August 16, 2018

Dena Sanford History & National Register Programs Midwest Regional Office c/o Agate Fossil Beds National Monument 301 River Road Harrison, NE 69346

Vergil E. Noble, Ph.D. National Historic Landmarks Program Midwest Archeological Center National park Service Federal Building, Room 474 100 Centennial Mall North Lincoln, NE 68508

RE: Quindaro Townsite National Historic Landmark City, Wyandotte County, Kansas Draft Nomination

Dear Dena and Vergil:

On behalf of Freedoms Frontier National Heritage Area, I am pleased to present the first draft National Historic Landmark nomination for the Quindaro Townsite, Kansas City, Wyandotte County, Kansas. The Microsoft Word version of the draft nomination, the list of photographs, and the individual digital files of the supplemental images are submitted electronically through the National Park Service secure file transfer process.

I look forward to receiving your comments and working with you to get this property designated a National Historic Landmark. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at 816-472-4950 or [email protected].

Sincerely,

Rachel Nugent National Register and Survey Coordinator

cc: Julie McPike, Freedoms Frontier National Heritage Area NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

1. NAME AND LOCATION OF PROPERTY

Historic Name: Quindaro Townsite

Other Name/Site Number: 14WY314

Street and Number (if applicable): Generally bound by 32nd Street, Sloan Avenue, and -Pacific Railroad

City/Town: Kansas City County: Wyandotte State: KS

2. SIGNIFICANCE DATA

NHL Criteria: 1

NHL Criteria Exceptions: N/A

NHL Theme(s): I. Peopling Places- (3) Migration from outside and within; II. Resources in the U.S.; and III. Reconstruction-(2) African American Institution Building.

Period(s) of Significance: 1857-1945

Significant Person(s) (only Criterion 2): N/A

Cultural Affiliation (only Criterion 6): N/A

Designer/Creator/Architect/Builder: N/A

Historic Contexts: I. Migration from Outside and Within: Indian Removal and Westward Expansion; II. The Underground Railroad/Abolitionism; III. African American Institution Building: Quindaro in the Post- Civil War Era

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement. We are collecting this information under the authority of the Historic Sites Act of 1935 (16 U.S.C. 461-467) and 36 CFR part 65. Your response is required to obtain or retain a benefit. We will use the information you provide to evaluate properties nominated as National Historic Landmarks. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. OMB has approved this collection of information and assigned Control No. 1024-0276.

Estimated Burden Statement. Public reporting burden is 2 hours for an initial inquiry letter and 344 hours for NPS Form 10-934 (per response), including the time it takes to read, gather and maintain data, review instructions and complete the letter/form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate, or any aspects of this form, to the Information Collection Clearance Officer, National Park Service, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Mail Stop 242, Reston, VA 20192. Please do not send your form to this address. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

3. WITHHOLDING SENSITIVE INFORMATION

Does this nomination contain sensitive information that should be withheld under Section 304 of the National Historic Preservation Act?

_X_ Yes

___ No

4. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

1. Acreage of Property: 70.5 acres

2. Use either Latitude/Longitude Coordinates or the UTM system:

Latitude/Longitude Coordinates (enter coordinates to 6 decimal places): Datum if other than WGS84:

Latitude: Longitude: A. 39.149136 -94.665011 B. 39.152100 -94.664921 C. 39.153425 -94.664579 D. 39.154278 -94.663732 E. 39.155242 -94.661812 F. 39.154942 -94.659205 G. 39.154709 -94.659642 H. 39.154006 -94.658886 I. 39.152981 -94.655556 J. 39.151767 -94.655556 K. 39.151739 -94.657344 L. 39.151456 -94.659134 M. 39.151357 -94.660810 N. 39.150365 -94.663961

OR

UTM References:

Zone Easting Northing

NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 3 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

3. Verbal Boundary Description: RESTRICTED INFORMATION. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the boundary beings near North 32nd Street and North 32nd Terrace at the location of the southwestern most archaeological dig site. It then continues northward roughly following North 33rd St before curving eastward towards the cemetery. The boundary then veers east, loosely following the existing pipeline corridor to the eastern extent of the existing National Register boundary; thence heading south, continuing to follow the existing National Register Boundary; thence veering west towards the Quindaro Overlook structure and gently curves to terminate at the starting point.

4. Boundary Justification: The boundaries of the Quindaro Townsite were chosen to include areas associated with the original development of the Quindaro Townsite in 1857, subsequent residential expansions, and the development of Western University. This boundary reflects the continued use and occupation of the area during the period of significance.

5. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT AND DISCUSSION

INTRODUCTION: SUMMARY STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The Quindaro Townsite is a 70.5-acre site that encompasses the original town plat for Quindaro, in Wyandotte County, Kansas, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, as well as an area of residential development and a cemetery that convey the continuous occupation of the site beyond the meteoric rise and decline of the commercial center (Figure 2). The town of Quindaro developed almost instantaneously in 1857 on the west bank of the in what was then Kansas Territory. European settlers from northern and eastern states collaborated with members of the Wyandot tribe to establish the first Free State river port, providing a strategic location in the struggle to determine the status of Kansas when it entered the Union. The integrated multi-cultural community of residents in Quindaro brought with them strong anti-slavery sentiment as well as an established history of participating in the Underground Railroad. Quindaro experienced exponential growth in the first two years after its founding. Just as quickly as it grew, however, the commercial center declined, although residential occupation of the town held steady. By the end of the Civil War, the commercial center was all but abandoned. Town residents established Freedman’s University, later Western University, with a substantial campus for the education of black residents. When the operation of the school declined in the mid-1940s, the campus transitioned to Douglass Hospital to provide another service that was otherwise lacking for black residents.

The initial decline of Quindaro left the commercial core in ruins (Figures 8 and 9). Remnants of only one of the original buildings remain visible above ground. Archeological investigations begun in 1984 identified twenty- one features containing ruins or archeological deposits (Figures 3 and 4). Most of the features were left exposed and are now partially covered. Information gathered from these features supports the theory that Quindaro was occupied continuously into the twentieth century. While the site does not retain sufficient archeological integrity to support its significance under National Historic Landmark Criterion 6, it is nationally significant under National Historic Landmark Criterion 1 for its associations with broad patterns of events that are identified with and have made a significant contribution to United States history. The Quindaro Townsite is an outstanding representation of these patterns from which an understanding and appreciation can be gained.

The Quindaro Townsite is eligible under three National Historic Landmark Themes: I. Peopling Places – (3) Migration from outside and within; II. Underground Railroad Resources in the U.S.; and III. Reconstruction – NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 4 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

(2) African American Institution Building. The period of significance for the Quindaro Townsite is 1857 to 1945, spanning from the founding of the townsite and its initial occupation, through the development of Freedman’s University/Western University, to the year the University closed and the buildings turned over to Douglass Hospital. While Douglass Hospital was an African American institution, the organization promptly began demolishing buildings that were part of the Western University campus. The national significance of the Quindaro Townsite is in the interconnection of the various groups of people who came together at this location in support of a common goal. The common goal evolved over time, from providing a Free State river port and a stop on the Underground Railroad to developing Freedman’s University/Western University to offer high quality education to those with few educational opportunities. The Quindaro Townsite continues to convey associations with these important themes that shaped this country.

ELABORATION

I. PEOPLING PLACES 3. Migration from outside and within

The Wyandot Tribe The Wyandot1 tribe originated from various groups of Iroquoian-speaking tribes located in the present-day area of southern Ontario, Canada.2 The Wyandot participated in the trade of beaver pelts and established alliances with the French.3 disease and continued war initiated by a confederacy of tribes severely diminished the Wyandotte population in the 1600s from 20,000 to less than 10,000 .4 The Wyandots were ultimately defeated in 1649 and driven from their settlements along the Georgian Bay in Ontario.5 Some members were absorbed into the Iroquois Confederacy, also known as the Haudenosaunee.6 In the year of the defeat, survivors of the Attignawantan, Tionontati, and Wenrohronon groups came together in a meeting at Craigleith, Ontario, and agreed to maintain the Wyandot tribe.7

In 1701, the French founded Fort Pontchartrain du Detroit (present-day Detroit, Michigan), and some Wyandots relocated to the region, eventually settling along the banks of the Sandusky River in the Northwest Territories, in the area of present-day Upper Sandusky in northern .8 The Wyandot established a strong community in the region and extended their landholdings throughout Ohio while assisting the relocation of other tribes to the area, including the Delaware and the .9 During the American Revolution, the Wyandot and other Ohio tribes fought alongside the British. Wyandot clashes with American troops culminated in the tribe’s defeat at

1 Wyandot, Wyandott, and Wyandotte are all different spellings commonly used to refer to the same group of American Indians. 2 Larry Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes: Wyandot, Delaware & Shawnee. A Chronology, Kansas City, Kansas, 1998. https://www.wyandotte-nation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/The-Emigrant-Tribes.pdf, (accessed March 18, 2018); Ohio History Connection, “Wyandot Indians,” Ohio History Central, http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Wyandot_Indians?rec=646, (accessed March 18, 2018). The Wyandot have existed and been referred to as various names throughout history, including “Wendat,” “Huron,” and “Wyandotte.” 3 Kim Dayton, Geoffrey Burt, and Michele J. Curran, “Wyandotte National Burying Ground, Eliza Burton Conley Burial Site,” National Historic Landmark nomination, NHL listed February 24, 2016, 18. Through sustained contact with the British, the spelling of Wandat was changed to Wyandot in the mid-1700s. 4 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 18. 5 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 18; “Wyandot Indians,” Ohio History Central. 6 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 19. 7 Charles Garrad and John Steckley, 1998, “Craigleith and the Birth of the Wyandot Tribe,” https://www.wyandotte- nation.org/culture/petun-research-institute/craigleith-and-the-birth-of-the-wyandot-tribe/, (accessed March 17, 2018) 8 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 19. 9 C.A. Buser, “Wyandots In Ohio,” , https://www.wyandotte-nation.org/culture/history/general- history/wyandots-in-ohio/, (accessed March 25, 2018). NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 5 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

the Battle of Fallen Timbers near Toledo, Ohio, in 1794.10 Subsequent treaties between the United States and multiple American Indian tribes, including the Treaty of Greenville (1795) and the Treaty of Detroit (1807), led to the surrender of some of the Wyandot’s landholdings in Michigan and Ohio.

The Wyandots continued their community in Upper Sandusky. While maintaining many of their traditional cultural practices, the Wyandot assimilated with white settlers, , and other American Indian nations through marriage and adoption.11 The Upper Sandusky Wyandot settlement included a school, sawmill, flourmill, farms, livestock herds, and residential log cabins.12 The tribe’s members were well-educated and included lawyers, suffragists, abolitionists, and a settlement of free African Americans.13 In 1816, missionary John Stewart, of mixed African American and American Indian heritage, arrived in Upper Sandusky and established a Methodist Episcopal mission under which many Wyandots practiced Christianity.14 It was the first Methodist mission in North America.15 Despite the Wyandot’s adoption of many Anglo-American traditions, they were still subject to the efforts of the federal government to relocate Indian tribes.

The Indian Removal Act, signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, created a federal policy to remove all American Indian tribes located east of the to established territory west of the river, effectively ushering the end of the Wyandot’s settlements in Ohio and Michigan.16 In 1831, a Wyandot delegation traveled to the new territory on the Missouri border along the Platte River set aside by the federal government for the Wyandot’s relocation. They found the land inferior, observing, “The best and most useful timber is scarce and what there is of it, is deplorably defective.”17 The potential agricultural output of the land was also minimal, with the delegation noting, “For farming generally, we can with safety say that it will not suit the Wyandott Nation as well as the country they now hold.” Faced with the loss of their economic viability and established community, the Wyandots resisted the forced removal from their lands for as long as possible, becoming the last American Indian group to formally leave Ohio in 1842.

