Index

Page references in italic refer to fi gures. Page references in bold refer to tables.

1D09C3 (IgG4 mAb), 298 acquired immune defi ciency Anger cameras see gamma cameras 16s rRNA, bacteria, 18 syndrome, 255, see also angiography human immunodefi ciency pseudoaneurysms, 127 abdomen, 91–117 virus infection vascular prosthesis infections radionuclide imaging, 216–240 dementia, 257 digital subtraction, 122, 123 abdominal aorta acromion, abscesses, 35 multidetector CT, 121 mycotic aneurysms, 114–115 Actinobacter baumannii , carbapenem- annexin-V, radiolabeled, 301–302 vascular prosthesis infections, resistant, 5 antibiotic-resistant pathogens, 3–5, ultrasound, 120 acute infl ammation, chronic see also methicillin-resistant abscesses, see also Brodie ’ s abscess; infl ammation vs , 218 Staphylococcus aureus epidural collections adalimumab, radiopharmaceutical, osteomyelitis, 17–18 abdomen, 232, 240 297, 312–313 prosthetic joint infections, 6 pathogens, 217 adhesion molecules, autoimmune skin and soft tissue infections, 8 acromion, 35 diseases, 293 tuberculosis, 9 Crohn ’ s disease, 102 , 104 , 116 adipose tissue, abdomen, 93 antibiotics diabetic foot, 42, 48 AHN-12 (anti-CD45 antibody), 300 osteomyelitis treatment, 19, 20, diverticulitis, 97 air see gas (air) 21 kidney, 110 albumin nanocolloids, arthroplasties, 22 liver, 106 radiopharmaceutical, 150 , radiopharmaceuticals, 153 , 170, periosteum, 29, 41 154 171, 186, 219–220 C-reactive protein, 30 allografts, 241, see also spondylodiscitis, 191, 197–198 magnetic resonance imaging, cardiovascular system under treatment monitoring, 179–180 33 prostheses vascular prosthesis infections, ultrasound, 39, 40 alveolar macrophages, sarcoidosis, 249 postoperative infections, 213 294, 307 white blood cell-labeled radionuclide imaging, 205, 288, amebic abscesses, liver, 106 radionuclide imaging, 158 289 amoxicillin–clavulanate, antibodies soft tissue infections, 79–80 osteomyelitis treatment, 21 fragments, 170, see also spine ampicillin–sulbactam, osteomyelitis sulesomab besilesomab, 280 treatment, 21 radiolabeled see anti-G monoclonal osteomyelitis, 20 COPYRIGHTED amputation, osteomyelitis, MATERIAL 19 antibodies; monoclonal post-procedural spondylodiscitis, diabetes mellitus, 31 antibodies 64 anaerobic bacteria, osteomyelitis, antifungal agents, tuberculosis, 57, 59, 60 , 73 , 74 antibiotics, 21 radiopharmaceuticals, accessory spleens, 201 aneurysms, see also mycotic 219–220 acetyl-coA carboxylase, bacterial, aneurysms; pseudoaneurysms antigen presenting cells, sarcoidosis, 190 air after surgery, 124 307

Diagnostic Imaging of Infections and Infl ammatory Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Approach, First Edition. Edited by Alberto Signore and Ana María Quintero. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

323 324 Index

anti-G monoclonal antibodies arteritis see vasculitis beam hardening artifact, computed (radiolabeled), 150 , 296, see arthritis, septic, 30–31, 42–43, tomography, 77, 93 also besilesomab 89–90 bectumomab, 299 appendicitis, 221 talonavicular joint, 40 , 51 benzodiazepine receptors, 302 diabetic foot, 175 arthroplasties see joint prostheses benzylpenicillin, osteomyelitis fever of unknown origin, 275, artifact reduction, MRI, metal, 42 treatment, 21 276 , 277 , 279, 280 artifacts, see also false positives besilesomab (BW 250/183), 150 , infl ammatory bowel disease, 222, abdomen, 93 169, 219, 296 223 , 225 emphysematous cholecystitis, 108 Crohn ’ s disease, 305 interpretation of images, 162–164 fl uorine-18-labeled fever of unknown origin, 279 joint prostheses, 178 fl uorodeoxyglucose infl ammatory bowel disease, 222 osteomyelitis, 172–173 bowel, 220 spinal abscesses, 280 protocols, 158–162 soft tissues, 202 β-cells, diabetes mellitus, 306 soft tissue infections, 201 soft tissue infections, 77 biofi lm, device-associated infections, sternal wound infections, 179 spinal implants, radionuclide 209 vascular prosthesis infections, 245 imaging, 190 osteomyelitis, 17–18 antimicrobial peptides (radiolabeled), vascular prosthesis infections, prosthetic joints, 5, 178 170–171 122, 123 spinal implants, 188 joint prostheses, 178 WBC-labeled radionuclide vascular devices, 7 spondylodiscitis, 189 imaging, 163–164 biopsy antistreptolysin-O titers, aspiration, joint prostheses, 154, abscesses, 79 osteomyelitis, 18–19 176–177 bone marrow, fever of unknown antitubercular treatment, asymptomatic neurocognitive origin, 274 monitoring, 269 disorder, 257 chronic infl ammation, 295 anxiety, radionuclide imaging and, atherosclerosis, 294 skin, 77 158 radionuclide imaging, 310–311, spine, 57, 188 aorta, see also abdominal aorta; 312 biotin, indium-111-labeled, see also thoracic aorta vascular prosthesis infections, 122 avidin/ 111 In-biotin graft infections, 118 autogenous grafts, 241, see also spine, 154, 189–190, 191 magnetic resonance imaging, cardiovascular system under biphasic contrast agents, MRI, 243 prostheses Crohn ’ s disease, 101 aorta-to-liver ratio cut-off, giant-cell autoimmune diseases, 292–293, bone arteritis, 165 302–307 magnetic resonance imaging, 32 aortobronchial fi stulas, 127–128 autoimmune pancreatitis with, probing, osteomyelitis, 19 aortoenteric fi stulas (AEFs), 119, 229 radionuclide imaging, 154–155 127 methodology, 295 cellulitis, 204–205 fl uid collections, 125 radiolabeled peptides, 301 diabetic foot, 175, 176 gas, 127, 134 retroperitoneal fi brosis, 230 joint prostheses, 177, 178 apoptosis thyroid, 305–306, 322 myositis, 206 autoimmune diseases, 293 Graves ’ disease, 294–295, normal uptake, 202, 204 lipodystrophy, 272 305–306 osteomyelitis, 173 radiopharmaceuticals for imaging, autoimmune pancreatitis, 217, plantar fasciitis, 208 301–302 228–229 soft tissue infections, 201 appendangitis, epiploic, 110, 111 autologous lymphocytes, spondylodiscitis, 189 appendicitis, 93–95 radiolabeled, 295 WBC-labeled radionuclide clinical aspects, 217 autosomal dominant polycystic imaging and, 175 pathogens, 217 kidney disease, 232, 240 vascular prosthesis infections, radionuclide imaging, 217, avidin/ 111 In-biotin, vascular 120 220–221 prosthesis infections, 245 bone marrow arachnoiditis, tuberculosis, 61 biopsy, fever of unknown origin, arterial grafts see cardiovascular backwash ileitis, 105 274 system under prostheses basiliximab, 298 fat globules, 36 arterial vessels, lungs, HIV infection B cells, CD22, 299 radionuclide imaging, 154 and tuberculosis, 137 beads containing antibiotics, 19 Charcot arthropathy, 163 Index 325

