DOCSLIB.ORG

Female Figurines from the Mut Precinct: Context and Ritual Function

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

FEMALE FIGURINES FROM THE MUT PRECINCT: CONTEXT AND RITUAL FUNCTION by Elizabeth A. Waraksa A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland January 2007 © 2007 Elizabeth A. Waraksa All Rights Reserved UMI Number: 3262525 UMI Microform 3262525 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ceramic female figurines excavated by Johns Hopkins at the Precinct of Mut in Luxor, Egypt between 2001 and 2004. The figures date from the New Kingdom to the Late Period (ca. 1550-332 BCE). Ceramic figurines are frequently overlooked by archaeologists, art historians, and social historians because they lack the aesthetic qualities usually associated with Egyptian art. However, the Hopkins- excavated figurines display features that mark them as standardized ritual objects. I argue that ceramic female figurines were produced in workshops, utilized by magician/physicians in healing rituals, and snapped and discarded at the end of their effective ‘lives.’ This is a new interpretation for objects that have previously been labeled votive and relegated to the sphere of women. Chapter 1 presents a brief history of the Mut Precinct and summarizes the work of Johns Hopkins at the site. It also addresses the current state of figurine studies in Egyptology, including a critique of the “fertility figurine” theory. Finally, I present a typology for the Mut Precinct figurines. Chapter 2 is a detailed study of the materials and manufacture of ceramic female figurines. I suggest that the figurines were manufactured by craftsmen in state-sponsored workshops, and that the red hue of many figures signals that the objects were malevolent and ultimately to be destroyed. Chapter 3 presents translations and commentary for magico-medical spells calling for female figures of clay, which demonstrate how female figurines functioned in magical rituals. Chapter 3 also discusses a new term for “clay figurine.” Finally, a survey of ii magico-medical texts calling for other types of clay figurines is presented, highlighting the widespread use of such figures. Chapter 4 reviews the salient conclusions of the thesis, and discusses the use of ceramic female figurines at the Mut Precinct specifically. This new interpretation of Egyptian female figurines broadens our understanding of objects often called “crude” and placed in the realm of women by demonstrating that ceramic female figurines were manufactured and acquired by men, and manipulated to heal a variety of patients. This thesis will undoubtedly encourage future studies of archaeological finds in concert with magico-medical texts. Principal Advisers: Professor Betsy M. Bryan, Professor Richard Jasnow Readers: Professor Theodore J. Lewis, Professor H. Alan Shapiro, Dr. Emily Teeter iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction and Typology …………………………………………………1 Chapter 1a: The Mut Precinct Site and History of Excavations………………......1 Location……………………………………………………………….…..1 Early References to Mut and Her Theban Temple………………………..1 Royal names in the Mut Precinct………………….………………….…...2 Officials’ Inscriptions from the Mut Precinct…….………………….……4 History of Visitors, Expeditions to the Mut Precinct.……………….….…4 Summary of Johns Hopkins University Excavations 2001-2004…..……..8 Chapter 1b: Background to Female Figurine Studies………………………..…..12 Chapter 1c: Introduction to the Mut Precinct Figurines, with Typology……..….21 Type 1…………………………………………………………………....24 Type 2…………………………………………………………………....27 Type 3…………………………………………………………………....32 Type 4…………………………………………………………………....37 Type 5…………………………………………………………………....40 Type 6…………………………………………………………………....42 Unassigned…………………………………………………………….....43 Chapter 2: Materials and Manufacture of Female Figurines …..………………...….48 Chapter 2a: Introduction to the Technical Study………………………………...48 Chapter 2b: Manufacture of the Figurines……………………………………….50 Clay……………………………………………………………………....50 Shaping…………………………………………………………………..51 Incising…………………………………………………………………..55 Appliqué……………………………………………………………...….58 Red Wash………………………………………………………………...61 Polychrome Decoration……………………………………………….…65 Durability…………………………………………………………….…..75 Chapter 2c: Standardization and Distribution of the Figurines…………….……85 Standardization…………………………………………………….…….85 Distribution……………………………………………………………....90 Chapter 2d: Material & Color Symbolism and Iconographic Remarks………...104 Material Symbolism…………………………………………………….104 Clay…………………………………………...