In March of 1842, the Wyandots agreed to a federal treaty relinquishing all the tribe’s landholdings in Ohio and Michigan18 in exchange for “a tract of land west of the Mississippi River, to contain 148,000 acres” on federally-owned unoccupied territory.19 The treaty also included a provision that granted 640 acres each to over thirty prominent individuals of the Wyandot tribe. The grantee could select the acres “out of any lands set apart for Indian use, not already claimed or occupied by any person or tribe.”20 On July 12, 1843, 664 members of the tribe left Ohio. The group traveled by steamer, arriving at the Westport Landing on the Missouri River in the

10 Ohio History Connection, “Wyandot Indians,” Ohio History Central, http://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Wyandot_Indians?rec=646, (accessed April 7, 2018). 11 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 19. 12 Ohio History Connection, “Upper Sandusky,” Ohio History Central, http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio?rec=816 (accessed April 7, 2018). 13 “Upper Sandusky,” Ohio History Central. 14 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 19. 15 “Wyandot Indian Mission Church,” Wyandot County Visitors Bureau, https://www.visitwyandotcounty.com/wyandot- mission, (accessed March 24, 2018). 16 Buser. 17 J. Orin Oliphant, ed., “The Report of the Wyandot Exploring Delegation, 1831,” Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3, August 1947, pages 248-262.Transcribed to Kansas Collection: Kansas Historical Quarterlies, http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1947/47_3_oliphant.htm, (accessed March 24, 2018). 18 The relinquished lands included the 4,996-acre Wyandott River Huron Reserve in Michigan and the 109,144-acre Grand Reserve in Upper Sandusky, Ohio. Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, pg. 150. 19 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 20; “Treaty with the Wyandots (1842) (Upper Sandusky),” Ohio History Central, http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots_(1842)_(Upper_Sandusky), (accessed March 24, 2018). 20 “Treaty with the Wyandots.” NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 6 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

area of present-day Kansas City.21 Based on the provisions of the 1842 treaty, the Wyandots understood their relocation land to be in the area.22 On their arrival, however, the Wyandots found no available unoccupied land. forcing them to camp in a swampy lowland near the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers while determining where their new settlement could locate.23 Due to exposure and disease, sixty Wyandots died, and the tribe established a burial ground ½ mile west of their encampment across the Kansas River on a hill in the Delaware Reserve.24

The United States government did not provide the Wyandots with resettlement land as stipulated in the 1842 treaty, and an anticipated deal to purchase land from the Shawnee tribe did not materialize.25 Thus, in October 1842 the Wyandots began negotiations to acquire land from the east end of the Delaware Reserve, which had been established by treaty in 1829.26 During negotiations, the Delaware allowed the Wyandots to camp on their reserve, and the Wyandots established a ferry across the Kansas River, at the site of the present-day Lewis and Clark Viaduct.27 On December 14, 1843, the Wyandots and the Delaware signed a treaty establishing the purchase of thirty-six sections of land, each containing 640 acres, for $46,080. The Delaware granted the Wyandots an additional three sections of land as a measure of gratitude for the Wyandots’ relocation of the Delaware to their Ohio reservation eighty years prior.28 Totaling approximately thirty-nine square miles, the Wyandots’ newly-acquired land was known as the Wyandot Purchase. It corresponds to the area of present-day Wyandotte County in Kansas City, Kansas, between the Missouri River to the north and the Kansas River to the south, with present-day 72nd Street as the western boundary.29 The Wyandots quickly established a settlement in the Purchase that would become Wyandotte City, officially incorporated in 1859.30 In the mid-1880s, Wyandotte City was consolidated with nearby communities to constitute present-day Kansas City, Kansas.

The removal of the Wyandot tribe from their reservation in Ohio to the Kansas Territory was a direct consequence of a succession of United States federal treaties and laws, such as the Indian Removal Act of 1830, that favored and facilitated the expansion of white settlement. The Wyandots experienced one among countless enforced removals of American Indian tribes as the United States expanded its political and geographic boundaries. At the beginning of Thomas Jefferson’s presidential term in 1801, the United States did not have a firm western boundary; the British, Spanish, and French, as well as American Indian tribes, occupied or claimed areas in the western portion of the continent. Jefferson was invested in securing additional land for the growth of the United States and identifying trade and commerce routes across the continent. The Louisiana Purchase, signed in April of 1803 between the United States and France, doubled the size of the United States and facilitated its continued expansion. From 1803 through 1807, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark conducted an exploratory expedition across the country with multiple goals related to westward expansion of white settlements, including identifying navigable water routes and establishing relationships with American Indian

21 Lucy B. Armstrong, “The Migration of the Wyandots to Kansas,” November 1847, Transcribed for the Wyandot Nation of Kansas, http://www.wyandot.org/wn_lba.htm, (accessed March 27, 2018); Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 154. 22 William G. Cutler, History of the State of Kansas (Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1883), n.p., in Kansas Collection, Wyandotte County, Part 2, The Wyandot Nation, Part 1, http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/wyandotte/wyandotte-co-p2.html, (accessed April 7, 2018). 23 Cutler. The area was called the French Bottoms and the West Bottoms, and occupied an area of present-day Kansas. 24 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 155. Cydney Millstein and Linda Becker, “Downtown Kansas City, Kansas, Historic Inventory – Phase 5 Survey,” 1993, 6. Published online at: https://www.kshs.org/resource/survey/kckdowntownsurvey1993.pdf, (accessed March 28, 2018). 25 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 155. 26 Armstrong; Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 21. 27 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 156. 28 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 158-159. 29 Millstein and Becker, 7. 30 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 22. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 7 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

tribes.31

At the conclusion of the War of 1812, the United States government encouraged further westward expansion. A multitude of white settlers, many from the Upper South, settled in the frontier, which included western Missouri bordering Indian Territory, and brought enslaved African Americans to work in households and on small-scale family farms.32 The rise in the export of African slaves to North America paralleled the exploration and settling of western North America 33 In 1919, Missouri petitioned to enter the Union as a slave state, upsetting the balance of free and slave states. After much debate and reconciliation between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, Congress passed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine, formerly part of Massachusetts, as a free state. With balance restored, the government set an arbitrary boundary at latitude 36°30’ through the rest of the Louisiana Purchase. Slavery was not permitted north of this line, but it was to the south. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 held until it was repealed under the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.34

Westward migration and trade routes, such as the Santa Fe Trail, facilitated the movement of people and goods through the area. In the spring of 1846, one of the largest caravans to date set out on the Santa Fe Trail. It included 2,700 settlers bound for California and Oregon, over 400 wagons carrying approximately $1.7 million in goods, and nearly 15,000 Mormon emigrants bound for the Great Salt Lake.35 Trade routes eventually attracted railroads, which led to increased settlement and a network of local markets.36

Between 1847 and 1850, the United States government, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, conducted a nation-wide census of Indian tribes. The 1847 census identified 687 Wyandots, with 575 tribal members living in the Wyandott Purchase lands in Kansas.37 Among them were 115 family heads who identified agriculture as their primary occupation; these Wyandots had over 1,000 cultivated acres yielding $45,600 of income annually. Other heads of household worked as carpenters, shoemakers, and tradespersons. Nearly 14 percent (96) of the Wyandots were literate, and 35 percent (240) were church members. Nine tribal members were identified as being of African descent, but the census did not note if each individual was slave or free.

Establishment of the Quindaro Townsite After the 1843 Wyandot Purchase, the Wyandot settlement in Kansas Territory began with a few scattered farms and expanded into a town with schools, churches, residences, and a commercial district known by 1847 as the town of Wyandott.38 The development of the town of Wyandott was a direct result of United States legislative policies, such as the Indian Removal Act of 1830, that forcibly relocated tribes from their lands to Indian Territory at the edges of the western frontier. In the years leading up to the Civil War, as the Wyandots

31 John S. Salmon, “Lewis and Clark Eastern Legacy Study,” National Park Service, January 24, 2007, 6. Published online at: https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/specialstudies/LewisClarkEasternLegacy.pdf. 32 Diane Mutti Burke, "Slavery on the Western Border: Missouri’s Slave System and its Collapse during the Civil War" Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854-1865. The Kansas City Public Library. http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/essay/slavery-western-border-missouri%E2%80%99s-slave-system-and-its-collapse- during-civil-war, (accessed April 13, 2018). 33 National Park Service, Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, rev. 2000, 4. 34 The Reader’s Companion to American History, ed. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991), 183-184. 35 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 178. 36 The URBANA Group, Multiple Property Documentation Form Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail, 1821-1880, https://www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/MPS/Historic_Resources_SantaFeTrail_original_mpdf_.pdf, (accessed April 7, 2018). 37 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 178. 38 Millstein and Becker, 7-8. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 8 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

were striving to re-establish their community, the Kansas Territory to which they were relocated was subject to tremendous demographic and political upheaval. Reflecting larger societal and economic forces unfolding across the United States, the turbulent border between Missouri and Kansas Territory was a microcosm of the country’s rapidly escalating conflict over the issue of slavery. The area of the Wyandot Purchase became a hotly contested landscape between pro-slavery forces and anti-slavery, or “Free Soil,” factions in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.39 This pivotal legislation opened up the Kansas and Nebraska territories to white settlement while repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing the new residents to vote on the legality of slavery within their territory. In response, the opposing factions swarmed the newly-opened territories and established rival ports and towns in concerted efforts to either continue or dismantle the institution of slavery in the country. The Free State strongholds of Topeka and Lawrence were located many miles from the border. By 1856, pro-slavery factions established blockades at the Missouri River to prevent Free State supporters from accessing supplies and reinforcements.40 Within this context, the townsite of Quindaro was established in 1857 as a Free State river port on the Missouri River in the Wyandot Purchase lands of Kansas Territory.

Anticipating the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, emigrant aid societies led by northeastern abolitionists were created to help antislavery supporters move into Kansas Territory.41 These aid societies staged lectures and posted advertisements to recruit settlers and raised funds for their transportation to and housing in the frontier. One of the most prominent was the New England Aid Society, formerly the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company, established in 1854.42 That year, the New England Aid Company sent representatives to tour the northeastern Kansas Territory in search of viable river port locations and funded the transportation of several parties of Free-Soil settlers to the territory.43 The Free-Soil towns of Lawrence and Topeka were established, while pro-slavery advocates founded the river port towns of Leavenworth and Atchison.44

The Native American town of Wyandott continued to grow, and its business district served as a commercial hub for residents as well as transients continuing west.45 However, the federal government considered the presence of Indian nations within the Kansas and Nebraska territories a political obstacle to the goal of eventual statehood in the region.46 Having formed their own territorial government in 1853 and witnessing the relocation of other tribes in the territory to “Indian Country” in present-day Oklahoma, Wyandot leaders did not wish to be removed again from their property.47 Thus, in January of 1855 the Wyandots signed a treaty with the United States dissolving their legal tribal status and instituting U.S. citizenship on tribal members desiring such. The treaty ceded the lands of the Wyandot Purchase, which included the future site of Quindaro, to the United States government to be surveyed, subdivided, and allotted back to individual members of the former tribe.48 Parcels that would become the Quindaro townsite were allotted to thirteen Wyandots: Matthew Brown, Amelia Charloe, John B. Curleyhead, Esquire Greyeyes, Abelard Guthrie, Christopher “Little Chief” Hicks, John Lewis, Ethan

39 Free Soil and Free State are used here interchangeably. 40 Steve Collins, Ph.D. and Dorothy Collins, Quindaro Underground Railroad: A Unique Ethnic Unity in America’s Past, 8. Online, Kansas City, Kansas Community College E-Journal, http://www.kckcc.edu/ejournal/archives/october2007/article/quindaroUndergroundRailroad.aspx, (accessed March 6, 2018) 41 “Emigrant Aid Societies,” kansapedia, https://kshs.org/kansapedia/emigrant-aid-societies/16697, (accessed March 6, 2018). 42 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 224-225. 43 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 220, 225. 44 Topeka, Kansas Territory, was founded on land purchased from Wyandot Isaiah Walker, who had claimed title to the land using his allotted Wyandot Float from the Treaty of 1842. Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 224, 228. 45 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 22. 46 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 23. 47 Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 23-24. 48 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 230; Dayton, et al., Wyandotte National Burying Ground NHL, 25. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 9 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

A. Long, George Spybuck, Ebenezer O. Zane, and James C. Zane.49

The first election of positions within the Kansas Territorial Legislature was held in March of 1855. Over 6,000 votes were cast, even though a territorial census identified only 2,905 qualified voters. The fraudulent voters were predominantly pro-slavery.50 The newly-elected body then enacted stringent laws that included a requirement to uphold the federal Fugitive Slave Act by oath in order to vote, imprisonment for speaking against slavery or publishing antislavery newspapers, and death for stealing or aiding an enslaved person.51 Pro- slavery steamboat captains also began blocking the travel of anti-slavery parties on the Missouri River.52 Tensions between pro- and anti-slavery groups caused several instances of armed violence and death in the Missouri-Kansas Territory border region in 1856.