as control organ, 99m Tc uptake, carotid atherosclerosis, 310–311, HIV infection, tuberculosis and, 246 312 138–140, 141 , 142 joint prostheses, 155, 177 cat scratch lymphadenopathy, 81, sarcoidosis, 307 reference imaging, 159 208–209 children WBC-labeled radionuclide cavitations, tuberculosis, 138, 141 fever of unknown origin, [18 F]FDG imaging, 171–172, 175, 184, CD2, monoclonal antibodies against, PET, 283 201 299 infl ammatory bowel disease, sickle cell disease, 32 CD3, monoclonal antibodies against, radionuclide imaging, 224 thalassemias, 32 297 osteomyelitis, 29, 30, 34–36, 46, brain rheumatoid arthritis, 303 49–50 11 C-PK11195, 302 CD4, radiopharmaceuticals to detect, incidence, 16 HIV infection, 257 151 , 152 , 297 pyogenic spondylitis, 55 gallium-67 citrate, 265 rheumatoid arthritis, 303 cholangitis, bacterial, 107–108 lymphoma, 259, 264 CD4+ T cells cholecystitis radionuclide imaging, 157 chronic infl ammation, 292 acute, 108–109 thallium-201 chloride, SPECT, HIV infection and, 261 WBC-labeled radionuclide 264, 266–267 sarcoidosis, 294, 307 imaging, 232 breast-feeding, radionuclide imaging, CD5, monoclonal antibodies against, choledocholithiasis, 107–108 157, 158 299 chronic infl ammation, 292, Brodie ’ s abscess, 33–34, 37–38 , 38, CD15, fanolesomab binding, 294–295 40 169–170 acute infl ammation vs , 218 bronchi CD19, monoclonal antibodies chronic recurrent multifocal fi stulas to aorta, 127–128 against, 298–299 osteomyelitis, 40–42 HIV infection and tuberculosis, CD20, monoclonal antibodies Cierny–Mader classifi cation, 137, 138 against, 297 osteomyelitis, 16 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, CD22, monoclonal antibodies ciprofl oxacin 293 against, 299 osteomyelitis treatment, 21 brucellosis, 61–62 CD25, radiopharmaceuticals to radiolabeled, 170, 219 bursitis, 81–82, 205–206, 207 detect, 151 , 297–298 bursitis, 207 adventitial, 42 CD45, monoclonal antibodies cellulitis, 205 olecranon, 34 against, 300 joint prostheses, 178, 186 BW 250/183 (antibody) see anti-G CD56, monoclonal antibodies normal uptake, 202, 203 monoclonal antibodies; against, 298 soft tissue infections, 201, 213 besilesomab cefazolin, osteomyelitis treatment, spine, 189 21 clindamycin, osteomyelitis treatment, calcifi cations, vascular prosthesis cellulitis, 42, 77–79, 203–205 20, 21 infections, 122, 123 radionuclide imaging, 203–205, cloacae, osteomyelitis, 17, 34, calculi, see also gallstones 213 46–48 bile ducts, 107–108 cephalosporins cobalt alloy, vascular prostheses, callus, 42 osteomyelitis treatment, 21 MRI, 123 Campylobacter spp., colitis, 99 radiopharmaceuticals, 220 cold abscesses, 57, 59, 60 carbapenem cerebrospinal fl uid, HIV-associated colitis, 98–99, 100, 116 Enterobacteriaceae resistant to, neurocognitive disorder, colonography 5 259 CT, Crohn ’ s disease, 101 MRSA colonization and, 4 ceroid, 230 PET/CT, ulcerative colitis, 11 C-PK11195 (benzodiazepine Charcot arthropathy, 48–51, 227–228 receptor tracer), 302 174–175 colonoscopy, PET/CT colonography carbon dioxide enhancement, bone marrow, 163 vs, ulcerative colitis, 227–228 angiography, vascular chemical shift artifact, MRI, 77, 93 color Doppler ultrasound prosthesis infections, 122 chemokines abdomen, 92 cardiovascular system chronic infl ammation, 292 vascular prosthesis infections, infections, 156 sarcoidosis, 294 122 prostheses see cardiovascular white blood cell labeling, 170 ying-yang sign, 127 system under prostheses chest radiographs, 137 comb sign, Crohn ’ s disease, 116 326 Index

common leukocyte antigen (CD45), congenital diverticulum, interleukin-2, radiolabeled, 233 monoclonal antibodies infl ammation, 98 somatostatin receptor, 301 against, 300 consolidation, lungs, tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis vs , 105–106, 222 community-associated MRSA, 4, 8, 139 , 140 , 141 WBC-labeled radionuclide 30 contrast enhancement imaging, 240, 305 osteomyelitis, 36–38 carbon dioxide, angiography, cystic duct, gallstones, 108 computed tomography vascular prosthesis infections, cystic fi brosis, 157 abdomen 122 cysts, kidneys, 281 , 288, 289 , see artifacts, 93 computed tomography also polycystic kidney disease methodology, 92 abdomen, 92 cytokines abscesses, 205 Crohn ’ s disease, 101 chronic infl ammation, 292 liver, 106 lungs, 137–138 radiolabeled, 300–301 aortoenteric fi stulas, 127 magnetic resonance imaging sarcoidosis, 294 appendicitis, 94, 95 Crohn ’ s disease, 101, 103 white blood cell labeling, 170 cholecystitis, 108 osteomyelitis, 32, 36 cytomegalovirus, 256 colitis, 98–99 pyomyositis, 84 colitis, 99 Crohn ’ s disease, 101 vascular prosthesis infections, pneumonia, gallium-67 citrate, enterography, 228 121 262 , 265–266 diverticulitis, 95–97 oral, CT angiography, 121 cytotoxic T cells, autoimmune HIV infection and tuberculosis, ultrasound, Crohn ’ s disease, diseases, 293 137–138 100–101 lymphadenopathy, 139 contrast media, oral, [18 F]FDG PET/ daclizumab, 298 lymphadenopathy, 81 CT, 260 Dacron grafts, 241 osteomyelitis, 31, 39 contrast media studies debridement, for arthroplasty pancreatitis, 109 appendicitis and, 217 infections, 31 pseudoaneurysms, 127 retroperitoneal fi brosis, 230 decubitus ulcers, 22 pyelonephritis, 109–110 coprolites, 94 deep vein thrombosis, C-reactive radionuclide imaging, see also cord compression, tuberculosis, 60 protein, 30 SPECT under computed corticosteroids delayed whole-body images, tomography; computed autoimmune pancreatitis, 228, radionuclide imaging, 159 tomography under positron 229 dementia, AIDS, 257, 265 emission tomography [18 F]FDG PET and, 283 denileukin–diftitox therapy, 298 fusion of images, 163 retroperitoneal fi brosis, 230 deoxyfl uorothymidine retroperitoneal fi brosis, 230–231 cosmetic procedures, radionuclide radiopharmaceutical, soft tissue infections, 76 imaging, 157 sarcoidosis, 308 abscesses, 80 costs, prosthetic joint infections, 5 de Quervain tenosynovitis, 206 artifacts, 77 co-trimoxazole, HIV infections, 9 dermatitis, 77 cellulitis, 79 count-acquisition mode, WBC- radionuclide imaging, 203 SPECT with, 159–160, 163 labeled radionuclide imaging, dermis, ultrasound, 76 diabetic foot, 176 161 device-associated infections, 6–7, osteomyelitis, 173 C-reactive protein 209 prosthetic joint infections, fever of unknown origin, cardiovascular system, 156 178–179 WBC-labeled radionuclide osteomyelitis, 17–18, 22 spine, 56 imaging, 279 prosthetic joints, 5, 178 post-procedural spondylodiscitis, osteomyelitis, 30 spine, 188 64, 66 post-procedural spondylodiscitis, diabetes mellitus tuberculosis, 59 64 [18 F]FDG interaction, 158, 246 vascular prosthesis infections, Crohn ’ s disease, 100–104, 115–116, osteomyelitis, 20–22, 31, 42–43, 121, 128, 131–132 , 133 , 155, 216–217, 221–228, 48–52 134, 242–243, 253 305 [18 F]FDG, 164 artifacts, 123 99m Tc-infl iximab, 219 incidence, 16 [ 18F]FDG PET vs , 246–248 anti-G monoclonal antibody, 223 ischemia, 32 normal appearances, 122–123 endoscopy vs radionuclide monoclonal antibodies, 296 wound infections, sternum, imaging, 225–226 radionuclide imaging, 154, 163, 179 [ 18 F]FDG PET, 226 164, 171, 174–176 Index 327

