The Ecology and Conservation Biology .of the Black-cheeked Lovebird Agapornis nigrigenis in Zambia Louise Sarah Warburton Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Science) in the School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg 2003 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to an African Grey Parrot I call Harvey; wishing that I could give you back the freedom you lost, that I found, and cherished, with the lovebirds. 11 PREFACE This work by Louise S. Warburton and supervised by Prof. M.R. Perrin is the first long term ecological study of a Lovebird. The study was carried out in the School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, from February 1998 to May 2003. This dissertation represents the original work of the author and has not otherwise been submitted in any form for any degree or diploma to another University. Where use has been made of the work of others it is duly acknowledged in the text. Chapters 3 - 12 are presented in chapters representing papers for due submission to international journals. As such each chapter is set to read independently and some repetition is therefore unavoidable. ...... ~.~~.w~~ . Louise S.Warburton Pietermaritzburg May 2003 111 ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to investigate the ecology of the Black-cheeked Lovebird Agapornis nigrigenis in the wild. Prior to this study little was known about the ecology of this parrot or other members of the genus Agapornis. The Black-cheeked Lovebird is classified as Vulnerable and has suffered a severe population decline and reduced distribution, from which, for largely speculative reasons, it has never recovered. The overall aim of this project was to elucidate the basic biology of the Black-cheeked Lovebird and determine the conservation actions which are necessary to conserve the species in the wild. Fieldwork was conducted across the species' range in south-west Zambia over twenty-two months between May to December 1998; March to December 1999; and February to May 2000. An education project focussing on Black-cheeked Lovebird conservation was conducted with local schools, villagers and Zambia Wildlife Authority scouts during September 2001. Historical records pertaining to distribution of the Black-checked Lovebird, both within and beyond Zambia are few, anecdotal and often discredited, and it is suggested that the species should be considered as endemic to Zambia. Within its core range the species has a clumped and localised distribution, associated with Mopane woodland and permanent water sources. Two sub-populations occur and appear to be distinct. Black-cheeked Lovebirds were most active, in the early morning and late afternoon, forming the largest daily flocks sizes during these times, which correlated with drinking and feeding activities. The smallest flock sizes occurred when roosting. Overall flock sizes were significantly larger during the dry (non-breeding) season. Black-cheeked Lovebirds were observed feeding on 39 species. Food items included seeds, leaves, flowers (especially nectar), fruit pulp, invertebrates, bark, lichen, resin, and soil. Various foraging techniques were used. Terrestrial foraging was dominant, with little temporal or spatial variability. Arboreal foraging in plants varied seasonally and by availability. Feeding preferences were not specialised and there was no dependence on a limited food resource. Black-cheeked Lovebirds fed on two agricultural crops. There was no evidence to suggest an extended foraging range during the crop-ripening season, or the reliance on crops for survival. The crop-ripening season coincided with the lovebird breeding season. The species is widely perceived as a crop pest, with 18% of seed heads of millet crops suffering more than 20% damage during the ripening season. Local farmers attempted to protect their crops in a variety of ways, however, these were largely ineffective and rarely lethal to lovebirds. The importance of elevating local tolerance for the species through education programmes is highlighted. IV This study presents the first collection of breeding data on the species. Breeding occurred from mid­ late January to early May. A single clutch was raised by most pairs per breeding cycle. Seventy-eight nests were found and characteristics measured. Fidelity to nest-sites is suspected. Although breeding behaviour was non-cooperative most nests were found in a loosely clumped distribution. No nesting requirement appeared to be in limited supply, or had reason to affect the population's reproductive output. Behavioural data on nest location, building, defence and predation are presented. In addition courtship, copulation, parental care and juvenile behaviours are reported. Data on clutch size, laying intervals and hatching