The escalating violence and heightened efforts of pro-slavery factions in the Kansas Territory increased the urgency of the abolitionist cause and the need to establish a Free State river port. In September of 1856, Charles Robinson and Samuel Simpson, two men formerly associated with the New England Emigrant Aid Company, approached Abelard Guthrie about the prospect of starting a Free State town on the Missouri River.53 Abelard Guthrie was a Caucasian man who served as the registrar of the United States Land Office at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, where he met Nancy Brown, whose Wyandot name was Quindaro, at the Wyandot Reserve. Guthrie courted Brown and followed her to Kansas Territory in 1843 after the Wyandot Reserve in Upper Sandusky was relinquished. Guthrie and Brown were married in March of 1844 in the first wedding to occur in the Wyandot Purchase. Guthrie was subsequently adopted into the Wyandot tribe.54 Circa 1850, the Guthrie-Brown family constructed a two-story stone house in the Wyandot Purchase immediately south of the future Quindaro townsite at the present-day northern terminus of 26th Street.55

Robinson and Simpson approached Guthrie because he was sympathetic to the Free State cause, and his land allotment acquired in the Wyandot’s 1855 treaty was in a desirable location for the proposed Free State river port town.56 The anticipated townsite was located on the Kansas Territory side of the Missouri River, among the bluffs approximately five miles upstream from the Missouri’s confluence with the Kansas (Kaw) River. It was situated three miles west of the town of Wyandott and two miles south of Parkville, Missouri. The site was in a steep, heavily wooded area, but possessed a natural limestone ledge that, coupled with deep water, was suitable for steamboat landings. The proposed townsite included lots owned by twelve Wyandot individuals in addition to Guthrie. While the Wyandot tribe was generally against the institution of slavery, a few prominent members, such as William Walker, Jr., were slaveowners. Wyandot support for the venture was crucial to secure the needed land. Despite the inherent political motivation for establishing a Free State river port, the potential for economic commerce and wealth in a successful town on the expanding frontier was sufficient to convince Joel Walker, another slaveowner and brother of William, to join Robinson, Simpson, and Guthrie in forming the Quindaro Town Company in the fall of 1856.57 The future townsite was named “Quindaro” in honor of Nancy

49 “1855 Allotments,” Wyandotte Nation, https://www.wyandotte-nation.org/culture/history/maps/1855-allotments/, (accessed April 3, 2018). Larry Hancks, Kansas City Kansas Historic District nomination, “Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 1984, 2005, 2. 50 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 232-233. 51 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 234. 52 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 246. 53 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 253. 54 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 3. “A Brief Sketch of Abelard Guthrie, The First Delegate to Congress from the Nebraska Territory,” NEGenWeb Project, 2001, http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/Walker/wlkr101.html, (accessed April 6, 2018). 55 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 198. The house still stands today, although greatly altered. 56 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 4. 57 “A Brief Sketch of Abelard Guthrie, The First Delegate to Congress from the Nebraska Territory.” Hancks, Quindaro and NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 10 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Brown; Quindaro was a Wyandot word interpreted to mean “Strength through Union.”58 Joel Walker was named president of the company; Guthrie was appointed vice-president; Robinson, instrumental in the founding of the Free State town of Lawrence, was named treasurer; and Simpson, also of Lawrence, was named secretary. Robinson and Simpson’s connections to East Coast abolitionist investors provided financing, while Guthrie and Walker’s prominence among the Wyandots elicited the support necessary to purchase the land.

Quindaro Townsite Description and Development The Quindaro townsite was surveyed by P.H. Woodward and platted by Owen A. Bassett in December of 1856.59 The town was laid out as a grid, despite the uneven terrain. The northern boundary of the town coincided with the Missouri River, upon which a wharf facilitated steamboat landings. The Missouri River has since shifted north-northeast, and the Missouri Pacific Railroad right-of-way is now at the location of the former landing site.60 Two commercial thoroughfares, named Levee and Main streets, ran perpendicular to the Missouri River on a diagonal east-west axis. From west to east were lettered streets running north-south. “A” Street on the west roughly aligns with present-day 42nd Street, and “Y” Street on the east aligns with present- day 17th Street. Quindaro’s primary commercial thoroughfare, named Kanzas Avenue, began at the wharf and took the place of “Q” Street. Kanzas Avenue aligns with the present-day 27th Street. Numbered streets running east-west extended up the bluffs to the south from the Missouri River; the southern-most was 10th Street, aligning with present-day Parkview Avenue. The Quindaro Townsite plat included Quindaro Park, one of the first public parks in Kansas.

The sale of lots and the construction of buildings in Quindaro began in January of 1857. By the end of the month an eight-by-ten-foot temporary office for the Quindaro Town Company, the townsite’s first building, was completed.61 Through the end of 1857, Quindaro rapidly developed into a booming pioneer river port town, with stores, hotels, churches, and residences constructed across the steep landscape to support its growing population. Word-of-mouth that the Quindaro steamboat landing was the best point of entry into Kansas for Free State settlers only served to attract more people to the town.62 The Quindaro wharf on the Missouri River was completed by May of 1857, reportedly facilitating thirty-six steamboat landings in one week.63 Thaddeus Hyatt brought the 100-foot LIGHTFOOT ferry to Quindaro and completed a few trips to Lawrence via the Kansas River before transitioning service to the Missouri River, which was more navigable. The 100-foot OTIS WEBB ferry was put into operation, offering daily trips between Quindaro and Parkville, Missouri, located two miles up the Missouri River, and occasional trips to the towns of Wyandott or Leavenworth.64 Construction of a road from Quindaro to Lawrence began almost immediately. By May of 1857, Quindaro resident Alfred Robinson had built a livery stable and established a stage coach line, charging three dollars for the six-hour coach trip to Lawrence.65 Another road traveled south from Kanzas Avenue to the town of Wyandott; this road eventually became present-day Quindaro Boulevard. A third road led south to the Shawnee Reserve and linked Quindaro with the Santa Fe and Oregon trails.66

Western University Historic District, 3. 58 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 3. 59 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 5. 60 William E. Banks and Martin Stein. “Quindaro Townsite.” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. April 5, 2002, Section 8-7. 61 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 258. 62 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 259. 63 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 268. 64 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 265, 276; Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 8. 65 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 7. 66 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 7. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 11 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

The first business in Quindaro, the W.J. McCown Store, opened in March of 1857 at 172 Main Street near the town’s steamboat landing.67 The establishment of the Quindaro Steam Saw Mill Company in April at 33 Levee Street dramatically increased the pace of building in Quindaro, as the town could manufacture its own lumber for construction. Owned by Otis Webb and A.J. Rowell, the mill was the largest of its kind in the Kansas Territory. It featured five steam-powered saws and one lathe, all purchased from the New England Emigrant Aid Company.68 Additionally, the opening of the Quindaro House Hotel in April provided new arrivals with lodging while they constructed residences.69 Limestone was native to the area and provided additional building material. Quindaro resident Frederick Klaus established a stoneyard at his residence at 13 O Street in a valley near Quindaro Creek, advertising “cut stone for building purposes.”70 Local brick became available when resident Jacob Henry established a brick kiln on the riverfront near Y Street. Multiple local carpenters also advertised their services.71

Quindaro’s commercial corridor developed in a manner that provided easy access to the town’s wharf and riverfront, facilitating the import and export of goods and people and reflecting the important role of river-based commerce in the expansion of the western frontier prior to the proliferation of the railroad. Rows of warehouses, predominantly used for storage, lined Levee Street near the wharf, while commercial businesses were located along Main Street, concentrating at the intersection of Main Street and Kanzas Avenue and continuing south along Kanzas Avenue for a block and a half to Sixth Street.72 Archaeological excavations and research conducted in the 1980s and 1990s along these corridors revealed evidence of fourteen buildings dating to the initial development of Quindaro. A surveyor’s office, a dry goods and groceries store, a hardware store, a shoe store, a butcher shop, a tailor’s shop, and an attorney’s office were located along Main Street. Along Kanzas Avenue south to 5th Street were two hotels, two mercantile buildings, an office building with a public hall, a physician’s office, a real estate office, a newspaper office, and a clothing and shoe store. Some businesses were also located within residences clustered between 5th Street to the north, 6th Street to the south, N Street to the west, and O Street to the east, adjacent to Quindaro Creek; these included a brewery and bar, a wagon and blacksmith shop, a meat market, a saddle shop, and a boot manufacturer. In addition to this area along Quindaro Creek, other residential areas dating to Quindaro’s initial settlement included a small pocket of houses along P and R streets near Kanzas Avenue and a larger collection of houses on the bluffs to the south and southwest of Main Street and Kanzas Avenue. This area also contained the town’s school, two churches, and a grist mill. The remaining undeveloped areas of the Quindaro townsite plat were used as farmland.73

One of the first buildings for public accommodations in Quindaro was the Quindaro House Hotel, operated by Philip T. Colby and Charles S. Parker and located at 1-3-5 Kanzas Avenue.74 The five-story wood frame hotel opened in April of 1857 and contained the Johnson and Veale Merchants store on the first floor as well as the Quindaro Post Office, established that June.75 Ebenezer O. Zane’s Wyandott House Hotel was located across Kanzas Avenue from the Quindaro House Hotel. The J.P. Upson Building was located at 7 Kanzas Avenue,

67 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 7. Larry J. Schmits, Interim Report and Recommendations for Completion of Archaeological Mitigation of the Quindaro Site (14WY314), Browning-Ferris Industries Wyandotte Landfill, (Environmental Systems, Inc.: Shawnee Mission, Kansas, March 1988), 28. 68 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 266. 69 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 264. 70 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 269. Schmits, Interim Report, 1988, 61. 71 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 8. 72 Larry J. Schmits, Cultural Resources Survey of Midcoast Energy Resources, Inc.’s Proposed WNG/BPU Quindaro Plant Interconnect Pipeline, Wyandotte County, Kansas – Interim Report, (Environmental Systems, Inc.: Shawnee Mission, Kansas, April 4, 1994), 6. 73 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 6. 74 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 264. 75 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 6. Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 269. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 12 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

south of the Quindaro House Hotel, and contained the office of the town’s weekly newspaper.76 South of Zane’s Wyandott House Hotel was the Jacob Henry building at 4 Kanzas Avenue, one of the largest commercial buildings in Quindaro. The three-story building had stone side walls and a brick façade with a cast iron front. It housed a mercantile store and offices with a public meeting hall on the third floor.77 The Ranzchoff Mercantile Building was located at 9-11 Kanzas Avenue, south of the J.P. Upson Building. West of Kanzas Avenue, Jacob Zehntner and Henry Steiner built a brewery at 45 N Street, on the west side of Quindaro Creek, in 1857.78 The main brewery building was a two-story brick and stone structure with a tap room, vaulted beer cellar, and living quarters. The stone Quindaro Congregational Church was completed at the southwest corner of Kanzas Avenue and 8th Street in September of 1857, and the brick Methodist Episcopal Church, which held services for the Wyandots, was completed in October of 1857 and located on O Street between 8th and 9th streets.79

Quindaro’s local weekly newspaper, the Quindaro Chindowan, began publication on May 13, 1857 and chronicled the town’s political, cultural, and economic events. Owned by Edmund Babb and John M. Walden, the newspaper operated from an office located in the J.P. Upson Building on Kanzas Avenue. Walden served as the paper’s editor, with Clarina Nichols as associate editor and columnist from May through July of 1857.80 Nichols was a prominent feminist, abolitionist, and writer from Vermont. She first came to Kansas Territory in 1854 with a party sponsored by the New England Emigrant Aid Company and resided in Lawrence. In the spring of 1857, Nichols settled in Quindaro with her daughter and two of her sons. She resigned from her position at the Chindowan over editorial differences on the same day the newspaper published a column denying that Quindaro was a haven for runaway slaves.81

Quindaro’s residents worked to create social institutions and hold cultural events to meet the needs of the growing population, including a Quindaro Literary Association and a Quindaro Library Association, outfitted with over two hundred books. The Literary Association published a journal edited by Clarina Nichols called The Cradle of Progress and held meetings and public lectures in a residence at 62 P Street; the house would later be called “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and was associated with Underground Railroad activity.82 Clarina Nichols also spearheaded the town’s Vigilance Committee, which pushed for temperance laws and ended the sale of liquor in Quindaro. A school board was organized in 1857 through a public meeting chaired by Quindaro co- founder Charles Robinson. In 1858, the town constructed a school for white children and another smaller school for black children. In the August 15, 1857 issue, the Chindowan reported a population of 600 in a town that had more than 100 buildings, twenty of which were stone.83

The nascent town experienced a turbulent first summer. In July, Albert C. Morton accused Samuel Simpson of leaving town with his investment money and of deceptive business practices. Later in the month, Guthrie theorized the Quindaro Town Company was worth $40,000 to $50,000 less than originally expected due to Simpson’s deception.84 Even after Samuel Simpson returned to Quindaro in September, the lingering effects of the financial panic created economic difficulties for the town company.85 When Joel Walker died in September,

76 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 6. 77 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 6. 78 Christopher Schoen, Phase IV Archaeological Excavations at The Quindaro Brewery (Feature 34), Quindaro Ruins Archaeological Site (14WY314), Kansas City, Wyandotte County, Kansas. The Louis Berger Group, INC., Marion, Iowa, October 2005, 1. 79 Larry Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 8. 80 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 267-268. 81 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 273. 82 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 280. Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 8. 83 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 274. 84 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 271. 85 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 277. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 13 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Guthrie replaces him as president of the Quindaro Town Company.86 Quindaro voters adopted a City Charter on January 21, 1858. Soon after, an unincorporated town government was organized with Alfred Gray serving as mayor.87

The 1860 federal census recorded a population of 689, with a majority (92%) of residents being white, 4% black or “mulatto” and 4% American Indian.88 The birth places of Quindaro residents varied greatly, from Ohio and Kentucky, as expected in this region, to Maine and Mississippi. Other residents emigrated from foreign countries, including Canada, England, Ireland, and Prussia.89 The most common occupation was “farmer,” followed by “laborer,” while the rest of the males of working age held positions that supported the nascent town, such as hotel keepers, masons, engineers, carpenters, merchants, tinsmiths, bricklayers, and blacksmiths.90 Jacob Whitecrow was a forty-five-year-old American Indian farmer who, along with his wife and eldest son, was born in Ohio. His subsequent five children were all born in Kansas, including his sixteen-year- old daughter, indicating that the Whitecrow family arrived in the Kansas Territory by 1846, presumably with the Wyandot tribe.91 The land Whitecrow owned was valued at $10,000, and was one of the largest properties with the settlement. Other residents included Wiley Pope, a sixty-year-old white farmer, with a “mulatto” wife named Lucy, and six children, all of whom were born in different southern states. The few members of the professional class hailed from northeastern states, including George Brideyton, a thirty-year-old physician from Connecticut; E. D. Brown, a thirty-two-year-old lawyer from ; and J. B. Welborn, a forty-year-old physician from New York. Joseph Taylor, Jackson Harris, and Edward Mason were African Americans who worked as Laborers in Quindaro. The Census does not indicate whether they were escaped slaves or freedmen.92