soft tissue infections vs , 163 encephalitis E-selectin, radiopharmaceuticals to treatment monitoring, 180 11 C-PK11195, 302 detect, 151 type 1, 306–307, 313 toxoplasmosis, 257, 259, rheumatoid arthritis, 303–304 diffuse pulmonary activity 266–267 exophthalmos, 157, 305, 306 [18 F]FDG, sarcoidosis, 164 endobronchial spread, tuberculosis, extended-spectrum β -lactamase WBC-labeled radionuclide 138, 144 (ESBL), Enterobacteriaceae imaging, 157 endocarditis, SPECT, anti-G producing, 5 diffusion-weighted MRI of abdomen, monoclonal antibody, 296 extensively drug-resistant 93 endoscopy tuberculosis (XDR-TB), 8, 9, abscesses, 106 Crohn ’ s disease 267 appendicitis, 95 magnetic resonance imaging vs , exudative dissection, infl ammatory, ulcerative colitis, 105 104 79 digital subtraction angiography, radionuclide imaging vs , exudative lesions, tuberculosis, 138, vascular prosthesis infections, 225–226 139 122, 123 PET/CT colonography vs , eye, gallium-67 citrate diphtheria toxin see denileukin– ulcerative colitis, 227–228 cytomegalovirus, 265 diftitox therapy endothelium, autoimmune diseases, sarcoidosis, 277 discectomy, infection incidence, 188 293 discs (intervertebral), 55 enrofl oxacin, radiolabeled, 170 face, radionuclide imaging, 157 fungal infections, 62–63 enteric Gram-negative bacilli, false negatives, gallium-67 citrate, tuberculosis, 59 osteomyelitis, antibiotics, 21 abdomen, 232 dissection, infl ammatory exudative, enteritis, 99–100, see also ileitis false positives, see also artifacts 79 Enterobacteriaceae vascular prosthesis infections, diverticulitis, 95–98 producing extended-spectrum 243–244, 245 pathogens, 217 β -lactamase, 5 [18 F]FDG, 246, 248 diverticulosis, 95 pyogenic spondylitis, 55 WBC-labeled radionuclide Doppler ultrasound, see also color enteroclysis, PET/CT, 224 imaging, 215 Doppler ultrasound Enterococcus spp., 4 fanolesomab (SSEA-1), 152 , pseudoaneurysms, 127 enterocutaneous fi stula, Crohn ’ s 169–170, 219, 296 vascular prosthesis infections, 122 disease, 102 diabetic foot, 175 dosage of radiopharmaceuticals enterography, Crohn ’ s disease, 101, osteomyelitis, 172 positron emission tomography, 103 , 228 Fas (receptor), autoimmune diseases, 280 eosinophilic fasciitis, 82 293 white blood cells, 169 epidemiology, 3–14 fascia, ultrasound, 76 drug interactions fever of unknown origin, 274 fasciitis, 206–208, 215 [ 18 F]FDG, 164 HIV infection and tuberculosis, necrotizing, 83 WBC-labeled radionuclide 135–136 nodular, 82–83 imaging, 158 osteomyelitis, 16 proliferative, 82 dual-isotope SPECT spondylodiscitis, 54 fasting, radionuclide imaging and CT with, diabetic foot, 176 epidermal growth factor receptor, [18 F]FDG, 158 wound infections, sternum, 179 radiopharmaceuticals to sarcoidosis, 308 dual-time-point imaging, joint detect, 151 WBC-labeled radionuclide prostheses, 177–178 epidural collections, 71, 72 imaging, 158 Durack and Street classifi cation, spondylodiscitis, 58 , 65 fast spin echo sequences, soft fever of unknown origin, epiphyses, osteomyelitis, 38 tissue infections, 76 273, 280 epiploic appendangitis, 110, 111 fat globules, bone marrow, 36 epratuzumab, 299 fatty marrow, 32 edema, diabetic foot, 42 Epstein–Barr virus, primary CNS femoral artery, graft infections, emergencies lymphoma, 259 118–119 abdomen, 92 erythema nodosum, radionuclide fever of unknown origin, 156, 321 vascular prosthesis infections, imaging, 203 defi nition, 273 122 erythrocyte sedimentation, white HIV infection, 267, 273, 274 emphysematous cholecystitis, 108 blood cell labeling, 169 radionuclide imaging, 273–290 emphysematous pyelonephritis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fi broproliferative lesions, 110 osteomyelitis, 30 tuberculosis, 138 328 Index

