likely that the effluent characteristics may be higher than the acute toxicity criteria for the aquatic ecosystem. Thus, on a local scale, or in the immediate discharge vicinity, additional precautions shall be taken to ensure that high initial pollutant concentrations are minimized and constrained to small zones, areas, or volumes called mixing zones.

Thus, an initial mixing zone in a limited area is permitted by environmental regulators as long as acutely toxic conditions are prevented, and it does not adversely affect the ecosystem in the far-field. The MoEF&CC compliance requirement is intended to address the initial mixing. For the far-field, a temperature differential of 2oC in tropical waters will define the critical temperature requirement. In general, backwaters with low flushing are sensitive to temperature increases and will respond adversely to prolonged temperature increases, while open seas have significantly high dilution capacities due to large water spread and wave / current action. Thus, the plume concentrations at the 500 m range are targeted to be less than 1oC above ambient which is within the normal fluctuations of the waters.

Dispersion and mixing of pollutant concentrations in receiving waters are dependent on the ambient conditions of the receiving environment and discharge characteristics of the effluent. The ambient conditions are defined by the water body's geometry, currents, etc., as well as its dynamic characteristics. The discharge conditions are a function of outfall geometry (diameter, height above the bed, orientation) and flux characteristics (discharge rate, density, momentum and buoyancy).

Immediately after the effluent exits the diffuser into the ambient waters, the initial jet characteristics of momentum flux, buoyancy flux, and outfall geometry influence the jet trajectory and mixing. This region will be referred to as the "near-field", where outfall design can control the initial mixing characteristics through adjustment of design variables. In this region, the effluent jets are turbulent fluid zones in which vigorous mixing takes place. The USEPA length scale rule-based empirical CORMIX model is particularly useful in the near field, as turbulence modelling using deterministic hydrodynamic approaches is very complex.

Beyond the near field, ambient currents and density stratification gradually deflect and mix the plume into the predominant flow. As the turbulent plume travels further away from the source, the source characteristics become less important. The ambient environmental conditions will control the trajectory and dilution of the turbulent plume through buoyant spreading motions and passive diffusion due to ambient turbulence. This region will be referred to here as the "far-field". Thus, the designer must note that minor geometric changes in the diffuser block may alter plume characteristics in the near field, while changes in the far-field may need alterations in the significant geometric transformations such as wider spacing between risers/ports.

(d) Model setup

Ambient Conditions

The discharge density of 1030 kg/m3 is higher than the ambient density and thus will be negatively buoyant. For the plume to be well mixed in the vertical and thus is likely to have high dilution, the plume needs to direct upwards. The ambient conditions in CORMIX are input based on the site characteristics, while the location of the diffuser must consider the environmental impacts, construction feasibility and maintenance. Dilution will be greater in the deeper waters, while also a diffuser placed in the deeper depths will not hamper inland navigation. The following ambient conditions were used for model setup.

Table-1: Ambient Conditions Considered for Model Setup

Ambient density 1018 kg/m3

Effluent density 1030 kg/m3 Ambient salinity 30 ppt

Ambient Current velocity 0.0 – 0.4 m/s

Ambient Temperature 30oC

Stratification Distance to Diffuser well mixed (No stratification)

Depth at diffuser site 50 m from the shoreline

Depth at diffuser site 8 m

Manning’s roughness 0.020

Thus CORMIX simulations will consider a discharge at 8 m water depth, which occurs 50 m from the shore.

Port Characteristics : The following discharge conditions were used in simulation runs using the above ambient conditions.

Table-2: Discharge Conditions for Discharge Port

Single Port

Discharge 0.0002 m3/sec

Pipeline Diameter 9 mm OD

Diffuser Height 1m from Seabed

Diffuser issue angle 45o Vertical

(e) Results of Simulations

The simulation results using CORMIX Model are as following. Two scenario have been considered. (a) Ambient velocity of discharge = 0.4 m/sec (b) Ambient velocity of discharge = 0.01 m/sec

(a) Results of simulation –Single Port –Ambient velocity = 0.4m/sec

Case Concentration in Near Field Region Concentrations at effluent (NFR) Location the edge of NFR

Temperature 5oC above ambient 57 m +0.002oC

Salinity +18 ppt ambient 54 m +0.01 ppt (ambient 30 ppt)

