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Locating Sanctuaries in Upper Macedonia According to Archaeological Data

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Locating Sanctuaries in Upper Macedonia According to Archaeological Data Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 23 | 2010 Varia Locating Sanctuaries in Upper Macedonia According to Archaeological Data Kalliopi Chatzinikolaou Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1580 DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1580 ISSN : 2034-7871 Éditeur Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 janvier 2010 Pagination : 193-222 ISSN : 0776-3824 Référence électronique Kalliopi Chatzinikolaou, « Locating Sanctuaries in Upper Macedonia According to Archaeological Data », Kernos [En ligne], 23 | 2010, mis en ligne le 10 octobre 2013, consulté le 30 avril 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1580 ; DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1580 Kernos Kernos 23 (2010), p. 193-222. Locating Sa ctuaries i Upper 3acedo ia Accordi g to Archaeological Data AbstractS The region of -pper Macedonia (Macedonia8s north-western eLtremity, which was frequent y referred to in ancient sources) 1ecame a fie d of contro2ersy, fusions and syncretism o2er the course of its history due to its distinct geographica ocation and the di2ersity of its popu ation. The region consisted of a main y rura popu ation despite ha2ing some ur1an centres. This popu ation maintained its tri1a and cu tura characteristics unti Late Antiquity. The four mem1er areas E imeia, Eordaia, Orestis and Lyncestis formed a conser2ati2e yet acti2e core, anneLing or de-anneLing regions in accordance with historica de2e opments shaped 1y am1itious ru ers desirous of eLpanding their dominion. Apart from sites where sanctuaries wou d 1e eLpected, for eLamp e, in ur1an centres or the sites of identified sett ements, such as Aiane, Herac ea Lyncestis, Petres and Eratyra, the other attested sanctuaries of -pper Macedonia are ocatedS a) on the crests of hi s or on mountaintops (sanctuaries of 5eus Hypsistos)R 1) at hu1s, pro1a1 y as the resu t of a cu t8s wide inf uence (sanctuaries of Apo o), and c) in passages, 1ecause of a cu t8s dissemination (sanctuaries of Enodia). Thus, sanctuary ocations fo ow the genera geographica distri1ution of cities and sett ements. According to the present eLca2ation data, these sanctuaries do not disp ay monumenta ity, which is a characteristic of the Macedonian region. Résumé S La r gion de a Haute Mac doine (U im e, Uord e, Orestide et Lyncestide), a Cone eLtrQme de a Mac doine du Nord, sou2ent 2oqu e par es sources anciennes, en raison de sa position g ographique particu i=re et de ses popu ations d8origines diff rentes, a constitu un terrain d8affrontements, de fusions et de manifestations de syncr tisme des courants et croyances re igieuL au cours de sa marche dans e temps. I s8agit d8une r gion 7 popu ation surtout rura e, ma gr a pr sence de certains centres ur1ains, aque e a conser2 ses traits de cu ture Musqu87 8antiquit tardi2e. Les quatre r gions particu i=res d8U im e, d8Uord e, d8Orestide et de Lyncestide constituent un noyau actif 1ien que conser2ateur, oV se rattachent et dont se d tachent des r gions au cours de 8histoire, un ph nom=ne notamment d termin par es aspirations conqu rantes des sou2erains. Au-de 7 des sites attendus des sanctuaires dans es 2i es ou Cones d8agg om rations identifi es, comme Aian , H rac e Lyncestice, P tr=s, Uratyra, es autres sanctuaires attest s de a Haute Mac doine sont situ s au sommet de co ines ou de montagnes (sanctuaires de 5eus Hypsistos), 7 des points de passages importants, ce qui est pro1a1 ement dw 7 a grande port e du cu te (sanctuaires d8Apo on), ou 7 de simp es passages, en fonction de a propagation du cu te, (sanctuaires d8Unodia). Leur situation suit donc a r partition g ographique g n ra e des 2i es et agg om rations 7 que ques g=res diff rences pr=s. ,e on es donn es arch o ogi- ques connues Musqu8ici, ces sanctuaires ne pr sentent pas de constructions monumenta es, ce qui est 8une des caract ristiques de 8espace mac donien. 