JOURNAL OF Civi lDEFENSE VOLUME 45 2012 ISSUE

STORM DOCTOR A Storm Chasing Physician’s First-Hand Account

CIVIL DEFENSE REDUX - It’s Back

Psychology of Survival ANOTHER WAY TO BE PREPARED

Social Media Lessons from the Joplin, Missouri Ways YOU Can Help

PROTECTING FUEL SUPPLIES Preserve and Restore Your Fuel Supply NOTHING IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN CLEAN, SAFE, WATER AQUA RAIN Ceramic Water Filtration Systems for Emergencies

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BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Dr. Gary M. Sandquist (President) Sharon Packer (Secretary, Treasurer) Jay R. Whimpey William D. Perkins Dr. Gerald Looney IN TH IS ISSUE Bronius Cikotas Dr. Charles Cox Dr. Tammy Taylor Storm Doctor 3 By Jason Persoff, M.D. ADVISORS . Paul Seyfried Is Your Vehicle Prepared? 10 By D6 Survivor Chuck Fenwick Dr. Jane Orient Michael G. Bazinet 5 Reasons Why Beans Should be a Staple Dr. Landon Beales 11 in Your Food Storage Dr. Dane Dickson 6 By Jodie and Julie (www.foodstoragemadeeasy.net) Sid Ogden Jonathan Jones Kylene Jones Civil Defense Redux Dr. Mary Pernicone By Bruce Curley 13 Paulette Wohnoutka Tim Hooper Steps for Water Purification Dr. Arthur Robinson 17 By Dr. Landon Beales OFFICE DIRECTORS 12 Lessons from the School of Hard Knocks Kylene Jones 18 By Clod M. Hopper (Editor) Polly Wood (Office Manager/Associate Editor) 2012: A Year of Record Breaking Natural Disasters 20 TACDA 12162 South Business Park Dr., #208 Draper, UT 84020 Psychology of Survival www.tacda.org 21 By Jay R. Whimpey, P.E. [email protected] 14 TACDA Board Member Office: (800) 425-5397 Fax: (888) 425-5339 What Would You Do Without Toilet Paper? ISSN# 0740-5537 26 By Jonathan B. and Kylene Anne Jones .

Homeland Security Parable 27 By Bruce Curley

Social Media Lessons from the Joplin, Missouri Tornado 23 28 By Bruce Curley

Protecting Fuel Supplies 31 By Ralph E. Lewis 2012 I SSUE • 1 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE FROM THE EDITOR

s the current President of TACDA and a fellow am excited to join the TACDA team as the American citizen, I have major concerns for the wel - new editor for the Journal of Civil A Defense . I honor Sharon Packer for her fare and security of our country. The turmoil in the Middle I many years of dedicated service. She will con - East over the insurrection in Egypt and the nuclear aspira - tinue to serve TACDA in other capacities. tions of Iran to acquire nuclear weapons are just two of the Many of you know Polly Wood, who faithful - threats we must address. The mission of TACDA is cen - ly remains the backbone of our organization tered on securing the safety and welfare for you, your fam - and whose talent is evident in the journal’s ily and the . I enlist your interest and support for TACDA and final design. I am grateful to the amazing writ - its important mission. ers who have donated their time and energy to bring you these quality articles. Without Stronger Sanctions, Iran Will Go Nuclear Please accept my sincere apologies for the A recent article in the Wall Street Journal (Tuesday, 13 August 2013) was delay in producing the 2012 annual issue. It is a titled, “Without Stronger Sanctions, Iran Will Go Nuclear.” Some in the U.S. fantastic issue, packed full of great information. Congress believe with the replacement of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad We do not anticipate any future problems pro - by Hasan Rouhani in June’s election that this new President is a moderate ducing the journal in a timely manner. You can expect another exciting issue to follow shortly. voice in Iran and will enter into genuine negations regarding Iran’s nuclear I encourage you to go online to program for developing nuclear weapons. However, during a 2004 speech, www.tacda.org and explore the treasure of Rouhani boasted that his negotiating strategy with the West enabled Iran to information contained in the Journal of Civil advance its nuclear program. Defense Archives. There are issues dating back The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most brutal and repressive to 1968. I discovered a classic quote by Sir regimes in the world. If Iran “goes nuclear,” Iran will pose an enormous Winston Churchill in my perusing. “The need threat to , the Middle East and even the U.S. The Pentagon reports that for an effective Civil Defense is surely beyond Iran could flight test an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of reaching dispute…no city, no family nor any honorable the U.S. by 2015. The authors of the WSJ article argue to avoid military man or woman can repudiate this duty…” intervention by Israel or the even the U.S., we must continue economic sanc - This statement is just as true today as it was tions and persuade China, India, South Korea and Japan from continuing to over 40 years ago. purchase oil from Iran. The economic price for continued nuclear pursuits “The mission of The American Civil Defense Association (TACDA) is to provide by Iran must be so high as to force Iran to abandon nuclear weapon devel - education, products and resources that opment. empower American Citizens with a compre - hensive understanding of reasonable prepared - ness strategies and techniques; promoting a self-reliant, pro-active approach to protecting themselves, their families and their communi - ties in the event of nuclear, biological, chemical Gary M. Sandquist or other man-made and natural disasters.” President TACDA I am committed to the furthering of this mission through the Journal of Civil Defense . With the help of Polly and many talented authors, I will do my best to provide a valuable reference to your library. Thank you for your continued support of TACDA. Together we will be ready to face the challenging times which fill our future.

Sincerely,

Kylene Jones Journal of Civil Defense Editor

2 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

Photo by Jason Persoff MD/stormdoctor.com Storm Doctor

First Response Mode: A Storm Chasing Physician's First-Hand Account of One of the Nation's Deadliest and Most Destructive Tornadoes. Joplin, Missouri, May 22, 2011.

By Jason Persoff, M.D.

he first smells to sand blast their way into my my skull. Some insulation from a house or business car as I opened my door against the norther - floated down next to my foot, which was now T ly winds was that of gasoline, kerosene, and soaked from the horizontal winds about the rear swamp gas. The tornado lurked very close by, the flank downdraft. Off to my right, a sole power flash unmistakable roar of wind, rain, , and debris as the tornado moved on. A resonant bass, deeper gnashed about the road less than a mile or so away than sound, signaled the proximity of the tornado, from us, and the sky roiled in avocado green. I but in its wake it left wind, rain, and a remarkably couldn’t see it, but I could feel it and hear it inside intense staccato and thunder, like a strobe STORM DOCTOR, continued light stuck in irregular leaping beats. drils of the tornado touching down, to I grabbed my orange trauma kit I had forecast this target almost the point where it became a ¾ mile wide from the back and began to attend to twenty four hours before, but just about wedge of destruction took <30 seconds, the trucker on the off-ramp. The rain thirty miles west of Joplin. I liked the something I’d never seen in my chase had been torrential and the roadside winds at the surface, the hint of a dry - experience. The tornado grew in size in was a mass of water. I took one step line, the ridiculous amounts of potential a way that was faster than its ground toward the truck and sunk my shoe into energy waiting to unleash itself on the speed. Experienced chasers I knew muck and swamp water. I could barely atmosphere, and the way the satellite could not move out of the way fast walk through the morass at the side of and morning radar showed a boundary enough and some nearly found their the road, let alone make progress up the just draped over the area, waiting to stir lives forfeit. Sadly, so did many in the incline and yet, seemingly 100 feet away up storms. The storms that formed path who had become so used to hear - at an angle that felt close to 45 degrees, began to mutate and darken, red blobs ing tornado sirens and had learned to loomed a truck on its side. I couldn’t turning to purple and white on my tune them out as false alarms. propel myself up the incline, but wind radar. The storms were growing larger As we crossed over the Joplin town had no problem taking a truck weighing line, the tornado was busy spinning tons up the same incline. wildly at over 200 miles per hour, leav - Whereas I had thought I was gain - ing behind a landscape that looked ing traction mentally on the situation I “... the tornado was busy mowed down to its nubbins with was working in, I began to feel a tele - humans tossed like batter smashed scoping effect: I was through the spinning wildly at over 200 against debris. My patients would come Looking Glass and was getting smaller from here and soon. I had not met them and smaller in relation to the true scope miles per hour, leaving yet, but I would know them and see of the disaster. It had taken me several them for the next 12 hours, and I’ll minutes to care for a single person, and behind a landscape that never stop seeing them in my mind, ever. increasingly I knew he was one of many. looked mowed down to its “First responder mode” was the I was only just beginning to appreciate last radio transmission I received before how helpless I was. I had no radio to nubbins with humans I snapped out of reverie and shock. I put communicate with EMS, there was no my car in brake and took one last look formal command structure, my cell tossed like batter smashed forward; I wouldn’t be wearing dry phone was not receiving any signal clothes again until dawn the next day. (despite being in Joplin’s city limit), and against debris.” The tornado was audibly moving off to just where had the debris raining inter - the east. mittently from the sky come from exact - Soul-piercing thunder charged the ly? air as I got out of my car. Courtesy of The first police officer arrived on than Mt. Everest by over a mile or two. the dark skies and pounding northerly scene. I ran up to him to establish that I The sky heaved curtains of rain winds, I could only see to the underpass was a physician, had a background in powerful enough to etch paint off signs. directly in front of me. One truck was EMS, and wanted to check in at inci - The winds picked up strongly out of the overturned on the off-ramp to my right: dent command to help. He asked which north as we approached the storm’s whether it had started heading east or hospital I worked at. Not being sure back edge. Radio traffic filled with west was not clear. Multiple cars, shards how to answer, I just stated I was trav - sightings of a multi-vortex tornado. of glass, and scoured earth were just eling through. He looked at me and Sitting in torrential rain, we could see east of the overpass. said, “Better not go to St. John’s then: nothing going on from as little as a half I took charge of the scene rapidly. I it’s been destroyed.” a mile away. Our storm had been torna - remember trying to emanate calm, I That took a moment for both of us do warned for about 20 minutes before remember trying to pretend the light - to process. A whole hospital was this, and I noted this fact as I glanced at ning didn’t scare me, but internally I destroyed? A whole hospital? “Where’s the latest radar scan and cringed in hor - wanted to be anywhere but walking the next closest hospital?” I asked. “The ror that the radar findings suggested a down the middle of an interstate watch - only other one,” he said, “is Freeman— potent tornado. But in addition, the tor - ing a victorious forecast manifest in do you know how to get there?” I nado bore the sign of a debris ball in the hideous destruction. Every rational part became smaller and smaller as the rab - lowest levels: evidence of probable of me knew I needed to take cover, the bit hole grew larger. debris kicked up by the tornado, high threat of death by electrocution or As I pulled out under the overpass, enough to be spotted on radar. falling debris still loomed imminent. I felt like a football player clearing the Later, I’d watch YouTube and find Still, I also felt the reflexive need to take atrium of the locker room: each step video that showed the evolution of this charge and take back the earth from the exposes a dizzying sense of vertigo as tornado. From the first wisps and ten - sky. the full scope of the stadium manifests

4 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE visually from shadow and murk to viva - cious color and size. When I’d gotten out of the car the first time, I was convinced we were in the tornado’s wake, tending to the tor - nado’s victims. I was wrong. We moved In the dying gray, the city forward into a battlefield of staggering dimensions where the tornado had crossed the interstate. Where I had only seen a few trucks and few passenger was preternaturally dark. vehicles near the overpass now, just east of there, was a quarter to half-mile wide cacophony of vehicles mangled, over - turned, tossed, and littered with mud, The hospital itself had tree limbs, glass, and utility parts. People staggered in between vehicles checking on passengers. A hospital destroyed, an interstate littered with experienced a total power debris and vehicles, and what the hell did I just drive into? The world became bigger and big - ger as I tried to reach Freeman Health failure transiently. System. No matter how hard I pressed the accelerator, my car simply could not travel the distance fast enough. I felt that horrible dream feeling of being on a treadmill, spinning in place while my destination drifts further away. Finally, Robert Balogh, MD—my chase partner and another hospitalist—radioed me to slow down: “Nobody’s going to be helped if we become victims ourselves … don’t hydroplane, Jason.” Coming off the exit we re-entered the damage path. Tree limbs, stalled cars, and damage began to show up just north of our exit. Beyond all reason, the sole intersection in the town had power to Freeman. I brought the car up to the red light and stopped. Here was the odd dichotomy of urgency and law-abiding, the ego and the id. Straight ahead there were raucous flashing lights and a solitary building I’d later learn was the other hospital. For

now, I was just waiting at 32nd and m o c . Main Street for the light to turn green. r o t c