………………...104 Silver……………………………………………………………109 Copper…………………………………………………………..111 Faience………………………………………………………….112 Shell…………………………………………………………….114 Linen…………………………………………………………....115 Color Symbolism……………………………………………………….118 Red……………………………………………………………...119 Black……………………………………………………………131 Blue……………………………………………………………..132 iv White……………………………………………………………133 Iconographic Remarks………………………………………………….136 Chapter 3: Textual Sources for Interpreting Clay Figurines ………………………145 Chapter 3a: Introduction to the Textual Study………………………………….145 Chapter 3b: Magico-Medical Texts Calling for Female Figures of Clay……....146 P. Turin 54003 r. 13-16……………………………………….....……...153 Transliteration…………………………………………………..155 Translation……………………………………………………...156 Commentary…………………………………………………….158 P. Leiden I 348 r. 12,2-12,4…………………………………………….169 Transliteration……………………………………………….….171 Translation……………………………………………………...171 Commentary…………………………………………………….172 Chapter 3c: Additional Magico-Medical Texts Calling for Objects of sin(t) ..…175 Chapter 4: Conclusions…...…………………………………………………………..190 Appendix A: Catalogue of Female Figurines from the Mut Precinct (2001-2004)…....203 Type 1…………………………………………………………………………..203 Type 2…………………………………………………………………………..204 Type 3…………………………………………………………………………..206 Type 4…………………………………………………………………………..214 Type 5…………………………………………………………………………..216 Type 6………………………………………………………………….……….220 Unassigned……………………………………………………………….……..223 Concordance of Female Figurines by Catalogue Number ………………………….228 Concordance of Female Figurines by Excavation Location ...……………..……….229 Concordance of Female Figurines by Type ………………………………………….231 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………...232 Curriculum Vita ……………………………………………………………………….288 v List of Tables Table 1: JHU Expedition to the Precinct of Mut at Karnak 2001-2004 Excavation Trenches…………………………………………….….44 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Type 1 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 1)…………………....25 Figure 2: Type 2 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 2)……………………28 Figure 3: Type 2 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 4)……………………31 Figure 4: Type 3 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 6)……………………33 Figure 5: Type 4 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 20)…………………..38 Figure 6: Type 5 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 24)…………………..40 Figure 7: Type 6 figurine from the Mut Precinct (cat. no. 30)…………………..42 Figure 8: Type 1 figurine from Gebel Zeit (after Paule Posener-Krieger, “Les travaux de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale en 1984-1985.” Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 85 (1985) pl. LXV) ……….……….………………....57 Figure 9: Sketch of generic female figurine with common areas of breakage……………………………………..................................…....78 Figure 10: Amarna Workmen’s Village, with female figurine findspots indicated (after Barry J. Kemp, “How Religious were the Ancient Egyptians?” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5:1 (1995) 31, fig. 3)………………………..………..83 Figure 11: Plan of the Mut Precinct, with female figurine findspots indicated….84 Figure 12: P. Turin 54003 rt. 13-16 (after Alessandro Roccati, Papiro Ieratico N. 54003: Estratti magici e rituali del Primo Medio Regno .)...............................................155 Figure 13: P. Leiden I 348 rt. 12,2-12,4 (after Joris F. Borghouts, The Magical Texts of Papyrus Leiden I 348 . pl. 12) ………………………………………………..170 vii Chapter 1: Introduction and Typology Chapter 1a: The Mut Precinct Site and History of Excavations Location The precinct of the goddess Mut at Karnak is located on the east bank of the Nile in modern Luxor, approximately 325 meters south of the precinct of the god Amun (25°43’N, 32°40’E). 1 Encompassing some 90,000 square meters of area, the Mut Precinct contains no less than six temples (the Mut Temple, the Contra Temple, Temples A, B, C, and D) and a sacred lake, called the Isheru , as well as a vast tract of still largely unexcavated land at the south of the site. 2 Oriented towards the Amun precinct, the Mut Precinct was a center of the goddess’s worship from at least the early 18 th Dynasty, and continued as a religious site well into the Ptolemaic period. The precinct’s structures underwent numerous building phases and modifications through the centuries before falling into disuse in Roman times. While the exact date of the last religious activity at the precinct is not known, by the fourth century AD, houses were constructed against and inside the temple buildings. 3 Early References to Mut and Her Theban Temple The earliest textual reference to “Mut, mistress of Isheru” ( Mwt nbt iSrw ), her most common epithet as a Theban goddess, 4 dates to the 17 th Dynasty (ca. 1575 BC). 5 1 Richard A. Fazzini, “Karnak, precinct of Mut.” Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Ed. Kathryn
Recommended publications
  • The Presence of Myth in the Pyramid Texts