Despite the organizational challenges of the Quindaro Town Company, 1857 was a quintessential boom year for Quindaro, but its prospects declined just as rapidly due to several cumulating events.93 In 1858 very few new businesses opened in the town.94 There was a national financial panic in 1857, partially caused by rampant speculation on railroads and new towns. The ripple effects eventually reached Quindaro as fewer banks offered credit and commercial travel declined, hurting the town’s economy. Quindaro also faced commercial competition from other nearby towns, especially Wyandotte City, which received a boost in status when it was designated the seat of Wyandotte County in 1859. Meanwhile, as profit in the town declined, several of Quindaro’s investors sued each other over debts. Abelard Guthrie lost his entire fortune in the bust of Quindaro.95 In January of 1861, Kansas was admitted into the Union as a Free State, and Quindaro lost its distinction as a Free State port.96 Many residents left Quindaro when the Civil War broke out, as men enlisted to serve and their families returned to safer areas back east.97 From January through March of 1862, the 9th

86 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 276. 87 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 283. 88 William B. Lees. An Intensive Archaeological Inventory of the Proposed Browning-Ferris Wyandotte Landfill Project Area, Wyandotte County, Kansas. Environmental Systems Analysis: Kansas City, Kansas, 1984, 52. 89 Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009, (accessed April 27, 2018). 90 1860 United States Federal Census. 91 1860 United States Federal Census. 92 1860 United States Federal Census. 93 Schmits, Interim Report, 1994, 7. Tony O’Bryan, “Quindaro, Kansas,” Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri- Kansas Conflict, 1854-1865, http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quindaro-kansas, (accessed March 29, 2018). 94 Alan W. Farley, “Annals of Quindaro: A Kansas Ghost Town,” The Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter 1956, Vol. 22, No. 4, https://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-annals-of-quindaro-a-kansas-ghost-town/13128, (accessed April 3, 2018). 95 Farley. 96 “, Fort Scott National Historic Site,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/articles/bleeding- kansas.htm, (accessed April 7, 2018). 97 “Little Remains of Town Which Was an Outpost of Free-Staters,” Kansas City Times, July 29, 1949. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 14 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Kansas Volunteers of the Union Army quartered in the deserted buildings of Quindaro’s commercial district; several were dismantled and burned for firewood.98 That year, the Kansas state legislature repealed Quindaro’s city charter and the Quindaro Town Company was dissolved.99

II. THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

The Underground Railroad/Abolitionism From the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade to the New World and throughout the history of American slavery, enslaved persons resisted their forced servitude. To preserve the institution of slavery, those in command adopted punitive legislation and tactics of social intimidation in an attempt to keep and exercise control. The Underground Railroad developed in the era prior to emancipation as a network of free African Americans and anti-slavery advocates working to assist runaways and facilitate the freedom of those in bondage. In northern American cities, Underground Railroad activity was relatively open, while in other regions, such as the Upper South where pro-slavery sentiments were dominant, the network operated in secrecy. Throughout this history, free African Americans were the primary providers of assistance to runaway slaves. By the 1830s when the term “Underground Railroad” entered the American lexicon, the abolitionist cause was intensifying. Even as increasing numbers of white abolitionists participated in efforts to assist enslaved persons, free African Americans remained the primary facilitators of the Underground Railroad. The class of free blacks that originated in the American colonies was comprised of individuals that had been freed after indenture, African sailors, and free persons from the West Indies.100 These individuals married other free blacks, slaves, and American Indians – as happened in the Wyandot tribe – and grew families, increasing the members and supporters of the free black community.

To deter enslaved persons from attempting to escape, punitive legislation was enacted in the American colonies, particularly in the southern colonies that had developed larger slave populations. These severe and inhumane punishments included whipping, mutilation, branding, and death. Those who assisted runaway slaves were also subject to retaliations including fines and imprisonment. Still, anti-slavery views slowly developed throughout the colonies in response to Enlightenment philosophy, which emphasized human progress and the individual’s capacity for rational thought, and evangelical Christianity, which promoted the dignity and humanity of all persons. Religious groups such as the Quakers began to voice strong moral objections to the institution of slavery; by the 1750s, Quakers began actively rejecting slavery, migrating out of the South, and assisting runaways and former slaves.101 In areas of the colonies with people possessing the time and money to engage in philanthropy, benevolent societies developed with a focus on assisting the poor, including enslaved persons; these societies fostered the American abolitionist movement. The rhetoric of the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence, based on the inherent rights of man, provided an ideological framework for ending the slave trade and abolishing slavery. After the American Revolution, abolitionist societies formed throughout the United States, and in the late 1700s several northern states adopted constitutions introducing the gradual abolition of slavery.102

Abolitionist efforts dimmed in the early 1800s; however, public discourse concerning westward migration and the role of slavery within the expanding geopolitical boundaries of the United States revived abolitionism as well as pro-slavery sentiments.103 The division of opinion was keenly apparent in the debate leading to the

98 O’Bryan. 99 Farley. 100 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, National Park Service, rev. 2000, 5. 101 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 9. 102 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 11-12. 103 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 20. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 15 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Missouri Compromise of 1820, in which Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of thirty-six degrees latitude.104 Many scholars attribute the publication of William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper The Liberator in January of 1831, characterized by overtly disparaging commentary on the institution of slavery, as a pivotal moment in the abolitionist movement in which immediate rather than gradual emancipation of individuals in bondage came to define the cause.105 In Ohio, Rev. John Rankin authored the book Letters on American Slavery, which was first published in 1826.106 The American Anti-Slavery Society reprinted several editions of the book, and by the early 1830s it was commonly read and shared among abolitionists. In August of 1831, the deadly slave revolt led by Nat Turner in Virginia encouraged southern pro-slavery factions to exert more control to quell escape attempts and rebellions; meanwhile, northern anti-slavery groups showed further financial and legal support for emancipation.107 By 1838, the American Anti-Slavery Society had almost a quarter of a million members. Religion continued to play a role in the debate over the morality of slavery. In the 1840s, several Christian denominations split into separate congregations that either supported or rejected slavery. African American churches, particularly those organized by free black congregations in the north, continued to serve as a conduit for Underground Railroad activity, providing shelter, food, and assistance to runaways and fugitives.108

The Fugitive Slave Act, as amended in 1850 to balance the entrance of California into the Union as a free state, asserted the right of slave owners to reclaim slaves that had escaped to free states and territories. It also compelled federal U.S. marshals to assist slave owners in their efforts to recapture slaves and imposed severe penalties on anyone caught assisting runaways. The law clearly favored slaveowners, created a dramatically more dangerous environment for black people seeking freedom (even those who had reached free soil), and emboldened further support for abolitionism.109 In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up additional western territories to white settlement while reviving the idea of popular sovereignty by allowing new residents to decide on the legality of slavery in their state. Pro- and anti-slavery factions swarmed into Kansas and Nebraska. The border between the Kansas Territory and the slave state of Missouri became a particularly contentious landscape with repeated acts of deadly violence. Emigrant aid societies were established in the northeast and funded the travel and settlement of anti-slavery persons in the territories.

In 1857, the year of Quindaro’s founding and rapid development, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Dred Scott vs. Sandford that black people, whether slave or free, were not United States citizens, endorsing the view that states and slaveowners could enforce the institution of slavery.110 The decision also declared that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories. Tensions within the territories and states in the Union continued to fester, leading within four years to the start of the Civil War. In combination with financial disputes among the founders of Quindaro, the effects of the Civil War ended the boomtown growth of the frontier river port town. However, during its short period of rapid development and within a tumultuous time of division and violence right before the country erupted into war, Quindaro reflected its foundational reputation as a place of refuge for free blacks and slaves seeking freedom from bondage.

104 “Primary Documents in American History: Missouri Compromise,” The Library of Congress Web Guides, https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/missouri.html, (accessed April 27, 2018). 105 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 20. 106 Judith Dulberger, National Historic Landmark registration form, John Rankin House, 7. 107 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 21. 108 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 16. 109 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 203. Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 24. 110 Dr. Paul Finkelman, William R. Piper, and Wendy Dyer, Field House National Historic Landmark Nomination, September 5, 2006, 19-20, https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/mo/FieldHouse.pdf, (accessed April 27, 2018). NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 16 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

The Quindaro Townsite’s Ties to the Underground Railroad Quindaro was established in the midst of intense pro- and anti-slavery battles. Its connection to the enslavement of individuals and the fight to proactively end the practice or at least to assist individuals in escaping, cannot be denied. Accounts of Underground Railroad activity in Quindaro have been passed down through oral histories, as well as memorialized in accounts from individual residents like Clarina Nichols. The passing down of oral tradition has solidified the memory of Quindaro as an active Underground Railroad station in its descendants and is important in its own right, particularly since the buildings are largely gone. The ground has become sacred, a landscape of memory. These stories have been recounted in oral histories recorded and archived at the Kansas City, Kansas Public Library. Private correspondence and published first-hand accounts transcribed in the years following the Civil War provide fragments of information that have to be pieced together to understand the full scale of the Underground Railroad operation at Quindaro.

Scholars have estimated that approximately 100,000 enslaved persons successfully escaped bondage between 1790 and 1860, with an average of about 1,500 successful attempts each year. Most attempts were made by slaves living in a state that bordered a free state or territory and often utilized a network of free blacks and anti- slavery sympathizers who facilitated a safe passage to freedom by feeding, sheltering, and transporting them.111 The Underground Railroad, with its associated “conductors” and “stations,” was most active from 1830 to 1861.112 Ohio, a free state, was a particularly active center of Underground Railroad activity. A group of free African Americans established a settlement among the Wyandots in the Upper Sandusky region of Ohio by the early 1800s.113 For those escaping slaves who did not wish to remain in Ohio, Wyandots transported them to Canada, either by boat across Lake Erie or over land via the Detroit River.114

When the Wyandot were forcibly removed to the Kansas Territory in 1843, they brought with them the anti- slavery sentiment fostered in Ohio. However, the atmosphere in the Kansas Territory, particularly adjacent to the slave state of Missouri, was much more contentious than in Ohio. While the Wyandot were generally anti- slavery, it was not a unanimous position. As the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was being debated, Wyandot member William Walker, Jr., noted that slavery existed in the Indian Territory “among the Indians and whites.”115 In 1847, Walker purchased a slave from Harrisonville, Missouri, and brought her to his home in the Wyandot Purchase. This was illegal, as the United States prohibited the owning of slaves within Indian Territory.116 Wyandot chief Francis A. Hicks, who was granted one of the “floating” land titles in the treaty of 1842, was a slave owner; a documented escape of one of Hicks’ slaves occurred in 1848.117 Many of the Wyandots practiced Christianity under the Methodist Episcopal Church, which was introduced to the tribe in the Upper Sandusky reserve in 1816 by missionary John Stewart. Mirroring the nation-wide schism over the issue of slavery, the Methodist Episcopal Church split into separate factions in the 1840s, with the Methodist Episcopal Church South supporting slavery and the parent church against it. In September of 1848, after heated debate the Wyandots voted to affiliate with the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Slaveowners Walker and Hicks were among those in support of joining the MEC-South, while prominent Wyandots Esquire Greyeyes, George I. Clark, and John M. Armstrong were against it.118 The following month, nine prominent Wyandots

111 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 14. 112 Underground Railroad Resources in the United States Theme Study, NPS, 22. 113 Ohio History Connection, “Upper Sandusky,” Ohio History Central, accessed April 2, 2018. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio. 114 Collins, 6. 115 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, pg. 220. 116 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, pg. 177. 117 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, pg. 150, 185. 118 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, pg. 190. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 17 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

petitioned Congress to enforce the prohibition of slavery in Indian Territory lands.119 In 1855, the first Kansas territorial census identified 151 free African Americans and 192 enslaved African Americans within the territory.120

Immigrants to the newly established town of Quindaro likely brought with them the framework for establishing an Underground Railroad stop.121 Due to the amount of secrecy required for its successful operation, there were no formal published announcements that the Quindaro stop was up and running. Personal correspondence discovered years later supports the assumption that Quindaro residents began operating an Underground Railroad stop shortly after the town was established. In July of 1857, a Quindaro town hall meeting elected several delegates to the Free State legislature in Topeka; among them was Samuel C. Smith, the secretary and aide to Charles Robinson, who served as the secretary of the Quindaro Town Company and agent for the New England Emigrant Aid Society.122 The selection of Smith illustrates how important Free State ideology was to town leaders from the outset. Samuel Tappan, an early Free State supporter residing in Lawrence, wrote a letter on January 24, 1858 to General Higginson, an eastern abolitionist known to provide financial support to Underground Railroad stops in remote locations.123 Tappan’s letter requested financial assistance, as the network in the Kansas Territory was running low on funds, which implies that it had been in operation prior to this correspondence. The letter also identified contacts for individual stops within the network, specifically Walter Oakley in Topeka, James Blood in Lawrence, and Sam C. Smith in Quindaro.124 Contemporary maps of the Underground Railroad network in the Kansas Territory illustrate how it was more of a web of connected stops than a single linear path (Figure 5).125 Charles Leonhardt, a member of the Underground Railroad network, sketched a map of stops in 1857-1858. The map identifies Quindaro as a station and lists “Walden” as a conductor; the Reverend John Walden was the editor of the Quindaro Chindowan (Figure 6).