Finding an emergency room during an o d m emergency proves to be decidedly diffi - r o t s cult. Signs point up or left or right where / D M

roads seem to dash and turn. Somehow f f o s we made it to the ER parking lot during r e P

a lull in the ambulance activity. n o s a

I used my stethoscope as identifica - J

y b tion and made my way to the ER o t entrance with Robert. In the dying gray, o h P

2012 I SSUE • 5 STORM DOCTOR, continued

the city was preternaturally dark. The hospital itself had experienced a total power failure transiently. The emer - I suggested we give him intramuscular morphine and gency lighting strobe lights could be seen from outside the hospital: given the allow him to die of his injuries so that more patients window tinting, these strobe lights beat in asynchrony from all the floors and all could come in. The ER attending nearby concurred and the windows and somehow terrified me worse than any event that day. By now I was steeling myself and we did this. Several other patients were already dead. preparing to help in any way I could. It felt reassuring to re-enter a hospital set - ting. I remember checking in with the triage nurse whose name eludes me: she was incredible. She ushered in a sense of calm and order to what had been noth - ing short of chaos up until that point. Through her cues I was able to search out a comfortable and familiar work rhythm. Head trauma was ubiquitous with scalp lacerations nearly uniform and often the scalp wound appeared more dramatic than the actual life-threaten - ing injury. As an internist and a father, I had no training or stomach to deal with the critically injured children, some who died. I take some comfort in knowing the ones I saw looked like sleeping chil - dren, and did not look like they were suffering. A gentleman with an open skull fracture wasn’t breathing well. The ER resident at the time and I performed a quick exam and noted that his left eye was deviated medially consistent with a severe, likely terminal brain injury. In this mode, there was no choice but to allocate resources to those with less severe injuries. I suggested we give him intramuscular morphine and allow him to die of his injuries so that more patients could come in. The ER attend -

ing nearby concurred and we did this. m o

c Several other patients were already . r o t

c dead. o d Physical diagnosis became a mine - m r o t

s field. Almost all patients were covered / D in some form of debris which tended to M

f f

o accumulate in skin folds or in the ears s r e

P or mouth. On more than one occasion,

n o

s shards of glass cut my gloves (but a J

y thankfully, never me). The floor was b

o t covered in so much blood in places, that o h P

6 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE it was a matter of throwing down tow - blood, sand, and gore on my forearms she bounced into other patients and els to minimize the risk of slipping and or legs. I would rush to rinse these off beds. One patient relayed making it to falling. All my career I’d been trained when I could, but the emphasis was on a stairwell which “fell apart” as the tor - about fluid precautions to avoid trans - doing and moving. nado hit, and he thought he saw staff mission of disease, yet in Joplin that As I moved to another location to and patients fly out from above his van - night, the ER was a fine mist of all kinds care for patients, I passed through the tage point. To date, only five patients of fluids—infectious and non—and the waiting room. There were hundreds of were known to have died directly from only thing that mattered was forward people, blood on every surface, band - the tornadic winds; one visitor likewise motion. ages outnumbered clothes, and here succumbed, but no staff inside the hos - I learned humility beyond words at there was wailing and human suffering. pital. the reality a city’s worth of people were If for only a moment I reflected on an When the tornado hit, these people facing. I can’t emphasize how perfectly amazing irony: it was better to have still needed medical treatment, but now coordinated everyone was in spite of the been moderately-to-severely injured by the hospital they depended on had destruction, a seeming hive mind borne the tornado. To be one of the walking become a disaster zone. Pain medica - of chaos. People moved like delicate wounded meant misery—no doctor, no tion, IV fluids, and other accoutrements samurai, cutting through the trees with pain medication, no expected time until of care were suddenly not working, grace and elegance. Even the patients treatment rendered…it left me unset - broken, or absent. That they had been seemed resigned to help by offering tled. Also, I had a moment of panic, rescued from the top floors by EMS focused answers and trying to bravely fearing that the charge nurse was was a true tribute to the emergency absorb their plight without distracting escorting me into this room—filled to response in Joplin. That they now were anyone from moving to the next standing room only—to care for this sitting in a room with one doctor and patient. mass of patients with nothing but my three nurses hoping to get their care Here I was working with care heart to care for them. Instead, he back on track was overwhelming. providers in the middle of an ocean of directed me to a room that was used in For the remainder of the night I darkness: cell phone service was down, better times to care for patients who would be their doctor, their healer, and the internet was offline, and the hospi - had been discharged from the hospital their confessor. In this room, I began to tal’s landlines were not available. The but were awaiting pick up by friends or organize a hospital floor with the nurs - nurses, techs, and physicians were trian - family. es. The staff I worked with down to gulating whether their families were This “discharge lounge” had been every single one was impeccable, appre - okay based solely on the location where unexpectedly filled with patients from ciative, effective, and efficient. We the victims had been found. They could the stricken hospital, St. Johns. These began to round on these patients and not know their own spouses’ safety or patients had been on the top floors and began to piece together their medical their childrens’ locations. And yet they had been admitted to St. Johns for rou - care. In some cases, patients were worked focused and without hesitation. tine medical treatments: hip fractures, demented and had no idea how they No time for tears, no time to mourn. cancer surgeries, pain control, etc. They got there or why they were there. One The dead were treated respectfully, would relay to me throughout the lady sweetly referred to herself repeat - and were ushered from this life to the evening that they were all mobilized at edly in the third person, but laughed care of the morticians. The custodial some point into the hallway when the and chuckled at the end of each of her staff rushed around cleaning the floors, was issued, but the statements. the walls, the equipment, and occasion - tornado had destroyed the roof and all One patient was summarily “pissed ally the ceilings. The dance continued of the windows of their floor. Once the off” because he had been scheduled to gaining increasing organization over lead windows were shattered, the floors be discharged from the hospital earlier time. acted like wind tunnels, accelerating the that morning, but his doctor never The irony of the disaster was that I winds, focusing them on objects in the made it in before the tornado. He also was more of a physician then, than I rooms such as chairs, end tables, and in wondered whether I’d seen his medical often internally feel I am in the wake of one case a Coke machine. All of this records (I’m sure they were in the stability. And I was fluid in my care, was sent aloft emerging out the far sludge miles away from there). He moving effortlessly around nurses and side’s windows, in some cases crashing asked me to discharge him on his new techs whose care was equally as to the ground below. “white pills.” I could not comply, sadly, focused on treating the patient. One patient told me how her room not only for not knowing which pills I had long ago foregone my surgi - was several rooms away from the these were, but because I had no way to cal gown and was back to wearing just nurse’s station, but when the tornado coordinate his care safely. And for his my shorts and short sleeves, my clothes ripped the roof off, she “flew” (per her) part, he didn’t press the point since he reeking like a swamp. I kept changing past the nurse’s station, colliding even - had no home to which to be dis - my gloves, but still ended up with tually with the far end of the hallway as charged; his wife confirmed that their

2012 I SSUE • 7 STORM DOCTOR, continued

Joplin’s tornado was one of the deadliest in recorded history. Few tornadoes have caused this much death save some in Third World countries, such as a Bangladeshi tornado that hit several years ago killing 1300.

house and vehicles had been hit by the protocols. Accountability needed to far away as Wichita and Kansas City. I tornado too. return, and care needed to reflect a began to triage who would go first, and I recognized that while the care broader scope again, rather than just who was too unstable to be transport - that was required was infinite, my ener - the here and now. ed. I formed incredibly fast friendships gies were not, and now, almost 10 The emotional toll of what I’d been with my nursing staff. We worked hours since the tornado hit, I was run - experiencing from without began to together like I’d been in charge of this ning out of adrenaline. I hadn’t eaten or seep into me. I rinsed my hands off ward for years. drank anything since lunch. I had seen again as I looked around. There was A nurse lent me her phone: cell about 25 trauma patients earlier in the blood on the carpet, the area was cov - service had been restored. I called my day, but now had equally that number ered in a gravelly sand (a weird amal - wife. With two words I conveyed an that required “routine” hospital care in gam of concrete, glass, stucco, and idea so transcendent from the town in addition to tornado-related aid for wood that once was ostensibly St. which I was working, that I felt guilty bumps, bruises, and cuts. It was a jar - Johns Hospital), and people were lying even uttering them: “I’m okay.” ring realization, but we needed to in chairs or on the floor. I received Without much explanation, I told her I return from the world of disaster to one word that ambulances were on the way loved her deeply, and that I would call of written orders, standardized hand - now to take my patients away from when I could. offs, and resumption of basic medical Freeman to surrounding areas, some as By 4:00 a.m., I was done though I

8 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

one part of me knew that no matter how such as a Bangladeshi tornado that hit long I worked, this transition back to several years ago killing 1300. As of this allowing Joplin to care for itself was posting, more than 158 people are con - inevitable. I longed for the energy and firmed dead, and over 7000 structures in for the ability to do more, but I knew I Joplin were deemed damaged or had done all I could. Almost fifty destroyed by the tornado. The National patients and several fatalities packed Weather Service has confirmed that the into a short span of hours and a tornado was an EF-5 with estimated marathon of patient care. winds in excess of 200 miles per hour. I tearfully hugged most of my The city of Joplin was enclosed patients and their families. I said good - within a tornado watch box that had bye to my nurses. I left the ward I’d been issued over two hours before the helped create for the last time. storm crossed into Missouri. The storm While driving, Robert was shocked that spawned the tornado was under an to hear that I was going to chase storms active tornado warning for up to 20 again in just a few hours after a veritable minutes before the tornado hit. In some nap as Central Oklahoma looked parts of the city, no sirens wailed. Some primed for within the chasers fleeing the tornado reported that next twelve hours. After what we’d seen, people were out walking on the street as how could the reasonable person storm they rushed past, oblivious to their chase? I had to think about that, and impending deaths, completely unaware then realized why. I didn’t cause the of the severity of the storm on their storm by wishing for it, and had it not doorstep. The high fatality count likely been there, Robert and I wouldn’t have is due to the combination of EF-5 dam - been there either to help. Karma. age and many people not in proper shel - I will forever remain captivated by ter at the time the tornado hit. Had the

severe storms and the incredible beauty tornado been a half mile further south, m o c

. they possess. The destruction the torna - both St. Johns and Freeman hospitals r o t

c do rent upon Joplin did so without would have been destroyed simultane - o d

m antipathy, and in so doing seemed even ously and the death count from such a r o t

s more hurtful in its emotional neutrality. hit would have easily exceeded 1000. As / D

M There was no one to blame, no one to it was, accounts confirm that emergency

f f o

s hate, no forces against which revenge preparations inside St. Johns and at least r e P

could be focused. It was a feeling of one nursing home in the tornado’s path n o s inevitability bearing witness to its were executed properly. a J

y

b destruction—an amplified sense of help - If the caregivers are any representa -

o t lessness. tion of the surrounding community, o h P I threw my socks away because they Joplin will rebuild and flourish. These were unsalvageable. I would need new are survivors. These are neighbors who had no sleep in me. I wandered into the shoes. I showered, and then I slept. And care for one another. They are the best hospital’s ER to check out my patients. I then, as unexpected as it was, the sun of humanity, and they affirmed the good felt an incredible guilt: how selfish I felt rose again … that exists in all that day. • to stop rendering care because I was tired. Surrounding me were all the play - Post-script: Joplin’s tornado was one of Follow the author at http://storm - ers who’d been working from the start: the deadliest in recorded history. Few doctor.com the same triage nurse, the same ER doc - tornadoes have caused this much death tors, and here I was walking away. Still save some in Third World countries,

• Jason Persoff, MD, SFHM, Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Colorado Hospital Medicine Group, Program Assistant Heather Fordyce Leprino Building, 9th Floor, Mailstop F-782 — Office Phone: 720-848-7203 12401 E. 17th Avenue — , CO 80045 — Cell Phone: 904-343-4325 — Fax: 720-848-4293 Program: http://www.medschool. ucdenver.edu/hospitalmedicine Email: [email protected]/ — Personal: http://stormdoctor.com

2012 I SSUE • 9 Is Your Vehicle PREPARED?

By D6 Survivor also have a narrow clear juice bottle energy, instant oatmeal, powdered that I would use to disinfect water by instant breakfast, ramen noodles, bouil - exposing it to the sun. I also carry an lon cubes, powdered sports drink and e spend a lot of time army canteen. protein bars. Your more perishable in our vehicles, or foods could be carried with you in your with it parked close Extra clothing: I don’t want to look too large purse or briefcase. by, while we work, prosperous, so all my clothing is service - shop, or recreate. able, but well used. I have thermal Shelter: My guess is that when “it” hap - With that in mind, why not keep a bug- underwear, watch cap, wool socks, pens the weather is not going to be per - out bag in your car? I came to this con - pants, shirt, leather gloves, old coat, fect. You need to prepare for the worst, clusion when I had a 60 mile commute insulated coveralls, bandana, and bro - but still keep it portable. I have a bivy to work. I started thinking about the ken-in hiking shoes. sack that breathes, but reflects back 90 problems and dangers I might percent of your body heat. I also have encounter if I had to walk that distance. Food: This is a hard one because you two heavy duty trash bags that can be I have put a lot of thought into what have to find things that will withstand used as rain gear (cut a hole for your would be necessary, and useful, in the the extreme in a trunk. In head and arms) and rain protection for event the unknown “it” happened. a survival situation, your caloric needs my bivy sack (add leaves, newspaper, The following is a list of what I will be greatly increased so have about etc. for insulation). I have a wool blan - keep in my personal car bug out bag: 3600 calories per day. In my car, I have ket if the weather is cold or wet. You sea survival rations that can be eaten could add a pad, a lightweight sleeping Water: I carry one gallon in a clean jug with reduced water intake and are bag and an army poncho to increase and a small water bottle with filter. I designed to hold up in extreme temper - your comfort. atures. I also have hard candy for quick Continues on page 25

10 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

By Jodie and Julie 5 REASONS WHY (www.foodstoragemadeeasy.net)

ried beans can be an intimidating food storage item for many peo - pDle. In our experience, people typi - cally either do not like them, do not know how to cook them properly, or do not know what types of foods to make using them. We want to share BEANS with you five reasons why beans SHOULD BE A STAPLE should be a staple in your food stor - age (if they aren’t already) and hope - IN YOUR FOOD STORAGE fully give you some tips along the way that will help you overcome some of those common challenges.

