Storm Chasers a Reading A–Z Level R Leveled Book Word Count: 1,176 Storm Chasers
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Causes and Behavior of a Tornadic Fire-Whirlwind
61 §OUTHWJE§T FOJRJE§T & JRANGJE JEXlPJEJREMlE '"'"T § TAT1,o~ 8 e r k e I e y , C a I i f o '{"1'~qiNNT':l E_ ;:;;~"~~~1 ,;i,.,. ..t"; .... ~~ :;~ ·-:-; , r~-.fi... .liCo)iw:;-;sl- Central Reference File II ....·~ 0 ........................................(). 7 ;s_ .·············· ··········· Causes and Behavior of a Tornadic Fire-Whirlwind ARTHUR R.PIRSKO, LEO M.SERGIUS, AND CARL W.HICKERSON ABSTRACT: A destructive whirlwind of tor Normally an early March nadic force was formed in a 600-acre brush fire burning on the lee side o f a ridge brush fire would not be much near Santa Barbara on March 7, 1964. The of a problem for experienced fire whirlwind, formed in a post-frontal unstable air mass, cut a mile long path, firefighters in the Santa Bar- injured 4 people, destroyed 2 houses, a barn, · bara area of the Los Padres and 4 automobiles, and wrecked a 100-tree avocado orchard. National Forest in southern California. But the Polo fire of March 7, 1964, spread several times faster than expected and culminated in a fire -whirl wind of tornadic violence (fig. 1). It represents a classic case of such fire behavior and was unusually well documented by surface and upper air observations. This fire damaged 600 acres of prime watershed land, and the fire -induced tornado injured 4 persons; destroyed 2 homes, a barn, and 3 automobiles; and toppled almost 100 avocado trees. BURNING CONDITIONS FUELS The fire area was predominantly 50-year old ceanothus (Cea nothus sp.) that stood 10 to 15 feet high (fig. 2). Minor amounts of California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) and scrub oak (Quer cus dumosa) were intermixed with the ceanothus. -
Samantha Santeiu 02-15-09 Sec. 9, Dave Defina Chasing a Storm
Samantha Santeiu 02-15-09 Sec. 9, Dave DeFina Chasing a Storm Specific Purpose Statement : To inform my audience how meteorologists chase storms and about the importance of storm chasing in meteorological research. Central Idea : Storm chasing requires special tools and software; chases follow a general procedure on the chase day; and chasing has great importance in meteorological research. Pattern of Organization : topical. INTRODUCTION It’s September, 1900, in Galveston, Texas. Isaac Cline, a well-known climatologist, rides his horse and buggy along the beach. He’s here to observe the unusually high, gusting winds and huge waves crashing onshore. He orders the people of Galveston to evacuate. [VISUAL AID] Little did he know, he had just chased the massive Galveston hurricane of 1900 that would proceed to kill at least 6,000 people in the area. According to “A Brief History of Storm Chasing” on the National Association of Storm Chasers and Spotters website, this is one of the first accounts of storm chasing that we have. How about this: how many of you have seen the movie Twister ? [VISUAL AID] The basic storyline is that two people are storm chasers, and in the end they chase an epically huge tornado in the name of research. That is a more modern, albeit a bit inaccurate, account of storm chasing. I would like to inform you today about chasing storms, the way meteorologists do it. I plan to research severe storms as a career, so I have investigated the topic thoroughly and interviewed peers and professors on the subject. While storm chasing may seem like fun, there’s actually a lot involved. -
Riding the Storm