    The Presence of Myth in the Pyramid Texts

    The Presence of Myth in the qnamid Texts A thesis submitted in conformity with the nquirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Near and Middk Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto National CiBrary Bibiioth ue nationale u*m of Canada du Cana% The author has granteci a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive ticence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Ioan, distri'btûe or sen reproduire, prêter, disbn'buer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/& de reproduction sur papier ou sur fomiat électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the choit d'auteur qni protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid exûacts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être miphés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE PRESENCE OF MYTH IN THE PYRAMID TEXTS Doctor of Philosophy 200 1 Jeder Elisabeth Hellum Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto The Pyramid Texts, written on the waUs of the entrance corridors, antechambers, and funerary chambers of the royal pyramids of the late Fiifth and entire Skth Dynasties, are filied with mythic statements and allusions, without using prose or poetic narrative. They hctioned as a holistic group, each distinct from the other, yet each working within the group to create a situation paraHehg the mythic, celestial worid of the afterlife.
  • Estudos De Egiptologia Vi

    Estudos De Egiptologia Vi

    ESTUDOS DE EGIPTOLOGIA VI 2ª edição SESHAT - Laboratório de Egiptologia do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro – Brasil 2019 SEMNA – Estudos de Egiptologia VI 2ª edição Antonio Brancaglion Junior Cintia Gama-Rolland Gisela Chapot Organizadores Seshat – Laboratório de Egiptologia do Museu Nacional/Editora Klínē Rio de Janeiro/Brasil 2019 Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-Não Comercial- Compartilha Igual 4.0 Internacional. Capa: Antonio Brancaglion Jr. Diagramação e revisão: Gisela Chapot Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Ficha Catalográfica B816s BRANCAGLION Jr., Antonio. Semna – Estudos de Egiptologia VI/ Antonio Brancaglion Jr., Cintia Gama-Rolland, Gisela Chapot., (orgs.). 2ª ed. – Rio de Janeiro: Editora Klínē,2019. 179 f. Bibliografia. ISBN 978-85-66714-12-8 1. Egito antigo 2. Arqueologia 3. História 4. Coleção I. Título CDD 932 CDU 94(32) I. Título. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Programa de Pós-graduação em Arqueologia CDD 932 Seshat – Laboratório de Egiptologia CDU 94(32) Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, São Cristóvão Rio de Janeiro, RJ – CEP 20940-040 Editora Klínē 2 Sumário APRESENTAÇÃO ..................................................................................................................... 4 OLHARES SOBRE O EGITO ANTIGO: O CASO DA DANÇA DO VENTRE E SUA PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 5 LUTAS DE CLASSIFICAÇÕES NO EGITO ROMANO (30 AEC - 284 EC): UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO A PARTIR DA
  • The Stela of Khu-Sobek (Manchester Museum)

    The Stela of Khu-Sobek (Manchester Museum)

    The Stela of Khu-Sobek1 (Manchester Museum) This limestone stela of the Manchester Museum (measured 16.5 cm wide and 28 cm high) was found in Abydos in 1901 by J. Garstang.2 It is of poor quality but important since it records an early of war of Egypt with its northern enemies. Htp-di-(n)swt wsir nb AbDw (di.f ) prt-xrw t Hnkt xpS Apdw Ssr3 mnxt snTr mrHt xt nb(t) nfr(t) wab(t) A royal offering of Osiris, lord of Abydos, (giving) an invocation offering of bread and beer, foreleg (of an ox) and fowl, linen and clothing, incense and oil, every good and pure thing n kA n (i)r(i)-pa(t) HAt(i)-a Dd nfrt, wHm mrrt4 m Xr(t)-Hrw5 nt ra nb, wartw6 aA n nwt, xw-(wi)- sbkw7 rn.f nfr DAA8 for the ka of the member of the elite, high official, who has said good things, repeated /proclaimed9 what was desired during the course of every day, great district official of the town, Khu-Sobek whose good name is Djaa, ir.n itA10 wartw tfnwt,11 nbt imAx, 1 The principal references for these notes are T. Eric Peet, The Stela of Sebek-khu, Manchester Museum Handbooks 75 (1914), and J. Baines, The Stela of Khusobek: Private and Royal Military Narrative and Values, in Form und Mass, Beiträge zur Literartur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, pp. 43-61. 2 See J. Garstang, El Arábah, Quaritch, London, 1901, Pls. IV, V; P.
  • Slavery in the Bible, Slavery Today