2012 I SSUE • 11 1. BEANS ARE HEALTHFUL • Beans, peas, and lentils are the richest source of vegetable protein and are a good source of both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. RECIPES If you don’t have any stored meats or nuts you will definitely need to include beans in your food storage. Here are just a few reasons why beans are so healthy. You can learn more about the health Cream of Chicken benefits by reading the book, Country Beans by Rita Bingham. We strongly recommend it if you are storing beans at all. Condensed Sou p • Low Calorie Food: The amount of nutrition you get for the • Grind: 4 Tb. of any white bean (Lima, navy, amount of calories is quite significant. When used as a thickener etc.) to make 5 Tb. bean flour. for soups or a substitution for meat they can be very beneficial. • Great Protein: Beans are an excellent source of protein, forming a • Combine: 5 Tb. bean flour, 1 ¾ c water, complete protein when combined with rice, corn, and many other 4 tsp. chicken bouillon into a saucepan. foods. Getting protein this way can help you avoid some of the fatty meat proteins. • Cook: On stovetop at medium . • High in Fiber: One cup of beans provides the same amount of Once it comes to a boil make sure to cook it fiber as three standard doses of Metamucil. for at least three minutes (raw beans can • Low in Fat: Nearly all beans contain only 2-3% fat! You can used give you a sick stomach). Cook until thick mashed beans as a replacement for butter or oil in many baked and delicious, whisking frequently. goods to reduce the fat content. • Lower Cholesterol: Not only do beans contain no cholesterol, “they actually help the body get rid of what is considered bad cholesterol. Enchilada Pie 2. BEANS CAN BE STORED VIRTUALLY INDEFINITELY 1 ½ cups cooked black beans When stored in a cool, dry place, beans will basically stay good for - ever. If you have an older supply of beans they may require more time 1 large onion to soak and more time to cook. We have found that using an electric 1 batch bean flour cream of chicken soup pressure cooker will help your beans to turn out great every time, regardless of their age. (see recipe above) Sealing your legumes in Mylar pouches inside of five gallon 1 (4oz) can diced green chilies buckets creates the ideal conditions for long term bean storage. Using oxygen absorbers can also help maintain the freshness of the items. 1 (8 oz) can mild enchilada sauce We also recommend keeping smaller containers in your kitchen or 1 pkg soft tortillas pantry so that you can use them in your daily cooking to practice and rotate. Continues on page 25 ½ lb cheddar cheese, grated (may also use freeze-dried cheese) ½ lb Monterrey cheese, grated (may also use freeze-dried cheese) )

t 3 chicken breasts, shredded e n . y s

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12 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

Bruce Curley, right, pictured with Jack Womer.

CIVIL DEFENSE REDUX

By Bruce Curley things. • Know what is not covered by your insurance policy worke d for a guy who was heavily involved (such as floods). in NASA’s Apollo space program who liked to say, • Understand what is, and is not, covered. “It took 450,000 private contractors and 50,000 • Make sure you have the best insurance company I government contract managers to put an American working for you. on the moon.” That ratio also applies to homeland secu - In a former life, I had the honor of working with rity (civil defense). emergency management professionals. I helped teach a class at the Emergency Management Institute and moni - Insurance tored Emergency Operations Centers in Texas, Utah, Since so much civil defense and disaster preparedness , and Arizona. involves insurance: I was also able to write articles for Hazard Monthly. • Review your homeowner’s insurance policy regular - Two articles included: Two Fine Books Produced ly to make sure you have enough coverage, and the by Smithsonian Project, about Krakatoa 1883-The right kind of coverage, for YOUR home, family, and Volcanic Eruption and its Effects by Tom Simkin,

2012 I SSUE • 13 CIVIL DEFENSE REDUX, continued and Volcanoes of the World-A Regional and they have located material, systems, EAMON! HE’S IN THE GARAGE!!” Directory, Gazetteer, and Chronology companies, policies and planning sys - As Eamon used to sleep walk that was of Volcanism During the Last 10,000 tems that work and, more importantly, not an unlikely supposition, except that Years, by Tim Sinkin, See Siebert, et al. adapt to various situations. I especially the garage was fully engaged in fire with (Krakatau darkened the world’s skies like their Aqua Rain ceramic water fil - plenty of fuel to burn and we needed to for four days). tration system (civilization depends on get out - fast. I worked on civil defense in the clean water) and their partnership I knew she would not move until early 1980’s when it was square and old with homeland plans. she saw Eamon, so I ran upstairs, went fashioned and, basically, forgotten by into my then teenager Josh’s bedroom most Americans. After all, the Russians TACDA sells a number of useful and dragged him out of bed, picked up were no longer a real threat, the mitigation and preparedness products. I Eamon, ran back downstairs and, real - Chinese were our new trading especially recommend the personal izing the smoke was now so thick that friends...what else could happen? evacuation kit for anyone who works in Robin could not see Eamon right next National priorities shifted and civil an office (great civil defense lessons can to her, I pushed her head down so she defense became a distant memory. be found at www.tacda.org). You may could see him. Her adrenalin broke, I Now it is back in the news every never face an ABC attack, you may not pushed all three out the remaining exit, day, and if no longer forgotten, often face a fire, but you may face a power and we fled to safety. ignored. But just as it was forgotten and outage and need it to get out of your We had practiced fire drills many dismissed as irrelevant in the 1980’s and building. But for $36 a year, its money times before that fire. Was the fire we 1990’s, events in 2001 forced us to dust well spent. experienced anything like the fire we it off and rediscover it. Civil defense, One thing about working in emer - practiced for? Not even close. now called homeland defense or home - gency management professionally or as And that is the way with natural land security, is back. For proof, just a volunteer - you think you are better and man-made disasters. You can have look at the hundreds of thousands of prepared than most. What is always the all the best training, tools, leadership, Americans now known as “preppers” great mystery about a disaster is that the comrades, and experience, but the situ - who are taking civil defense measures. law of averages does not apply. No dis - ation will provide surprises you cannot The media may mock them, but they aster is average because it is always dif - imagine in the best written and exer - are only doing what their ancestors did ferent than the one before. And when it cised scenario. for hundreds of thousands of years: hits you, it is bound to change your life All that means is that you have to preparing to survive after the next man- forever. be flexible, creative, and ready for the made or natural event. For example, my own house next one by doing as much mitigation burned down in 2003 due to a defective work as you can in advance. circuit board on an electric mower. It was a bad fire. Because we had You can have all the best There had been a Consumer Products adequate USAA insurance, we were training, tools, leadership, Safety Commission recall on this prod - able to rebuild a better house quickly. uct, but I never got the recall. As one of the firefighters told me that comrades, and experience, So, my notice was when I was day, “The ones I really feel sorry for are awakened at 6:05 a.m. by my wife’s the ones who don’t have insurance.” but the situation will provide scream that went straight up my spine. I (The new house is beautiful, but I surprises you cannot imagine jumped out of bed and ran downstairs would give it all back not to have the thinking she had confronted a burglar. memory of my wife being in the best written and As I ran, in the corner of my eye I medivacted out to the Johns Hopkins noticed my wee one, Eamon, six at the Burn Unit. Disasters happen, and taking exercised scenario. time, in his bedroom standing in the steps to be prepared is common sense). corner. [Mental note: that was unusual.] Fires, floods, earthquakes, wind - As I got closer to my wife, I began storms, power outages, and now terror - As before, there is much misinfor - to choke on the toxic gases swirling ist attacks happen. It’s a story as old as mation, but more good information. around, making my eyes tear up. I the Bible. Do you and your family and There are many professionals and many grabbed her and tried to get her away neighbors a favor and make sure you other fast-buck artists out there on the from the fireball swirling in the garage, are prepared. Even if it never happens, web promoting their products, plans but she stood her ground and said, “Get it’s like insurance. You never know you and systems. I’ve visited many of their Eamon! Get Eamon! He’s in the need it until you need it, and then it is websites and recommend one over all garage.” too late to get it. Mitigate and smile. the others: The American Civil Defense I told her I just saw him upstairs TACDA understands the funda - Association (TACDA). but she repeated all the louder, “GET mentals of emergency management They understand the threat matrix

14 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

2012 I SSUE • 15 CIVIL DEFENSE REDUX, continued which depend on details, like their valuable lessons, principles, procedures, of these programs, contact a staffer on METTAGs (www.mettag.com). and policies learned from dealing with the particular committee or subcommit - Besides Sears for tools, I recom - these natural disasters that we can apply tee that deals with it. mend the Tractor Supply Company for, to civil defense (now called “homeland Its interesting how, even though, as they say, “The stuff you need out defense”). since 9/11, billions of dollars have been there.” They carry about everything you One article I wrote in Hazard authorized, appropriated, and spent in need to be well prepared, or you can Monthly (June 1984, p. 12) was titled, this area - after being neglected so in the find it in their catalog. Wal-Mart also “How FEMA Works With/Battles/Is 1980’s and 1990’s, the valuable civil sells just about everything you will need Guided by Congress.” It outlined the defense lessons, principles, procedures, in a survival situation. When I helped Byzantine process of how emergency and policies learned from our past the Mayor of Mount Airy, MD (my management funding works its way experience (from early exploration in home town) to write our emergency through the House and Senate. Under this continent to the present day) must management plan, I included a the Department of Homeland Security, be relearned each generation. Memorandum of Understanding that he it is even more Byzantine. The lessons And if you read the Old and New signed with the manager of the local then apply today. Here are a few quotes: Testament, the lessons are all there. It is Wal-Mart. If we have a major event and At times, a program may be author - human to want to ignore the need supplies, we can access them there ized and no funding is set aside painful lessons and to celebrate the fun and worry about paying when things to make it go. In that case, the program lessons, but life is a mix and we need to calm down. (Remember that Wal-Mart is as good as dead. prepare for, respond to, and mitigate got millions of bottles of water to those Accounts you read in the media life’s emergencies, mindful of the past affected by hurricane Katrina, not oftentimes do not distinguish between and anticipating the future. FEMA). authorizations and appropriations. Yet, One lesson I learned is how well Like volcanoes, other natural disas - they’re quite different and can prepared many of my fellow ters have created monumental catastro - cause much confusion if not clarified Americans (in this case the Mormons) phes. We have been dealing with these from the very beginning. events for thousands of years. There are If you have any questions about any Continues on page 37

Useful Civil Defense and Emergency Preparedness Websites

What to include in a disaster supplies kit • http://www.disastereducation.org/library/public_2004/Disaster_Supplies_Kit.pdf

Personal evacuation kits, METTAG, water purification and storage, radiation measurement, and emergency supplies, ASAP silver solution, and emergency triage • http://www.tacda.org/products/product.php?product_id=PEK1

National Disaster Education Coalition • http://www.disastereducation.org/

Disaster and Emergency Preparedness Planshttp: • //www.homelandplans.com/safetymadesimple/

Talking About Disasters: Guide for Standard Messages (for children and employees) • http://www.disastereducation.org/guide.html

Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Emergency Preparedness and Response • http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax/index.asp

Common sense approach to preparing for a terrorist bombing: • http://www.bt.cdc.gov/masstrauma/preparingterroristbombing.asp

American Red Cross/CDA website that explains sheltering in place http: • //www.redcross.org/preparedness/cdc_english/CDC.asp

16 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

iodine and are best removed from water either by boiling for 10 min - utes or filtration by a high quality filter (pore size less than 1 micron). Chlorine and iodine will kill most viruses and bacteria dependably.  Bleach deteriorates over time Steps for (changes to salt and water) and can only be dependably stored for about one year.

