Reports and fig. S1). We applied both polymerase chain 2000 Years of Parallel Societies in reaction, with subsequent Sanger se- quencing, and a capture next-generation Stone Age Central Europe sequencing approach to establish partial or complete mitochondrial genomes. Ruth Bollongino,1* Olaf Nehlich,2,3 Michael P. Richards,2,3,4 Jörg Out of 29 samples, 25 yielded repro- 5 6 1 1 ducible mitochondrial hypervariable Orschiedt, Mark G. Thomas, Christian Sell, Zuzana Fajkošová, region I (HVRI) sequences (4) (Table 1 Adam Powell,1 Joachim Burger1 and tables S4 and S6). Complete mito- chondrial genomes with coverage from 1Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany. 2 3.6× up to 39.8× were obtained for one Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Mesolithic and five Neolithic samples Canada. 3Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher 4 (4) (tables S4 and S6). Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK. 5Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany. 6Research All five Mesolithic samples belong Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London to the mitochondrial haplogroup (hg) U, WC1E 6BT, UK. in common with all previously typed pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers of Cen- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
[email protected] tral, Eastern, and Northern Europe (2, 5). Twelve of the Neolithic sequences Debate on the ancestry of Europeans centers on the interplay between Mesolithic also belong to hg U, whereas eight foragers and Neolithic farmers.