(b) Results of simulation –Single Port –Ambient velocity = 0.01m/sec

Case Concentration in effluent NFR Concentrations Location at the edge of NFR

Temperature 5oC above ambient 1.8 m +0.02oC

Salinity +18 ppt ambient (ambient 30 1.6 m +0.01 ppt ppt)

Analysis with the diffuser at a location in 8 m water depths for ambient conditions is carried out. CORMIX simulations indicate an outfall in 8 m water depths provides adequate dilution and minimal environmental impact. The salinity and temperature excess is getting dissipated to near ambient conditions within 60 m from the discharge point. Anti-bio-fouling criteria shall be considered during the detailed engineering stage. The plotting of salinity and temperature dispersion for single port at ambient velocity 0.4 m/s is shown in Figure-6 & 7 and at ambient velocity 0.01 m/s is shown in Figure-8 & 9 respectively.

Figure-6. Salinity Dispersion for Single Port – Ambient Velocity 0.4m/s

Figure-7. Temperature Dispersion for Single Port – Ambient Velocity 0.4m/s

Figure-8. Salinity Dispersion for Single Port – Ambient Velocity 0.01m/s

Figure-9. Temperature Dispersion for Single Port – Ambient Velocity 0.01m/s

C. DESIGN OF INTAKE AND OUTFALL

Intake

Seawater desalination facilities require an intake system capable of providing a reliable quantity of clean seawater with a minimal ecological impact. Seawater intakes can be broadly categorized as surface intakes where water is collected above the seabed and subsurface intakes where water is collected via beach wells, infiltration galleries, or other locations beneath the seabed. The most appropriate location and type of intake can only be determined after a thorough site assessment and careful environmental evaluation

It is essential that feedwater characteristics have to relatively constant without significant fluctuations in quantity and quality for desalination plants to operate most efficiently and predictably. Therefore, the water quality review should consider both seasonal and diurnal changes. The assessment should consider all constituents that may impact plant operation and process performance including a thorough review of historical water quality data including seawater temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC).

For the proposed intake facility for the Establishment of Andaman and Nicobar Gas Power Project (55 MW) and Associated Fuel Supply Infrastructure in Hope Town at Ferrargunj Tehsil, South Andaman District, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the design requirements for cooling water as well as desalination has been worked out as 25 m3/day. It is proposed to locate the intake well at about 50 m offshore in about 8 m water depths so that the quantity and quality requirements are met. Also, this is away from the zone of active littoral transport and hence shall not result in local scour / accretion around the intake structure. The water shall be free of suspended solids and sediments. It is proposed to construct a well of 2 m diameter for the intake of seawater.

The steps involved in the design of intake structural components are as follows:

However, all levels indicated in the drawing are indicative and must be finally based on detailed design and site conditions. Marine geotechnical investigations are essential for the foundation design of the intake well.

In order to filter debris and fish, screens of mesh size 1 cm x 1 cm shall be placed 2 m above the bottom. Slotted screens constructed of trapezoidal-shaped "wedge wire" have been considered for the design. The cylindrical screens have openings ranging from 0.5 millimeters (mm) to 10 mm are usually oriented on a horizontal axis with screens sized to maintain a velocity of less than 15 centimeters per second (cm/s) to minimize debris and marine life impingement. Passive screens are best-suited for areas where an ambient cross-flow current is present, and air backwash system is usually recommended to clear screens if debris accumulations do occur. As with all submerged equipment, material selections should reflect the corrosion and biofouling potential of seawater. Such screens have a proven ability to reduce impingement and entrainment. Their effectiveness is related to their slot width, and low through-flow velocity. It has been demonstrated that 1 mm openings are highly effective for larval exclusion and reduce entrainment by 80 % or more.

Figures-10 shows structural details of the intake and pump arrangement. Details include:

 Well sunk to foundation depth based on soil characteristics based on detailed marine geotechnical investigations  Scour protection all-round using random rubble blocks  A pump house on top of the well with one pump and one standby based on pumping requirements  pipelines from the well to the main plant

Figure- 10. Intake Well and Pump Arrangement (Dimensions in m)

Outfall

The Cornell Mixing Zone Expert system (CORMIX) has been used to carry out dispersion analysis for the present study. CORMIX is a software system for the analysis, prediction and design of aqueous toxic or conventional pollutant discharges into diverse water bodies. The system's major emphasis is on predicting the geometry and dilution characteristics of the initial mixing zone so that compliance with water quality regulatory constraints may be judged. The system also has reasonable capabilities to predict the behavior of the discharge plume at larger distances.