Alternative to Step 2 Boil the water (heat to at least 158 Water degrees Fahrenheit) for 10 minutes. This will kill viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (giardia and cryptosporidium) organ - isms effectively.  It is hard to satisfy thirst, especial - Purification ly in children, with hot or warm water. Boiled water can be used in food preparation, but would have to cool over a relatively long peri - od before drinking. By Dr. Landon Beales tends to hold onto infectious  Fuel and cooking utensils must be agents and make them less vulner - available for boiling the water. can be purified and able to iodine and chlorine. Water made safe for drinking in Step 3 – Filter the Treated Water four simple steps. Each step is necessary Step 2 – Biological Purity Filter the water after chlorine or iodine to ensure safety of the water. It is impor - Add one drop of household bleach per treatment is complete using a good tant to avoid pouring treated (purified) cup of water (four drops per quart and quality filter which will remove particles water back into a container which had 16 drops per gallon). Two drops per cup in the 0.2 – 0.3 micron range. Katadyn just had untreated water in it. If possi - of water can be used for more severely and MSR are common brand names. ble, clean the container with chlorinated polluted water. Household bleach Cryptosporidium is best removed by fil - water (about ½ teaspoon per cup of (Clorox, Purex, etc.) which is made up tration or boiling. water) for two minutes. Pour the clean - of only 5.25% sodium hypochlorite ing solution into the container to be with no other additives (fragrances, etc.) Step 4 – Chemical Purity cleaned and shake/soak the inside of the can be used. Pour the treated water through a carbon container to disinfect it. Drain the con - OR: Add two drops of tincture of (activated charcoal) filter to remove the centrated solution. Once cleaned, it can iodine per cup of water (eight drops per chlorine or iodine taste and chemical hold purified drinking water again. quart or 32 drops per gallon). Use twice contaminates. Carbon can be purchased as much chlorine or iodine if the water in an aquarium supply department. Step 1- Clarify the Water is badly polluted.  A small amount of vitamin C Use a tightly woven cloth as a filter to THEN: Allow the water treated (ascorbic acid such as in pow - remove floating or suspended particu - with chlorine or iodine to stand 15-30 dered “Fruit Fresh”) will effective - late matter or use a small amount of minutes. Longer times may be necessary ly remove the iodine taste in the powdered alum (from the kitchen spice for cold or cloudy water with up to treated water. supplies). Sprinkle on the surface of the eight hours to destroy giardial cysts  Arsenic, benzene, bromoform, water and allow it to settle to the bot - with 99.9 percent certainty. herbicides, lead, mercury, MTBE,  tom. Pour off the clear water into If the treated water does not have pesticides, radon, THM’s, VOC’s, another container. the odor of iodine or chlorine, can be reduced or eliminated with  If the water is obviously crystal then add more of either. a carbon filter.  clear with no suspended particu - Iodine is more effective than chlo -  Carbon filters should be thor - late matter, then this step is unnec - rine for killing giardial cysts. oughly air dried before storage to essary. Cryptosporidium organisms are prevent bacterial growth.  Suspended particulate matter quite resistant to chlorine and Water will now be safe to drink. •

2012 I SSUE • 17 familiar in case we faced a natural dis - aster. We read the instructions very care - Lessons from the fully. Setting up the filter was easy. We got water from a small stream in our neighborhood. The filter worked like a School of charm – dirty water in, clean pure water out. We put the filter away and several months later showed it to some neigh - bors when they asked about what we would do to purify water in an emer - gency. I pulled the filter kit off the shelf HARD and showed them what we had. I put the instruction sheet aside and began assembling it based on my memory of several months before. While attaching the ceramic to the container I heard a KNOCKS small SNAP. The plastic screw part on the base broke free from the filter and was in my hand. I should have reread Clod M. Hopper the instructions which specifically stated (Name changed to protect the guilty) not to over tighten. Once the ceramic or plastic is bro - ken, the filter can be compromised and you run the danger of having contami - rowing up I have often heard (chemical, mechanical, etc.), my wife nated water drip into the clean contain - school teachers say that you and I chose a name brand ceramic water er. Thankfully the unit we purchased G learn the most from your own filter in a stainless steel, two container came with four ceramic filters and plugs mistakes. There is also a proverb that setup that allowed gravity to do the so that you had a choice of running all says “A wise man learns by the mistakes work. The reason we chose stainless four or just one ceramic filter at a time. of others, a fool from his own.” So steel was because it was tough and This first mistake cost about $60 to which way is the best method to learn would still work even if there were replace the filter. from, your own mistake or someone dents in it. We bought three of these fil - First lesson learned; read and fol - else’s? Either way a mistake can be ter kits (four ceramic filters in each kit. low instructions very carefully and expensive and in an emergency even dis - It cost us about $300 for each kit in the reread the instructions when you use the astrous and dangerous. So, please learn late ‘90s). We kept two and placed one item again and don’t go on memory from my mistake before an emergency in my parent’s home. For many years when setting up. Practice every once in hits home with you. the filters stayed on the shelves in their a while. original boxes. There was no emergency As additional national disasters hit WATER PURIFICATION and having the filter was the key, I our nation, we researched more about I have known that pure water is one of thought, to being prepared for some water purification methods. We deter - the highest priorities of preparedness. future emergency. mined that additional back-up methods Without clean water you can get very After one major national disaster to purify water or even multiple meth - sick and in some cases die. There are (Katrina in 2005) which did not affect ods were the best option for us. Over two solutions: us, we saw news accounts of people get - time we purchased additional water 1) Store lots of clean water, and ting sick from contaminated water and purification methods that were less 2) Have a way to purify water from any standing in long lines while waiting for expensive than the ceramic filter kits. source. a National Guard water truck to come These methods included iodine-based Storage is great, but there is a limit into their neighborhoods. The National and powdered chlorine. Each product to the number of 55 gallon drums and Guard limited the water a person could was stored in our basement on a shelf. two liter bottles that can be stored in get and yet on the TV screen there were Several years ago, in 2010, an effort to your home. So the next step is to have a small ponds, streams and gutters full of be more organized and have bug out proven method to purify water from dirty brownish water. We decided to containers, we purchased some large some type of water source. After explor - open one of the kits so that we could (18 gallon) plastic totes with tight lids ing all of the purification options gain some experience with it and be so that they would be water tight. We

18 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

consolidated all the water purification lid the smell of chlorine was strong, but had found this out before I needed the methods into two totes; a his and a hers, quickly left. I lifted the ceramic filter kits in an emergency when my family in case we needed to leave our home. box out of the tote. One side of the box would have needed clean, pure water to We did the same with my parent’s kit. had a rust colored object sticking out of survive. We had a ceramic filter kit in each tote it. Completely puzzled, I opened the The replacement cost of the filter still in its original box, the iodine and box. The shiny stainless steel was pitted kits was near $1,000. This time, no chlorine products along with instruc - and rusty. The sides of the canisters had chemicals are stored in the totes. The tions and other items related to mixing cracked and split open like a banana inventory is complete and the chemicals and filtering water. We carefully put the peel. The thing sticking out of the side are in separate sealed plastic buckets iodine and chlorine into multiple Ziploc of the box was a part of the cracked away from any metal. bags because of the smell. These newly canister. I could not remove the canister Second lesson learned, check your organized totes went back on the from the box. As I pulled harder on the items each year. Keep chemicals sepa - shelves ready to grab at a moment’s container, the box began falling apart. rate from other items. notice. We even had a nice detailed list Even though I was not a chemist, I real - So please learn from my mistakes. of contents that was secured to the lid of ized that the chemicals from the chlo - Vernon Law once said, “Experience is a the tote with clear contact paper. rine and iodine had reacted to the metal. hard teacher because she gives the test The totes sat unopened for about Any metal in the tote was pitted and first, the lesson afterward.” Don’t let two years. Every time I walked past the rusted. Paper was stained and brittle. I my experience be yours. totes I had a sense of pride and accom - was able to recover the ceramics filters plishment. I was prepared both for an from the rusted containers. (I don’t Rod Stewart Hard Lesson Lyrics event at home or if I needed to leave. I believe that they were damaged because had several water sources near my they are plastic and ceramic.) This had And it’s a hard lesson to learn, home and with the multiple methods of occurred in all three of the totes. My my friend. purification I was ready for any emer - carefully thought out plans and actions Hard lesson to learn. gency. I could provide for my family’s had been destroyed, because I had put Sometimes you gonna get needs plus help my neighbors. I was chemicals in a closed container. I never what you want. prepared! gave a chemical reaction a thought Sometimes you gonna get burned. In January 2013, I was updating an when I put the items together in the Sometimes you gonna get inventory list of my preparedness items. totes. what you want. I decided to go through the water purifi - My first thought was one of anger Sometimes you gonna get burned. cation totes even though they had the at the cost of replacing the filter kits. inventory list on the lid. As I opened the The second was one of thanks; that I •

This was a brand new Aqua Rain water filter that was placed in with calcium hypochlorite and Polar Pure. Photos by Jennifer Smith.

2012 I SSUE • 19 2012 A Year of Record Breaking NATURAL DISASTERS

Storms ed the worst flooding in 60 years. At hunger as a result of this drought. urricane Sandy wreaked havoc least 37 people died in the city and many H throughout the Caribbean and East more in the rural and suburban areas Wild Fires Coast of the United States. It killed at due to flood waters. Floods in Russia he combination of extreme heat and least 253 people and resulted in $65 bil - claimed 144 people and damaged the T drought resulted in near-record wild - lion in damage. It was the second costli - homes of 13,000. Great Britain, Ireland, fires in 2012. Oklahoma and Colorado est storm in U.S. history. Atlantic hurri - Loreto, Nigeria, North Korea, the were hit hard. The fires of 2012 burnt canes claimed 320 lives and cost over Philippines, Romania, Fiji, Nepal, and over nine million acres of land, an area $68 million in damage for 2012. Pakistan all reported massive flooding roughly the size of Connecticut and Hurricane Ernesto passed over the events. Massachusetts combined. They de- Windward Islands, Jamaica, Central stroyed well over 2,000 homes. America, and Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, resulting in $252 million in ornados killed people in , Earthquakes damage and claimed the lives of 12 peo - T Japan, Indonesia, and Turkey. The ran and Afghanistan were struck with ple. United States had 1,039 tornadoes I two of the most deadly earthquakes Hurricane Isaac struck the Leeward reported, 855 have been confirmed, with this year. East Azerbaijan Province, Iran Islands, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Cuba, The 81 fatalities. 94 tornadoes were sighted shook with a 6.4 magnitude quake that Bahamas, the Southeastern and in a single day. killed 306 people. The Baghlan province Midwestern United States. 43 people of Afghanistan was hit with a pair of 5.4 died in this storm. Damages estimated at Heat Wave and 5.7 magnitude earthquakes resulting almost $2 billion. three week heat wave roasted much in 75 deaths. North American Derecho, which Aof the United States and . Negros-Cebu region, Philippines occurred in June 2012, was one of the California, Nevada, Arizona, New endured a 6.7 magnitude quake which most damaging complexes Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and killed 113 people and injured 100. in recent history. Hailstones 2.75 inches Montana all reported higher than nor - Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou region, China in diameter and 90 mile an hour winds mal temperatures. had two main shocks of 5.6 and 5.3 came without warning. It hit the magnitude earthquake which claimed 81 Midwest and Mid-Atlantic states result - Drought lives and injured 821. A 7.4 earthquake ing in 22 deaths and an 800-mile track he North American Drought plagued struck offshore Guatemala resulting in of destruction. It left millions without Tmuch of the agricultural sector of the 139 deaths. The total number of earth - power during the extreme heat wave. United States with damage estimates as quake deaths reported worldwide Pacific typhoons claimed 506 lives high as $150 billion. It was the worst totaled 768 in 2012. due to flooding and buildings collapsing since 1988, but reminded many of the in high winds. Nilam droughts in the 1930’s and 1950’s. Crop Avalanches directly hit Sri Lanka and southern failure and livestock deaths may make valanches hit the Badakhshan India. It killed 75 people and resulted in this the most expensive natural disaster Aprovince of northeastern $56.7 million in damage. in U.S. history. Afghanistan. One destroyed a small vil - The African Sahel Regional Drought lage of 200 people. Most buildings and Flooding punished eight countries in West Africa. homes were completely buried. The orth American flooding resulted in Failed crops along with an insect plague Siachen Glacier Avalanche killed 140 Nwidespread power outages and have resulted in painfully high food people. • property damage. Beijing, China report - prices. Over 18 million people face