physicsworld.com Careers Riding the storm out A career in severe-weather research offers flexibility and plenty of opportunities to experience the fascinating physics of the rotating fluid called the atmosphere. Josh Wurman describes the science of storm-chasing and why hurricanes are scarier than tornadoes Take me to the weather Josh Wurman enjoys the freedom that being a freelance meteorologist affords him. I am standing on a bridge near the North thematical, essentially applied fluid dynam- mapped out the winds inside tornadoes, so Carolina coast. There is a light breeze, and I ics, and the real-world effects of these equa- no-one really knew how strong they were. am enjoying some hazy sunshine. But this tions can be seen every day. The equations After reading the relevant literature, I de- calm is an illusion: in a few minutes winds of of motion for the atmosphere cause trees to cided that a more ambitious technological up to 45 m s–1 (100 mph) will sweep in again. be blown down, hail to fall and snowdrifts and logistical approach could push back the The approaches to my section of the bridge to pile up – all things that I could witness veil of ignorance about these fascinating phe- are already drowned under 2.5 m of water, while growing up in Pennsylvania. nomena. So in 1994 I decided to shift focus, and my companions on this island are an I started out as a physics major at the Mas- leaving NCAR for a faculty position at the eclectic mix of traumatized animals, inclu- sachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Oklahoma, where I developed ding snakes, rats, wounded pelicans and but my real interest was meteorology, in a prototype mobile weather radar system frogs. -
Storm Spotting – Solidifying the Basics PROFESSOR PAUL SIRVATKA COLLEGE of DUPAGE METEOROLOGY Focus on Anticipating and Spotting
Storm Spotting – Solidifying the Basics PROFESSOR PAUL SIRVATKA COLLEGE OF DUPAGE METEOROLOGY HTTP://WEATHER.COD.EDU Focus on Anticipating and Spotting • What do you look for? • What will you actually see? • Can you identify what is going on with the storm? Is Gilbert married? Hmmmmm….rumor has it….. Its all about the updraft! Not that easy! • Various types of storms and storm structures. • A tornado is a “big sucky • Obscuration of important thing” and underneath the features make spotting updraft is where it forms. difficult. • So find the updraft! • The closer you are to a storm the more difficult it becomes to make these identifications. Conceptual models Reality is much harder. Basic Conceptual Model Sometimes its easy! North Central Illinois, 2-28-17 (Courtesy of Matt Piechota) Other times, not so much. Reality usually is far more complicated than our perfect pictures Rain Free Base Dusty Outflow More like reality SCUD Scattered Cumulus Under Deck Sigh...wall clouds! • Wall clouds help spotters identify where the updraft of a storm is • Wall clouds may or may not be present with tornadic storms • Wall clouds may be seen with any storm with an updraft • Wall clouds may or may not be rotating • Wall clouds may or may not result in tornadoes • Wall clouds should not be reported unless there is strong and easily observable rotation noted • When a clear slot is observed, a well written or transmitted report should say as much Characteristics of a Tornadic Wall Cloud • Surface-based inflow • Rapid vertical motion (scud-sucking) • Persistent • Persistent rotation Clear Slot • The key, however, is the development of a clear slot Prof. -
Explaining the Trends and Variability in the United States Tornado Records
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Explaining the trends and variability in the United States tornado records using climate teleconnections and shifts in observational practices Niloufar Nouri1*, Naresh Devineni1,2*, Valerie Were2 & Reza Khanbilvardi1,2 The annual frequency of tornadoes during 1950–2018 across the major tornado-impacted states were examined and modeled using anthropogenic and large-scale climate covariates in a hierarchical Bayesian inference framework. Anthropogenic factors include increases in population density and better detection systems since the mid-1990s. Large-scale climate variables include El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacifc Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). The model provides a robust way of estimating the response coefcients by considering pooling of information across groups of states that belong to Tornado Alley, Dixie Alley, and Other States, thereby reducing their uncertainty. The infuence of the anthropogenic factors and the large-scale climate variables are modeled in a nested framework to unravel secular trend from cyclical variability. Population density explains the long-term trend in Dixie Alley. The step-increase induced due to the installation of the Doppler Radar systems explains the long-term trend in Tornado Alley. NAO and the interplay between NAO and ENSO explained the interannual to multi-decadal variability in Tornado Alley. PDO and AMO are also contributing to this multi-time scale variability. SOI and AO explain the cyclical variability in Dixie Alley. This improved understanding of the variability and trends in tornadoes should be of immense value to public planners, businesses, and insurance-based risk management agencies. -