194 9.G. CHAT5INI9OLAO- Locating ,anctuaries in -pper Macedonia 195 2. Upper 3acedo ia. The regio Herodotus first refers to the name of the region of -pper Macedonia (Map 1) in descri1ing DerLes8 in2asion of Thessa y and the wanderings of Perdiccas, founder of the 9ingdom of Aigae.1 The sources2 and pre2ious research do not c ear y define the geographica 1oundaries of this area. There is re ati2e consensus on y on E imeia, Orestis, Lyncestis, and Pe agonia, whi e Eordaia initia y 1e onged administrati2e y to Lower Macedonia, despite the fact that geographica y it 1e onged to -pper Macedonia. Recent research3 has added Dassaretis, Derriopos, Tymphaea, and Atintania to the a1o2e-mentioned regions, primari y in referring to the Roman pro2ince of Macedonia. -pper Macedonia, sec uded and mountainous, occupied a distinct geo- graphica ocation, which to some eLtent Mustifies its popu ation di2ersity. For these reasons it 1ecame a fie d of cu tura contro2ersy, fusions, and syncretism o2er the course of its history. The four constituent areas of E imeia, Eordaia, Orestis, and Lyncestis formed a conser2ati2e yet acti2e core, anneLing or de- anneLing regions in accordance with historica de2e opments shaped 1y am1itious ru ers desirous of eLpanding their dominion. -pper Macedonia was a region with a arge y rura popu ation despite some ur1an centres. This popu ation maintained its tri1a and cu tura characteristics unti Late Antiquity.4 2. Zeus A considera1 e 1ody of e2idence and materia remains from the He enistic and a1o2e a , Roman periods ha2e 1een found in situ or dispersed and inked with the cu ts of at east thirty different deities and heroes and corresponding y, in most cases, with their sanctuaries.5 A significant percentage of this e2idence re ates to the cu t of 5eus. 1Herodotus, VII, 173, 4S ª©³ ªn ¢rÆn § ³ •¬ r’, ~§ ¡rqq~©« § ê£ £~ E° q~³ ° Ξq¼r¬ER VIII, 137-139S ª¼ qrn ºom E ñrq©£rn ªn ³ •¬Μr’. 2 Thucydides, II, 99, 1-2, eLp icit y mentions the di2ision of -pper andLower MacedoniaR ,tra1o, VII (C32.), mentions the geographica 1oundaries of four mem1er parts of -pper Macedonia. Li2ius, DLV, 29, 9, mentions the di2ision of Macedonia into four parts (merides) and definesUpperMacedoniaastheFourthMeris, withPe agoniaasitsseat. 3KARAMITRO--MENTE,,IDI (1999), p.5A andn.5. with pre2ious researchR ß (2000). Theyacceptthe eLtendedboundaries. 4On the discussion of the geographica 1oundaries of the areaS 9.G. CHAT5INI9OLAO-, _ m©• r n ~q~•n r¬qo’n n ¬ r’n”, Makedonika 3A (2009) (forthcoming). 5Here, we eLamine somewhat sparing y a data 1ringing together maLimum possi1i ities for identifying sanctuary sites 1y com1ining eLca2ation resu ts or 2isi1 e antiquities andfinds found insituthroughpre2iousresearch. 19. 9.G. CHAT5INI9OLAO- A sanctuary. (Map 1, nr. 1) and epigraphica y7 attested cu t of 5eus were found at the He enistic sett ement of Petres in Eordaia (Fig. 1aIb). The sanctuary, disco2ered south of the so-ca ed Synoikia tis Orinis (Fountain Huarter) and con- sisting of three spaces and a square monumenta a tar, was pro1a1 y situated in the sector of pu1 ic sanctuaries. This sanctuary seems to ha2e 1een one of the ancient city8s most important, and is connected with a comp eL of structures that inc uded workshops, mi s, 1ig. 2a-b and storage spaces. The first eLca2ation resu ts from this site ha2e 1een presented from time to time, 1ut the sanctuary and its porta1 e finds remain arge y unpu1 ished. 3. Zeus 0ypsistos at Elimeia A arge num1er of mar1 e 2oti2e re iefs to 5eus Hypsistos of the Roman period come from 2arious sites in -pper Macedonia, showing how widespread this god8s cu t was, pro1a1 y after the Roman conquestA. ,ome of the sites that pro2ide the most e2idence and therefore the greatest possi1i ities for the .ADAM-VELENI (19AA), p.9, p . 2, 2R ADAM-VELENI (1997), p.10-11, fig. 10R ADAM-VELENI (199Aa), p.20-22, fig. 1-4R ADAM-VELENI (199A1), p.4. p an 5, p.47-4A fig. 29, p.50, 53, 57R P.ADAM-VELENI, D. 9ALLIGA, 5. AL ,AAYAH, _¡qrn ·q~n. ¡~~• r ~£q- o¬n ~ rq~•n n 6 m~’ n q•n8”, in t/4s) *‘3s2) 1-) ­/}s.4/) }/2 t+}-), t*12}) /.+s27-) }/2 *t¤3~). Proceedings of an InterIScientific OneIDay Meeting, Serres 11.1f.1eee, Thessa oniki,200A,p.87-110. Cf. CHAT5INI9OLAO- (2007),Cata ogue,nr.2. 7ADAM-VELENI (1997), p.10-11R ADAM-VELENI (199Aa), p.21R ADAM-VELENI (199A1), p.50 fig.30, p. 53 (simp e mentions). Cf. CHAT5INI9OLAO- (2007), Cata ogue, nr.3. The a tar of 5eus and the name of the god without a cu t epithet are mentioned in the inscription that identifiedthe site. The e2idence to date cannot define the identity of the deity, and the possi1i ity of some oca cu t cannot 1e eLc uded. This was a case of a 5eus cu t practiced from the He enisticperiodonwardinUpperMacedonia, andwaspro1a1 yofagenera nature. ACHAT5INI9OLAO-(200A)(forthcoming). Locating ,anctuaries in -pper Macedonia 197 presence of sanctuaries inc ude the hi of Hagios E eutherios in 9oCani ocated at E imeia, ascertained to ha2e 1een inha1ited from the Prehistoric to the Roman period (Map 1, nr. f),9 (Fig. f10, 311), Ano 9omi12 (Fig. 4IC), and Aiane and its wider region13 (Fig. nI_). Most of these sites ha2e not 1een systematica y eLca2ated. Howe2er, the porta1 e finds indicate the eListence of sanctuaries which do not necessari y corre ate with each other, at east as regards their origin.
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