success with captive birds are included. One nestling tested positive for Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus (PBFDV). Other observations suggest PBFDV is present in the wild population. Implications for research and conservation are discussed. Black-cheeked Lovebirds roosted inside naturally formed cavities in live Mopane trees. Roost cavities were found in a loosely clumped distribution. No roosting requirement appeared to be in limited supply. Black-cheeked Lovebirds are highly dependent on surface water supplies and need to drink at least twice daily. The lovebirds are highly cautious drinkers that will not drink if the water resource was actively disturbed by humans or livestock. Water availability is a limiting factor to the Black-cheeked Lovebird. The gradual desiccation of its habitat appears to be the major cause behind the reduction of occupancy within its small range. Over the last 45 years (1950 - 1997) the annual rainfall in the Black-cheeked Lovebird's habitat has decreased resulting in further reduction of its already highly localised distribution increasing the species dependence on artificial water supplies. The conservation management of the species should be prioritised towards maintaining and creating water. resources with minimal external disturbance; upholding the wild-caught trade ban in the species, continuing environmental education with local schools promoting lovebird conservation, and monitoring populations through dry season water source counts. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 'There is a silence in the imminence ofanimals and also in the echo oftheir noise, but the dread silence is the one that rises from a wilderness from which all the wild animals are gone' Peter Matthiessen, Sand Rivers, 198 I. This project would not have been possible without a lot of help from a wide-range of people and sponsors. All contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Sponsors The project was largely run on funds raised externally to the University. The major grant of US$20,000 came from the Loro Parque Fundacion in Tenerife. Other monies were raised from the Wildlife Conservation Society (USA), US$4,500; International Fund for Animal Welfare Charitable Trust (UK), £1,000; World Parrot Trust (Canada) C$3,OOO; Zambezi Society (UK) £2,219; Parrot Society (UK) £700; British Ornithologists Union £400; The Lovebird (1990) Society (UK) £320; Society for Conservation in Aviculture (UK) £100; Society for Conservation of Species Populations (Germany) US$1,500; San Diego Zoological Society (USA) US$5,000. British Airways Assisting Conservation flew me out (twice!) from London; Station Africa in Pretoria loaned a satellite phone, and Garmin (UK) provided a GPS at cost price. A couple of individuals deserve particular thanks for their encouragement during fund-raising: Dr Adrian Wilson from the Zambezi Society UK and Leslie Reissner from the World Parrot Trust Canada. The Monbiot family gave a private donation. A National Research Fund Bursary was secured between 1998-2000 worth R63,OOO and a University of Natal Graduate Assistantship grant towards registration fees was awarded between 1998-2002. Gay Langmuir bursaries were awarded in 2001 and 2002 worth R13,000. During 2002-2003 I worked part-time as the co-ordinator of the Cape Parrot Working Group and lab demonstrator to SFP students to support myself. Pietermaritzburg Prof. Mike Perrin for supervising the project, for the loan of the vehicle and his dedication to parrot conservation. Drs. Jaishree Raman, Tee Taylor and Colleen Downs for their voluntary proof-reading, which came complete with humour and encouragement - huge thanks and I know Lo.u's!; Drs. Stuart Taylor, Sarah Pryke and Colleen Downs for stats advice; and Riyad Ismail at the Department of Geography UNP for assistance creating the distribution map. The Harleys: Chris, Dave, Kim, De', Toni, Ellen and all the pets who became my adopted family in Pmb -I just can't thank you enough. And all my great KZN friends: with special appreciation to Jane Flockhart & family, the Floros family, the Pryke family, Malcolm & Gail Gemmell, William Horsfield (for the trips to The Point of No Return - and back & the rest), Jaishree Raman (despite your defecting to Siberia), Ronelle Van den Heever, Sven Bourquin, Dale Forbes, Craig Symes Dave Thompson, Sharon Lemos, Kwezi Mzilikazi, Megan McMaster, Heather King and Mark Brown amongst others- without you all I would have lost heart in sleepy hollow. Zambia Doug and Dee Evans from Chundukwa, Livingstone are thanked for their vital support when and where it mattered most - Doug orientated me to the wilds of the Nanzhila region in south Kafue National Park, showed me the places he'd seen the lovebirds and inspired me with a love for the