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Coloração De Flores Na Visão De Polinizadores

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Coloração De Flores Na Visão De Polinizadores Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Biociências Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia Coloração de flores na visão de polinizadores Marilia Fernandes Erickson 2019 Marilia Fernandes Erickson Coloração de flores na visão de polinizadores Essa dissertação foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial do Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Daniel Marques de Almeida Pessoa e co-orientação do Professor Carlos Roberto Sorensen Dutra da Fonseca Natal 2019 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Leopoldo Nelson - •Centro de Biociências - CB Erickson, Marília Fernandes. Coloração de flores na visão de polinizadores / Marília Fernandes Erickson. - Natal, 2019. 92 f.: il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Daniel Marques de Almeida Pessoa. 1. Angiospermas - Dissertação. 2. Visão de cores - Dissertação. 3. Modelagem visual - Dissertação. 4. Visitantes florais - Dissertação. 5. Polinização - Dissertação. I. Pessoa, Daniel Marques de Almeida. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título. RN/UF/BSE-CB CDU 582.5/.9 Elaborado por KATIA REJANE DA SILVA - CRB-15/351 Título Coloração de flores na visão de polinizadores Banca examinadora Prof. Dr. Felipe Gawryszewski Universidade de Brasília ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Leonardo M. Versieux Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Daniel Marques de Almeida Pessoa (orientador) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte ________________________________________________________ Natal, 27 de maio de 2019. i “Que terra mais pachorrenta!” comentou a Rainha. “Pois aqui, como vê, você tem de correr o mais que pode para continuar no mesmo lugar. Se quiser ir a alguma outra parte, tem de correr no mínimo duas vezes mais rápido!” Alice no País das Maravilhas, Lewis Carroll. ii Dedico esta dissertação a Ricardo Andreazze, sua luz continua a me guiar pelos momentos mais escuros. iii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço às minhas irmãs Biny e Becky que, embora não fizeram nenhum bolo de cenoura para mim, estavam sempre com o Ifoods na mão. Aos meus pais, Sandra e Glenn, para os quais poderia escrever uma dissertação inteira dizendo tudo que fizeram por mim, mas, por hora, vou apenas dizer que, junto com o CNPQ, financiaram minha pesquisa. Ao Diogo, que foi “troxa” o suficiente para me emprestar suas pernas, cabeça, e tempo para me ajudar com esse projeto, seja emocionalmente, conceitualmente ou fisicamente. Tenho absoluta certeza que não teria conseguido sem sua ajuda em todos esses aspectos. Ao Daniel pela orientação, confiança e incentivo desde a graduação. Aos meus colegas de laboratório, cujo apoio foi indispensável. A Mariana por todas as semanas juntas em Assu, cheias de intrigas, pokemons e brigadeiro. A Sofia, Holda e Raiane, as flores mais preciosas que encontrei nesse mestrado. A Joaquim, Vinicius, Bia, Thiago, Geovan, Felipe, Elder, André, Larissa, Amanda e Kleytone. Obrigada por cada um carregar um pedacinho do trabalho do outro deixando tudo mais leve. À UFRN, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, e todos os seus funcionários. Ao ICMbio pela manutenção das reservas e permissão de coleta, e alojamento durante a pesquisa. Ao Mauro, “Irmão”, Chiquinho, Luiz, e todo pessoal da FLONA de ASSU e da REBIO Guaribas. Ao Anderson, Alan e todo o herbário do Parque das Dunas e UFRN, por me cederem material, tempo e apoio. Ao Felipe, Letícia, Andréia e Ana Cecília, amigos maravilhosos que o mestrado me presenteou. Especialmente a “Terceiro” por me ceder a cadeira no ônibus e ótimos papos de calçada. À Rayane, Eva e Rizia por me fazerem companhia nas horas inacabáveis de laboratório. À minha melhor amiga Camila, e todos os meus amigos que tentaram me distrair da vida acadêmica (ou não), das mais diversas formas, Laila, Juh, Thaís, Ana Luíza, Pocati, Pablo, Daniel, Allan, Gabi, Sarah, Rodolfo e Valéria. À Larissa por ser a melhor motorista anti- bolsonaro e à Aninha por todas as dicas maravilhosas. Ao Fábio, Gabriel, David, Rafael e Guilherme amigos que nem o mestrado conseguiram separar. Ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001 iv Resumo A coloração das flores é tão intrigante quanto os fatores ecológicos e ambientas por trás delas. Desde os primórdios dos estudos de biologia floral, o porquê da coloração das flores vem sendo questionado. Muitos autores têm atribuído a coloração floral à seleção sexual e pressão exercida por polinizadores. Isso pode ser bem exemplificado pela ideia de síndromes de polinização; espécies de flores com certas características semelhantes, como a cor, são visitadas por grupos similares de polinizadores. Porém, colorações diversas raramente são explicadas por um único fator. Nesse estudo, procuramos entender quais são os fatores ambientais, ecológicos e fisiológicos responsáveis pela coloração das flores, com ênfase em testar se espécies previstas por síndromes de polinização realmente são conspícuas para seus polinizadores. Utilizamos como modelo Apis mellifera (abelha), Drosophila melanogaster (mosca), Heliconius erato (borboleta) e Sephanoides sephanoides (beija-flor) para entender como polinizadores diferentes enxergam flores. As flores foram mais conspícuas para polinizadores tetracromatas (mosca, borboleta fêmea, e beija-flor) e menos conspícuas para polinizadores tricromatas (borboleta macho, abelha). Dessa maneira, flores não foram mais conspícuas para seus polinizadores, e cores atribuídas as síndromes de polinização não possuem bases empíricas. Provavelmente diferentes fatores interagem para moldar a coloração das flores ao longo do tempo e síndromes de polinização são apenas um recorte de uma figura mais complexa. Palavras chave: Angiospermas, visão de cores, modelagem visual, visitantes florais, polinização. v Abstract Flower coloration is as intriguing as the ecological and environmental factors behind it. Since the beginning of studies in floral biology, the question of the reasons behind floral coloration has been asked. Many authors have attributed flower colors to sexual selection and pollinator pressure. This is well exemplified by the idea of pollination syndromes: flowers with certain similar characteristics, such as color, are visited by similar groups of pollinators. Such a diverse array of coloration, however, is hardly ever explained by one factor alone. In this study, we aimed at understanding which environmental, ecological and physiological pressures are behind flower coloration, emphasizing, in testing, if flowers predicted by pollination syndromes are in fact conspicuous to their pollinators. We used Apis mellifera (honeybee), Drosophila melanogaster (housefly), Heliconius erato (butterfly) and Sephanoides sephanoides (hummingbird) as models to study how different pollinators see flowers. Flowers were more conspicuous to tetrachromat (housefly, female butterfly and hummingbird) than to trichromat (honeybee and male butterfly) pollinators. Therefore, flowers were not more conspicuous for their respective pollinators, and colors attributed by pollination syndromes do are not supported by empirical data. Probably different factors have shaped the coloration of flowers across time, and pollination syndromes are a piece of the whole picture. Keywords: Angiosperms, color vision, flower color, floral visitors, pollination. vi Lista de Figuras Estudo 1- Painting the roses red: Temporal-spatial patterns and the evolution of flower coloration Figura 1. Number of articles in web of science regarding flower coloration in the last decades…………………….......................................................................................................p. 20 Figura 2. Diagram exemplifying how flower color is affected by different factors discussed in this review.........................................................................................................................................p. 40 Estudo 2- Pollination syndromes do not predict conspicuousness by different floral visitors Figura 1. Boxplot showing distribution of chromatic contrast values between flowers and background elements, comparison is within pollinators, and flowers are grouped by syndrome...................................................................................................................................p. 64 Figura 2. Boxplot showing distribution of chromatic contrast values between flowers and background elements, comparison is within pollinators, and flowers are grouped by color...........................................................................................................................................p. 66 Figura 3. Boxplot showing distribution of chromatic contrast values between flowers and background elements, comparison is between pollinators, and flowers are grouped by syndrome....................................................................................................................................p.67 Figura 4. Boxplot showing distribution of chromatic contrast values between flowers and background elements, comparison is
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