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Government Polytechnic Lohaghat (Champawat) Branch-Information Technology Semester-6 Subject- Multimedia Technology Unit-4 Images

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Government Polytechnic Lohaghat (Champawat) Branch-Information Technology Semester-6 Subject- Multimedia Technology Unit-4 Images Government Polytechnic Lohaghat (Champawat) Branch-Information Technology Semester-6 Subject- Multimedia Technology Unit-4 Images Course Description: Image, Image Formats, Image Compression and Multimedia Database. Course Duration: 10 hours Course Goals and Objectives: After Completing This Course, Trainee will be able to Understand Basic Concepts of Image Compression and Multimedia Database. Prerequisite: Trainee should have a basic knowledge of Multi-Dimensional array, Matrix Multiplication, and Database Management System. Bitmap A bitmap is an array of bits that specify the color of each pixel in a rectangular array of pixels. The number of bits devoted to an individual pixel determines the number of colors that can be assigned to that pixel. For example, if each pixel is represented by 4 bits, then a given pixel can be assigned one of 16 different colors (2^4 = 16). In computing, a bitmap is a mapping from some domain (for example, a range of integers) to bits. It is also called a bit array or bitmap index. A bitmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, in files or memory. Many graphical user interfaces use bitmaps in their built-in graphics subsystems Bitmaps are used to create realistic graphics and images. Like when you take a photograph using a digital camera or scan an image from a magazine, you are creating a bitmap graphic. A bitmap graphic is composed of many tiny parts, called pixels, which are often many different colors. Size of the BMP file correlates directly with its quality. The higher the quality, the bigger the file. Bitmaps are perfect for creating detailed images (like photographs) because of the amount of data each pixel can store. The greater the amount of data, the broader the range of colors it can display. There are many standard formats for saving bitmaps in disk files. Multimedia Image Formats JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group. PNG - Portable Network Graphics. GIF - Graphics Interchange Format. TIFF - Tagged Image File. PSD - Photoshop Document. PDF - Portable Document Format. AI - Adobe Illustrator Document. BMP - Bit Map. Govind Ballabh Head of Information Technology Government Polytechnic Lohaghat (Champawat) Branch-Information Technology Semester-6 Subject- Multimedia Technology Unit-4 Images BMP BMP is a standard format used by Windows to store device-independent and application independent images. The number of bits per pixel (1, 4, 8, 15, 24, 32, or 64) for a given BMP file is specified in a file header. BMP files with 24 bits per pixel are common. BMP files are usually not compressed and, therefore, are not well suited for transfer across the Internet. BMP is an image file format that contains bitmap graphics data. BMP images are device independent and require no graphics adapter to display them. Image data in BMP files are usually uncompressed or compressed with a lossless compression. This format supports Various Color Depths, alpha channels, color profiles, and optional data compression. BMP files are widely used on Windows operating systems and other platforms. It is compatible with all major image editing applications like Corel DRAW. TIFF (file types ending in .tif) TIFF (also known as TIF) stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF images are uncompressed and thus contain a lot of detailed image data. TIFFs are also extremely flexible in terms of color (they can be grayscale, or CMYK for print, or RGB for web). TIFF is a flexible and extendable format that is supported by a wide variety of platforms and image-processing applications. TIFF files can store images with an arbitrary number of bits per pixel and can employ a variety of compression algorithms. Several images can be stored in a single, multiple-page TIFF file. TIFF is the most common file type used in photo software (such as Photoshop), as well as page layout software (such as Quark and InDesign), because a TIFF contains a lot of image data. JPEG (file types ending in .JPEG) Also known as JPG, file types ending in .jpg. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, which created this standard for this type of image formatting. JPEG files are images that have been compressed to store a lot of information in a small-size file. JPEG is a compression scheme that works well for natural scenes such as scanned photographs. Some information is lost in the compression process, but often the loss is imperceptible to the human eye. JPEGs store 24 bits per pixel, so they are capable of displaying more than 16 million colors. JPEGs do not support transparency or animation. Most digital cameras store photos in JPEG format. A JPEG is compressed using “Lossy” compression. JPEG files are usually used for photographs on the web, because they create a small file that is easily loaded on a web page. JPEG files are bad for line drawings or logos or graphics due to compression. Govind Ballabh Head of Information Technology Government Polytechnic Lohaghat (Champawat) Branch-Information Technology Semester-6 Subject- Multimedia Technology Unit-4 Images GIF (file types ending in .gif) GIF stands for Graphic Interchange Format. This format compresses images but, as different from JPEG, the compression is lossless. No detail is lost in the compression, but the file size is larger than JPEG. GIF is a common format for images that appear on Web pages. GIFs work well for line drawings, pictures with blocks of solid color, and pictures with sharp boundaries between colors. GIFs are compressed, but no information is lost in the compression process; a decompressed image is exactly the same as the original. 1. Due to limited color range GIF is suitable for the web but not for printing. 2. This format is never used for photography, because of the limited number of colors. 3. GIFs can also be used for animations. PNG (file types ending in .png) The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as a free, open-source alternative to GIF. The PNG file format supports 24-bit truecolor (16 million colors). PNG was created as an open format to replace GIF, because the patent for GIF was owned by one company and nobody else wanted to pay licensing fees. It also allows for a full range of color and better compression. The PNG format retains many of the advantages of the GIF format but also provides capabilities beyond those of GIF. Like GIF files, PNG files are compressed with no loss of information. PNG files can store colors with 8, 24, or 48 bits per pixel and grayscales with 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bits per pixel. It’s used almost exclusively for web images, never for print images. For photographs, PNG is not as good as JPEG, because it creates a larger file. PNG is better for images with some text, or line art, because the images look less “bitmappy.” Raw image files Raw image files usually contain data from a digital camera. The files are called raw because they haven’t been processed and therefore can’t be edited or printed yet. There are a lot of different raw formats–each camera company often has its own proprietary format. Raw files usually contain a vast amount of data that is uncompressed. Because of this, the size of a raw file is extremely large. Usually they are converted to TIFF before editing and color-correcting. Raster Graphics Raster images use bit maps to store information. This means a large file needs a large bitmap. The larger the image, the more disk space the image file will take up. As an example, a 640 x 480 image requires Govind Ballabh Head of Information Technology Government Polytechnic Lohaghat (Champawat) Branch-Information Technology Semester-6 Subject- Multimedia Technology Unit-4 Images information to be stored for 307,200 pixels, while a 3072 x 2048 image requires information to be stored for 6,291,456 pixels. We use algorithms which compress images to help reduce these file sizes. Image formats like jpeg and gif are common compressed image formats. Scaling down these images is easy but enlarging a bitmap makes it pixelated or simply blurred. Hence for images which need to scaled to different sizes, we use vector graphics. File extensions: .BMP, .TIF, .GIF, .JPG Vector Graphics Making use of sequential commands or mathematical statements or programs which place lines or shapes in a 2-D or 3-D environment is referred to as Vector Graphics. Vector graphics are best for printing since it is composed of a series of mathematical curves. As a result vector graphics print crisply even when they are enlarged. In vector graphics, the file is created and saved as a sequence of vector statements. Rather than having a bit in the file for each bit of line drawing we use commands which describe series of points to be connected. Example AutoCad Drawing file. Extensions : .DWG, .SVG, .EPS, .PDF, .AI, .DXF Printers and display devices are raster devices. As a result we need to convert vector images to raster format before they can be used i.e displayed or printed. Raster vs Verctor 1. The main difference between vector and raster graphics is that raster graphics are composed of pixels, while vector graphics are composed of paths. 2. Raster graphics are cheaper than vector graphics. 3. Raster graphics occupy more space depends on image quality. 4. Vector graphics file extensions are DWG, SVG, EPS, PDF, AI, DXF while Raster File extensions are BMP, TIF, GIF, JPG, PNG.
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