    Slavery in the Bible, Slavery Today

    Slavery in the Bible and Slavery Today Mako A. Nagasawa Last modified: June 10, 2021 Introduction: Modern Day Slavery Slavery: Something we thought was in our long distant past is now a bigger issue today than it has ever been before. I hear about increasing levels of sex slavery and organized prostitution in Boston. In my neighborhood, Dorchester, women are driven around by pimps, customers come to the car, the woman cannot even leave the car so that the pimp can make a quick getaway if needs be. Some of these women are forced into prostitution; they may come through Rhode Island, because until 2009, RI had a law that made prostitution legal indoors, though not outdoors. That created a loophole where women and children were smuggled into Rhode Island in secret brothels and dispersed all across New England and the nation. Perhaps a bit of that continues. The U.S. State Department estimates that of this number, approximately 17,500 are trafficked into the U.S. each year . UNICEF estimates that 1.2 million people are trafficked every year across international borders throughout the world. So whether we are talking about child sex slaves in Cambodia or bonded labor in Pakistan or war captives in Mauritania or forced prostitution in our own backyard, the issue of slavery is huge. How can we engage the issue of modern day slavery? I think that depends on what tradition you stand in. As a Christian, I have donated money to International Justice Mission, which rescues women and children from sex slavery, and to Love146, which provides aftercare to women and children who were sex slaves.
  • In Ancient Egypt

    In Ancient Egypt

    THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis.
  • Egyptian Interest in the Oases in the New Kingdom and a New Stela for Seth from Mut El-Kharab

    Egyptian Interest in the Oases in the New Kingdom and a New Stela for Seth from Mut El-Kharab

    Egyptian Interest in the Oases in the New Kingdom and a New Stela for Seth from Mut el-Kharab Colin Hope and Olaf Kaper The study of ancient interaction between Egypt and the occupants of regions to the west has focused, quite understandably, upon the major confrontations with the groups now regularly referred to as Liby- ans from the time of Seti I to Ramesses III, and the impact these had upon Egyptian society.1 The situ- ation in the oases of the Western Desert and the role they might have played during these conflicts has not received, until recently, much attention, largely because of the paucity of information either from the Nile Valley or the oases themselves. Yet, given their strategic location, it is not unrealistic to imagine that their control would have been of importance to Egypt both during the confrontations and in the period thereafter. In this short study we present a summary of recently discovered material that contributes sig- nificantly to this question, with a focus upon discoveries made at Mut el-Kharab since excavations com- menced there in 001,3 and a more detailed discussion of one object, a new stela with a hymn dedicated to Seth, which is the earliest attestation of his veneration at the site. We hope that the comments will be of interest to the scholar to whom this volume is dedicated; they are offered with respect, in light of the major contribution he has made to Ramesside studies, and with thanks for his dedication as a teacher and generosity as a colleague.
  • Precinct of Mut at South Karnak

    Precinct of Mut at South Karnak

    COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL / FOR PROMOTIONALPURPOSE ONLY COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL / FOR PROMOTIONALPURPOSE ONLY COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL / FOR PROMOTIONALPURPOSE ONLY The American University in Cairo Press Cairo New York First published in 2021 by The American University in Cairo Press 113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt One Rockefeller Plaza, 10th floor, New York, NY 10020 www.aucpress.com Copyright © 2021 by Richard A. Fazzini and Betsy M. Bryan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Dar el Kutub No. 19391/19 ISBN 978 977 416 973 1 Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fazzini, Richard A. The Precinct of Mut at South Karnak: an Archeaological Guide, Richard A. Fazzini, Betsy M. Bryan.— Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2021. p. cm. ISBN 978 977 416 973 1 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL / FOR PROMOTIONALPURPOSE ONLY 1. Egypt, Antiquities I. Bryan, Betsy M. 932 1 2 3 4 5 25 24 23 22 21 Designed by Rafik Abousoliman Printed in China Table of Contents Who Was Mut? 7 Eye of Re Goddesses 7 Stories of Sekhmet and the Eye of Re 8 Sekhmet Statues 10 The Mut Precinct: Exploration 13 Tomb of Khabekhenet 14 Early Exploration 15 Modern Exploration 18 The Early Mut Precinct 19 The Precinct Entrance 21 Between the Propylon and the Mut Temple 22 The Horwedja Chapel 23 The Mut Temple 25 The Porches 26 The Hut-ka Chapel of Nesptah 27 COPYRIGHTED
  • Gialja^Ainc^ Sues to Rev^Erse Oty Assessor's Dectsiofi Denying