Single Port

Discharge 17 m3/day

(0.0002 m3/sec)

Diffuser Height 1 m from Seabed

Diffuser issue angle 45o (Upward)

Figure-11 shows the arrangement of the feedwater pipeline and diffuser block. Reject water from the main plant shall be pumped using a feeder pipe of diameter 50 mm. This feeder pipe will discharge into a well of 2 m diameter. The headloss in the pipeline from the well to the diffuser point is worked out as 2 m. From the well, a 15 mm diameter feeder pipe shall carry the reject water under gravity to the outfall location. There shall be a single riser of 9 mm diameter discharging from the port. The entire pipeline shall be laid on the seabed and anchored using anchor blocks. At the outfall location, the pipeline will rise above seabed at a T-junction into another 15 mm diameter pipeline. A diffuser block containing 1 riser shall be fixed to this pipe.

A conceptual sectional view of outfall transfer well and diffuser block is shown in Figure-12.

Figure-11. Plan of outfall and diffuser block arrangement (Dimensions in m)

Figure-12. Conceptual sectional view of outfall transfer well and diffuser block (dimensions in m) (ii) Fuel Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU)

Design Discharge Characteristics

The water intake quantity is estimated to be 6025 m3/day, and outfall discharge is estimated as 6017 m3/day. The discharge temperature is considered as 5oC lesser than the intake values, i.e. less than the ambient temperature recorded. During the period surveyed by NIOT, the average ambient temperature and salinity in the offshore area of the proposed location period were 30oC.

Therefore, the discharge values are

 25oC (30 - 5oC)  Quantity of Discharge – 0.07 m3/s (6017 m3/day)

Analysis with the diffuser at a location in 20 m water depths for ambient conditions is carried out. CORMIX simulations indicate a discharge in 20 m water depths provides adequate dilution and minimal environmental impact. 5 degree excess temperature of discharge water has dissipated to less than 1 degree (to ambient levels) within 50 m from the discharge point. Pipeline with 250 mm diameter may be used for intake and discharge of 6000 m3/day of seawater to meet the anti-biofouling criteria.

Figure-13. Marine water intake and effluent outlet point

The marine water intake and effluent outlet point for FSRU is shown in above Figure- 13.

Impacts due to Seawater Intake & Discharge

The desalination based brine water discharge is minimal compared to daily intake. Since the engine cooling water intake is very minimal, the temperature increase in the deeper outfall area of the marine environment would be minimal and the effect of temperature expected to attenuate within a short distance from the outfall area due to tidal currents. The thermal power utilizes seawater for cooling purposes and releases it back to the ambient environment after normalizing the water temperature and will not affect the marine organisms in the area. Further, treated effluents shall be collected in Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) and shall be recycled & re-used /discharged to sea.

Discharged water from the plant will get diluted in the deeper coastal area and hence the effect will be insignificant.

The fishery inside the Port Blair will not get affected due to limited extend effluent of warm/thermal and brine water. But the effect will be locally confined near the outfall point and fishes mostly avoid these areas and further the temperature difference will be about 5°C from ambient and will get attenuated within short distance. There is no fishing close to the site.

There is no record of marine mammals in this locality and also the proposed site is away from turtle nesting grounds. Coral reefs and mangroves are reported from the interior part North Bay, which is about 4.0 km away in seaways from the site and will not be affected by the proposed activities of power plant.

Annexure-III

MOEF&CC Query: c) Brine water dilution plan is to be prepared.

NVVN Reply:

CORMIX simulations indicate an outfall in 8 m water depths provides adequate dilution and minimal environmental impact. The salinity and temperature excess is getting dissipated to near ambient conditions within 60 m from the discharge point.

A detailed plan for Intake Well & pump and plan of Outfall and diffuser for sufficient dilution is already provided in Annexure-II above.