fi stulas septicemia, 288, 289 HIV infection aortobronchial, 127–128 soft tissue infections, 76, 200–201 associated lesions, 262 aortoenteric, 119, 127 follow-up, 210 brain, 266 fl uid collections, 125 spine, 154 chest, 263 gas, 127, 134 spondylodiscitis, 189, 190–191, gastrointestinal tract, 267 Crohn ’ s disease, 102 , 104 195, 197–198 infl ammation, 199 skin, 213 tuberculosis, 261, 284 joint prostheses, 177 vascular prosthesis infections, 124 HIV infection and, 261–263, lungs, HIV infection, 265–266 Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome, 267 normal uptake, 220, 261 perihepatitis, 109 vascular prosthesis infections, postoperative infections, 156 fi xed-time protocol, WBC-labeled 246–248, 252, 253 soft tissue infections, 201 radionuclide imaging, 162 follow-up, 248–249 spondylodiscitis, 189, 190, 191 fl uconazole, radiolabeled, 220 vasculitis, 165 tuberculosis, 255, 261, 262 fl uid collections, see also abscesses PET, 283–284, 290, 309–310 atypical, 261 cholecystitis, 108 folliculitis, 77, 78 HIV infection and, 255, 262 ultrasound, 77, 79 foot, diabetic osteomyelitis, 20–22, vascular prosthesis infections, vascular prostheses, 123–125, 31, 32, 42–43, 48–52 243, 245 131 , 133 [18 F]FDG, 164 gallstones, 107–108 fl uid intake, radionuclide imaging monoclonal antibodies, 296 bile ducts, 107–108 and, 158 radionuclide imaging, 154, 171, gamma cameras, 150–153 fl uid-sensitive sequences, MRI, 174–176 WBC-labeled radionuclide osteomyelitis, 33 soft tissue infections vs , 163 imaging, 158 fl uorine-18-labeled treatment monitoring, 180 gangrene, magnetic resonance fl uorodeoxyglucose, 150 , foreign bodies imaging, 32 220, 302 granulomas, 80 gas (air) abdomen, 232 larvae, 87 abdomen, 93 atherosclerosis, 311 neutrophil response, 18 aortoenteric fi stulas, 127, 134 autoimmune pancreatitis, radiographs, 75 diverticulitis, 95 228–229 spinal implants, 188 emphysematous pyelonephritis, brain, 264 formyl-peptide receptor, 110 cardiovascular system, 156 radiopharmaceuticals to magnetic resonance imaging, diabetes mellitus, 307 detect, 151 32 fever of unknown origin, 156, 275, fractures, MRI, 36 ultrasound, 76–77, 79–80 277, 279–283, 285, 321 vertebrae, 65 vascular prosthesis infections, HIV infection, 269, 271, 284 fragments see antibodies, fragments 120, 123–124, 131 , 243 lymphomas, 263–264 functional imaging, vascular gastrointestinal tract PET, 284 prosthesis infections, 243 HIV infection, 259 infl ammation, 199 fungal infections gallium-67 citrate, 267 infl ammatory bowel disease, 217, radiopharmaceuticals, 219–220 malignant disease, [18 F]FDG, 221, 224–228 spine, 62–63 220 normal uptake vs , 220 spondylodiscitis, 187 genetics, methicillin-resistant interpretation, 164–165 fusidic acid, osteomyelitis treatment, Staphylococcus aureus , 8 malignant disease, 200, 260, 20 giant-cell arteritis, [18 F]FDG, 288–289 165 gastrointestinal, 220 gadolinium see magnetic resonance PET, 284, 290, 309–310 tuberculosis vs , 261 imaging under contrast gibbous deformity, spinal normal uptake, 201–202, 260 enhancement tuberculosis, 57, 61 preparation for, 158, 259–260 gallbladder, see also cholecystitis Girdlestone arthroplasty, 31 procedure, 260 hepatitis, 106 glucose, [18 F]FDG interaction, 158, retroperitoneal fi brosis, 230–231 gallium-67 citrate, 150 , 219, 260 200, 221, 246 rheumatoid arthritis, 304 abdominal abscesses, 232 glucose transporters, cells expressing, sarcoidosis, 283, 284, 289, device-associated infections, 279 308–309 209 gonococcal arthritis, 90 diffuse pulmonary activity, 164 fever of unknown origin, gradient echo sequences, soft tissue PET, 283, 284, 289, 313 275–277 infections, 76 Index 329 grafts HIV-associated neurocognitive rituximab, 297 rejection, 293 disorder (HAND), 257, 259, siplizumab, 299 vascular see cardiovascular system 265 ileitis, 98, 99 under prostheses HLA-DR, monoclonal antibodies backwash, 105 Gram-negative organisms (enteric), against, 298 Yersinia enterocolitica , 100 osteomyelitis, antibiotics, 21 human antimurine antibody imipenem, osteomyelitis treatment, granulomas response, 169, 201 21 foreign bodies, 80 human immunodefi ciency virus immune reconstitution syndrome, sarcoidosis, 294 infection, 8–10, 135–146, 136, 145–146, 267 Graves ’ disease, 294–295, 305–306 255–272 immunoglobulin see human Gulhane Military Medical Academy, dementia, 257 immunoglobulin G spinal tuberculosis fever of unknown origin, 267, radiopharmaceuticals; IgG1 classifi cation, 57–59 273, 274 monoclonal antibodies [18 F]FDG, 269, 271, 284 immunosuppression hardware reconstruction algorithms, lymphomas, 263–264 HIV infection, 255–256 arthroplasty infections, 42 PET, 284 tuberculosis, 138 Hashimoto ’ s disease, 305–306, 322 infectious myositis, 84 immunosuppression (therapeutic), heart, sarcoidosis, 308 neurocognitive disorder (HAND), 291 heart transplants, 278 257, 259, 265 for infl ammatory bowel disease, heart valve prostheses, 6–7 white blood cells, 157 221 hematogenous dissemination, human immunoglobulin G impetigo, 77 tuberculosis, 139–140, 142 radiopharmaceuticals, 150 , implants see device-associated hematogenous osteomyelitis, 168 219, 296 infections hemopoietic marrow, 32, 36, 154 diabetes mellitus, 313 indium-111 hemoptysis, 128 fever of unknown origin, 276 , biotin, spine, 189–190, 191 hepatitis, 106 277 , 278 E-selectin, 151 , 303–304 herpes simplex virus, rheumatoid arthritis, 303 human immunoglobulin G, 296 radiopharmaceuticals to vascular prosthesis infections, 245 lymphocytes, thyroid diseases, detect, 151 human leukocyte antigens, 298 306 heterogeneous VISA isolates, human papillomavirus, oncogenicity, 99m Tc vs , osteomyelitis, 154 Staphylococcus aureus , 4 256 white blood cells, 169 highly active antiretroviral therapy hydatid cysts, 87–89 abdominal infections, 218 (HAART) HYNIC-annexin-V, 99m Tc-labeled, 302 bone scintigraphy and, 175 on [ 18 F]FDG uptake, 261–263 HYNIC-TOC, 99m Tc-labeled, 304 bowel activity, 163 lipodystrophy, 257–258, 271, 272 sarcoidosis, 313 diabetic foot, 174, 176 monitoring, 257–258 Sjögren syndrome, 313, 321–322 dosage, 169 on tuberculosis hyperbaric oxygen therapy, fever of unknown origin, 276 , chest radiography patterns, 138 osteomyelitis, 19–20 277 , 278–279 incidence, 135 hyperthyroidism, 295 joint prostheses, 177, 184 high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) hypothyroidism, primary, 305–306 normal uptake, 220 abdomen, 92 soft tissue infections, 200 appendicitis, 94 idiopathic retroperitoneal fi brosis, vascular prosthesis infections, Crohn ’ s disease, 100–101 217, 229–231 244 dermatitis, 77 IgG, polyclonal immunoglobulin, infectious myositis, 84 diverticulitis, 95, 96 vascular prosthesis infections, Infecton see ciprofl oxacin, soft tissue infections, 75, 76 245 radiolabeled abscesses, 79–80 IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, 150 , infl ammation, 217–218 cellulitis, 79 151 , 152 , see also E-selectin; Crohn ’ s disease, 101–102 foreign bodies, 80 OKT-3; sulesomab radiopharmaceuticals tenosynovitis, 83 adalimumab, 297, 312–313 listed, 150 hip basiliximab, 298 mechanisms, 199 arthroplasties, 5–6, 53 , 177–178, daclizumab, 298 spine, sterile, 190, 195, 196 184, see also joint prostheses epratuzumab, 299 vascular grafts, 246, 247 , see also bursitis, 206 infl iximab, 152 , 219, 297, 311, perigraft soft tissue HIV-associated dementia, 257 312–313 attenuation 330 Index