20 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

Psycholog y of Survival

By Jay R. Whimpey, P.E. The brains of all mammals are constructed quite similar TACDA Board Member to each other. We can learn lessons by analyzing behavior of various animals in unusual circumstances to see how they our brain is probably your most important tool for behave. At the base of the brain, there is a section that survival. The decisions you make during a crisis situa - receives all sensory perception first. It has the ability to Ytion become much more critical. It is vital for us to respond to apparent danger so our more basic survival understand how your decision-making capabilities can be instincts reside there. Many times the brain and the body can affected by various factors in a crisis situation. We have all react before the reasoning parts of the brain even have a heard countless stories about how people have panicked in chance to engage. When we see something like a snake, or an emergency situation and have died because of that. We something that is an obvious danger, we are actually startled have also heard stories of people who have made some amaz - and move before we have time to think about it. These ingly good decisions in trying circumstances and have come responses can be valuable in many situations, but at other out okay. It is hoped that by analyzing various types of times they can actually reduce our chances of survival. We responses, and the basis of those responses, we will be able have all heard of animals rushing into the fire, rather than to learn something that will better our own chances for sur - away from the fire, during a range or forest fire event. If we vival. understand, train, and can somewhat control these respons -

2012 I SSUE • 21 PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL, continued es, then we can improve our chances of survival. Our more themselves above the water. Lifeguards are trained to be aware basic emotions like fear, hate, and anger also reside in this part of, and protect themselves, from this type of behavior. of the brain. Controlling these emotions is also very important There is also an interesting tendency of humans called to improve our chances of survival. normalcy bias. It is the tendency to expect that everything is There have been some studies on stress of animals affect - normal and they are unable to perceive the threat like they ing their ability to survive. There was an experiment where a should. When an individual is being affected by normalcy bias large family of rats, with common characteristics, was divided they do not recognize the threats or the seriousness of the sit - into three separate groups and different experiments were per - uation. This can also greatly affect the ability to survive. formed on each group to see how initial stress would affect the The concept of the Observe, Decide, and Act (ODA) loop ability to survive. The first group of rats was placed in water would be very helpful to consider at this point. Of course, where they could not get to a place to rest. Those rats survived using the ODA loop requires rational thought processes that over 60 hours in the water, continually swimming. They only may take a few seconds, but proper use of it can definitely help died after they were exhausted and could not swim anymore. us in many crisis situations. We must be able to maintain our The second group of rats was stressed by hanging them by capability to objectively perceive the situation and observe their back feet for 20 minutes before they went into the water. things how they really are. We must control our tendency to Those rats, when placed in the water, lasted less than one hour. believe things are like we want them to be (normalcy bias) or The third group of rats was hung by their feet on several dif - believe that they are perhaps worse than they are (panic). We ferent occasions and were simply let loose after the 20 min - have to maintain an accurate perception of reality. Then we utes. This was repeated many times until the stimulus causing have to make accurate decisions based on our perception of the stress seemed more normal to the rats and they would not the situation and our knowledge about how to solve the prob - struggle nearly as much. That third set of rats was able to sur - lems. vive in the water again for over 60 hours before they drowned Knowledge and forethought are very important in this sit - just after being hung for the twenty minutes like the second uation. Pre-thinking what might happen, and what could pos - group of rats. The obvious difference was that the stress they sibly be done, can greatly improve our decision-making abili - were placed under seemed more normal and it did not affect ty. The action part of the loop is also very important. Many their performance. people don’t survive because they fail to act quickly or dither in indecision during the crisis situation. This ODA loop should be running almost continuously in a significant crisis situation Many people don’t survive because they with continuous updates of the state of reality, continuous decision-making, and nearly continuous action. fail to act quickly or dither in indecision To illustrate how things go wrong when the ODA loop during the crisis situation. breaks down, we can cite a few examples. There was a transat - lantic airliner crash a few years ago that illustrates some of the problems with altered perceptions. During the flight, the cap - tain decided to take a rest, leaving two competent pilots in the Our ability to perceive reality is also greatly affected dur - pilot and copilot positions. During that period of time the ing stressful situations. Humans in combat report an altered third member of the flight crew, the person acting as a copilot, sense of time, where everything seems to slow down, and they was responding to some distractions and was putting more are responding much quicker than they normally would. All of pressure on the stick for the aircraft to climb than he should the senses are heightened which can sometimes improve our have. The aircraft slowed down and eventually stalled. Even ability to survive, but can actually cause a condition of senso - when the stall alarm came on for the aircraft, he refused to ry overload in certain situations. When the base of the brain is heed it and accept it as part of reality. The copilot continued receiving many threatening stimuli, it becomes so active that it to try to pull back to make the aircraft climb. They started to controls our behavior entirely and we respond emotionally to lose altitude and were confused by the instrumentation and all stimuli. This is called panic. We would all surmise that the automatic alarms that were giving them a very clear signal. panic is not a good thing. It leads the mind to respond com - The right decision would’ve been to lower the nose of the air - pletely emotionally and not rationally to a crisis or perceived craft, increase the air velocity, and come out of the stall. The threat. Controlling the tendency to panic can greatly improve captain was alerted by the stall alarm and came back to the our odds of survival in any situation. cabin and started asking questions. A relatively common example of panic is when people There were myriad things that could have been wrong, perceive that they may be drowning. They are struggling in the but the most obvious one was that they were approaching the water and the fear affects their ability to swim. It is also a haz - stall and the aircraft was warning them with a recorded verbal ard to anyone who is trying to rescue them. Lifeguards and alarm. That was the first, and should have been the most rescue swimmers are sometimes injured by a panicked swim - pressing, of their concerns. The black box indicated that they mer as they approach because they will claw and scratch and never really did understand the nature of their situation until push their rescuers underneath the water in order to keep it was too late. By the time they understood their situation, the

22 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

They had enough fuel in the tank to run the car engine for roughly 10 hours. A little bit of rational thought would have led them to the conclusion that they could run the engine 10 to 15 minutes out of every hour to keep the car warm. They would have easily been able to last the two days before they would be rescued by a snowplow driver. Instead, they ran the engine continually, thus running out of gas in that first ten hours. There was also material in the seats of the car that could have allowed them to insulate themselves better to keep them from freezing to death. They had failed to make adequate preparations for driv - ing in the Rocky Mountain region dur - ing the winter, when snowstorms are a possibility. It is wise to travel with some supplies to help tide you over in a situation like that. They had plenty of time to analyze the situation and make a reasonable, rational decision, but apparently failed to fully under - stand the situation and made some critical errors. Many of the modern hurricanes can provide an illustration of the fail - ure to act. In the Katrina hurricane, New Orleans inhabitants were warned days in advance that the danger was coming. There was a fairly significant evacuation of low-lying areas, but many people chose to stay behind and many lost their lives. There had been warnings of hurricanes before, but in this particular case there was adequate evidence of a real threat, yet many peo - aircraft’s downward velocity was too high. Even though they ple failed to recognize the threat and failed to act. Some even tried to correct it before they struck the water, it was too late failed to make minimal personal preparations that would aid for them. We see that even trained individuals can overlook them in the survival. They willingly became victims. obvious problems or threats when there is a lot of confusion There are many things we can do to improve our chances or distractions. In this situation, having multiple individuals of survival in an emergency situation and improve our psy - involved seemed to be a hindrance. That is also a very good chology of survival. First of all, we can make the decision that lesson to learn. we want to survive. Many people say that if there is a signifi - There was a situation where two Air Force cadets were cant crisis which may affect their standard of living, they traveling home for Christmas and froze to death in a car dur - would prefer to die. I hear this even from parents of young ing a blizzard. These were people that had good training and children. They say that if things get really bad they would should have been able to understand the seriousness of their want to die. They would also thereby choose death for their situation. They had the ability to solve the problems they own children. This is amazing to me! We must look at our - faced. Their vehicle became stuck on the side of the road dur - selves and our situations and try to find the strength within us ing a blizzard and they simply needed to hang on for up to two to survive if we are to have any chance at all. I implore you at days before they would be rescued. They failed to use the this point, please find a reason to survive and make that deci - resources that they had and made a lot of poor decisions, sion today. based on perhaps lack of knowledge. The next thing we should do is to perform some risk man -

2012 I SSUE • 23 PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL, continued agement. I believe we can train ourselves to look at the facts who are planning on becoming predators in an emergency sit - and objectively evaluate the probability and consequences of uation if they do not have enough supplies for themselves or potential threats. This is a fairly common activity performed their families. by businesses around the world today. They call it risk man - Humans are uniquely dangerous mainly due to their abil - agement. They evaluate risks to their supply line and develop ity to deceive. Essentially all animals communicate their inten - alternates, or require their suppliers to develop alternate tions by their posture, the sounds they make, and many other sources, in case of interruption of supply due to political situ - signs. Humans have the ability to deceive. They appear as they ations or natural disasters. They also make emergency plans are not going to be a threat to you, while secretly planning to for their own operations and contingency plans regarding do serious harm. Even the compunction of killing others has potential disasters affecting their manufacturing or other busi - largely been overcome in recent years, due to the significant ness operations. They look ahead and evaluate risks of eco - amount of violence in television, movies, and video games. We nomic downturns or changes in the markets. They provide also have to plan on how to handle this threat in advance. extra capital reserves in order to ensure survival and give In most crisis situations we will not be able to survive themselves a chance to adapt during a significant change. alone. It behooves us right now to find people that we can We should do the same thing on a personal level. We can trust in an emergency situation, and can work with, through evaluate the risks of natural disasters and economic down - the crisis. We should be shopping for those types of people all turns and other personal disasters and also try to minimize the time. A simple test of their intentions, and mindset, is to those risks by developing alternates for supply, keeping food determine if they have stored food and supplies for their own and materials in reserve, and developing emergency plans for family. Anyone who is not planning on taking care of them - such eventualities. If we have made plans for disaster situa - selves in an emergency situation is untrustworthy. Beyond tions, then the situations do not have to be overly stressful or that, one just has to go with your own feelings and continuing threatening to us. discussions with those people that you choose to trust. There We can also seek more knowledge to help us in our deci - are a lot of very good people out there and it shouldn’t be hard sion-making processes. The more we understand about the to find a few that you can work with. way things really are and what can possibly be done in an We all need to understand, that in a crisis situation, emergency situation, the better off we will be. The Boy Scouts approaching another unknown individual, or being of America have an emergency preparedness merit badge. The approached, is going to be a hazard. It is probably best to plan scouts who receive the merit badges are presented with many on being somewhat isolated in a disaster situation and mini - emergency scenarios and a discussion is conducted about how mizing contact with other people. It is not good to be in the best to survive based on statistics and rational thought. In fact, crowd during a disaster situation. In fact, if the crowd is run - they are taught what to do if they are stranded in a car in a ning in one direction, we should run in the opposite direction. blizzard or a remote section of road in a very hot environment Riots are certainly not the place to be. and many other situations. We should also understand that we cannot respond quick - Based on relatively simple and straightforward analysis, ly enough to a person who has decided to do us harm and pro - it’s obvious how to respond in those situations and the correct tect ourselves. The individual that makes the first decision def - response can definitely save your life. There is a plethora of initely has the advantage in any confrontation. The indecisive sources for good reliable emergency survival information and individual who has to respond will also always be at a disad - I would suggest that the American Civil Defense Association is vantage. If someone approaches us, we should always try to probably one of the best sources. The regular articles cover engage others from a protected space, or area, and minimize many disaster scenarios and outline relatively simple, practical our vulnerability. We should not leave our protection until ideas about how to survive and prepare for those situations. their intentions have been clearly communicated and verified. Preparedness prevents panic! One of the worst things that Sometimes verification will be impossible and we will simply you can do in an emergency situation is to panic. As we learn, have to insist that others leave us alone, or face serious conse - practice, and build confidence in our own knowledge and abil - quences. This is not the most charitable thing to do, but it is ities, we will become much more likely to make good decisions the best thing for your survival and those close to you. and survive in a crisis. As we are prepared with the correct Decisions need to be made in advance and we need to stick by information, practice, and develop confidence in our own abil - them for our own good. ities, we will also be much more inclined to act in a crisis situ - In summary, there are many things we can do now to ation, rather than hesitate, and perhaps die because of it. improve our psychology of survival which will be of great ben - One additional topic that would be useful to cover regard - efit to us, and our loved ones, in the future. I encourage you to ing emergency situations is how people, in general, react to the make those preparations and decisions, in advance, which crisis situations. While humans can probably help you most in may be hard to make in a crisis situation. Practice those skills a disaster situation, they can also be the biggest hazard, large - until we have significant muscle memory and confidence in ly, because they are so unpredictable. Just like the drowning our abilities, to ensure our survival and the survival of those swimmer, people can become very dangerous when they are around us. May God bless you in your efforts. • afraid. I have even heard of several outwardly civilized people