Slaves escaping through Missouri passed through the small river town of Parkville, on the east side of the Missouri River, before crossing the river to Quindaro. Founder George Park was a newspaper publisher who was sympathetic to the abolitionist cause. Residents used numerous ferries to cross between the two small river towns and to provide access to imported goods. The ferry from Parkville to Quindaro was reputed to be transporting runaway slaves across the river at night when pro-slavery forces sank it in 1861.126

In a letter published in the Wyandotte Gazette in 1882, Clarina Nichols verified Underground Railroad activity in Quindaro, recalling that many runaway slaves found assistance there.127 Nichols stated that the residence at 62 P Street, used for meetings of the Quindaro Literary Society, was owned by an abolitionist who provided shelter for runaways. Nichols also wrote that she harbored a young enslaved girl in her home as a band of slave hunters were camped in Quindaro Park:

“My cistern – every brick of it rebuilt in the chimney of my late Wyandotte home – played its part in the drama of freedom. One beautiful evening late in October '61, as twilight was fading from the

119 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, pg. 191. 120 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, p. 230. 121 As defined on page 32 of the Underground Railroad Resources in the U.S. Theme Study, “stops” or “stations” are the buildings, structures, or sites where fugitive slaves were harbored. They are not individual rooms or parts of a larger structure. These two terms are used interchangeably. “Conductors” were those who assisted fugitive slaves along their journey. Conductors were often leaders of local abolition societies, entire families, ministers, and other free blacks (36). 122 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 271; Collins, 9. 123 Collins, 10. 124 Collins, 10. 125 Collins, 10. 126 O’Bryan. 127 Farley. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 18 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

bluff, a hurried message came to me from our neighbor – Fielding Johnson – ‘You must hide Caroline. Fourteen slave hunters are camped on the Park – her master among them.’ ... Into this cistern Caroline was lowered with comforters, pillow and chair. A washtub over the trap with the usual appliances of a washroom standing around, completing the hiding."128

In addition to recounting the details of a harrowing incident, this description, along with others Clarina Nichols recounted, provides insight into the structure of the Underground Railroad at Quindaro. While most Underground Railroad stations in rural and western territorial areas were isolated and separated by a day’s journey, Quindaro appears to have been organized with multiple stations and multiple conductors.129 The description of this one incident identifies Clarina Nichols as a conductor and her home as a station, along with Fielding Johnson, Sam Smith and his business partner Joel Grover, and several unnamed individuals.130 This increased the capacity of Quindaro to receive and shelter the influx of escaped slaves from Missouri before facilitating their transport to safety farther inland and north. The organization of the Underground Railroad network in Quindaro resembled a more urban organization with clusters of stops and multiple conductors.131

Several descendants from the Quindaro community have passed down oral traditions of ancestors and relatives escaping slavery and receiving assistance in Quindaro.132 Archaeologist and anthropologist Jimmy Johnson noted in a lecture in 1994 that his great-grandfather, George Washington, escaped from slavery by way of Quindaro in January of 1862. Near Parkville, Missouri, Washington crossed the frozen Missouri River on foot and made it to Quindaro by following pieces of cloth tied to trees by an Underground Railroad “conductor”. Washington then joined the 1st Regiment Kansas Colored Volunteers to fight for the Union in the Civil War. Johnson underscored his family’s oral history by emphasizing that it was passed down from his grandmother and confirmed through records and meetings with the descendants of Washington’s former owners. Historian Orrin Murray Sr. recounted that his grandfather and grandmother escaped slavery by taking a skiff across the Missouri River from Parkville to Quindaro.133 Escaped slaves then had to find friendly shelter while in Kansas, Murray stated, because the Fugitive Slave Act allowed bounty hunters to kidnap runaway slaves in the territory. The Underground Railroad provided a network of sympathetic individuals and safe houses to help facilitate their well-being as they reestablished their lives in freedom.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, passed in 1865 at the conclusion of the Civil War, freed all remaining slaves. While African Americans had a long struggle ahead to obtain equal rights and freedoms, the elimination of the formal institution of slavery disposed of the need for the intricate network of secret pathways.

III. RECONSTRUCTION 2. African American Institution Building

Quindaro in the Post-Civil War Era During the turbulent years of the Civil War, growth stalled, and civic improvements were delayed in towns and

128 Kansas Historical Society, “Quindaro,” Kansaspedia, July 2015. https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/quindaro/15163, (accessed March 25, 2018). 129 Collins, 15. 130 Collins, 13. 131 Collins, 15. 132 Karen Blakeman, “Lecturer Uses Family Tree to Relate Escape of Slave,” Kansas City Star, February 24, 1994; Mary Flanagan Rupert, “Quindaro Ruins History Traced,” Wyandotte West, August 28, 1994, Kansas Collection at the Kansas City, Kansas Public Library; Quindaro Oral History Project transcripts, Kansas City, Kansas, Public Library. 133 Rupert. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 19 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

cities across the country while each community focused on supporting the war effort. A lease in 1860 established right-of-way for the Missouri Pacific Railroad through Quindaro parallel to the Missouri River. The railroad company built the tunnel overpass that crosses 27th Street near the Missouri River.134 Following the Civil War, Quindaro served as an outfitting post for freight wagon trains. However, as railroad commerce surpassed river transportation, Quindaro’s steamboat landing languished and the town’s economic prospects ceased.135

An 1870 map of Wyandotte County, Kansas, published by Heisler and McGee, showed a few businesses and residences in Quindaro. These included Cyrus Taylor’s wagon manufacturing shop, W.J. Heaffaker’s dry goods and variety store, the D.R. Emmons & Company grocery store, a chair factory at the northwest corner of M and 8th streets, and the farms of Alfred Gray, E.D. Brown, and Thomas McIntyre. Also shown were the town’s white and black schools, the Methodist and Congregational churches, and Freedmen’s University housed within former commercial buildings at 34-40 Kanzas Avenue.136 The map did not show the Quindaro African American cemetery located on the bluff above Quindaro Creek. Three years later, when C.M. Chase visited Quindaro, he found the town’s former commercial district abandoned, writing “One store with a granite front and iron posts stood as good as new and various other buildings were in good preservation, but empty.”137 Residents, however, continued to occupy Quindaro’s residential sector along the creek and the bluffs, west of the commercial center.138 This report was echoed by Dr. George M. Gray upon his departure from Quindaro in 1874.139

In the 1930s, construction of a pipeline corridor through the Quindaro townsite damaged or destroyed the remains of Quindaro’s historic storage warehouses along Levee Street and the commercial structures at the intersection of Main Street and Kanzas Avenue.140 In 1949, an article in the Kansas City Times observed that the Steiner and Zehntner brewery (Feature 34) was “virtually the only remaining structure” in Quindaro, stating, “all other buildings are lost from sight and are overgrown with trees and brush.”141

While the commercial core of Quindaro experienced a substantial and rapid decline in the use and maintenance of its buildings beginning around 1860, the entire townsite was never fully abandoned.142 Occupation of the western residential area continued despite the decline in commercial resources. The center of activity shifted south. Federal and state census information from 1860 and 1865, respectively, shows that the population continued to increase, although there was a shift in demographics. At the end of the Civil War, Quindaro experienced an influx of former slaves, substantially increasing the number of black individuals and families in the area. The population of African Americans increased from twenty-nine individuals, or four percent of the population, in 1860 to 666 individuals, or thirty-one percent of the population, in 1870.143 The primary impetus for the population increase was the influx of “,” or freed black families from Southern states, migrating north and west. Many settled in Kansas, with some in Quindaro.144 Individuals from states such as Tennessee and Louisiana, informally organized the mass exodus of African Americans as a way to get away

134 “Little Remains of Town Which Was an Outpost of Free-Staters.” 135 “Little Remains of Town Which Was an Outpost of Free-Staters.” 136 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes. 137 Farley. 138 Schmits, Interim Report, 1994, 8. 139 “Little Remains of Town Which Was an Outpost of Free-Staters,” Kansas City Times, July 29, 1949. 140 Schmits, Interim Report, April 1994, 6-7. 141 “Little Remains of Town Which Was an Outpost of Free-Staters,” 142 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 16. 143 Lees, 52. 144 Rupert. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 20 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

from the cruelty, violence, and disrespect that surged in the South following the end of the war.145 In 1865 the state census recorded 429 African Americans living in the Quindaro area, including at least three families who owned property.146 The residential area was concentrated along Quindaro Creek and present-day 31st Street,west and south of the former commercial area.

Prior to the Civil War, slave owners and other white people sought to control all aspects of African American life, from familial relationships to education to religion. Emancipation provided a new opportunity for African Americans to define community and establish institutions on their own terms. This process involved building upon institutions, organizations, and relationships developed during slavery, either in secret or under white oversight.147 The highest priorities were re-establishing familial connections that were ignored or exploited during slavery and fostering the religious and educational institutions that formed the basis of African American communities.148 The A.M.E. (African Methodist Episcopal) Church, established by Bishop Richard Allen in Philadelphia in 1816 as an independent black church, emerged as the primary denomination for African Americans finally permitted to determine their own spiritual path.149 Education was an equally important institution in the African American community, as the power associated with literacy was long understood by virtue of its repression under slavery.150 New schools in African American communities provided lessons for young children as well as adults who were long denied access to education.151 The formation of new schools required properly trained teachers, which led to the establishment of Normal schools for African Americans, for the purpose of educating future teachers. Such schools became part of institutions of higher learning designed to foster a professional class of African Americans, including teachers, physicians, and lawyers.152

While education of all children had been part of Quindaro’s legacy from the outset, residents of Quindaro established a school specifically for the education of African Americans. In 1862 before the Civil War ended, Reverend Eben Blachly, a Presbyterian minister who came to Quindaro in April of 1857 with his wife Jane, began a school for the children of escaped slaves who had settled in Quindaro.153 After the Civil War, Blachly also started a school for black children. In 1865, this formally became Freedman’s University. The private school operated under the Kansas Synod of the Presbyterian Church and utilized available space in existing buildings.154 The school may have briefly operated from the Steiner and Zehntner Quindaro Brewery (Features 34), although it occupied a former commercial building at 34-36-38-40 Kanzas Avenue by 1870.155 In the 1870s, property owners in the area donated land from the heart of the townsite to the school.156 The school eventually constructed its own buildings on the donated land. After a decade in operation, in 1872 the Kansas State Legislature established the “Colored Normal School,” a teachers’ college, within Freedman’s University,

145 Damani Davis, “Exodus to Kansas: The 1880 Senate Investigation of the Beginnings of the African American Migration from the South,” Genealogy News, Summer 2008, Vol. 40, no. 2. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/summer/exodus.html . https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/summer/exodus.html 146 Davis. 147 Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, “The Era of Reconstruction, 1861-1900,” A National Historic Landmark Theme Study, The National Historic Landmarks Program, 2017, 24. 148 Downs and Masur, 24. 149 Downs and Masur, 26. 150 Downs and Masur, 29. 151 Downs and Masur, 30. 152 Downs and Masur, 30. 153 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 356. 154 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 15. 155 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 15. 156 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 15. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 21 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

as a way to create a self-sustaining educational institution and promote education throughout the area.157 Blachly and his wife Jane continued to teach the eighty-three students enrolled at the school, while Blachly served as president of the institution’s Board of Trustees. Other prominent white figures from the original founding of Quindaro, such as Fielding Johnson and Dr. Charles Robinson, served on the Board as well.158

The University struggled initially due to the inability of students to pay, which was common among contemporary African American schools, and the lack of funding from the state, whose coffers were greatly depleted by widespread agricultural losses in 1873.159 In subsequent years, the decline of the commercial center of Quindaro and the death of Reverend Blachly negatively affected the enrollment at Freedman’s University. However, the increased population as “Exodusters” settled in Quindaro, generated renewed interest in Freedman’s University for a brief period of time beginning in 1879.160 In 1881, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, under the direction of local community leader and elected official Corrvine Patterson, assumed control of the institution and converted it to a vocational/college preparatory institution named Western University.161

Despite its struggle with low enrollment and minimal funding through the 1880s, Western University continued to operate under the governance of the Kansas A.M.E. Conference. The school constructed a new building near the corner of the former O and Eighth streets (currently 29th and Sewell streets) at the top of the bluff in 1891. This new building, Ward Hall, replaced an older former commercial building on Kanzas Avenue (Figure 7). Despite the new facilities, enrollment hovered around a dozen students for the next four years.162