Synoptic Meteorology
Lecture Notes on Synoptic Meteorology For Integrated Meteorological Training Course By Dr. Prakash Khare Scientist E India Meteorological Department Meteorological Training Institute Pashan,Pune-8 186 IMTC SYLLABUS OF SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY (FOR DIRECT RECRUITED S.A’S OF IMD) Theory (25 Periods) ❖ Scales of weather systems; Network of Observatories; Surface, upper air; special observations (satellite, radar, aircraft etc.); analysis of fields of meteorological elements on synoptic charts; Vertical time / cross sections and their analysis. ❖ Wind and pressure analysis: Isobars on level surface and contours on constant pressure surface. Isotherms, thickness field; examples of geostrophic, gradient and thermal winds: slope of pressure system, streamline and Isotachs analysis. ❖ Western disturbance and its structure and associated weather, Waves in mid-latitude westerlies. ❖ Thunderstorm and severe local storm, synoptic conditions favourable for thunderstorm, concepts of triggering mechanism, conditional instability; Norwesters, dust storm, hail storm. Squall, tornado, microburst/cloudburst, landslide. ❖ Indian summer monsoon; S.W. Monsoon onset: semi permanent systems, Active and break monsoon, Monsoon depressions: MTC; Offshore troughs/vortices. Influence of extra tropical troughs and typhoons in northwest Pacific; withdrawal of S.W. Monsoon, Northeast monsoon, ❖ Tropical Cyclone: Life cycle, vertical and horizontal structure of TC, Its movement and intensification. Weather associated with TC. Easterly wave and its structure and associated weather. ❖ Jet Streams – WMO definition of Jet stream, different jet streams around the globe, Jet streams and weather ❖ Meso-scale meteorology, sea and land breezes, mountain/valley winds, mountain wave. ❖ Short range weather forecasting (Elementary ideas only); persistence, climatology and steering methods, movement and development of synoptic scale systems; Analogue techniques- prediction of individual weather elements, visibility, surface and upper level winds, convective phenomena. -
ECSS 2009 Abstracts by Session
th 5 European Conference on Severe Storms 12 - 16 October 2009 - Landshut - GERMANY ECSS 2009 Abstracts by session ECSS 2009 - 5th European Conference on Severe Storms 12-16 October 2009 - Landshut – GERMANY List of the abstract accepted for presentation at the conference: O – Oral presentation P – Poster presentation Session 08: (Extra-)tropical cyclones: embedded thunderstorms and large-scale wind fields Page Type Abstract Title Author(s) Sensitivities of Mediterranean intense cyclones: analysis O L. Garcies, V. Homar and verification A study of generation of available potential energy in South 247 O A. Vetrov, N. Kalinin cyclones and hazard events over the Ural 249 O Lightning activity in hurricanes C. Price, Y. Yair, M. Asfur O Sting jets in climatological datasets O. Martinez-Alvarado, S. Gray 251 O Cold-season mesoscale convective systems in Germany C. Gatzen, T. Púčik Comparison of two cold-season mesoscale convective 253 P C. Gatzen, T. Púčik, D. Ryva systems Klaus over Basque Country: local characteristics and 255 P S. Gaztelumendi, J. Egaña Euskalmet operational aspects A. Schneidereit, K. Riemann- North-Atlantic extra-tropical cyclone intensities, wind 257 P Campe, R. Blender, K. Fraedrich, fields, and CAPE F. Lunkeit Klaus overview and comparison with other cases affecting 259 P J. Egaña, S. Gaztelumendi Basque country area A numerical study of the windstorm Klaus: role of the sea 261 P surface temperature and domain size N. Tartaglione, R. Caballero 245 246 5th European Conference on Severe Storms 12 - 16 October 2009 - Landshut - GERMANY A STUDY OF GENERATION OF AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY IN SOUTH CYCLONES AND HAZARD EVENTS OVER THE URAL A.Vetrov1, N. -