24 • 2012 I SSUE IS YOUR VEHICLE PREPARED? continued from page 10 JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

Protection: I am not naïve enough to proof container (film canister), mole - think that when “it” happens everyone skin, toilet paper, and an N95 mask. is going to be nice. I carry a wrist-rock - These all fit in a quart Ziploc bag. et sling shot with a bag of marbles. When I run out of marbles, I will use Equipment: I carry a headlamp, multi- rocks. I also carry a 9mm pistol along tool knife sharpener, an army canteen with two magazines, which I know how with its metal cup (for cooking), fire kit to use. I have a wicked looking machete and good pack. This includes a lighter, to hack my way out of the urban jungle. more matches; along with fire starters: Hopefully, I’ll just look tough enough hexamine tabs, cotton smeared with that no one will mess with me. Vaseline, and wax paper. The fire kit fits in a Ziploc bag. First Aid: I assembled my own first aid kit Hopefully, this stimulates your to compliment what thinking. You are in relatively close I already carry in proximity to your vehicle the majority my purse (aspirin, of the time. I have spent years teaching Band-Aids, Rolaids, wilderness survival. I am confident gum, etc.). I carry a that having a personalized bug-out bag two inch ACE wrap, in your vehicle when “it” happens may bandaging tape, antibi - significantly improve your chance of otic ointment, sunscreen, survival. • gauze pads, matches in a water -

a more difficult time to sprout. • Grind white beans into bean flour to make white sauces, homemade cream of chicken soup, or to use as a thickener for soups and stews.

4. BEANS ARE CHEAP There are many varieties of beans or legumes available. You will find creative uses for each variety. It never hurts to just buy whatever kind is on sale. You may find dried beans in small one pound packages at the grocery store for a dol - SHOULD BE A STAPLE lar. Pick up a bag or two every time you go to the store and BEANS you will quickly have a large supply. You can also buy IN YOUR FOOD STORAGE , continued them from many long term food storage companies already packed in five gallon buckets and ready for your storage. Some of the varieties of beans and legumes you may see are 3. BEANS ARE VERSATILE as follows: Beans are traditionally used as part of a Mexican dish, or in soups and chili. There are many other ways beans can be • Split Peas used that you may not have thought of. • Lentils • Mash up cooked beans to replace butter/oil in recipes. • Lima Beans Cook dry beans until soft, then add a little of the water • Dry Soy Beans used for cooking and puree them in a blender or food • Chick Peas processor. Use cup for cup to replace the oil or butter in • Regular Dry Beans (black, pinto, navy, red, white, etc.) a recipe. Start by replacing half the fat in recipe. Gradually increase until you are regularly replacing the 5. BEANS ARE D ELICIOUS entire amount of fat with nutrient rich, low fat beans. One of our favorite recipes uses beans in two different • Grow into sprouts for a fresh “vegetable”. Legumes are forms. It is a delicious Enchilada Pie. You use dried beans a great item to sprout and can then be eaten fresh, and also make homemade cream of chicken soup out of thrown into soups, added to sandwiches, or pureed and bean flour. Give it a try and you just might fall in love with snuck into many different foods. Older beans may have your food storage beans! •

2012 I SSUE • 25 What Would You Do Without TOILE T PAPER?

By Jonathan B. and Kylene Anne Jones cating in rivers. Other options included; rags, wood shavings, leaves, grass, hay, stone, sand, moss, water, snow, maize, ferns, were driving home from a local grocery store plant husks, fruit skins, sea shells or corn cobs. The various where we had stocked up on toilet paper during products used were influenced by country, weather or local a great sale. Pleased with the addition to our lit - customs. tle ark, Jonathan asked, “Just what would we do In 1973, there was a great toilet paper shortage caused without toilet paper?” True to her nature, Kylene just had to when the popular evening talk show host, Johnny Carson, research what our options might be. After all, people had lived made a joke indicating there was an acute toilet paper shortage without the luxury of toilet paper for thousands of years, and in the United States. By noon the next day, most stores were many still do. completely sold out as 20 million viewers bought every roll In this article, we will explore possible options if you neg - they could find. lect to stock up on toilet paper. History can be an amazing Reusable toilet paper has become popular in some pre - teacher. Let us explore what our ancestors used before toilet paredness circles for long term supply shortages. These 8”x 8” paper was invented. fabric squares are made from cotton flannel. The soft flannel The Romans provided a sponge attached to the end of a squares are used in place of toilet paper, then washed, dried, stick for citizens to use in public toilets. It was returned to a and reused. Yes, we are accumulating a supply. We recycle used bucket of brine (saltwater) after each use. Have you ever won - flannel sheets, or pajamas, into lovely little squares of toilet dered where the saying, “picking up the wrong end of the paper. They are stacked in square plastic ice cream buckets. stick” came from? Ancient Jewish practice included carrying a Glad we have them, hope we never use them. small bag filled with pebbles, dry grass, or smooth edges of It is estimated that 70 percent of the world population broken pottery. Vikings used discarded sheep wool. Eskimos does not use toilet paper. Unless you want to join this crowd, used tundra moss in the warm months and handfuls of snow or want to experiment with other options, now is the perfect in the winter. Colonial Americans used corn cobs until news - time to stock-up. The average American uses 100 single rolls papers became common. The French invented the bidet for of toilet paper a year. Actual usage varies from person to per - proper cleansing. son. You decide how long you would like the luxury of toilet Wealthy people may have used wool, lace, linen or paper, and stock up accordingly. • hemp. The less wealthy resorted to using their hand when defe - 26 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

HOMELAND SECURITY PARABLE

By Bruce Curley “Sure.” He took the information. An hour later, she and the tow truck arrived. Here’s the secret to homeland security. But it was not over. My truck blew a tire The tow truck took me to Pep Boys On a suicide curve Where no one spoke English and, worse, In a forest so remote No one wanted to fix the flat. My cell phone would not work On to Wal-Mart where they stated And I was stuck in a forest. Emphatically they were closing in 10 minutes. The wind chill factor was minus 5. I told the truck driver to take me to God's Country, I had to pick up Mount Airy, where I moved three weeks after 9/11 my eight-year old Eamon When I saw biological attack circle maps In a half hour from day care Did not reach when they hit Washington, D.C. Or I would be charged On the way the driver said, a year’s mortgage payment. “Wait. In Damascus there’s a garage I know When I tried to get the spare tire off Where the guy is in my AA group. The underside of the truck carriage, You can’t say anything because It was frozen solid and would not budge. It's all supposed to be anonymous. My clothes became filthy in forest dirt You said you do volunteer civil defense, right?” As I tried in vain for 45 minutes to remove the tire. “Yeah,” I answered. I went into the truck to get warm and think. “Well then he has to help you. He’s a firefighter. I had water and beef jerky in the truck cabin, Law enforcement has to help each other So I still had time. I had a full tank of gas for heat. When they’re in a fix like you are.” But the phone … I tried to call my wife. No signal. “But I’m not law enforcement! I protested. I tried to call my brother. No signal. I’m a volunteer for homeland defense.” Then … eureka! What about 911? “Doesn’t matter.” He said. “He has to help you.” They must have a stronger skip tower. A few minutes later, the firefighter It just makes sense. I called 911. Who owned the garage opened the door, “Where are you?” My truck was in, and fixed, in minutes. “In Bennet Regional Park.” I returned the next day and bought “You want the Park Police.” Four new tires from the same man. No … wait … but he transferred me. That's the secret to homeland defense. Park Police … I’m stuck in Bennet Regional Park ... You depend on other people, “You want the regional Park Police.” And they depend on you. “We’re the federal Park Police.” Some call it the Golden Rule. No … wait … I can’t get a signal From my cell phone where I am. • Homeland Security Parable was published by Lynx Eye, Pam Can you call my wife and tell her McCully and Kathryn Morrison Editors, c/o Scribblefest Literary To pick up Eamon and to call USAA Group, 581 Woodland Drive, Los Osos, CA 93402 Volume XII, To get me a tow truck out here?” Nos. 1 & 2, Summer 2005, pages 5-7.

2012 I SSUE • 27 Social Media Lessons from the Joplin, Missouri Tornado

By Bruce Curley

isaster Event : On May 22, 2011, an F5 (200 mph and over) tornado struck the city of Joplin, Missouri. Over 2,000 buildings were destroyed within six D miles of the city center. Commercial stores were totally gone. Some Internet was left working, as were many phones, although cell service was limited due to some cell towers being destroyed. Over 100 people died and thousands were injured, many seriously. St. John’s Regional Medical Center was hit so hard by the tornado that six people were killed and it was so badly damaged it had to be abandoned. Joplin High School, hosting a senior graduation, was destroyed. A Wal-Mart Supercenter and a Home Depot were severely damaged. Continued ill-weather ham - pered search, rescue, and recovery efforts. Premise: Social media, especially that created by citizens, played a large role provid - ing useful information that saved lives and property before, during, and after the tor - nado. Public officials can learn many lessons from the good use to which social media was put in helping to deal with the violent aftermath of the Joplin tornado. When institutions like the local phone, utility and even government itself is down or

28 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE not operating effectively, especially in and postings. They need to post example, hundreds of Americans who the first 72 hours after a mass disaster, the same information they are posting have gone through disasters posted social media can often bridge the gap to to official websites that few may know great suggestions, such as these, on the provide services to citizens, many still in and even fewer will read, and post it on Joplin tornado pages immedi - shock, to aid and quicken their recov - critical social media sites like Facebook ately after the event. ery. and Twitter as well. • North Joplin Head Start is provid - Summary: I read dozens of Facebook The hard fact is that citizens just do ing free childcare all week. Ages pages that were set up to deal with the not read press releases anymore. The birth to five. Joplin tornado aftermath and hundreds private sector came to understand this • If anyone knows a seasonal con - of Twitter posts about the same event. I five years ago when they discovered signment sale owner near Joplin, discovered that social media tools their customers were no longer reading contact them and ask to “bor - (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and oth - their press releases. They saw the power row” their racks for a few ers) can help us more successfully deal of social media and they redirected their months. That helped us GREAT - with disasters if we know how to use communications to the public to include LY in Tuscaloosa donation sort - them. social media. To be more effective, pub - ing, allowing victims to “shop” For greatest impact, social media lic officials need to do the same in the the donations instead of ravaging tools should be up and running before emergency management field. Many through piles of knotted clothing the disaster. A dedicated survivor’s have, but there is much work to be on floors. Facebook page that lists the living done. • The Kitchen will be collecting per - enables relatives, friends, and neighbors Here is the reality on the ground: sonal care items through Friday an opportunity to confirm who is alive Most citizens are now too busy check - for our neighbors in Joplin. Please and who has perished. When first ing their cell phones, Facebook and bring these items to our responders, city officials and other Twitter during and after mass disasters Administration Building, 420 E authorities contribute to social media to read press releases. What is in the Pacific Springfield, MO between conversation with accurate and timely official press releases is important, espe - the hours of 9:00 am and 4:00 information, facts circulate correctly. cially in the first 72 hours, but they are pm. For more info please call 417- Social media can quickly identify and not going to go to a City website to get 837-1500 and ask to speak with educate public about looters, criminals, that information. Social media is where Stephanie or Kippie. Items to and scams. Facebook can instruct offi - they go. donate: tooth brushes, tooth cial volunteers where to go and what to For example, as in any mass disas - paste, shampoo, soap, deodorant, do. It can communicate to citizen volun - ter, many Americans want to help, but etc. Thank you! teers what to gather and how to best they are not sure about how to do so. • JOPLIN PUBLIC SCHOOLS will deliver needed supplies. Social media On Facebook postings I read, there are be distributing supplies to stu - can provide a clearing house for lost many posts by people who are desper - dents and families in need - begin - possessions so they can be returned to ate for information about how to help. ning Wednesday at 10AM. Basic their owners. Rather than read a press release, they necessity items are available at It is also critical to update the offi - contact each other or read each other’s NORTH MIDDLE SCHOOL on cial website of the city or town. posts on Facebook and Twitter and 2nd and Gray. Please enter However, social media is now such a communicate. They do this every day through the Common's door large part of the response that it is and are very comfortable with it and it (front doors closest to 2nd street). where most citizens will go to get infor - is now a habit for them. Supplies will be available until mation. That is the current reality. That The flip side of this information 4pm. Clothing, Shoes, Food, is what emergency managers must plan pipe, unfortunately, is that when there is Bottled Water, Toiletries, Baby for, create, test, exercise, and integrate no information available, often rumors Items, etc.. into all emergency management opera - fill the void. Given the viral nature of • Enterprise Rent-A-Car is still tions. Especially in a sudden disaster social media, such rumors can multiply bringing in truckloads of vehicles like a tornado, a pre-existing Facebook and spread very fast. So, to help manage to Griffith Motor Co. and making page, and especially a Twitter account, such rumors, emergency managers need them available for rental. The offers emergency managers a powerful to monitor social media and immediate - phone line may be busy but they tool to warn Americans and save lives ly stop incorrect information by posting have plenty of help, just come on when seconds and minutes count. the truth. down! Public officials, in addition to post - One of the miracles of social media Add to these the thousands of ing safety, health, utility and other vital tools, and why they spread so rapidly Twitter posts and there is a wide circle information, should monitor Facebook and are in use by millions daily, is how of hundreds of thousands of Americans and Twitter for disaster Facebook pages useful they are with everyday tasks. For who are reaching out to help as best