infl ammatory bowel disease, 155, in vivo labeling, white blood cells, leukocyte counts, for WBC-labeled 216–217, 221–228, see also 169 radionuclide imaging, 200 Crohn ’ s disease; ulcerative involucra, 17 Leukoscan® see anti-G monoclonal colitis iodine-123, interleukin-2, 301 antibodies 99m Tc-infl iximab, 219 iron oxide (negative leukotriene receptor antagonist, somatostatin receptor, 301 superparamagnetic agent), radiopharmaceutical, 152 stool counting, 163 Crohn ’ s disease, 101, 103 LeuTech® see fanolesomab WBC-labeled radionuclide ischemia, diabetic foot, 32 levofl oxacin, osteomyelitis treatment, imaging, 155, 221–222, 223 , isoniazid preventive therapy, 21 238, 240 135–136 linezolid, osteomyelitis treatment, follow-up, 232–233 20 stool counting, 163 J001X (radiopharmaceutical), lipodystrophy, HIV infection, infl ammatory diseases, radionuclide 152 257–258, 271, 272 imaging, 291–322 Japanese Pancreatic Society, criteria liposomes, radiopharmaceutical, infl ammatory exudative dissection, for autoimmune pancreatitis, 152 79 228 liver, see also hepatitis infl iximab, radiopharmaceutical, joint prostheses, 5–6, 15, 16, abscesses, 106 152, 219, 297, 311, 30–31, 42, 50, see also septic as control organ 312–313 arthritis 99m Tc uptake, 246 inoculation osteomyelitis, 168 hip, 5–6, 53 [ 18 F]FDG, 165 intensive care units, fever, [18 F]FDG magnetic resonance imaging, LL2 (anti-CD22 antibody), 299 PET, 283 32–33, 171 loosening, joint prostheses, 154, intercellular adhesion operon, 17, 18 osteomyelitis, 22 155, 164, 176–177, interferon-γ , 292 radionuclide imaging, 154–155, 184–186 atherosclerosis, 294 176–179, 184 low molecular weight receptor vasculitis, 294 ciprofl oxacin, 178, 186 ligands, radiolabeled, 295, interleukin(s), radiopharmaceuticals [18 F]FDG, 164 see also cytokines to detect, 151 , 152 loosening, 176–177, 184–186 lungs, see also pulmonary activity interleukin-1, radiolabeled, 300 sulesomab, 178, 185 HIV infection, 259 interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, white blood cell-labeled, 155, gallium-67 citrate, 262 , 263 , radiolabeled, 300, 304 177–178, 184–185 265–266 interleukin-2, 300–301 tuberculosis, 137, 138–142, radiopharmaceutical, 219, 301 Kaposi ’ s sarcoma, 256 262 atherosclerosis, 312 gallium-67 citrate, 262 infections, 156–157 Crohn ’ s disease, 233, 305 thallium-201 chloride and, normal fi ndings, 137–138 diabetes mellitus, 307, 313 265 , 266 quality-control imaging, Hashimoto ’ s disease, 306, 322 skin, 267 158–159 interleukin-2 receptor, spleen, 267 tuberculosis vs malignancy, [18 F] radiopharmaceutical, kidneys FDG PET, 261 310–311 abscesses, 110 lymphadenopathy, 80–81 interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain, autoimmune pancreatitis, 229 atypical tuberculosis, 138, 139, Tac subunit (CD25), 151 , cysts, 281 , 288, 289 , see also 141 , 145 297–298 polycystic kidney disease autoimmune pancreatitis, 229 interleukin-4, 292 Kingella kingae , 15, 30 cat scratch disease, 81, 208–209 interleukin-8, 170 Klebsiella spp., carbapenemase-type HIV infection, 257, 269, 272 diabetic foot, 175 enzymes, 5 tuberculosis and, 261–263, osteomyelitis, 173 knee arthroplasties, 5–6 267, 271 radiolabeled, 301 sarcoidosis, 283 interventional procedures, larvae, 87 lymph nodes pancreatitis, 109 late whole-body images gallium-67 citrate, HIV-associated intra-abdominal infection (IAI), (scintigraphic), 159 lesions, 262 231–232 lesion-to-reference ratios, sarcoidosis, 308 intravascular ultrasound, 121 radionuclide imaging, 163 lymphocytes, see also T cells intravenous antibiotics, osteomyelitis, leukocyte-avid peptides, vascular activation, 300–301 20 prosthesis infections, 245 B cells, CD22, 299 Index 331

indium-111-labeled, 295 malignant disease microabscesses, liver, 106 thyroid diseases, 306 [18 F]FDG, 200, 260, 288–289 miliary tuberculosis, 139–140, 142 pancreas, diabetes mellitus, 306 gastrointestinal, 220 minimum inhibitory concentration lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis tuberculosis vs , 261 biofi lm and, 18 (LIP), 256, 262 , 266 HIV infection, 256 “creep”, 4 lymphoid proliferations, HIV non-AIDS-defi ning cancers, 258 minor neurocognitive disorder, 257 infection, 271 pancreas, autoimmune mixed WBC ’ s, scintigraphy, vascular lymphomas, see also non-Hodgkin ’ s pancreatitis vs , 228, 229 prosthesis infections, 243 lymphoma mal perforans ulcer, 174 Modic ’ s classifi cation, degenerative HIV infection with, 258–259, mandible, osteomyelitis, 22 changes of spine, 55 262 , 263–265 mastoiditis, [18 F]FDG PET, 285 monoclonal antibodies, 296–300, MCP-1 (radiolabeled), 152 , 310 see also anti-G monoclonal magnetic resonance imaging median sternotomy, wound antibodies abdomen, 92–93 infections, 179 rheumatoid arthritis, 303, 311–313 appendicitis, 95 mediastinum monocytes bone, 32 radiographs, 137, 141 11 C-PK11195, 302 bursitis, 81–82 wound infections, 179 MCP-1 and, 310 cholecystitis, 108–109 Meller criteria, giant-cell arteritis, mononuclear cells, autoimmune choledocholithiasis, 107 165 diseases, 295 colitis, 100 menstruation, radionuclide imaging mortality, HIV infection and Crohn ’ s disease, 101–104 and, 157–158 tuberculosis, 136 diverticulitis, 97 mesentery motion artifacts, abdomen, 93 enteritis, 100 Crohn ’ s disease, 100, 104 multiacquisition variable-resonance joint prostheses, 32–33, 171 panniculitis, 110–111, 112 image combination liver abscesses, 106 mesh, device-associated infections, (MAVRIC), 42 metal, 32 209 multidetector CT angiography, artifact reduction, 42 metabolic imaging, vascular vascular prosthesis infections, vascular prostheses, 123 prosthesis infections, 243 121 nodular fasciitis, 83 metal multidrug-resistant non-fermentative osteomyelitis, 31–32, 33–39, 43 magnetic resonance imaging, 32 organisms, 5 diabetes mellitus, 42–43 artifact reduction, 42 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis pelvis, 30 vascular prostheses, 123 (MDR tuberculosis), 9, 267 pancreatitis, 109 spinal implants, radionuclide multiple sclerosis, 11 C-PK11195, 302 paratenonitis, 83 imaging, 190 multislice CT pyelonephritis, 110 vascular prostheses, 123 abdomen, 92 radionuclide imaging, fusion of metaphyseal equivalent locations, Crohn ’ s disease, 101 images, 163 29, 30 multislice PET, vascular prosthesis soft tissue infections, 76, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus infections, 252, 253, 254 209–210 aureus (MRSA), 3–4 murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody cellulitis, 79 magnetic resonance imaging, 31 and Fab’ fragment see anti-G spine, 54–55, 56, 188 osteomyelitis, 19, 30 monoclonal antibodies fungal infections, 62–63 antibiotics, 21 Muromomab® see OKT-3 tuberculosis, 59–61 community-associated, 36–38 Murphy ’ s sign, 108 spondylodiscitis, 56, 58 , 71, prosthetic joint infections, 6 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare 195 skin and soft tissue infections, complex, lungs, 67 Ga, 262 fungal, 62–63 8 Mycobacterium avium , subspecies post-procedural, 64–65 methionine, 11 C-labeled, sarcoidosis, paratuberculosis , infl ammatory ulcerative colitis, 105–106 308 bowel disease, 217 vascular prosthesis infections, methyldiphosphonates, 99m Tc-labeled, mycotic aneurysms, abdominal 121, 123, 243, 244 190 aorta, 114–115 fl uid collections, 125 bone scintigraphy, 201 myiasis, 87 perigraft soft tissue attenuation, infl ammation, 199 myositis, 206 125–126 normal uptake, 202, 204 infectious, 84 magnetic susceptibility artifact, 77, metronidazole, osteomyelitis proliferative, 84 93 treatment, 21 myositis ossifi cans, 84, 85 , 86 , 206 332 Index