    Gialja^Ainc^ Sues to Rev^Erse Oty Assessor's Dectsiofi Denying

    •jysnwTf, d«i ""^i"^"/. V? '-.=rt^-'^''^.^"' • •-•••'•-•• "••^-U"!J?.-Wv..,...'..,-iU'i. J.J ... iif •>- .^;:-'''-^'-' Kinmcut equates gays with tieo^iNazis Jack Kinnicui; host of a callan talk show on WHAM-AM (1180), Idd a Tmrnf-LMmcdksntts^fiiatvf^^ men and leshians ask for equsfity in sodety, ''it's no di&tenttfaan neoNar 2is demandtr^ equai i^ita*' Kinnkrt tcU Jim Otr (m Qrr^s Oct H'TljggEdln" oolumn) *atheob- jocts to "'^ homosexual movement betxiniK^ a polhkal ftjixr demandii^ equal J^cs for an alternative Kfestyle and a£oen:f>ttt^ to give it l^idmacy.'' Otr \vas quesooning Kim^^ the charges of higptzy and g^-bashing levekd at Kini^cut fix hts Rush- Limbai^ styk attacks on g^ on his show^ which aiiswcekciays fiom 10 ajTL to 12*45 psrt, and fiom 5 to 6 pjix The Rodiester Gay and Lesbian AIDSrtmtwgdwittttmmsess. Pc&tical Caucus and concerned indi­ Exh&AcfASDS^tetaiedatrtat viduab in the g^y oommunity have PjfttmutC^rtsCmlmrtht^ot^N^ 7. mounted a can^)a^^ to end what they Smp^e 9. Photo byEBmMahi^. fed is a one-sided pcesentatic»i of ste­ reotypes and hatEfiSed comments on gays and lesbians which ^viB encourage violenoe against us. Kinnicut has stated on the air diat heoETosexuaJs don't get ADOS, and has encouraged caliets who make anti-^^ GiaLjA^ainc^ sues to rev^erse Oty Assessor's statements, \(We cuttif^ off pto^^ caOets. Uke Limbaugh whose and-g^ dectsiofi denying propetty tax exemption pro-am is also htoaiast by WHAM, Kinrtkxit takes every opportunity to By Susan Jordan Hauser diai^pd that the GAGV coukl and g^ mea accuse gays
  • Teacher's Guide for Calliope

    Teacher's Guide for Calliope

    Teacher’s Guide for Calliope Majestic Karnak, Egypt’s Home of the Gods September 2009 Teacher’s Guide prepared by: Nancy Attebury, B.S. Elementary Ed., M.A. Children’s Literature. She is a children’s author from Oregon. In the Beginning pg. 4 (Drawing conclusions) Use pgs. 3 and 4 and the facts below to get answers. FACT: Karnak structures are north of Luxor today, but were inside the city of Thebes long ago. QUESTION 1: How would the area of Thebes compare in size to the city of Luxor? FACT: Karnak was the site of local festivals. QUESTION 2: What good would it do to have Karnak in the middle of Thebes instead of on the edge? FACT: King Montuhotep II, a 11th Dynasty king, conquered many centers of power. QUESTION 3: Why could Montuhotep II unify Egypt? FACT: Set and Horus poured “the waters of life” over the pharaoh Seti I. QUESTION 4: Why were the “waters of life” important to a ruler? Karnak Grows pg. 5 (Gathering information) Place Hatshepsut, Senwosret, Amenhotep III, Thurmose III, and Amenhotep I in the correct blanks. Ruler’s name What the ruler did Added a new temple to honor Mut, Amun’s wife. Added a building that became the Holy of Holies. It was called Akh-Menu Remodeled a temple that had been damaged by floodwaters. Made a temple four times larger than it was before. Destroyed the front of Senwosret’s old temple. A Beehive of Activity pg. 8 (Deducing) Use the article from p. 8 and the map plans on p.
  • Joyful in Thebes Egyptological Studies in Honor of Betsy M

