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Análisis De La Cutícula Foliar De Nothofagus Antarctica (Forst.) Oerst.1

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Análisis De La Cutícula Foliar De Nothofagus Antarctica (Forst.) Oerst.1 Bol. Mus. Nao. Hist. Nat. Chile 34 : 87-99 1975 Análisis de la cutícula foliar de Nothofagus antarctica (Forst.) Oerst.1 Pedro J. Hernández P. Aucjandro Troncoso A. • Valeria AzcArat* M. INTRODUCCION primer investigador en desarrollar estas téc­ nicas fue NATHORST (1907, 1908; vide ade­ Este trabajo tiene por objeto dar a cono­ más BATHER 1908 y THOMAS 1912), aun cer los rasgos anatómicos fundamentales de cuando ZEILLER en 1882 (citado por NA­ la cutícula del limbo foliar de Nothofarus THORST 1908) ya había realizado observa­ antarctica (vulgarmente “ñire”). ciones en cutículas fósiles. En determinadas condiciones, las impron­ Desde el punto de vista estratigráfico, se tas foliares preservadas en las rocas sedi­ han obtenido cutículas fósiles en perfecto es­ mentarias conservan adherida una delgada tado de conservación desde el Devónico, v. gr. película, Que es la cutícula momificada de Fsilophyton princeps DAWSON (EDWARDS la hoja. Esta puede ser extraida por medio 1924), lo cual ha aportado valiosa informa­ de técnicas adecuadas, obteniéndose en per­ ción para interpretar las condiciones en Que fecto estado como en las plantas actuales. se desarrollaron las primeras plantas vascu­ Los análisis de cutícula foliar se han de­ lares conocidas. sarrollado en primer término con la finali­ FLORIN (1926) examina las cutículas de dad de aclarar problemas taxonómicos ante­ especímenes procedentes del Terciario de la riormente irresolubles en Paleobotànica. El Región del Main, y demuestra, basándose en la comparación con cutículas de plantas ac­ 1 Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto 53/71. Comi­ tuales, Que los ejemplares estudiados corres­ sión Central de Investigación Científica de ls Uni­ pondían a una Dicotiledónea (Dicotylophy- versidad de Chile. • Laboratorio de Paleobotànica y Pallnologia (Sección llum neglectum FLORIN) y no a una Coni­ Geología). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural. Casi­ lla 787, Santiago de Chile. fera (Fodocarpus eocaenica UNOER), como 88 BOLETIN DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL lo había determinado ENGELHARDT, utili­ carácter específico”. MARTENS (1934) realizó zando la metodología paleobotánica clásica, una extensa revisión de más de 200 trabajos es decir, el estudio megascópico de impron­ sobre cutículas Que a la época eran muy poco tas. Este es un ejemplo de la importancia conocidos; otros trabajos de síntesis fueron he­ del análisis cuticular para establecer crite­ chos por METCALFE & CHALK (1950) para rios taxonómicos más precisos en el estudio numerosas Dicotiledóneas y por VAN COT- de los fósiles vegetales. THEM (1970) para las Filicópsidas. Posterior­ mente, y reafirmando el valor de estos estu­ BANDULSKA (1924, 1926, 1931) fue uno de dios para la taxonomía vegetal, pueden citarse los primeros en hacer estudios comparados entre otros los trabajos de CARR et al. (1971) de cutículas entre vegetales fósiles y actua­ y MITCHELL (1971), Quienes lo hicieron sobre les, ¡trabajando en Fagaceae, Lauraceae y Myrtaceae. Eucalyptus y Polygonum, respectivamente. El estudio de cutículas fósiles tuvo un rá­ Desde otro punto de vista, el análisis cuti­ pido desarrollo en Europa y América del Nor­ cular comparado en plantas actuales puede te. A partir de la década del 20, muchas ta- ser un instrumento de valor para la de­ fofloras fueron estudiadas y otras revisadas terminación de los vegetales consumidos por aplicando esta técnica, multiplicándose so­ animales herbívoros (HERCUS 1960), lo Que bre bases más rigurosas la interpretación de daría a esta técnica un valor particular en las mismas. Entre los numerosos trabajos algunos aspectos de la Medicina Veterinaria. publicados, son clásicos los realizados sobre En América Latina el análisis cuticular so­ las tafofloras de Bournemouth (BANDULSKA lamente se ha desarrollado en Argentina y, 1923), Scoresby Sound (HARRIS 1926, 1931, exclusivamente, en fósiles vegetales (ARCHAN- 1932a, b, 1935, 1937) y Yorkshire (HARRIS GELSKY 1962), según el conocimiento de los 1961, 1964, 1969). FLORIN (1933, 1934, 1940, autores. El primer trabajo efectuado por un 1951) es uno de los primeros en llamar la latinoamericano se debe a MENENDEZ (1956), atención sobre la importancia del análisis cu­ Quien lo hizo sobre ejemplares procedentes del ticular para la sistemática neontológica, al Jurásico del NeuQuén. En el Cretácico Inferior delimitar nuevos taxa en sus trabajos sobre de la provincia de Santa Cruz se registran Gimnospermas actuales y fósiles. Han sido los siguientes trabajos: ARCHANGELSKY precisamente las Gimnospermas uno de los (1963a, b, 1964a, b, c, 1967) establece varios grupos en Que más intensivamente se ha taxa nuevos sobre la base de las