The arrival of a young new president, Reverend William Tecumseh Vernon, revitalized the school in the early twentieth century.163 At just twenty-one years old, Reverend Vernon worked political connections to restore state funding to Western University and to attain a $10,000 appropriation from the Kansas Legislature to spend on a new building and operating expenses.164 The new building, Stanley Hall, erected at the northwest corner of Kanzas Avenue and Eighth Street (27th and Sewell streets), housed the newly formed State Industrial Department, formed as a condition of the appropriation.165 With the infusion of state funds, Western University expanded its physical presence, building an annex to Stanley Hall, two stock barns, a power plant and reservoir, a girls’ trade building, a boys’ trade building, a girls’ dormitory, and Park Hall, an addition that doubled the size of Ward Hall.166 Enrollment increased accordingly, from twelve students in 1895 to two hundred students in 1906.167 The curriculum at the turn of the century was diverse, featuring courses in theology, classical studies, music; college preparatory classes and teacher training; and vocational skills such as tailoring, drafting, printing, business, and carpentry.168 In 1911, a statue of abolitionist John Brown was prominently placed on the Western University grounds.169 The statue was a statement of pride in the area’s association with John Brown

157 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 18. 158 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 18. 159 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 18. 160 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 18. 161 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. 162 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. Ward Hall is no longer extant. 163 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. 164 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. 165 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. 166 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. These buildings are no longer extant. New buildings were constructed on the site of the campus in the 1960s and 1970s. 167 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. 168 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 19. 169 Rupert. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 22 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

and his cause.170

The early twentieth century success of Western University reinforced the shift of Quindaro’s economic center from its original location at the north end of Kanzas Avenue at the bottom of the bluff, south to the top of the bluff. The Quindaro post office never closed, it simply moved south to Kanzas Avenue and 12th Street (currently 27th and Brown streets).171 However, the Great Depression had a significant and negative impact on Western University. The state legislature began to lose confidence in the management of the institution and debated revoking its financial support and accreditation. The A.M.E. Church withdrew support in 1933, which also negatively impacted enrollment and monetary contributions.172 The draft for World War II further diminished enrollment. The six women of the 1943 high school class were the final graduates of Western University. It officially closed in 1944 and was legally dissolved in 1948.173

Another African American institution emerged from the remains of Western University. In 1945, Douglass Hospital renovated Grant Hall as a medical facility. Douglass Hospital was established in Kansas City, Kansas in 1898 to provide medical care to African Americans who were otherwise denied care by other medical institutions. The nursing school associated with Douglass Hospital affiliated with Western University beginning in 1915.174 Douglass Hospital occupied the former Western University site for more than thirty years before closing in 1978. During those years, Douglass Hospital demolished the buildings associated with the university and replaced them with two new buildings designed as elderly housing or nursing homes.175

The cemetery at the northwest corner of the nominated property was established in the mid- to late 1860s to serve the African American community in the Quindaro area. The site did not originally have a distinct legal parcel; it occupied part of the Freedman’s University property. This cemetery remains open and continues to accept burials. The oldest grave markers in the cemetery that were legible into the 1960s had dates of death from the early 1870s.176

Despite the decline of the original Quindaro commercial center, the surrounding area has been occupied continuously. The continuous residential occupation of the Quindaro area, with its associated religious and educational resources, reflects not just the initial struggle to abolish slavery, but also the ways in which residents built a community with institutions that represented their values.

NATIONAL COMPARATIVE CONTEXT

The Quindaro Townsite shares common themes and patterns of American history with other identified National Historic Landmarks. These include the westward expansion of white settlement, the relocation of Indian nations from their historical settlements, the establishment of pioneer towns on the frontier, abolitionism and Underground Railroad activity, and the migration and settlement of African American communities. A deeper contextual understanding of the significance of the Quindaro Townsite is found by comparing it with other significant properties such as Arrow Rock, Missouri; New Philadelphia Townsite, Illinois; and Nicodemus, Kansas.

170 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 20. 171 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 17. 172 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 22. 173 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 22. 174 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 22. 175 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 22. 176 Hancks, Quindaro and Western University Historic District, 15-16. This cemetery is not the Quindaro Cemetery, which is located south of the nominated property. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 23 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Arrow Rock, Missouri (National Historic Landmark, 1963)

The town of Arrow Rock in Saline County, Missouri, was established in 1827 as a trading post along the Santa Fe Trail.177 The area was previously occupied by American Indian tribes who created and utilized trails that followed the natural terrain. These would eventually become portions of the Santa Fe trail used by white settlers.178 Settlers could cross the Missouri River at Arrow Rock, reinforcing the town as a popular through- point for pioneers heading west. Like Quindaro, Arrow Rock also reflects the period of westward expansion prior to the Civil War when river traffic was the dominant transportation method for commerce, establishing the importance of river ports in the development of frontier towns.

The settlers of Arrow Rock and the surrounding region, known as “Little Dixie,” predominantly hailed from pro-slavery Upper South states like Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, and brought enslaved African Americans with them.179Arrow Rock’s initial settlement and development was thus intertwined with pro- slavery sentiments and an economic system dependent on slave labor from the outset. In contrast, Quindaro was developed by a group of investors, some of whom had ties to emigrant aid societies, as a strategic river port designed as a commercial center to support the Free State movement and to facilitate the settlement of free state and abolitionist pioneers in the fiercely contested Kansas Territory. On the eve of the Civil War, Arrow Rock’s population was approximately 1,000. While specific data is not available for Arrow Rock, one-third of the population in Saline County was enslaved African Americans.180 After the Civil War, free African Americans settled in a segregated area of Arrow Rock.

Similar to Quindaro, the town of Arrow Rock declined in population after the Civil War as railroads bypassed the town and superseded river commerce. However, Quindaro’s decline was much more precipitous, with the frontier town nearly emptying during the Civil War and its commercial district abandoned shortly afterwards. Arrow Rock’s commercial district, although small, continued to function. In 1963, the town of Arrow Rock was designated a National Historic Landmark for its association with westward expansion.

New Philadelphia, Illinois (National Historic Landmark, 2009)

New Philadelphia is the first town officially founded by an African American individual prior to the Civil War and emancipation. Frank McWorter, a freedman, filed a plat for the forty-two-acre town in Pike County, west- central Illinois, in 1836. McWorter used the proceeds from the sale of the 144 lots to purchase freedom for his family members who remained in slavery.181 Like Quindaro, residents included a mix of black, white, and “mulatto” settlers. The New Philadelphia National Historic Landmark is comparable to the Quindaro Townsite in its composition of ruins rather than fully extant buildings. This earlier archaeological site derives significance from the archeological remains and their potential to yield information about how an integrated community functioned in the decades prior to the Civil War, while Quindaro derives significance from its associations with

177 Timothy E. Baumann, “The Brown Lodge/Cadwell Pottery Site, Arrow Rock, Missouri,” African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter, Vol. 4, Issue 1, October 1997, pg. 1. Published online at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1608&context=adan, (accessed March 24, 2018) 178 Richard Forry, “Statement of Significance for the Multiple Resource Nomination of Arrow Rock,” June 30, 1979, 1. Missouri State Historic Preservation Office. Published online at: https://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/survey/SAAS001-R.pdf, (accessed April 7, 2018). 179 Bauman, “The Brown Lodge/Cadwell Pottery Site,” pg. 1. 180 Michael Dickey, Historic Overview of Arrow Rock, http://arrowrock.org/history.php, (accessed March 25, 2018). 181 Charlotte King and Erika K. Martin Seibert, National Historic Landmark registration form, “New Philadelphia Townsite,” 2009, 17. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 24 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

broad patterns of the nation’s history. The two sites share associations with the ways in which African Americans strove to build community through familial, religious, and educational institutions. While New Philadelphia and Quindaro share associations with the westward expansion and settlement of the United States, New Philadelphia does not have a strong association with an American Indian population and its migration.

Nicodemus Historic District, Nicodemus, Kansas (National Historic Landmark, 1976)

Founded in 1877, Nicodemus was one of eleven towns in Kansas settled as part of the “Exoduster” movement between 1873 and 1880. As the oldest surviving African American municipality west of the Mississippi River, Nicodemus derives significance for its associations with the westward migration of African Americans during Reconstruction. The townsite occupied a 160-acre site located in the northwest quarter of Section 1, Township 8S, Range 21W in Nicodemus Township, Graham County. The nomination included ten historic buildings, two or three of which have been demolished. While Nicodemus is important for its associations with the “Exoduster” movement, which is later than the establishment of Quindaro, both townsites are associated with the building of African American institutions to create community.

NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 25 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

6. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND STATEMENT OF INTEGRITY

Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: X Building(s): Public-Local: X District: X Public-State: Site: Public-Federal: Structure: Object:

Number of Resources within Boundary of Property:

Contributing Noncontributing Buildings: Buildings: Sites: 26 Sites: Structures: Structures: 1 Objects: Objects: Total: 26 Total: 1

PROVIDE PRESENT AND PAST PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPERTY (Please see specific guidance for type of resource[s] being nominated)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT QUINDARO TOWNSITE

SETTING (RESTRICTED INFORMATION) The Quindaro Townsite (14WY314) is located in the northern portion of Kansas City, Kansas in northeast Wyandotte County. The site is adjacent to the Missouri River, approximately five miles upstream from the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers (Figures 2, 3, and 4). Limestone bluffs border the river valley at this location. The topography of the site includes hillslopes ranging from approximately eighteen to thirty percent.182 The site’s soil composition is characterized by limestone, shale, and sandstone bedrock overlain with loess generally composed of silt loam and silty clay loam.183 The site is densely wooded. Deciduous tree growth, underbrush, and grasses characterize the site’s flora. A shallow meandering creek near the western extent of the site is locally known as Quindaro Creek. A petroleum pipeline and electrical transmission corridor runs along the northern perimeter of the site, while Interstate 635 runs east of the site boundary.

On a hilltop approximately 0.38 miles from the Missouri River bank and north of the site is a scenic overlook point. Dedicated in 2008, a concrete gazebo overlooks a shallow valley in the location of the former Kansas Avenue, a main commercial road in Quindaro. The gazebo is the Quindaro Ruins Overlook and is a non- contributing structure. A dirt path extends from the overlook stairs, following the alignment of Kansas Avenue. The path transitions to a combination of dirt and gravel then veers west, leading to the cemetery at the northwest corner of the nominated site. It then continues south along what some former residents referred to as “Happy Hollow Road,” now recognized as 31st Street Terrace.184

182 “Soil Map – Wyandotte County, Kansas.” USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Web Soil Survey. Version 11, October 4, 2017. 183 “Soil Map – Wyandotte County, Kansas.” 184 Joyce McKay and Larry J. Schmits, The Euro-American and Afro-American Communities of Quindaro: Phase III NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 26 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Prehistoric A survey conducted by John D. Reynolds in 1984 identified the presence of prehistoric material within the site boundaries. The identified materials were located within two sparse lithic scatters consisting of debitage.185 No diagnostic artifacts were recovered in association with these scatters.

Reynolds also recovered one partial biface blade of dark gray chert in a disturbed creek bed context and two lithic scatters in erosional and disturbed contexts.186 No additional prehistoric resources were identified by subsequent investigations.

Historic Archaeological investigations were conducted during the 1980s in association with a proposed landfill in the site’s vicinity and in 1994 in response to a proposed pipeline corridor. A final investigation of the Quindaro Brewery was completed in 2005. These investigations included pedestrian survey and selective excavation of areas identified as archaeologically sensitive and at risk of damage from the proposed landfill. They identified multiple archaeological features associated with historic contexts including the town of Quindaro and the later residential settlement. Limestone foundations, retaining walls, and other architectural debris along with domestic artifact assemblages form most of the identified features. The examination of ground depressions identified by local residents concluded they were not prehistoric in origin, however they may have been associated with the residents of Quindaro or the later western settlement187. The nature of the depressions was not identified; however, they appear manmade. The artifact assemblages recovered by these archaeological investigations primarily include historic ceramics, vessel and container glass, and architectural elements such as window glass and nails. These artifacts date from approximately the mid-nineteenth century through the 1930s. Multiple dumping episodes complicated the recovery of artifacts in some areas of the site. Investigators noted overburden consisting primarily of mid-twentieth century glass, ceramics, and similar domestic debris. Evidence of these pre-1980 dumping episodes and the continued deposition of modern trash is evident at the site, particularly along the site’s western perimeter near Quindaro Creek.

Using archaeological evidence in conjunction with archival research, multiple features were correlated with commercial, residential, and light industrial resources from Quindaro’s built environment. The boundary encompasses twenty-four individual features that are each counted as contributing sites. The cemetery at the northeast corner of the nominated property is an additional contributing site. The Quindaro Ruins Overlook (2008) is a non-contributing structure. The entire property encompassed within the boundary is a contributing site, for a total of twenty-seven resources (Figure 4).