nafcillin, osteomyelitis treatment, 21 OKT-3 (radiopharmaceutical), 152 , pelvic infl ammatory disease, nanocolloids, 150 , 154, 201 297 perihepatitis from, 109 necrotizing fasciitis, 83 rheumatoid arthritis, 303, 304 pelvis negative superparamagnetic agents, olecranon bursitis, 34 osteomyelitis Crohn ’ s disease, 101, 103 ophthalmopathy, 157, 305, 306 children, 30 Neisseria gonorrhoeae , arthritis, 90 opportunistic infections computed tomography, 39 neonates, osteomyelitis, 30 HIV infection, 256 radionuclide imaging, proctitis, neoplasms, see also malignant disease lungs, 265 163 osteomyelitis vs , 36 radionuclide imaging, 157 pentetreotide scintigraphy, nervous system, HIV infection, ossifi cation, myositis ossifi cans, 84, ophthalmopathy, 306 256–257 85 , 86 peptides (radiolabeled), 301, see also neural cell adhesion molecule osteomyelitis, 15–26, 29–31, antimicrobial peptides (CD56), monoclonal 168–169, see also foot leukocyte-avid, vascular prosthesis antibodies against, 298 active infection, 40, 41 infections, 245 neuropathy see Charcot arthropathy; future options, 22–23 perforation diabetes mellitus imaging, 29–53 aortoenteric fi stulas, 127 neutropenia, fanolesomab, 296 magnetic resonance imaging, diverticulitis, 97 neutrophil elastase inhibitor 31–32, 33–39, 43 perianal fi stula, Crohn ’ s disease, 104 (radiolabeled), 152 diabetes mellitus, 42–43 perifolliculitis, 77, 78 neutrophils pelvis, 30 perigraft air, 120, 123–124, 131 , foreign bodies, 18 mechanisms of infection, 16–17 243 WBC-labeled radionuclide radionuclide imaging, 154–155, perigraft soft tissue attenuation, imaging, 163 168–186 vascular prosthesis infections, nicotinamide, diabetes mellitus, 313 pathological fi ndings, 125–126 nodular fasciitis, 82–83 172–173 perihepatitis, 109 non-AIDS-defi ning cancers, 258 tibia, 46–48 periosteum non-fermentative organisms, treatment, 19–20 abscesses, 29, 41 multidrug-resistant, 5 vascular prosthesis infections, C-reactive protein, 30 non-Hodgkin ’ s lymphoma 120, 122 magnetic resonance imaging, bectumomab, 299 vertebrae, 20, 54, 55 33 dermatitis, 203 incidence, 16 ultrasound, 39, 40 non-specifi c cross-reacting antigen radionuclide imaging, 154 ultrasound, 39, 40 90 (NCA-90), peripheral vessels, lungs, HIV radiopharmaceuticals to pain, spondylodiscitis, 55 infection and tuberculosis, detect, 150 , 151 , 170 post-procedural, 63–64 137–138 non-specifi c cross-reacting antigen pancreas, lymphocytes, diabetes periportal cuffi ng, 106 95, anti-G mAb, 225–226 mellitus, 306 peritendinitis, 83 normal uptake of pancreas divisum, 109 peritoneal dialysis, infections, 209 radiopharmaceuticals, 277 pancreatitis, 109 peritonitis, 231–232 abdomen, 220 autoimmune, 217, 228–229 phosphatidylserine, 293, 302 bone, 202, 204 panda sign, 277 piperacillin, osteomyelitis treatment, fl uorine-18-labeled panniculitis, mesentery, 110–111, 21 fl uorodeoxyglucose, 164 112 PK11195 (benzodiazepine receptor gallium-67 citrate, 220, 261 Panton–Valentine leukocidin tracer), 11 C-labeled, 302 soft tissues, 201–202, 203 gene-encoding organisms, 8, planktonic bacteria, device- WBC-labeled radionuclide 30 associated infections, 209 imaging, 171 para-discal lesions, tuberculosis, plantar fasciitis, 206–208 nuclear medicine see radionuclide 59 platelet factor, radiopharmaceutical, imaging paratenonitis, 83 152 parenchyma, lungs, HIV infection platinum, vascular prostheses, MRI, occult infection, 274, 278 and tuberculosis, 137, 138, 123 Octreoscan, 301 139, 140 , 141 pleural effusions, tuberculosis, 140, octreotide (radiolabeled), 150 partial volume artifact, computed 142, 261, 262 thyroid diseases, 306 tomography, 77, 93 pneumatosis, colon, 116, 117 Index 333

Pneumocystis jiroveci , 256 spondylodiscitis, 189, 190–191, pyogenic spondylitis, 55–57 pneumonia (PJP), 262 , 265 195, 197–198 tuberculosis vs , 61 pneumonia tuberculosis, 261, 267, 284 pyomyositis, 84 bacterial, 156–157 vascular prosthesis infections, pyrexia of unknown origin see fever CMV, gallium-67 citrate, 262 , 246–248 of unknown origin 265–266 vasculitis, 283–284, 290, pneumoperitoneum, 117 309–310 quantitative evaluation see semi- polyclonal immunoglobulin see postoperative fever, WBC-labeled quantitative evaluation human immunoglobulin G radionuclide imaging, 278 quinolones, osteomyelitis treatment, radiopharmaceuticals postoperative infections, 156, 164, 20, 21 polycystic kidney disease, autosomal 213–215 quorum sensing, 18 dominant, 232, 240 post-procedural spondylodiscitis, polymerase chain reaction 63–65, 71–72 radiculomyelitis, tuberculosis, 61 osteomyelitis, 18 potential diagnostic clues (PDCs), radioactivity detectors, 150–153 tuberculosis, 57 fever of unknown origin, 274 radiographs, see also chest polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, pregnancy, fl uorine-18-labeled radiographs 17 fl uorodeoxyglucose, 158 foreign bodies, 75 polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE) proctitis, radionuclide imaging, 163 HIV infection and tuberculosis, computed tomography, 122 proliferative fasciitis, 82 136, 138–139 grafts, 241 proliferative myositis, 84 osteomyelitis, 32, 33, 34 , 169 positron emission tomography, prostheses post-procedural spondylodiscitis, 150–153 cardiovascular system, 6–7, 64 abdomen, 232 118–134, 156, 161 sarcoidosis, 307 atherosclerosis, 311 fl uorine-18-labeled spine, 55–56 11 C-PK11195, 302 fl uorodeoxyglucose, 165 vascular prosthesis infections, CT with pathogens, 242 120 autoimmune pancreatitis, radionuclide imaging, 241–254, radionuclide imaging, 149–167, 228–229 279 see also positron emission bowel artifact, 220 joints see joint prostheses tomography fever of unknown origin, protein tyrosine phosphatases abdomen, 216–240 280–283 (CD45), monoclonal cardiovascular prostheses, infl ammatory bowel disease, antibodies against, 300 189–190 217, 224–228 pseudoaneurysms, vascular grafts, fever of unknown origin, procedure, 260 119, 120, 126–127 273–290 retroperitoneal fi brosis, pseudo-membranous colitis, 98, 99 infl ammatory diseases, 291–322 230–231 Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis, 154–155, 168–186 soft tissue infections, 76, carbapenem resistance, 5 pathological fi ndings, 172–173 200 osteomyelitis, antibiotics, 21 preparation for, 157–158 spine, 190–191 psoriatic arthritis, 99m Tc-OKT-3, soft tissue infections, 199–215 vascular prosthesis infections, 304 spine, 154, 189–191 133, 248, 249, 252, 253, PTFE see polytetrafl uoroethylene vascular prosthesis infections, 243 254 pubic symphysis, disjunction, 213 radiopharmaceuticals, 150 , diabetes mellitus, 307 pulmonary activity 151–152 , see also normal fever of unknown origin, 156, [18 F]FDG, diffuse, 164 uptake of 280–283, 321 WBC-labeled radionuclide imaging radiopharmaceuticals; specifi c HIV infection, 284 artifactual, 163 radiopharmaceuticals lymphomas, 263–264 diffuse, 157 antibiotics, 153 , 170, 171, 186, interpretation, 164 pulmonary vasculature, HIV 219–220 rheumatoid arthritis, 304 infection and tuberculosis, for chronic infl ammatory diseases, sarcoidosis, 283, 284, 289, 137 295 308–309, 313 pus, magnetic resonance imaging, WBC-labeled radionuclide septicemia, 288, 289 106 imaging, 150, 153–154, soft tissue infections, 200–201 pyelonephritis, 109–110 218–219 follow-up, 210 pyodermia, 77, 78 cytokines, 170 334 Index