STORM DOCTOR a Storm Chasing Physician’S First-Hand Account
JOURNAL OF Civi lDEFENSE VOLUME 45 2012 ISSUE STORM DOCTOR A Storm Chasing Physician’s First-Hand Account CIVIL DEFENSE REDUX - It’s Back Psychology of Survival ANOTHER WAY TO BE PREPARED Social Media Lessons from the Joplin, Missouri Tornado Ways YOU Can Help PROTECTING FUEL SUPPLIES Preserve and Restore Your Fuel Supply NOTHING IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN CLEAN, SAFE, WATER AQUA RAIN Ceramic Water Filtration Systems for Emergencies The AquaRain® Natural Water Filter will pro - vide your family and loved ones with lab - oratory proven safe drinking water without electricity, without plumbing, and without pressure or chemical pre-treatments. Its patented space-age ceram - ic technology positive - ly removes danger - As low As ous living organ - $ .96 isms and harmful 184 bacteria from your drinking water 1-800-425-5397 naturally, using micro-filtration and gravity. Here is what may be the best VISIT OUR STORE AT part. The AquaRain® can produce quali - ty drinking water for less than 2¢ per gallon! www.tacda.org JOURNAL OF Civil DEFENSE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Dr. GarY M. Sandquist (President) Sharon Packer (Secretary, Treasurer) JaY R. WhimpeY William D. Perkins Dr. Gerald LooneY IN TH IS ISSUE Bronius Cikotas Dr. Charles CoX Dr. TammY TaYlor Storm Doctor 3 By Jason Persoff, M.D. ADVISORS . Paul SeYfried Is Your Vehicle Prepared? 10 By D6 Survivor Chuck FenWick Dr. Jane Orient Michael G. BaZinet 5 Reasons Why Beans Should be a Staple Dr. Landon Beales 11 in Your Food Storage Dr. Dane Dickson 6 By Jodie and Julie (www.foodstoragemadeeasy.net) Sid Ogden Jonathan Jones KYlene Jones Civil Defense Redux Dr. -
Storm-Chasers.Pdf
By Jim Aaron Vocabulary apprentice atmosphere chemical club essay manufacturing pressure scales Word count: 1,585 Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs, sidebars, and extra features are not included. Storm Chasers By Jim Aaron Glenview, Illinois • Boston, Massachusetts • Chandler, Arizona • Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Photographs Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Pearson Education, Inc. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd) Opener ©A.T. Willett/Alamy Images; 1 ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy; 4 World Perspectives/ Taxi/Getty Images; 5 (Inset) ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy, (Bkgd) Doug Allan/Getty Images; 6 NOAA; 7 (T) David J. Phillip/©AP Images, (B) Marko Georgiev/Getty Images; 8 United States Department of the Interior; 9 NOAA; 10 NOAA; 11 Richard Cooke / Alamy Images; 12 Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 13 (Inset) ©Reuters/Corbis, (T) National Hurricane Cente/AFP/Getty Images; 14 (T) NOAA, (B) Wilfredo Lee/©AP Images; 15 Jim Reed/ Corbis; 16 Everett Collection, Inc.; 18 Jim West/Alamy Images; 19 Jupiter Images. ISBN 13: 978-0-328-51648-3 ISBN 10: 0-328-51648-1 Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. -
Enhanced Storm Investigation
Enhanced Storm Investigation . National Weather Service Milwaukee/Sullivan, WI www.weather.gov/milwaukee www.facebook.com/US.NationalWeatherService.Milwaukee.gov twitter.com/NWSMKX Storm Chasing NWS“We’re does going not to die, encourage we’re going storm to die” chasing. screaming This heard is aon Oklahoma Highway Patrol radio before they were killed. dangerousTim Samaras and was potentially found strapped fatal in endeavor.the car. Other victims were discovered 1/2 mile east and 1/2 mile west of the car. The following images show what happened to professional chases supported by The Weather Channel and National Geographic Example: May 31, 2013 El Reno, OK Tornado Personal Safety Video This was a weak tornado – what about a strong or violent tornado? Convection Basics • Moisture • Instability • Lift • Wind Shear (for severe storms) “Triggering” Mechanisms • Starts the convection – Low pressure systems/Jet ‘s – Air mass boundaries, Fronts – Sea/Lake Breeze – Thunderstorm ‘outflow boundaries’ – Orographic lift 6 Lake Breeze Kettle Moraine June 30, 2011 Video Four Types of Thunderstorms Weak updraft Moderate Moderate Intense updraft (non-severe updraft (non- updraft (non- (Always severe) or severe) severe severe or severe) or severe) Mesocyclone - National National Service Weather Property and Lives Protecting Rotating updraft Slight threat Moderate Moderate High threat threat threat “Squall Line” Single Cell Storms May produce brief severe weather Multi-Cell Thunderstorms Ordinary, non-organized storms with low severe threat Each cell -
The Educational Training of Storm Chasers and Storm Spotters in Relation to Geographical Dispersion Across the United States
Minnesota State University, Mankato Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects 2013 The ducE ational Training of Storm Chasers and Storm Spotters in Relation to Geographical Dispersion Across the United States Paul R. Zunkel Minnesota State University - Mankato Follow this and additional works at: http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds Part of the Meteorology Commons, and the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Zunkel, Paul R., "The ducaE tional Training of Storm Chasers and Storm Spotters in Relation to Geographical Dispersion Across the United States" (2013). Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. Paper 140. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. The Educational Training of Storm Chasers and Storm Spotters in Relation to Geographical Dispersion Across the United States By Paul Zunkel A Thesis Submitted in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master of Science Degree in Geography Minnesota State University, Mankato Mankato, Minnesota May 2013 5 April, 2013 This thesis has been examined and approved. Examining Committee: Dr. Forrest Wilkerson, Chairperson Dr. Ginger Schmid Dr. Cynthia Miller ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research paper is dedicated to Mrs. Hope Hislop. Thank you for all the years of guidance, encouragement, and advice about following my dreams and pursuing my passions. No one could ask for a better grandmother. -
6.1 History of Tornado Research
6.1 HISTORY OF TORNADO RESEARCH Howard B. Bluestein School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 1. INTRODUCTION 1953) by radars at the Illinois State Water Survey and M. I. T., respectively. Other The focus of this presentation is on early similar observations were made at Texas measurements and observations of A&M by Stuart Bigler. These early tornadoes, laboratory-vortex models, observations showed that hook echoes are severe-storm intercept field programs related to tornadoes. (“storm chasing”), in-situ measurements From the late 1950s onward, and made both intentionally and by chance, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, Ted Doppler radar observations of tornadoes Fujita at the University of Chicago made and their parent storms, and theory. painstaking analyses of tornado damage, Numerical modeling will be discussed very tornado photographs, and integrated these briefly, in deference to the later presentation analyses with “mesoanalysis” of surface by Morris Weisman in 9.1. data. Based on photographs of the Fargo, All of the aforementioned topics will be ND tornado of June 1957, he introduced discussed in some sense of, but not exactly, terminology such as “wall cloud” and “tail in chronological order. I will, however, cloud,” which persists to this day. He attempt to convey a sense of historical introduced what became known as the context. I do not have enough time here to “Fujita Scale” in an attempt to estimate wind detail or critique each contribution in this speeds in tornadoes on the basis of the short overview. It is recognized at the outset characteristics of damage inflicted. While not that there is overlap among the sub- calibrated, his technique remains today, disciplines of tornado research and that though in a modified form.