Identified Commercial Resources

Quindaro House Hotel (Feature 1a) Feature 1a was identified as the Quindaro House Hotel. Limestone piers and stairs indicated the location of a

Archaeological and Historical Evaluation of Browning-Ferris Industries’ Wyandotte County, Kansas Landfill, A Cultural Resources Management Study Conducted for Browning-Ferris Industries of Kansas City, Inc., 1986, 100. 185 John D. Reynolds. Report of Initial Archaeological Inspection of a Proposed Sanitary Landfill Site in Sections 29 and 30, T10S, R25E, Kansas City, Kansas. Kansas State Historical Society, Department of Archaeology, 1984, 1. 186 Reynolds, 20. 187 Lees, 79. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 27 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

building.188 Artifacts recovered from this feature were primarily architectural debris including plaster wall fragments and window glass. Domestic artifacts consisted of glass vessel sherds, buttons, household and tableware ceramics, and faunal remains. The recovered ceramics were primarily ironstone sherds. Masonry footings and wall debris west of the hotel indicated an associated outbuilding, possibly an ice house.189 A well, located north of the feature, contained timber fill potentially resulting from the demolition of the hotel.190

O.H. Macauley Warehouse (Feature 2) Feature 2 was identified as the O.H. Macauley warehouse. The segment of limestone foundation is located in the north portion of the site near the Missouri River. It is within a disturbed context in the petroleum pipeline corridor. No artifacts were recovered from this feature during its 1986 investigation. Although disturbed, the feature is one of few that demonstrate associations with commercial structures in this area of the site.

Jacob Henry Building (Feature 3 North) The Jacob Henry building lies immediately south of the Wyandott Hotel in the northeast area of the site. Portions of a limestone masonry foundation, piers, brick chimney bases, and limestone masonry walls remain visible above the ground surface. Architectural debris, including burned wood and nails, was recovered from the stratum overlying the basement floor.191 Above this stratum mid-nineteenth artifacts of multiple classes including square nails, vessel and bottle glass, apparel elements, tableware and household ceramics, and faunal remains were recovered. This stratum was capped by a later stratum of wall fall and brick, which sealed the deposit.192

Otis Webb Bldg. (Feature 3 South) The Otis Webb Building shares a wall with the Jacob Henry Building to the north. The 1988 excavation identified a limestone foundation with a north-south stone masonry interior wall. A basement entrance identified at the east end of the foundation was flanked by two window sills.193 No artifact deposits were uncovered in association with this feature.194

Store and Office (Feature 4) A mortared limestone foundation in the northeast portion of the site was identified as a store and office building. The west walls and west ends of the north and south walls were destroyed by stream erosion.195 No significant artifact deposits were recorded in association with this feature.

Wyandott House Hotel (Feature 6) The limestone foundation, basement, and masonry footings of the Wyandott House Hotel were identified in the northeast portion of the site, fronting Kansas Avenue to the west. An associated mortar-lined cistern northeast of the extant foundation contained intact mid-nineteenth century artifact deposits. Mid-nineteenth century artifacts including utilitarian stoneware, semivitreous tableware sherds, square cut nails, machine cut glass, and a metal button with embossed eagle motif were recovered from a wall trench west of the foundation and abutting Kansas Avenue.196

188 Banks and Stein, Section 7-7. 189 Banks and Stein, Section 7-7. 190 Banks and Stein, Section 7-7. 191 Schmits, Interim Report, 1988, 27. 192 Schmits 1988, 27. 193 Schmits 1988, 28. 194 Banks and Stein, Section 7-6. 195 Schmits 1988, 37. 196 Schmits 1988, 22. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 28 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

J.B. Upson Building (Feature 7) A mortared limestone foundation forming two rooms was correlated with the J.B. Upson Building on the west side of Kansas Avenue. Backhoe trenches along the north and west walls of the foundation reveled intact artifact deposits near its base.197 A layer of charcoal above the artifact deposits suggests that the building burned. The mid-nineteenth century artifact deposits contained printers type, battery fragments, printing press parts, and other artifacts associated with the town telegraph and newspaper.198 Cut nails, undecorated ceramics, and glass sherds were also recovered from this stratum.199

Hiram Hill Building (Feature 11) Feature 11, consisting of a coursed limestone foundation with a rectangular plan, was correlated with the Hiram Hill Building. The only artifacts recovered in association with this feature were window glass fragments.200 A charcoal and ash layer indicates the building burned.

The Quindaro Brewery (Feature 34) Constructed in 1857 by Henry Steiner and Jacob Zehnter, the feature known as the Quindaro Brewery represents the remains of a bar room and residence built by the partnership and which served that use until 1859.201 In 1862 Reverend Eben Blachly reportedly purchased the property to use as a school.202 The building then served as a residence between 1870 and 1951 before flooding made the property uninhabitable.203

Above-surface architectural elements include brick and limestone walls, cement floors, stairs, and a chimney base associated with the tavern and residence.204 A cellar with limestone walls and an arched roof with a vent is located at the rear of the former tavern room. The cellar was noted as “virtually intact” during excavations in 2005.205 Investigations of the feature recovered domestic and architectural artifacts primarily associated with the later residential occupation of the structure between 1870 and 1951.206 The assemblage includes household glass and ceramics, tableware, personal items, faunal remains, and architectural debris. Mid-nineteenth century deposits uncovered during the 1986 excavation contained household and tableware ceramics, glass vessel sherds, and architectural debris.207

Stabilization of the remaining walls was completed following the 2005 archaeological investigation.

Storehouse (Feature 53) Feature 35 was identified as a storehouse. It consists of a limestone foundation and is located in the northeast portion of the site. No significant artifact deposits were recovered in association with this feature. The small artifact assemblage consists of window glass and unidentified metal fragments.208 Wall fall prevented access to sterile soils at time of excavation.209

197 Schmits 1988, 29. 198 Banks and Stein, Section 7-8. 199 Schmits, 1988, 30-31. 200 McKay and Schmits, 171. 201 Schoen, 15. 202 Hancks, The Emigrant Tribes, 370. 203 Schoen, 15. 204 Schoen, 41. 205 Schoen, 72. 206 Schoen, 59-70. 207 McKay and Schmits, 243. 208 McKay and Schmits, 185. 209 McKay and Schmits, 185. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 29 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Peoples Variety Store and Dr. J. B. Wellborn offices (Feature 54) Feature 54 was correlated with a structure that housed the People’s Variety Store and the offices of Dr. J.B. Wellborn. It is located west of Feature 53. The feature includes a limestone basement foundation and basement stairs. An interior privy or well was located at the northeast corner of the foundation.210 Artifacts were not recovered from this feature during the 1986 testing, however the subsequent 1988 excavation recovered mid- nineteenth century artifacts of several classes. Vessel and window glass sherds, metal fragments, and faunal remains were recovered. Diagnostic ceramic artifacts associated with the feature include a partial Rockingham doorknob, a Wedge Wood washbasin, purple transfer print tableware, and hand painted hardpaste oriental porcelain.211

Ranzchoff Building (Feature 62) Feature 62 was identified as the Ranzchoff Building, which housed the Ranzchoff Clothing and Shoe Store. The feature consists of a mortared limestone foundation with a rectangular plan. Artifact deposits were located at the base of the foundation through trenching. Recovered artifacts date to the mid-nineteenth century and include architectural debris such as window glass and cut nails, hardware, and apparel buttons.212 Diagnostic artifacts associated with the feature include a Rockingham doorknob, flow-blue and flow-mulberry transfer printed tableware, blue shell-edged tableware, and a sponged plate fragment.213 A semivitreous ironstone saucer bears a John Wedge makers mark, confirming a mid-nineteenth century production date.214

Quindaro Meat Market (Feature 66) Feature 66 was identified as the Quindaro Meat Market. This feature is located in the northeast area of the site, adjacent to the pipeline corridor. Although identified, this feature was not further examined by the 1986 or 1988 investigation.215

J.N. Bartles Meat Market (Feature 71) Feature 71 was identified as the J.N. Bartles Meat Market. This feature is located in the southwest area of the site. Although identified, this feature was not examined by the 1986 or 1988 investigation.216

Frederick Klaus Warehouse (Feature 80) Feature 80 was identified as the Frederick Klaus Warehouse. This feature is located in the north area of the site. Although identified, this feature was not further examined by the archaeological investigation conducted by Schmits in 1994.217

Identified Residential Resources

Feature 5 Feature 5 represents a multicomponent residential complex in the northeast area of the site. A limestone basement foundation is oriented east-west and a stone stairway was located in the southwest corner of the foundation. A cement-lined cistern was identified southwest of the stairs. A stone porch and partial poured

210 Schmits, 1988, 49. 211 Schmits, 1988, 50. 212 Schmits, 1988, 31. 213 Schmits, 1988, 32. 214 Schmits. 1988, 32. 215 Banks and Stein, Section 7-9. 216 Banks and Stein, Section 7-9. 217 Schmits 1994, 14. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 30 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

concrete foundation were identified west of the foundation and north of the cistern. Retaining walls on the north and west sides lined a leveled yard in the west half of the feature area. It contained a small stone foundation in its northwest corner and a possible well or cistern.218

The artifact assemblage recovered from the feature area indicates a mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth century occupation. Late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century artifacts were recovered from deposits near the foundations. Trenching revealed earlier mid-nineteenth century deposits near the retaining walls, which contained diagnostic artifacts including a molded ironstone cup, dark blue transfer print tableware, and square nails.219

The Frederick Klaus Residence (Feature 68) Feature 68, identified as the Frederick Klaus residence, consists of a partial limestone foundation and the remains of a brick cooking feature. The cooking feature has been identified as the base of a baking oven.220

The Robert Kelly Residence (Feature 19) Feature 19 was identified as the Robert Kelly residence and is located in the northwest portion of the site. The feature includes a squared, coursed limestone basement foundation.221 The recovered artifact assemblage reflects a mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth century occupation and consists primarily of domestic debris including stoneware container and refined tableware sherds, vessel glass, and personal apparel items.222

The Charles Morasch Residence (Feature 20) Excavations associated with this feature revealed a dry masonry stone wall and limestone-lined well. Mid- nineteenth to early-twentieth century artifacts were recovered from the upper stratum of the well. A ca. 1860- 1900 flask, ca. 1840-1860 transfer printed whiteware ceramic sherds, and an early twentieth century soda bottle are included in the assemblage. Vessel glass, ceramic sherds, metal fragments, and faunal remains comprise the remainder of the collected artifacts.223

Several identified features were associated with the western residential settlement. These features are located in the west half of the site.

Features 23a, 23b, and 23c This grouping of associated features likely represents a residential complex in the east area of the site. Feature 23a is a limestone foundation potentially associated with a hall-and-parlor dwelling.224 Test Units excavated within the feature uncovered artifacts dating between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The artifact assemblage suggests a domestic use for the structure. It contains apparel buttons, utensil fragments, household ceramics, tableware, and vessel glass.225 A stone retaining wall separates Feature 23a from Feature 23b to the north.

Feature 23b consists of a limestone foundation with two cellar rooms positioned north and south and a cellar

218 Schmits 1988, 41-42. 219 Schmits 1988, 41-42. 220 Banks and Stein, Section 7-10. 221 McKay and Schmits, 206. 222 McKay and Schmits, 209. 223 McKay and Schmits, 211. 224 McKay and Schmits, 211. 225 McKay and Schmits, 212. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 31 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

entrance in the east wall.226 A limestone column at the center of the foundation suggests the potential division of the upper rooms and may indicate a hall-and-parlor type dwelling. Test Units excavated in association with Feature 23b revealed the presence of a charcoal and ashy layer with melted glass, suggesting the building burned.227 The excavations recovered architectural and domestic artifacts. Artifacts from the lowest layer of excavation include cut and wire nails, window and vessel glass, faunal remains, and iron fragments.228 Considerably more artifacts were recovered from the middle layer of the units and reflected a probable domestic occupation. Bottles, cut and wire nails, hardware, tin can fragments, and apparel items were recovered from this layer.229 The artifact assemblage recovered from Feature 23b dates primarily to the late-nineteenth and early- twentieth centuries during the period when the western residential area was settled.

Feature 23c is a disturbed limestone foundation located northwest of Feature 23b. Its small size suggests it represents either a small, single room dwelling or an outbuilding. No artifacts were recovered from this feature, preventing confirmation of its use or occupation.

Feature 27 Feature 27 is located in the east portion of the site, approximately thirty meters southwest of the Feature 23 complex. It consists of a mortared limestone foundation with T-shaped plan and traces of brick stairway in southwestern room. The southwestern room foundation abuts the northern two rooms, while the southeast wall of the west room abuts the east room, suggesting both the southwest and west rooms are additions to the original structure.230 Charcoal and ash throughout the feature suggest the building burned while wall fall and building debris sealed the artifact deposits. Artifacts recovered from this feature date primarily between the late- nineteenth century and the 1930s and reflect a domestic use of the building.231 The assemblage contains household hardware, apparel items, tableware and household ceramic sherds, and container glass.