In order to meet the water requirement of the project through the desalination plant, it is required to draw 25 m3/day of water from the sea. The brine discharge of 17 m3/day with a +5oC temperature rise and +15 to +18 ppt salinity above ambient water is considered. It should be noted that the intake quantity of 25 m3/day and outfall quantity of 17 m3/day is in the ratio of 1.5:1. Similarly, the effluent salinity values will increase by 1.5 times relative to the intake. This means that the "salt", mass (kgs) withdrawn (as intake) and "salt" mass discharged are the same. Thus, there is no additional "salt" being introduced into the system. Therefore, a well-designed diffuser to disperse and distribute the "salt" is required. However, there is an additional input of heat in terms of temperature. The increase of temperature can be controlled by the cooling water design and thus with proper technique and operational condition, this impact can be reduced. The slight increase in salinity and temperature may be neutralized with cold discharge water from FSRU. The ultimate brine water will have salinity near about the sea water.

There are following effluent from which will be mixed with Brine for pre-dilution.

1. Service Water 2. Process water 3. Cooling water 4. Treated Sewage water

Pre-dilution, in which brine is blended with lighter effluent prior to discharge, can also cause reduction and contamination concentrations. Condensed cooling water generated from power plant, treated wastewater from ETP will be blended with brine water for dilution before discharge into sea.

As the brine will be discharged by scientifically designed outfall structure and quantity of brine will be less, it will not affect the sea ecosystem after dilution. Annexure-IV MOEF&CC QUERY: d. Technology for waste water treatment is to be submitted.

NVVN RESPONSE:

Wastewater Generation The proposed LNG gas based Power Project is based on gas engine and it is not a water intensive technology unlike thermal power plants utilizing steam- turbine technology, in which water is used to produce steam to spin turbines to produce electricity thereby requiring significant volumes of cooling water for condensing steam turbine exhaust and cooling auxiliary equipment.

However, an effluent management scheme would be implemented with the objective of optimization of various water systems so as to reduce intake water requirement which would result in lesser waste water discharge. The effluent management scheme would essentially involve collection, treatment and recirculation/ disposal of various effluents. Adequate treatment facilities would be provided to all the waste streams emanating from the power plant. This would include physico-chemical and biological treatment for other effluents conforming to the standards prescribed under Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.

Efficient operation of treatment plants would be ensured so that the quality of effluents conforms to the relevant standards prescribed by the Regulatory Agencies.

All the treated effluents would be discharged through a single point outlet from Central Monitoring Basin (CMB). Treated effluents shall be collected in Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) and shall be recycled & re-used /discharged to sea. The quantity of waste water to be generated from proposed project is given in Table-1. TABLE-1. WASTEWATER GENERATION FROM THE PROPOSED POWER PLANT

Sr. No Particulars Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Generation Quantity

1 Brine water 17 m3/day Into sea

2 Domestic 5.1 m3/day Treatment in sewage Treatment Plant wastewater & reuse in horticulture/service water

3 Process 1.0 m3/day Treatment in Effluent Treatment Plant wastewater and reuse in service water

Total 23.1 m3/day

Adequate storm water drains will be constructed along the boundary of the plant area and within the plant area to drain off the storm water during monsoon period. Treatment of Brine The reject of desalination plant will be discharged as brine. It will be sent to final discharge tank for further dilution with cooling water and other effluents.

Cooling Water System The cooling water after cooling of gas engines will be is cooled in a separate cooler in the external cooling water system. After multiple recycling of cooling water, it will be discharged along with brine.

Effluent Treatment System The liquid effluents shall be collected in Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) and treated suitably for reuse within the plant. Further, effluents/waste water which cannot be reused/recycled shall be pumped back into the sea complying with prevailing environmental norms. a. For process water effluents, the Oil and grease will be treated by gravity based oil separation technology. After removal of oil & grease from effluents, the physicochemical treatment (Lamella clarifier with coagulants and other chemicals) will be given to remove other pollutants. Finally treated effluents shall be sent to CMB for dilution. b. Service water effluents from various areas shall be separately routed to a sump. From the sump the waste service water shall be pumped up to lamella clarifier/tube settler for treatment. Treated service water shall be sent back to service water tank to the extent possible for re-use. c. There would be only about 20 persons will be deployed during operation of power project. Therefore domestic sewage about 2.4 m3/day. Therefore it is envisaged to treat in a portable Membrane Based Bio-Reactor (MBBR) Technology or Septic tanks as per techno-economic feasibility. d. The treated effluents conforming to the prescribed standards only shall be re-circulated and reused within the plant. Arrangements shall be made that plant effluents and storm water do not get mixed.

