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Technology watch on Robotics and Autonomous Systems (S199) Version: 1 DRAFT March 2015 KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS Robotics and Autonomous Systems (S199) Copyright notices Copyright Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) 2015. This work comprises, in part, of a review of existing works published by others. RSSB makes no claim on those existing works and copyright remains with the original owner. Cover images taken from: Rail welding robot: http://www.bahnindustrie.at/show_beitrag.php?s..&id=833 Drone: http://www.asctec.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AscTec-falcon-8-inspection-safe-high-tech-drone- automation-thermal-oil-rig.jpg Driverless train: http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9785139.ece/alternates/w1024/Driverless_tube5.jpg Driverless train interior: http://now-here-this.timeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Up-Front_Driverless-train_R_3.jpg Driverless car: http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1820256/images/o-DRIVERLESS-CAR-facebook.jpg Scope of this knowledge search As a quick knowledge search, this report provides key bibliographical references and limited analysis. It is intended to inform decisions about the scope and direction of possible research and innovation initiatives to be undertaken in this area. It does not provide definitive answers on this issue; and is not intended to represent RSSB’s view on it. The search may only include what is available in the public domain. It has been conducted by a team with expertise in gathering, structuring, analysing both qualitative and quantitative information, not by specialists in the field. Experts in railway operations or other personnel in RSSB, or elsewhere, may not have been consulted due to the limited time available. Industry and experts in this field are very welcome make observations and to provide additional information. Please send comments to [email protected]. For further information or background to this report, please contact RSSB Knowledge and Technology Transfer Services at [email protected]. Robotics and Autonomous Systems (S199) Page 2 Executive Summary TRL and RSSB launched a community of interest for conducting a technology watch on robotics and autonomous systems. After having reviewed the possible themes which could be covered, and considering our respective fields of expertise, it was decided that the technology watch would focus on robotics and autonomous systems for rail asset management and maintenance, and automation in vehicles and transport systems. The resulting report looks at the fields of robotics and autonomous vehicles to identify some of the latest technological advances and innovations, highlight their possible applications and benefits for the transport industry, and discuss their future trends, challenges and opportunities. The term “Robotics” is used to define a branch of engineering that focuses on the design, construction and operation of machines specifically designed to perform a particular task (or a range of tasks). They are usually classified according to their application (e.g. military, healthcare, industrial robots, etc.) or their appearance (e.g. drones, humanoid robots, hexapods, etc.). While robots are usually viewed as physical machines performing some form of physical action, autonomous systems cover a much wider spectrum, which is not defined by physical structures. Autonomous systems are defined as self-monitoring adaptive intelligent systems that have control over their own actions and internal state, and that can operate independently from direct human intervention. This may include robotics or autonomous vehicles, where data acquired by a sensing or monitoring capability are utilised as part of the overall autonomous decision-making process. Robots can be used to replace or assist humans in any activity that falls under what certain technology analysts have called the “4Ds” type: dangerous, difficult, dirty or dull. Some of the possible application areas include inspection and maintenance, monitoring and surveillance, disaster recovery, customer services and network optimisation. Some of the technologies identified in the technology watch include drones for maintenance, inspection and surveillance (graffiti deterrence, trespassing monitoring, etc.), rail robots for automatic switch inspection and welding work, laser coating renewal systems, 3D printing robots for structural work, mobile robots for disaster recovery and exoskeletons for personal assistance. Autonomous systems show great potential for the transport sector with a number of applications already developed, which enable better vehicle performance (tilting trains, automatic suspension, etc.), higher fuel efficiencies (automatic engine optimisation software, hybrid drives, etc.) and better optimised transport networks (semi-autonomous signalling systems, driverless pods and light rail vehicles, etc.). They are especially good in situations where human involvement is expensive, dangerous, difficult or superfluous. Autonomous system applications can be beneficial in manufacturing, maintenance, network optimisation, safety and security, disaster recovery, passenger experience and staff training areas. Some of the autonomous systems identified in the technology watch include driverless cars, autonomous rail vehicles, driver assistance and cooperative systems and artificial intelligence. The prospects for more widely adopting robotics and autonomous systems in the transport sector will dependent on a number of factors, such as Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), associated costs, regulations and policies, time scales, performance, reliability, etc. Societal developments will also play a fundamental role, as drivers or barriers. Robotics and Autonomous Systems (S199) Page 3 Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2 ROBOTS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 WHAT MAKES A ROBOT ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 WHAT IS AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM? .................................................................................................................. 8 3 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS ................................................... 9 3.1 ROBOTS AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS FOR RAIL TRANSPORT ............................................................................................. 9 Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) .................................................................................. 11 Mobile ground robots ........................................................................................................................ 11 Stationary robots ............................................................................................................................... 12 3D printing robots .............................................................................................................................. 12 Robotic exoskeletons ......................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR THE TRANSPORT SECTOR ........................................................................................... 13 4 DEVELOPMENTS IN DRIVERLESS CAR AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY .................................... 14 4.1 AUTONOMOUS RAIL VEHICLES ........................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 SPECIAL FOCUS ON DRIVERLESS CARS .................................................................................................................. 18 Introduction to driverless car technology ......................................................................................... 18 Benefits of driverless car technology ................................................................................................. 25 Concerns over driverless car technology ............................................................................................ 26 The market for driverless cars............................................................................................................ 27 Legislation .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Insurance and transfer of risk ............................................................................................................ 30 Potential impacts of driverless car technology on the rail industry ................................................... 30 4.3 AUTONOMOUS ROAD VEHICLES ......................................................................................................................... 31 4.4 DRIVER ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS .................................................................................................. 32 5 DRONES AND ROBOTS FOR THE RAILWAY INDUSTRY: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 32 5.1 SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................ 32 5.2 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................... 34
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