Transportation and Light Industry A series of features along the western extent of the site are associated with the construction of what was called “Happy Hollow Road” and consist of bridge abutments and retaining walls.232 This series of features continues from the southwest corner of the site in a northeast direction towards the old cemetery. The archaeological investigations also identified multiple potential limestone quarries and kilns in the west portion of site.233 The manufacture date of the firebrick used to construct the kilns suggests an association with the original Quindaro townsite.234 Lime production continued to serve as a valuable source of income for residents of this western area.235

Western University One feature was identified in association with Western University. A pumphouse with a cement floor, galvanized pipe, and brick-lined cistern was located north of the brewery feature. Excavations suggest at least two building episodes are associated with the pumphouse, indicating a potential association with the original

226 McKay and Schmits, 213. 227 McKay and Schmits, 216. 228 McKay and Schmits, 217. 229 McKay and Schmits, 217. 230 McKay and Schmits, 217. 231 McKay and Schmits, 217. 232 McKay and Schmits, 268. 233 McKay and Schmits, 252. 234 McKay and Schmits, 255. 235 McKay and Schmits, 258. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 32 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Quindaro townsite.236 Late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century artifacts were recovered from fill within the feature. Domestic debris including whiteware, porcelain, and stoneware sherds and architectural debris, including wire nails and window glass, likely date post-1890.237

OCCUPATION OF THE SITE

Archaeological evidence recovered during the 1980s and 2005 testing of the site confirms archival documentation about the reuse or continued use of features in the Quindaro commercial and residential areas, specifically the residential areas immediately west of the historic commercial core. Features 5, 19, 20, 34, and 37 present archaeological evidence of use by residents of both the original townsite and the western residential area.

The artifact assemblage associated with Feature 5 in the northeast area of the site largely consists of late- twentieth century artifacts. However, trenching and test unit excavations at the feature by McKay and Schmits in 1986 identified concentrations of mid-nineteenth century artifacts as well. The artifact assemblage consists primarily of household and tableware ceramics, vessel and container glass, and architectural debris including cut nails, suggesting a domestic use.238 Subsequent excavations by Schmits in 1988 confirmed the presence of mid-nineteenth century artifact deposits in the south half of this feature and late-nineteenth through early- twentieth century deposits in the north and west portions.239 The artifact assemblage thus suggests occupation of the feature area occurred during both periods.

Similarly, the artifact assemblages recovered from the Robert Kelley and Charles Morasch residences, Features 19 and 20 respectively, contained domestic debris spanning from the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth centuries. The assemblage and stratigraphy suggest these features were utilized during both primary periods of occupation.

Continued use of the Quindaro Brewery, Feature 34, is well documented. Archival records, oral histories, and the archaeological remains identified at the feature confirm this continued use.

Evidence also suggests the use of a lime kiln and quarries associated with Feature 37 occurred during both the Quindaro and Happy Hollow occupation periods. Limestone quarrying and lime production was one of the few significant industries located in Happy Hollow.240 Extensive quarrying and lime reduction practices within the are recorded in period newspapers.241 However, manufacture dates of bricks used to construct the kiln suggest it was potentially built and first used during the earlier Quindaro period.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEGRITY

The National Register form approved in 2002 indicates that the site, as defined by the National Register District (District) boundary, possesses a “high level of archaeological integrity.”242 This boundary encompasses portions

236 McKay and Schmits, 82. 237 McKay and Schmits, 261-265. 238 McKay and Schmits, 196-203. 239 Schmits 1988, 41-42. 240 “Wyandott County. The Garden Spot of the Union – The Gateway to Kansas,” Wyandott Herald, January 26, 1882. Newspapers.com, (accessed April 11, 2018). 241 “Quindaro Township,” Wyandott Herald, September 1, 1884. Newspapers.com, (accessed April 11, 2018). 242 Banks and Stein, Section 8-20. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 33 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

of the site that revealed intact archaeological deposits and features related to the original occupation of the Quindaro townsite.243 No significant ground disturbing activities that would impact site integrity within this boundary have occurred since the 2002 assessment. This National Register boundary differs from the registered Kansas Archaeological Site Inventory boundary, as defined by archaeological investigations, by excluding the western extent of the site near Quindaro Creek and 31st Street Terrace (formerly Happy Hollow Road).

Features located in this area are primarily associated with contexts outside of the District’s period of significance and the subsequent residential occupation of the site. Archaeological investigations conducted within this portion of the site revealed intact deposits dating to this occupation period. Aerial imagery indicates this portion of the site has not been significantly disturbed since testing occurred. Similarly, the area of the site located immediately east of Quindaro Creek and the existing road appear undisturbed. It is possible that unidentified intact archaeological deposits exist in these areas. Further testing, including the removal of overburden, would be required to identify their presence.

243 Banks and Stein, Section 7-16. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 34 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

7. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION

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King, Charlotte and Erika K. Martin Seibert. “New Philadelphia Townsite,” National Historic Landmark nomination, NHL listed January 16, 2009. Lees, William. An Intensive Archaeological Inventory of the Proposed Browning-Ferris Wyandotte Landfill Project Area, Wyandotte County, Kansas. Environmental Systems Analysis: Kansas City, Kansas, 1984.

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McKay, Joyce and Larry J. Schmits. The Euro-American and Afro-American Communities of Quindaro: Phase III Archaeological and Historical Evaluation of Browning-Ferris Industries’ Wyandotte County, Kansas Landfill. Environmental Systems Analysis, Inc.: Shawnee Mission, Kansas, 1986.

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NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 36 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

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Oliphant, J. Orin, ed. “The Report of the Wyandot Exploring Delegation, 1831,” Kansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3, August 1947, pages 248-262.Transcribed to Kansas Collection: Kansas Historical Quarterlies, http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1947/47_3_oliphant.htm.

“Quindaro Township.” Wyandott Herald, September 1, 1884. Newspapers.com.

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Reynolds, John D. Report of Initial Archaeological Inspection of a Proposed Sanitary Landfill site in Sections 29 and 30, T10S, R25E, Kansas City, Kansas. Kansas State Historical Society, Department of Archaeology, 1984.

Rupert, Mary Flanagan. “Quindaro Ruins History Traced,” Wyandotte West, August 28, 1994, Kansas Collection at the Kansas City, Kansas Public Library; Quindaro Oral History Project transcripts, Kansas City, Kansas, Public Library.

Salmon, John S. “Lewis and Clark Eastern Legacy Study,” National Park Service, January 24, 2007. Published online at: https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/specialstudies/LewisClarkEasternLegacy.pdf.

Schmits, Larry J. Interim Report and Recommendations for Completion of Archaeological Mitigation of the Quindaro Site (14WY314), Browning-Ferris Industries Wyandotte Landfill. Environmental Systems, Inc.: Shawnee Mission, Kansas, March 1988.

Schmits, Larry J. Cultural Resources Survey of Midcoast Energy Resources Inc.’s Proposed WNG/BPU Quindaro Plant Interconnect Pipeline, Wyandotte County, Kansas (Interim Report). Environmental Systems Analysis, Inc.: Shawnee Mission, Kansas, April 1994. Schoen, Christopher. Phase IV Archaeological Excavations at the Quindaro Brewery (Feature 34) and Quindaro Ruins Archaeological Site (14WY314). The Louis Berger Group, INC. Marion, Iowa, October NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 37 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

2005.

“Soil Map – Wyandotte County, Kansas.” USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Web Soil Survey. Version 11, October 4, 2017.

The URBANA Group. “Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail, 1821-1880,” Multiple Property Documentation Form, https://www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/MPS/Historic_Resources_SantaFeTrail_original_mpdf_ .pdf.

“Wyandott County. The Garden Spot of the Union-The Gateway to Kansas.” Wyandott Herald, January 26, 1882. Newspapers.com.

“Wyandot Indian Mission Church,” Wyandot County Visitors Bureau, https://www.visitwyandotcounty.com/wyandot-mission.

Previous documentation on file (NPS):

X Previously listed in the National Register (fill in 1 through 6 below) __ Not previously listed in the National Register (fill in only 4, 5, and 6 below)

1. NR #: 02000547 2. Date of listing: May 22, 2002 3. Level of significance: Local 4. Applicable National Register Criteria: A__ B__ C__ D_X_ 5. Criteria Considerations (Exceptions): A__ B__ C__ D__ E__ F__ G__ 6. Areas of Significance: Archaeology: Historic-non-aboriginal; Ethnic Heritage: Native American, Black; Exploration/Settlement

Previously Determined Eligible for the National Register: Date of determination: Designated a National Historic Landmark: Date of designation: Recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey: HABS No. Recorded by Historic American Engineering Record: HAER No. __ Recorded by Historic American Landscapes Survey: HALS No.

Location of additional data:

State Historic Preservation Office: Kansas Historical Society; Kansas State Archives Other State Agency: Federal Agency: Local Government: University: Other (Specify Repository): Kansas City, Kansas Public Library; Wyandotte County Museum

NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) QUINDARO TOWNSITE Page 38 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

8. FORM PREPARED BY

Name/Title: Rachel Nugent, National Register and Survey Coordinator, and Emily Lenhausen, Historic Preservation Specialist, Rosin Preservation LLC.

Address: 1712 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108

Telephone: 816-472-4950

E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]

Date: August 2018

Edited by: National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Program 1849 C Street NW, Mail Stop 7228 Washington, DC 20240

Telephone: (202) 354-

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

RESTRICTED INFORMATION Photo 1. Kanzas Avenue, view north. 39.151467, -94.659150.

Photo 2. Kanzas Avenue, view south. 39.151867, -94.659133.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 3. Archeological Feature 54, view east. 39.152467, -94.658950.

Photo 4. Archeological Feature 54, view northeast. 39.152483, -94.658867.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 5. Archeological Feature 54, view southwest. 39.152517, -94.658733.

Photo 6. Kanzas Avenue, view north. 39.152633, -94.659050.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 7. Archeological Feature 54, view southeast. 39.153517, -94.658967.

Photo 8. Archeological Feature 3, view east. 39.153517, -94.659083.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 9. Archeological Feature 3, view east. 39.153517, -94.659083.

Photo 10. Archeological Feature 3, view northeast. 39.153517, -94.659083.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 11, Archeological Feature 3, detail of stone and brick pier and foundation, view northeast. 39.153517, -94.659083.

Photo 12. Kanzas Avenue, view south. 39.154000, -94.659233.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 13. Kanzas Avenue from the north boundary, view south. 39.154550, -94.659033.

Photo 14. North boundary, view northwest. 39.154550, -94.659033.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

15. North boundary, view north. 39.154550, -94.659033.

Photo 16. North boundary, view northeast. 39.154550, -94.659033.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 17. Kanzas Avenue from the north boundary, view south. 39.154717, -94.659133.

Photo 18. North boundary, view southwest. 39.153433, -94.655467.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 19. East boundary, view south. 39.153167, -94.655100.

Photo 20. View of Quindaro Creek, view southeast. 39.154183, -94.659783.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 21. African American cemetery, view northwest. 39.154533, -94.661933.

Photo 22. African American cemetery, view northeast. 39.154750, -94.661933.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 23. African American cemetery, view north. 39.154750, -94.661933.

Photo 24. African American cemetery, view southwest. 39.154750, -94.661933.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 25. African American cemetery, view west. 39.154880, -94.660817.

Photo 26. African American cemetery and gravel approach, view north. 39.154750, -94.661933.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 27. West boundary, view south. 39.154717, -94.661933.

Photo 28. West boundary, view northeast. 39.152500, -94.663583.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 29. West boundary, view south. 39.152500, -94.663583.

Photo 30. Quindaro Creek, west boundary, view southwest. 39.152267, -94.663450.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 31. Quindaro Creek, west boundary, view southwest. 39.152267, -94.663450.

Photo 32. Quindaro Creek, west boundary, view northwest. 39.152250, -94.663083.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 33. Archeological Feature 34, Brewery, view northwest. 39.152517, -94.662650.

Photo 34. Archeological Feature 34 and road, view northwest. 39.152517, -94.662650.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 35. , REMOVE Photo 36. Archeological Feature 34, Brewery, view northwest. 39.152483, -94.662683.

Photo 37. Quindaro Creek and road, west boundary, view south. 39.152017, -94.663017.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 38. Quindaro Creek and road, west boundary, view north northeast. 39.151600, -94.663267.

Photo 39. Quindaro Creek and road, west boundary, view south. 39.150917, -94.663550.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 40. Quindaro Creek bridge abutment, view southeast. 39.149700, -94.664217.

Photo 41. Quindaro Creek and road, view southeast. 39.148750, -94.664400.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 42. West boundary, view north. 39.149200, -94.664400.

Photo 43. Southwest boundary, view northwest. 39.148450, -94.665000.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 49. Archeological Features, view southeast. 39.152367, -94.659233.

Photo 50. Archeological Features, view southwest. 39.152950, -94.659200.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 51. Archeological Features, view west. 39.152950, -94.659200.

Photo 52. Archeological Features, view west. 39.152950, -94.659200.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Photo 53. Archeological Features, foundation, view northwest. 39.153317, -94.659267.

Photo 54. Archeological Features, foundation, view southwest. 39.153317, -94.659267.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 1. Context Map

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 2. Boundary Map

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 3. Boundary and Photo Map

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 4. Archeological Features Map

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 5. Map of Underground Railroad stops in Kansas

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 6. Leonhardt hand-drawn map of Underground Railroad Stations, 1857.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 7. Historic Photographs, Ward Hall and Industrial Building, Western University.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 8. Historic Photograph, Quindaro Ruins.

NPS Form 10-934 (Rev. 12-2015) OMB Control No. 1024-0276 (Exp. 01/31/2019) Quindaro Townsite Photos/Figures/Maps United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Nomination Form

Figure 9. Historic Photograph, Quindaro Ruins.