2012 I SSUE • 29 the ability to retweet, or resend, any posting. There are many benefits to this feature (exponentially increasing the number of readers, for example), but one of the most important is to reunite families. Although one reader may not know who the children are, others may and by retweeting the information inform a worried family, friend or neighbor that these children are alright. Establish a dedicated Facebook page for possessions so that at least some may be gathered and returned to their owners. Vital documents (driver’s license, medical cards, birth and mar - riage certificates, mortgage papers, medical papers, family photos) are crit - ical to daily living and establishing identity. A Facebook page can speed up the process. There is a human side to every disaster. Victims need to process the information so they can move on. they can those so harshly impacted by and their beautiful families are ok ... Using social media correctly, I can talk the Joplin F5 tornado. Uncle Andrew ... Grandparents ... to them, and they can talk back to me, Establish a dedicated Facebook please contact me or pass my contact more efficiently, creatively, and effec - page for citizen volunteers so they information on to them via facebook tively. All those from, and from know what to gather and how to deliv - or at [email protected] or beyond, Joplin, Missouri who used, er it. Hundreds of volunteers from near 479.713.9200. My prayers and and continue to use, the tools of social and far arrived to Joplin immediately thoughts are with you Joplin, MO ... media, were able to prepare for, after the event and were turned away peace~love~light Tori GOD BLESS respond to, and recover from this vio - by Joplin City officials. They were YOU!!!” lent F5 tornado better because of unsure how to use them or where to In a mass disaster, emergency man - Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and house them. agement workers are simply over - other social media. May others learn One of the most vital roles cell whelmed. They cannot possibly answer from their example before their next phones and social media plays is recon - every request for information on miss - disaster. • necting families, friends, workers, ing people. Such survivor Facebook loved ones and relationships after a pages help relieve some of their duties www.facebook.com/joplinmo, and disaster. For cell phones, we need only by offloading the work involved to the www.rebuildjoplin.org recall the man who was buried under wider community that, at heavy rubble who texted “I’m alive” that moment, has the and was located and his life was saved resources and time to by the first responders. The roll of cell search. phones in rescue is well known. Also, Facebook Social media enables people to put pages that help with a message in a digital bottle and, more recovery and help work - times than not, actually connect with ers apply for unemploy - whomever they seek. The post here is ment pay assist in the typical of thousands of messages post - thousands of recovery ed: tasks that must be done “I would like to know if anyone after every major disaster. can tell me if Dr. Amanda DeTar, Dr. One of the most use - David DeTar, Katie DeTar, Josh DeTar ful features of Twitter is

30 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

In at least half the cases of these failures (think Sandy, Ike and Katrina), investigators discovered that these engines had sputtered to an abrupt halt, operating on an emergency fuel supply that had simply deteriorated like soured, curdled milk, choking fuel systems and over-heating engines into a slow death. Recriminations and fault- finding are loudly exchanged between self-important local officials. But quickly, people forget and the finger- pointing stops. Little is ever done. Few Americans realize the extent to which emergency generators com - mand the first line of defense in the event of a power grid failure, and fewer still are aware that most of these criti - cal systems stand in sad neglect. Today, tens of thousands of diesel generators sit idle at hospitals, high rise office buildings, IP service providers, cell phone sites, airport control towers, fire and police stations, and perhaps most critically of all, nuclear power plants – silent sentinels all, and typically ignored by their caretakers.

THE WEAKEST LINK he weakest link is almost always fuel, for when an emergency fuel T supply is stored unused month after month, year after year, it deterio - rates. Degraded fuel becomes gummy, fouling and plugging fuel filters. Poor ignition quality results in increased ignition delay, each piston fighting against the other. Excessive carbon PROTECTING soon fouls fuel injection systems – eventually pinching off the fuel supply to the cylinders. FUEL SUPPLIES Perhaps the worst case of genera - tor failure in modern history occurred when the fuel supplies at the Fukushima nuclear power facility in By Ralph E. Lewis Japan were washed away when the March 11, 2011 Tsunami struck, dis - he story never changes. A massive hurricane strikes. Power abling the emergency generators for fails. Emergency diesel generators kick on at major medical reactors 1-3. In turn, no power was facilities. But then, after just a few minutes, the hospitals go available for the electronic controls T and back-up cooling systems. dark again, forcing evacuations of hundreds of patients under the Eventually, seawater was pumped into worst of conditions. Some of the most critically ill die. the reactors, but not soon enough to prevent a melt-down and a catastroph -

2012 I SSUE • 31 PRESERVE FRESH GASOLINE RESTORE DEGRADED GASOLINE The minute gasoline exits the pipeline from the refinery, it begins to age and deteriorate. Depending on a variety of factors, the extent to which gasoline degrades is highly variable.

Gasoline can go bad in as little as a few weeks in hot summer months resulting in: • START-UP FAILURES • FUEL SYSTEM AND FILTER FOULING AND DAMAGE • GUM AND VARNISH ACCUMULATION IN TANKS • EXCESSIVE CARBON DEPOSITS ON ENGINE COMPONENTS • ENGINE DAMAGE

PRI’s research staff has developed a series of very powerful stab- ility chemistries that are incorporated into PRI-G to prevent fuel degradation for all gasoline blends, including E-10 blends with ethanol. Additionally, PRI-G is formulated to reverse the effects of severe degradation, restoring degraded gasoline to a useable condition.

This product is now available in our TACDA online store. Member pricing starting as low as $236.50 for a 16 oz. MEMBER PRICE bottle which treats 256 gallons of gasoline! $ .50 (Also available for Diesel fuel.) 236 1 -800-425-5397 For more information, visit: www.priproducts.com VISIT OUR STORE AT www.tacda.org PROTECTING FUEL SUPPLIES, continued JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE ic threat to human health which Of course, in the event of a col - sumer additives are typically formulat - remains with us to this day. lapse, the nation’s refining and fuel ed to keep fuel fresh only for about six Closer to home, disaster was avert - infrastructure will quickly shut down months – and then only when the fuel is ed in January 2012 when the San with local fuel supplies exhausted in a stored under ideal conditions. Onofre Nuclear Power Generation matter of days. This necessitates a suffi - A review of the chemistry, one of Station, operated by Southern cient amount of stored fuel on hand to the most popular and well-known California Edison, went into emergency achieve transportation to the “bug-out” brands reveals that the actual active shut- down mode when radioactive location, and sufficient fuel once there ingredient that effects stability is only leaks were discovered in two steam gen - to operate gasoline powered equipment. present in a concentration of 32 parts eration units. Fortunately for the 8.4 Assuming a long-term scenario, it is per million once it is dosed into the fuel. million Californians living within a 50- smart to stock hand tools for tree cut - In contrast, when industrial users treat mile radius of this seaside plant, no ting, log splitting, soil tilling and brush fuels for stability, they rely on a much problems were encountered with the cutting. It is even smarter to have stronger slug where the concentration emergency diesel generators. redundancy – two or more of every - of active ingredients ranges from 150 to Unlike so many other generators thing in the event of a long term situa - 250 parts per million – a dose rate guar - that have failed over the years, the tion. Yet in the early going, those of us anteed to keep fuel fresh even under the EMD diesel units at San Onofre run on accustomed to suburban living, or those harshest storage conditions. fuel treated with an industrial-grade of us with certain physical disabilities, Unfortunately, “consumer-grade” prod - fuel stability additive, PRI-D, a chemi - will be operating at a disadvantage. So ucts simply don’t pack a sufficient cal that has kept the emergency fuel while it is essential to stock a good sup - punch – designed only for short-term, supply in refinery fresh condition year ply of hand tools, it just makes good seasonal fuel storage. after year for more than a decade. In sense to also have on hand their gaso - Some of the more recent versions of fact, the entire 60,000 gallon fuel sup - line-engine powered counter parts – gasoline additives also claim they are ply is fully protected by a mere 30 gal - chain saws, log splitters, roto-tillers, formulated for E-10 gasoline, a lons of PRI-D treatment. brush cutters, even bush hogs, Bobcats, moniker simply designating that the and ATVs. Again, redundancy is criti - fuel contains as much as 10 percent RISKS WITH HOME SYSTEMS cal, and while having two of everything ethanol. Yet, here’s the problem. These ales of small gasoline home genera - may be impractical, stocking up on E-10 stabilizers typically contain alco - tors have been brisk in recent spare parts and lubricating oil for these hol or glycol, which, when mixed with Syears. Yet until they are needed, machines is not. fuel, causes fuel to absorb even more most sit neglected in garage corners moisture – the reason why ethanol is along with pails of stored gasoline. FUEL STABILITY ADDITIVES such a problem in the first place. Like their industrial counterparts, many he rate of gasoline deterioration Still, there is no need to panic. of these perfectly good generators fail depends on many factors – the Gasoline, diesel and kerosene can be when they are most needed. Just ask T refining process, and storage and preserved and stored literally for any generator maker like Generac, handling conditions. Most gasoline will decades with the proper additive treat - Honda or Kohler. Warranty claims run maintain freshness for three months or ment and under the right storage condi - rampant after a crisis hits. Again, the so, provided it is stored in a cool, dry tions. story is the same. The stored gasoline location. But as many recreational For gasoline storage, Power has gone sour, fouling and disabling the boaters and RV enthusiasts have discov - Research Inc. (PRI) manufactures PRI- small throated carburetors of these ered over the years, gasoline also has a G, available in 32, 16 and 8 ounce sizes. units. relatively short shelf life when exposed The 32 and 16 oz. contain the industri - Granted, small portable generators to heat and humidity. Like diesel fuel, al concentrate – one ounce treating 16 are fine for the short term, but in the when gasoline ages it also becomes gallons of fuel. The 8 ounce bottle treats event of an extended grid failure, seri - gummy, forming varnish on fuel sys - 20 gallons in a more convenient con - ous preparedness professionals under - tems and engine components, resulting centration for smaller tanks. stand the necessity for true, “off-the- in gas engine failure and costly fuel sys - PRI-G was originally formulated to grid” power systems. After all, portable tem repairs. preserve gasoline in bulk storage and gas, diesel and propane generators gob - The remedy is simple – application was only available in 55-gallon drums. ble fuel. They are noisy, and may attract of a fuel stability additive. The good In the early 1990’s, PRI began bottling the attention of unwanted guests. Still, news is that there are many to choose PRI-G for recreational boaters and RV they can keep things going short term from, and they are widely available at enthusiasts, packaging the same indus - before it is necessary to re-locate to a big box automotive and hardware trial chemistry used to treat large bulk safer and more remote sanctuary. stores. The bad news is that these con - storage facilities into small bottles.