cutículas fo­ trabajado desde el punto de vista de su es­ liares; TRAVERSO (1966, 1968) crea dos nuevas tructura cuticular, tanto en fósiles como ac­ especies de Brachyphyllum (Coniferópsida); tuales; entre los primeros trabajos se cuen­ MENENDEZ (1965) establece un nuevo género tan los de THOMPSON (1912), HOLDEN basado en la especie Sueria rectinervis ME­ (1918), FLORIN (1920, 1931) y BANDULSKA NENDEZ, ubicándolo tentativamente, por el (1923). tipo de complejo estomático, dentro de las Cy- BANDULSKA (1929) elaboró una técnica cadales; MARTINEZ (1968) mediante el análi­ Que le permitió rescatar peQueños cuerpos sis cuticular comparado determina la presen­ esféricos recubiertos de una membrana cu­ cia de tres especies de Microthyriales (Fungi), ticular en especímenes de Litsea boumensis siendo éstas las más antiguas del orden cono­ (Lauraceae) del Eoceno, demostrando Que cidas desde el punto de vista estratigráfico, tanto en los aspectos morfológicos como en según el conocimiento de los autores. En el las reacciones Químicas hay una notable si­ Terciario de la Provincia de Río Negro, ME­ militud con el contenido de las glándulas NENDEZ y CACCAVARI (1966) describen la olíferas de Litsea síocksii actualmente vi­ cutícula foliar de Araucaria nathorsti DUSEN, viente; este trabajo estableció la posibilidad y TRAVERSO (1964) la de Ginkgo patagónica de vincular ya no solamente la anatomía por BERRY en la provincia de Chubut. En espe­ comparación con las actuales, sino Que, ade­ címenes procedentes del Triásico de Ischigua- más, demostró la factibilidad de efectuar lasto, en la provincia de San Juan, ARCHAN­ análisis paleoQuímicos en estructuras cerra­ GELSKY (1968) describe la cutícula de algunas das por membranas cuticulares fósiles. especies de Dicroidium en un trabajo donde La importancia taxonómica del estudio de plantea la posible relación de éste con Rhexo- cutículas foliares en plantas actuales fue pues­ xylon; para esta misma localidad, ARCHAN­ ta de relieve por VESQUE ya en 1882 (vide GELSKY y BRETT (1963) fundan el género CARR et al. 1971, p. 189), indicando Que en la Michelilloa basado en M. waltoni ARCHAN­ cutioula "la ornamentación es un excelente GELSKY y BRETT. P. J. HERNANDEZ P., A. TROÑCOSO A. y V. AZCARATE M. / Análisis. En vegetales fósiles chilenos, sólo dos inves­ serie Que abarcará el estudio de los diferentes tigadores extranjeros han trabajado con esta taxa de Nothofagus de América del Sur, con técnica, aportando en ambos casos valiosa in­ la finalidad de servir de apoyo para el desarro­ formación tanto desde el punto de vista taxo­ llo del estudio de las tafofloras del Cretácico nóm ico com o estratigráfico. FLORIN (1940) es­ Superior y Cenozoico australes. Correlativa­ tudia las cutículas de las Coniferas fósiles del mente, se aportará a la solución de algunos Terciario de Arauco-Concepción, creando Po- problemas taxonómicos Que se presentan en fictearpus araucoensis (BERRY) FLORIN sobre neontología de dicho taxon. material determinado por ENGELHARDT En este trabajo se introduce en forma pre­ (1905) ex-parte, como SeQuoia chilensis EN­ liminar el uso de la luz polarizada (microsco­ GELHARDT y Araucaria araucoensis BERRY pio petrográfico), Que da la posibilidad de (1922) del Eoceno de Coronel; funda también definir algunos aspectos dei ordenamiento Pcdocarpus inopinatus FLORIN sobre material molecular de los tricomas y otros rasgos de la de S. chilensis ENGELHARDT (1891, 1905, ex­ cu tícula foliar. parte) de sedimentitas del Eoceno de los de­ partamentos de Lota y Coronel. Asimismo, crea el género Coronelía basado en Coronelía moli- MATERIAL Y METODOS nae FLORIN, utilizando el análisis cuticular en todos estos casos, lo Que, entre otras cosas im­ Para el estudio de las cutículas foliares de portantes, permitió elucidar claramente la po- Nothofagus antarcíica (FORST.) OERST., Be i-ción taxonómica del material trabajado por utilizó material colectado en el Herbario del los autores anteriores y aclarar problemas pa- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Santia­ leofitogeográficos Que se presentaban con la go de Chile (SGO.). supuesta presencia de SeQuoia en Chile (REI- Para cada espécimen se indica el número CHE 1900, BERRY 1938). de referencia y la localidad correspondiente ARCHANGELSKY (1970, com unicación per­ (ex • ’“schedule”) ; estas referencias y datos sonal) estudia las cutículas de vegetales fósiles . complementarios se dan para el conjunto de de la Sección Inferior (Continental) de la For­ las preparaciones (ver Cuadro 1). El material mación Springhill de la Cuenca de Magallanes, Queda depositado y registrado en la micro teca determinando la presencia y describiendo los del Laboratorio de Paleobotànica y Palinolo- caracteres de las cutículas de: Ticoa n. sp.; gía de la Sección Geología del Museo Nacional Otozamites sanctae-crucis FERUGLIO; Zami- de Historia Natural de Santiago de Chile les aff. gigas (LINDL.
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