Annexure-V MOEF&CC Query: (d) A list of activities as a part of CSR to be prepared. NVVN Reply: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been synonymous with NTPC’s core business of power generation. NTPC has a comprehensive CSR and sustainability policy which is in the public domain. NTPC spirit of caring and sharing is embedded in its mission statement. NVVN has adopted CSR Policy of its holding company, NTPC Limited. NVVN as responsible Corporate/Community/Government Citizens, will undertake socio- economic development programme to supplement the efforts to meet priority needs of the community with the aim to help them become self-reliant. These efforts would be generally around NVVN work centers mostly in the areas of education, civil infrastructure, healthcare, sports & cultures, women empowerment, Skill Development & Self Employment, education and entrepreneurship in the community NVVN as fully subsidiary of NTPC, endeavors to improve the lives of neighborhood society through various community development initiatives under its Initial Community Development (ICD) policy, Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainability Policy. NVVN’s Community Development/CSR activities, in focus areas of basic infrastructure development, education, community health & sanitation, capacity building and gender empowerment etc. are based on specific local requirements and guided by extensive Need Assessment Surveys and consultation through Village Panchayats, Public representatives, district administration etc. NVVN has provided about 40 electric buses for improvement the environment of the area by reducing the diesel consumption. NVVN proposes to carry out various activities for socio-economic development of surrounding area of proposed project in two phase. The proposed project shall be taken under the direction and consultation of local authority. (1) Construction Phase: During construction phase various community development activities will be carry out under CER/CD budget. These activities will be done as per MOEF&CC Office Memorandum dated 30.09.2020 regarding Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER). The list of community development activities proposed under CER are as follow. i. Fisherman Welfare: As Andaman is an island area and dominated by fishing activities. The sub-committee comprising of EAC committee members of Thermal projects during its visit at project site on 02.11.2019 has also suggested for welfare and livelihood of fisherman folks. Accordingly, it is proposed to incur about Rs. 20 lakhs on training, infrastructure for promotion of fisheries at nearby villages. ii. Education: As suggested by EAC in its meeting held on 30.12.2020, it is proposed to provide scholarships to students for research on conservation of various species of Andaman Island. There are about 8 government schools within 3 km radius from project. It is also proposed to support these government schools by creating infrastructure like toilets, furniture, boundary wall, library etc. A budget of about Rs. 20 lakh has been envisaged for this purpose. iii. Public Park: During Public Hearing, some of participants demanded the development of a public park. Therefore, NVVN has proposed to provide financial assistance of about Rs. 20 lakhs for development of park in nearby area subject to land provided by A&N administration. (2) Operation Phase: During operation, various social, developmental activities will be carry out under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as per Company Act, 2013 as amended. Therefore the CSR budget will be kept accordingly. The list of various activities proposed under CSR are as follow. i. Drinking Water Facility: As Andaman is an island area and has limited supply of sweet drinking water. Therefore, it is proposed to provide a drinking water supply point from project desalination plant outside the project for nearby villagers. ii. Skill Development and Self-employment: As the proposed project will require limited manpower (about 20), the focus will be given on skill development activities and self-employment. The youths from nearby areas will be imparted vocational training, tailoring, horticulture, computer etc. iii. Solar Lights : NVVN will provide the solar lights for public places, circles, road crossings etc., as in consultation with local administration. iv. Tourist Facilities: NVVN will support the A&N administration for development of tourist activities nearby areas to support the livelihood of villagers. v. Health Facilities: There is only one Primary Health Sub Centre within 3 km area from project. NVVN will support the government health center by providing medical equipment, infrastructure etc. in consultation with health department of A&N. vi. Education: The infrastructure like renovation of classrooms in government schools, drinking water huts, sports, scholarships etc. will be undertaken. Annexure-VI ip9qrqstquvwsCvBxBxps

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