reconstruction sclerosing chronic osteomyelitis, sinus tracts, see also fi stulas algorithms, arthroplasty 38–39, 40, 46–48 Crohn ’ s disease, 102 infections, 42 sclerosing mesenteritis, 110–111 osteomyelitis computed tomography, soft tissue sclerosis, osteomyelitis, 17 arthroplasties, 50 infections, 76 scoliosis, surgery for, spondylodiscitis cultures, 19 multidetector CT angiography, incidence, 188 diabetic foot, 42 121 secondary intention healing, WBC siplizumab, 299 rectosacral space, ulcerative colitis, uptake, 164 Sjögren syndrome, 304, 313, 105 semi-quantitative evaluation, 321–322 rectum, radionuclide imaging, 219, 162–163 skin and soft tissue infections, 7–8, 223, 238, 239 FDG-PET/CT, 260 77 recurrence, osteomyelitis, 16 septic arthritis, 30–31, 42–43, fi stulas, 213 recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, 89–90 HIV infection, 267 chronic, 40–42 talonavicular joint, 40 , 51 skipped lesions, spinal tuberculosis, reference imaging, radionuclide septic emboli, to spine, 188 57 imaging, 159, 163 septicemia Slice Encoding for Metal Artifact rejection, grafts, 293 FDG-PET, 285 , 288, 289 Correction (SEMAC), 42 relapse, Crohn ’ s disease, 305 vascular prostheses, 119 small colony variants, bacteria, remission, osteomyelitis, 16 sequestra, osteomyelitis, 17, 34, 38, osteomyelitis, 18 retrocecal appendicitis, 95 40, 46–48 soft tissue infections, 75–90, see also retroperitoneal fi brosis Serratia spp., osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections autoimmune pancreatitis, 229 antibiotics, 21 osteomyelitis and, 30, 163 idiopathic, 217, 229–231 Shigella spp., colitis, 99 radionuclide imaging, 199–215 rheumatoid arthritis, 302–304, short T1 inversion recovery (STIR) spine, 191 311–313 sequence, vascular prosthesis solitary pulmonary nodules, 257, 99m Tc-HYNIC-TOC, 321–322 infections, 121 258 rifampin, osteomyelitis treatment, sickle cell disease somatostatin analogs, radiolabeled, 20, 21 bone marrow, 32 301 arthroplasties, 22 osteomyelitis, 22 somatostatin receptor right diverticulitis, 98 signaling mechanisms, organisms in radiopharmaceuticals, 150 , 152 rituximab, 297 biofi lm, 18 scintigraphy, 301, 304 rocker-bottom deformity, 48–50, 52 single-photon emission computed ophthalmopathy, 306 tomography, 159–160, see space-occupying lesions, central sacral osteomyelitis, 22 also gamma cameras nervous system, 157 salivary glands atherosclerosis, 310–311 spinal canal disease, tuberculosis, autoimmune pancreatitis, 229 brain, thallium-201 chloride, 264, 61 Sjögren syndrome, 304 266–267 spine, 54–74, see also Salmonella spp. computed tomography with, 220 spondylodiscitis; vertebrae colitis, 99 bursitis, 207 abscesses osteomyelitis, 36 infl ammatory bowel disease, besilesomab, 280 sickle cell disease, 22 238 osteomyelitis, 20 SAPHO syndrome, 15 spine, 191 post-procedural spondylodiscitis, sarcoidosis, 294, 307–309 vascular prosthesis infections, 64 fever of unknown origin, 274 245–246, 279 fusion, infection incidence, 188 [ 18F]FDG, 283, 284, 289, diabetic foot, 176 radionuclide imaging, 154, 308–309 endocarditis, anti-G monoclonal 189–191 diffuse pulmonary activity, 164 antibody, 296 tuberculosis, 57–61, 72–74, 188, positron emission tomography, 50% isocontour, 163 262 283, 284, 289, 313 osteomyelitis, 173 spin echo sequences, soft tissue gallium-67 citrate, 277 prosthetic joint infections, infections, 76 Schistosoma japonicum , colitis, 99 178–179 spleen scintigraphy see radionuclide vascular prosthesis infections, [18 F]FDG uptake, 260 imaging 243–246 Kaposi ’ s sarcoma, 267 Scintimun® see anti-G monoclonal wound infections, sternum, 179 spondylitis, pyogenic, 55–57 antibodies sinusitis, 215 tuberculosis vs , 61 Index 335 spondylodiscitis, 54, 55, 69–72 surgical site infections mismatch with 67 Ga, tuberculosis, computed tomography, 57 antibiotic-resistant pathogens, 8 261 magnetic resonance imaging, 56, osteomyelitis, 16 SPECT, brain, 264, 266–267 58, 71, 195 synovial fl uid, bursitis, 81 thoracic aorta fungal, 62–63 Szilagyi classifi cation, vascular graft aortobronchial fi stulas, 127–128 post-procedural, 64–65 infections, 119 vascular prosthesis infections, post-procedural, 63–65, 71–72 120–121 radionuclide imaging, 154, Tac subunit, IL-2 receptor α chain three-phase bone imaging, 187–189 (CD25), 151 , 297–298 osteomyelitis, comparisons, treatment, 20 talonavicular joint, septic arthritis, 173 stage-specifi c embryonic antigen 1 40 , 51 thymus, HIV infection, 271 (SSEA-1) see fanolesomab T cells, see also CD4+ T cells thyroid diseases, autoimmune, standardized uptake values, [18 F] activation, 300–301 305–306, 322 FDG, 200, 260 chronic infl ammation, 292, 295 Graves ’ disease, 294–295, fever of unknown origin, 283 autoimmune diseases, 293 305–306 Staphylococcus aureus HIV infection and, 136, 257, 284 tibia, osteomyelitis, 46–48 antibiotic-resistant see methicillin- radiopharmaceuticals to detect, time-corrected acquisition modes, resistant Staphylococcus aureus 151 159, 160 , 161 device-associated infections, 7 sarcoidosis, 294, 307 abdominal infections, 218–219 osteomyelitis, 29 vasculitis, 294 time-decay corrected acquisition, antibiotics, 21 technetium-99m WBC-labeled radionuclide sclerosing chronic, 39 excretion, 155, 160–161, 222 imaging, 162 prosthetic joint infections, 6 gamma cameras, 158 toxic megacolon, 155 pyogenic spondylitis, 55 human immunoglobulin G, 296 toxoplasmosis, encephalitis, 257, skin and soft tissue infections, 8 HYNIC-annexin-V, 302 259, 266–267 stavudine, lipodystrophy, 257–258 indium-111 vs , osteomyelitis, transferrin, gallium-67 citrate, sternum, wound infections, 179 154 260 Streptococcus spp., osteomyelitis, MDP, diabetic foot, 176 transferrin receptors, antibiotics, 21 white blood cells radiopharmaceuticals to subcutaneous tissue abdominal infections, 218 detect, 150 , 151 cellulitis, 77–79 diabetic foot, 174, 176 transforming growth factor beta ultrasound, 76 dosage, 169 (TGF- β ) see fanolesomab sulesomab, 170, 219, 296, see also fever of unknown origin, 276 , transmural infl ammation, Crohn ’ s anti-G monoclonal antibodies 277 disease, 104 diabetic foot, 175 infl ammatory bowel disease, tree-in-bud pattern, tuberculosis, joint prostheses, 178, 185 222 141 , 144 osteomyelitis, 172–173 labeling, 169 tuberculomas sulfur colloids, 99m Tc-labeled, 154 normal uptake, 220 lungs, 139 WBC-labeled radionuclide imaging soft tissue infections, 200 spine, 61, 62 and, 171–172, 184 vascular prosthesis infections, tuberculosis, 8–10, 135–146, 257, surface immunoglobulin-associated 244–245 258 molecules, 298 tendons see paratenonitis colitis, 99 surface swabs, osteomyelitis, 19 tenosynovitis, 42, 83–84, 89–90, enteritis, 100 surgery 206 [18 F]FDG PET, 284 for aortobronchial fi stulas, 128 terminal ileum, Crohn ’ s disease, gallium-67 citrate, 255, 261, for aortoenteric fi stulas, 127 103 262 for arthroplasty infections, 31 Th1 cells, 292 atypical, 261 for intra-abdominal infection, 232 HIV infection and tuberculosis, HIV infection and, 255, normal gas lucencies, 124 136 262 for osteomyelitis, 19 sarcoidosis, 294 management, 140, 267, 271 spine, 188, see also post-procedural Th2 cells, 292 pathological fi ndings, 261–267 spondylodiscitis thalassemias, bone marrow, 32 prevention, 135–136 vascular prosthesis infections, thallium-201 chloride spine, 57–61, 72–74, 188, 242, 243, 249 Kaposi ’ s sarcoma, 266 262 wounds see wound infections lungs, HIV infection, 265 treatment monitoring, 269 336 Index