    Joyful in Thebes Egyptological Studies in Honor of Betsy M

    JOYFUL IN THEBES EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HONOR OF BETSY M. BRYAN MATERIAL AND VISUAL CULTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT Editors X xxxxx, X xxxx NUMBER ONE JOYFUL IN THEBES EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HONOR OF BETSY M. BRYAN JOYFUL IN THEBES EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HONOR OF BETSY M. BRYAN Edited by Richard Jasnow and Kathlyn M. Cooney With the assistance of Katherine E. Davis LOCKWOOD PRESS ATLANTA, GEORGIA JOYFUL IN THEBES EGYPTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HONOR OF BETSY M. BRYAN Copyright © 2015 by Lockwood Press All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to Lockwood Press, PO Box 133289, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944276 ISBN: 978-1-937040-40-6 Cover design by Deborah Shieh, adapted by Susanne Wilhelm. Cover image: Amenhotep III in the Blue Crown (detail), ca. 1390–1352 BCE. Quartzite, Ht. 35 cm. Face only: ht. 12.8 cm; w. 12.6 cm. Rogers Fund, 1956 (56.138). Image copyright © the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. is paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Abbreviations xvii Bibliography of Betsy M. Bryan xxiv Tabula Gratulatoria xxviii T A. BÁCS Some Aspects of Tomb Reuse during the Twentieth Dynasty 1 Y BARBASH e Lion-Headed Goddess and Her Lost Cat: Brooklyn Museum 37.1379E 11 H BASSIR On the Historical Implications of Payeftjauemawyneith’s Self-Presentation on Louvre A 93 21 L M.
  • EPIMACHUS of PELUSIUM, SAINT, a Martyr in the Great Persecutions of DIOCLETIAN About 303 (Feast Day: 14 Bashans)

    EPIMACHUS of PELUSIUM, SAINT, a Martyr in the Great Persecutions of DIOCLETIAN About 303 (Feast Day: 14 Bashans)

    (CE:965b-967a) EPIMACHUS OF PELUSIUM, SAINT, a martyr in the great persecutions of DIOCLETIAN about 303 (feast day: 14 Bashans). He was of considerable prominence in Christian Egypt. Sa‘id ibn al- Bitriq (876-939) writes in his Annals (Cheikho, 1906, Vol. 1, p. 16): "In the days of both Diocletian and Maximian thousands of martyrs died; they tortured Mar Jirgis in all sorts of ways and put him to death in Palestine although he was of the Cappadocian nation, and these two killed Mar Menas, Mar Victor, Vincent, Epimachus and Mercurius." For an Egyptian of the ninth century, Epimachus occupied quite naturally a place close to the most renowned figures. The Oxyrhynchus papyrus calendar, dated 535-536, notes a liturgical synaxarion in honor of the martyr, in the church founded by PHOIBAMMON on 3 Hatur. Only four mutilated papyrus leaves now preserved at Turin remain in Coptic on Saint Epimachus. They have been published by F. Rossi (1888, p. 235). The reading of the text of the first fragment of a column was improved by O. von Lemm (1910, pp. 1461-64). The Coptic fragments are particularly striking because of the large number of Egyptian toponyms and because of the date they imply. These fragments, which belong to the fifth-sixth centuries, show in their title 14 Bashans but give 3 Hatur for the execution of the martyr. It would hardly be possible to interpret these fragments without the help of the Arabic parallel preserved in the notice of the Arabic SYNAXARION, which summarizes in detail the contents of the longest Coptic legend.
  • The Iconography, Magic, and Ritual of Egyptian Incense

    The Iconography, Magic, and Ritual of Egyptian Incense

    Studia Antiqua Volume 7 Number 1 Article 8 April 2009 An "Odor of Sanctity": The Iconography, Magic, and Ritual of Egyptian Incense Elliott Wise Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua Part of the History Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Wise, Elliott. "An "Odor of Sanctity": The Iconography, Magic, and Ritual of Egyptian Incense." Studia Antiqua 7, no. 1 (2009). https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua/vol7/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studia Antiqua by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. AN “ODOR OF SANCTITY”: THE ICONOGRAPHY, MAGIC, AND RITUAL OF EGYPTIAN INCENSE Elliott Wise ragrance has permeated the land and culture of Egypt for millennia. Early Fgraves dug into the hot sand still contain traces of resin, sweet-smelling lotus flowers blossom along the Nile, Coptic priests swing censers to purify their altars, and modern perfumeries export all over the world.1 The numerous reliefs and papyri depicting fumigation ceremonies attest to the central role incense played in ancient Egypt. Art and ceremonies reverenced it as the embodi- ment of life and an aromatic manifestation of the gods. The pharaohs cultivated incense trees and imported expensive resins from the land of Punt to satisfy the needs of Egypt’s prolific temples and tombs. The rise of Christianity in the first century ce temporarily censored incense, but before long Orthodox clerics began celebrating the liturgy in clouds of fragrant smoke.