2012 I SSUE • 33 Consequently, consumers can now benefit from the same improvement chemistry. Not only does this increase the industrial-strength product, far stronger than conventional chances for more rapid fuel degradation, an additional consumer additives. amount of the chemistry rarely does much good in elevating For diesel and kerosene (yes, kerosene deteriorates too), cetane number. As it turns out, the maximum response rate for PRI manufactures PRI-D. Few PRI consumer clients know 2-EHN occurs at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Any 2-EHN that PRI-D, as an industrial product, is widely applied to added to fuel after the maximum dosage will not improve emergency industrial fuel supplies across the USA, and is cetane any further, rendering an aftermarket cetane improve - presently in use on more than 2,500 ocean going ships world- ment additive virtually worthless. For this reason, it is always wide to treat low sulfur marine gas oil. PRI-D also contains a wise to steer completely clear of any so-called stability additive refinery grade, synthetic ester lubricity chemistry to protect that also boasts cetane improvement. high pressure fuel pumps against the ravages of ultra- low sul - Another aftermarket gimmick in recent years has been fur diesel (ULSD) fuel. products that claim to stabilize fuel with “enzymes”. A close Sadly, the modern standard for the lubricating value of look at these formulas show that most simply contain 99.9 ULSD is grossly insufficient – a standard based on an early percent kerosene. The “enzyme” approach sounds good at 1990’s, low pressure diesel injection pump. Today’s diesel first glance – the enzymes supposedly “eating” the impurities injection pumps operate at much higher pressures, a reason in the fuel. Really? why diesel engine makers have lately been tearing their hair For one, enzymes are nothing more than inanimate amino out coping with premature injection pump failures. No prob - acids. Specifically, they are used in situations to catalyze or lem for PRI-D users. speed-up biological reactions – useful, for example, in promot - ULSD fuels have additional problems which result in pre - ing bacterial growth in portable toilets where bacteria is intro - mature instability. For one, these fuels are manufactured in a duced to hasten decomposition. Truth be told, the chemical process known as hydro-desulphurization. This process integrity of enzymes deteriorates quickly in a hydrocarbon removes sulfur and strips out the polar components which environment. provide natural lubricity. Worse yet, some of the lighter ends What if your fuel supply has already gone bad? Proper in the fuel, those responsible for ignition quality as measured application of PRI-G to stale gasoline will return the fuel to a by cetane number, are removed. state of usability, with no problems to gasoline engines. The To compensate for this loss in cetane, refiners treat the fuel same goes for PRI-D. But wait. Most “experts” claim that with a cetane improvement restoration of stale fuel to refinery additive which can boost cetane freshness is a chemical impossibil - as much as 8 points at the max - ity. imum dosage rate of 1000 ppm. So said engineers at the This cetane improvement chem - Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) istry – 2-ethyl-hexyl-nitrate (2- where stability tests established EHN), is commonly used in that 1.8 million gallons of diesel ULSD fuels. However, when the fuel on reserve at a gas turbine chemistry was used in some of facility had degraded far beyond the first low sulfur fuels sold in usability in the facility’s sensitive California, complaints from frame turbine units. The original customers – mostly those with fuel supplier insisted no chemical central fuel storage facilities – could restore the fuel, but that began to roll in. Filters were he’d be happy to pump off the plugging more often. Engines fuel for a price, and of course, were smoking a lot more – all replace it with fresh fuel. As fuel deteriorates in storage, the residue from degradation of this happening with a clean, begins to plug fuel filters. The photo of the filter above was The TVA engineers balked fresh fuel. taken from a diesel powered pumping station designed to ward when told PRI-D could return the After investigation, off flooding in a low lying area. With a failure in the system, hun - fuel to a refinery fresh condition. Chevron researchers discovered dreds of homes are put at risk. But given the expense of fuel that the 2-EHN cetane replacement, laboratory stability improvement chemistry was actually accelerating fuel deterio - tests were ordered. In test after test, the PRI-D treated fuel was ration in storage. Yet today refiners do little to remedy the sit - restored. Shortly after, the entire 1.8 million gallons were fil - uation. After all, the thinking goes, most diesel fuel is turned tered and treated with PRI-D – saving the utility hundreds of over in less than 30 days, and very little is stored. thousands of dollars in fuel disposal and replacement costs. Interestingly, most aftermarket performance additives for Finally – the big question. How long will a fuel stay fresh diesel fuel are laced with a generous portion of 2-EHN cetane when treated with PRI-G or PRI-D? PRI has many document -

34 • 2012 I SSUE JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

NATO surplus “jerry” cans used to store diesel fuel are not appropriate for gasoline storage. Problem is in the rubber seal, which gasoline will cause to deteriorate. Older military metal “surplus” cans may also be corroded in some places, con - tributing to accelerated fuel deterioration and potential fuel line fouling. That said, if metal cans are preferred, “jerry” cans of more recent manufacture are available for either diesel or gasoline storage. When filled, a sufficient amount of “head space” – at least a couple of inches, will give room for expansion of the con - tents in hotter weather. Too much space in a partially filled can will result in too much moisture condensation. Over time, some condensation can be expected to occur. For this reason, it is a good idea to rig a small water separa - tion filter on a fuel line attached to the spout of the gas can. These filters are commonly available at marine supply stores.

BIODIESEL f a nyone goes to the trouble of home manufacturing of biodiesel fuel, the hope is that the fuel is consumed in the I first 30-days of manufacture. These fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fuels have notoriously poor storage stability. When they chemically break down, they form carboxylate acid. Ignition quality will quickly degrade, and when burned, car - boxylate acid smokes like an old coal furnace. Worse yet, deposits of carboxylate soap will foul and clog fuel injection systems, quickly disabling any diesel engine. A few biodiesel stability additives are now manufactured. Tests of these products reveal much work needs to be done – ed cases of fuel maintaining refinery freshness anywhere from most of these additives are incapable of maintaining proper 5-to-12 years. Re-treatment after such a period will continue biodiesel characteristics in long-term storage. One exception is to extend fuel life for a similar period of time. Since storage storage stability of B-20 biodiesel (20 percent biodiesel, 80 conditions and fuel chemistries vary, PRI recommends that percent diesel fuel). Application of PRI-D to B-20 will keep fuel be re-treated about every 18 months. This is the safest, the fuel from deteriorating over time. surest option to maintain fuel integrity. Bear in mind that biodiesel can be produced either from animal fat or vegetable fat. Yet when considering the labor, FUEL STORAGE RECOMMENDATIONS resources and expense required to produce any quantity of irst, make sure fuel is stored in conditions not too dissim - biodiesel, the question should be asked if the effort is even ilar to the optimal environment required for maximum worth it. F longevity of stored foods – a relatively cool temperature If the goal is to operate a diesel engine on biodiesel for – away from light, and in proper storage containers. electrical power generation – the choice may be a very poor Preferred are five-gallon cans as opposed to 55-gallon one. Liquid fuels are notoriously inefficient for long-term drums. Aside from the fact that five-gallon cans are far more power generation. Solar, wind and hydro power are better portable, they are safer when storing fuel for which they are alternatives for off-the-grid power requirements. specifically engineered. While state laws vary regarding portable fuel can standards, opt for containers that meet the SUMMARY more stringent federal OSHA standards. Pay careful attention he old aphorism, “for the want of a nail – the war was to safe use guidelines issued by state and federal authorities. lost,” holds true today. Emergency fuel supplies For example, it is not a good idea to fill either a plastic or T remain a dangerously weak link. It need not be so. For metal can resting on the plastic bed liner of a pick-up truck. In a few pennies per gallon, and some simple precautions, fuel sliding unsecured across a bed liner, the cans will generate can be preserved indefinitely and old fuel restored for safe static electricity, possibly causing fuel ignition. and efficient use. Sadly, the message is lost on most institu - Either plastic or metal cans are fine, provided they are tional emergency power providers. Make sure it is not lost properly engineered for the specific fuel. But beware. Old on you. •

2012 I SSUE • 35 JUPST $3e6 aBUYcS e YOU Mof ind The American Civil Defense Association is created to educate, empower and equip individuals, families and communities for emergency preparedness.

Become a member now and TACDA MEMBERS AND GIFT MEMBERSHIP HOLDERS receive information and RECEIVE A FULL YEAR OF THESE BENEFITS: resources to better under - • Subscription to The Journal of Civil Defense stand current threats and • Access to all back issues of the Journal of Civil Defense practical solutions for han - archives, beginning with Edition #1, May,1968 dling emergencies. The full • Member discounts on products in the TACDA Store TACDA™ membership offers • Voting privileges at member meetings basic educational and tech - nical needs for those who have an interest in learning www.tacda.org TACDA™, is a registered 501(C)3 non-profit, non-political organization. about civil defense and dis - All memberships and contributions are tax-deductible. aster preparedness concepts, strategies and techniques. CIVIL DEFENSE REDUX, continued from page 16 JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE

are for such natural and man-made dis - Guide to Protecting Yourself, Your when it’s still not full. Terrorists asters. And because they are so well pre - Family, and Your Business and The are not going to waste a bomb on pared for other disasters, they are pre - Complete Terrorism Survival Guide: a half-empty train. pared for any terrorist attacks. The How to Travel, Work and Live in • Don’t rely solely on the govern - threat matrix is not just a planning con - Safety. Some of his advice is as follows: ment to provide you with crisis or cept. If you prepare for multiple and Since mass transportation can threat information - do your own different kinds of events, you are there - always be the next terrorist attack (lots research, too (our Department of by prepared for unlikely events. of people, lots of publicity), take a bot - Homeland Security has done a For example, I navigated a moun - tle of water, a small towel and a flash - miserable job of providing us any tain outside Salt Lake City in the early light. What happened in London, information, e.g. what the differ - ence between the color codes is). • Have a plan on where/when to meet family members in case of Don’t be bashful. If your gut feeling attack; map assorted evacuation routes from home/work. tells you when you walk onto a bus there • Make extra copies of your pass - port/birth certificate/social securi - is something unusual or suspicious, ty card, other records. Keep copies in storage or with relatives get out and walk away. or friends. Carry a copy of your passport when traveling overseas. • Never order room service in for - eign hotels. Workers may poison 1980’s and viewed the entire city under Madrid and other cities is exactly a the food or spit in food meant for water. Because of the Mormon experi - point to look at. Those people who Americans. ence and history, they take survival seri - were close to the bombs died, then oth - • Never check luggage at curbside ously, to their credit. In this case, ers were injured or died from inhaling check-in at airports; carry lug - because they had sandbags, shovels, the toxic fumes or getting trampled. gage on board with you. Carry as plastic sheeting, food, water, and other The reason you take a bottle of water few bags as possible. supplies at home and preplaced, they and a towel is that if you wet the towel • Spend as little time at the airport worked together to channel the Great and put it over your face; you can pro - as possible. Avoid heavily glassed Salt Lake that was overflowing at the tect yourself against the fumes and get areas. time through the city and down to Utah yourself out of there. • When traveling abroad, don’t Lake in Provo. Result? Very few injuries • Don’t be bashful. If your gut feel - advertise your corporate affilia - and they returned to normal quickly. ing tells you when you walk onto tion or title on luggage or other And they did it, not the Feds. This is a a bus there is something unusual items. Stay in an American chain case study of how to do it right. or suspicious, get out and walk hotel; security is usually tighter. For those who are so negative as to away. You may do it 10 times for • When in a foreign country, don’t believe there is nothing we can do to no reason, but there will be one advertise you’re American by prepare for and beat this current terror - time that saves your life. Let your speaking loudly, holding up ist threat, I suggest you consider that sixth sense direct you. maps, exchanging currency at air - some in the World Trade Center, who • Be wary of someone paying an ports, showing American flags experienced the 1993 bombing, relocat - unusual amount of attention to a • Avoid crowded areas. Avoid pub - ed to a safer location. While they prominent landmark; someone lic transportation and major tun - learned a lesson and figured it out the nervous or jumpy or trying to nels and bridges during heavy first time around, it took a second les - access off-limit areas; someone commuting times. son for others to learn that fact. trying to hide something. • Never stay in a hotel with an • Keep an eye out for unattended underground parking garage and Additional Emergency Preparedness items when using mass transit or never park in such a garage -- ter - Tips, Courtesy of Harry Newton in airports. rorists love car bombs. Terrorism will hit the U.S. again. • Try to break your routine. If you • Store a decent amount of cash That seems to be the consensus view. travel during rush hour every day, someplace in case ATMs malfunc - Israeli Juval Aviv has written two try to get up a little earlier and tion. Carry only essential money books: Staying Safe: The Complete drive to work or take the train cards and identification. •

2012 I SSUE • 37 Annual

TACDA Friday and Saturday, October 11th and 12th CONFERENCE Join us for dinner, and spend time visiting with some of our TACDA board members. Friday evening, 6:00 - 8:00 p.m., & at Chuck-A-Rama in Salt Lake City (744 East 400 South). Membership Meeting: Saturday, 1:00 - 2:00 p.m. TACDA Conference: Saturday, 2:00 - 7:00 p.m. MEMBERSHIP City and County Building, Council Chambers, Room 315 MEETING 451 South State Street, Salt Lake City, UT Please notify our TACDA office if you plan on attending. (800) 425-5397.

TACDA 12162 S. Business Park Dr., #208 Draper, UT 84020

www.tacda.org [email protected] Office: (800) 425-5397 Fax: (888) 425-5339

ISSN# 0740-5537