tumor necrosis factor alpha vascular grafts see cardiovascular follow-up, 232–233 autoimmune diseases, 293 system under prostheses stool counting, 163 radiopharmaceuticals to detect, vasculitis, 294, 309–310, 321 interpretation, 162–164 151 , 152 , 297 fl uorine-18-labeled lung infections, 156–157 Crohn ’ s disease, 305 fl uorodeoxyglucose, 165 normal uptake, 171 infl ammatory bowel disease, 222 PET, 283–284, 290, 309–310 abdominal organs, 220 rheumatoid arthritis, 311–313 venous vessels, lungs, HIV infection soft tissues, 201, 202 sarcoidosis, 307 and tuberculosis, 137 osteomyelitis, 154, 169 tumor necrosis factor beta, vertebrae, see also discs; spine; diabetic foot, 174, 176 autoimmune diseases, 293 spondylodiscitis SPECT vs , 173 tumors see malignant disease magnetic resonance imaging, treatment monitoring, fractures, 65 179–180 UBI 29-41 (radiolabeled), joint osteomyelitis, 20, 54, 55 polycystic kidney disease, 240 prostheses, 178 incidence, 16 postoperative infections, 156 ubiquidicin fragments, radiolabeled, radionuclide imaging, 154 preparation for, 158 170–171 tuberculosis, 59 protocols, 158–162 ulcerative colitis, 105–106, 155, vertebrodiscal tuberculosis, 57–59 radiopharmaceuticals, 150, 216–217, 221–228 viral infections, colitis, 99 153–154, 218–219 [18 F]FDG PET, 226 viral load, HIV infection, [18 F]FDG cytokines, 170 somatostatin receptor, 301 PET, 284 renal cyst, 289 WBC-labeled radionuclide VISA isolates, Staphylococcus aureus , soft tissue infections, 200 imaging, 238 4 spondylodiscitis, 189, 190 ulcers visilizumab (radiolabeled), 152 , 297, time-corrected acquisition modes, diabetic foot, 20, 48, 52 , 174 304 159, 160 magnetic resonance imaging, vitamins see biotin wound infections, 164, 205, 42, 43, 52 213–215 skin, 22 warmth, [18 F]FDG imaging, 158 sternum, 179 ultrasound, see also high-resolution water, as neutral contrast medium, whole-body images ultrasound 92 diffusion-weighted MRI, 93 abdomen white blood cell-labeled radionuclide soft tissue infections, 213 artifacts, 93 imaging, 169, see also WBC-labeled radionuclide techniques, 92 autologous lymphocytes imaging, 159 bursitis, 81 abdomen, 220, 232, 240 wood, in radiographs, 75 cholecystitis, 108 appendicitis, 221 World Health Organization, TB/HIV choledocholithiasis, 107 artifacts, 163–164 policies, 9 Crohn ’ s disease, 100–101 bone scintigraphy and, 175 wound infections fl uid, 77, 79 brain, 157 mesh infections, 209 gas (air), 76–77, 79–80 cholecystitis, 232 spondylodiscitis, 188, 195, 196 liver abscesses, 106 Crohn ’ s disease, 240, 305 sternum, 179 lymphadenopathy, 81 device-associated infections, vascular prosthesis infections, osteomyelitis, 31, 39, 40 209 242 pseudoaneurysms, 127 joint prostheses, 155, 177–178, false positives, 245 soft tissue infections, 76, 78 , 184–185 WBC-labeled radionuclide 84–86 vascular prostheses, 120, imaging, 164, 205, vascular prosthesis infections, 243–246 213–215 120–121, 122 fasciitis, 215 sternum, 179 ureters, retroperitoneal fi brosis, 230 fever of unknown origin, 156, 276 , 277 , 278–279 xenografts, 241, see also prostheses, vacuum-assisted closure dressings, 19 HIV infection, 157 cardiovascular system vancomycin infl ammation, 199 Enterococcus spp., 4 infl ammatory bowel disease, Yersinia enterocolitica , ileitis, 100 osteomyelitis treatment, 21 155, 221–222, 223 , 238, ying-yang sign, Doppler ultrasound, Staphylococcus aureus , 4 240 127