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Initial Study – Compilation and Synthesis of Knowledge About Energy Crops from Field to Energy Production

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Initial Study – Compilation and Synthesis of Knowledge About Energy Crops from Field to Energy Production CROPS FROM FIELD TO ENERGY 1019 Initial study – compilation and synthesis of knowledge about energy crops from field to energy production Magnus Berg, Monika Bubholz, Maya Forsberg, Åse Myringer, Ola Palm, Marie Rönnbäck, Claes Tullin Initial study – compilation and synthesis of knowledge about energy crops from field to energy production Förstudie - sammanställning och syntes av kunskap och erfarenheter om grödor från åker till energiproduktion Magnus Berg, Monika Bubholz, Maya Forsberg, Åse Myringer, Ola Palm, Marie Rönnbäck, Claes Tullin Project number E06-603 VÄRMEFORSK Service AB SE-101 53 STOCKHOLM · Tel +46 8 677 25 80 November 2007 ISSN 1653-1248 VÄRMEFORSK Abstract Literature on existing knowledge on agrifuel, straw, energy grain, willow, reed canary grass and hemp has been reviewed with the aim of identifying knowledge gaps and areas for future research. This work covers the entire chain from cultivation, harvesting, storage and transport to quality assurance, preparation, refining, dosing, combustion, emission, flue gas cleaning and ash disposal. v VÄRMEFORSK vi VÄRMEFORSK Summary Energy crops constitute an as yet not fully utilised potential as fuel for heating and power production. As competition for biomass increases interest in agricultural fuels such as straw, energy grain, willow, reed canary grass and hemp is increasing. Exploiting the potential for energy crops as fuels will demand that cultivation and harvest be coordinated with transportation, storage and combustion of the crops. Together, Värmeforsk and the Swedish Farmers’ Foundation for Agricultural Research (SLF), have taken the initiative to a common research programme. The long-term aim of the programme is to increase production and utilisation of bioenergy from agriculture to combustion for heat and power production in Sweden. The vision is that during the course of the 2006 – 2009 programme, decisive steps will be taken towards a functioning market for biofuels for bioenergy from agriculture. This survey has compiled and synthesised available knowledge and experiences about energy crops from field to energy production. The aim has been to provide a snapshot of knowledge today, to identify knowledge gaps and to synthesise knowledge we have today into future research needs. A research plan proposal has been developed for the research programme. Key words: energy crop, agrifuel, straw, energy grain, willow, reed canary grass, hemp, literature survey, synthesis vii VÄRMEFORSK viii VÄRMEFORSK Foreword This initial study is indebted to a reference group that has very actively and enthusiastically shared their views during a workshop. The reference group was made up of the following members: Anders Folkesson, Sydved Energileveranser Lennart Ryk, Söderenergi Birgitta Tiderman, Göteborg Energi Magnus Nordberg, Swedish Board of Agriculture Carolin Svensson, Kalmar Energi Värme Margareta Lundberg, Metso Claes Ribbing, Svenska Energiaskor AB Per Graesén, E.ON Värme Syd Sverige Erik Hedar, Swedish Energy Agency Peter Ottosson, Lunds Energi Eva Pettersson, The Swedish Farmers’ Pål Börjesson, Lund University Faculty of Foundation for Agricultural Research Engineering Fredrik Starfelt, ENA Energi Pär Aronsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Science Gullvi Borgström, Värmeforsk Raziyeh Khodayari, Värmeforsk Hans Nordström, Vattenfall Värme Nordic Rickard Broström, Fortum Värme (chair) Håkan Rosenqvist Tommy Berglund, Öresundskraft Katja Szücs, Söderenergi Ulf Björklund, Eskilstuna Energi & Miljö Kjell Östman, Övik Energi Urban Eklund, ENA Energi Lars O Johansson, Umeå Energi Yvonne Söderström, Processum Leif Rehnberg, Mariestad-Töreboda Energi Åke Nordberg, JTI The project group comprised: Marie Rönnbäck, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Claes Tullin, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Ola Palm, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Maya Forsberg, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Martin Sundberg, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Monika Bubholz, Vattenfall Research and Development Åse Myringer, Vattenfall Research and Development Magnus Berg, Vattenfall Research and Development The following have contributed to various sections: Martin Sundberg, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Gunnar Lundin, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Hugo Westlin, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Johanna Olson, JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Pär Aronsson, Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science ix VÄRMEFORSK Rolf Olsson, Biomass Technology and Chemistry (BTK), Swedish University of Agricultural Science Håkan Rosenqvist, Doctor of Agronomy Raida Jirjis, Department of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Science Håkan Örberg, Biomass Technology and Chemistry (BTK), Swedish University of Agricultural Science x VÄRMEFORSK Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 THE GOALS OF THIS WORK....................................................................................... 1 1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 1 2 SYNTHESIS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ............................................................. 2 2.1 PRODUCTION RELATED OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY CROPS ................... 3 2.2 HOW CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING AFFECT FUEL QUALITY .......................................... 5 2.3 STORAGE AND LOGISTICS........................................................................................ 7 2.4 REFINING OF FUELS................................................................................................ 8 2.5 PREPARATION AND FEEDING OF FUELS AT ENERGY PLANTS .......................................... 10 2.6 COMBUSTION OF ENERGY CROPS ............................................................................ 11 2.7 PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY FROM ENERGY CROPS................................................... 13 2.8 FLUE GAS CLEANING AND EMISSIONS....................................................................... 14 2.9 ASH HANDLING AND RETURNING ASH TO THE SOIL...................................................... 16 3 CURRENT RESEARCH PROGRAMMES .............................................................. 19 3.1 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 25 4 PRODUCTION COSTS FOR AGRIFUEL ENERGY ................................................ 26 4.1 COST ASSUMPTIONS FOR CALCULATIONS ................................................................. 27 4.2 COMMENTS ON THE CALCULATIONS......................................................................... 28 4.3 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 29 5 OBSTACLES TO AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF ENERGY CROPS ....................................................................................................... 30 5.1 OBSTACLES TO CROPS ......................................................................................... 30 5.2 OPPORTUNITIES .................................................................................................. 34 5.3 CURRENT RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 35 5.4 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 35 6 HOW CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING AFFECT FUEL QUALITY ....................... 38 6.1 STRAW .............................................................................................................. 38 6.2 CURRENT RESEARCH ON FUEL QUALITY OF STRAW ..................................................... 41 6.3 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 42 6.4 GRAIN ............................................................................................................... 43 6.5 CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE QUALITY OF GRAIN AS FUEL ............................................ 43 6.6 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 44 6.7 WILLOW............................................................................................................. 44 6.8 CURRENT RESEARCH ON WILLOW IN TERMS OF FUEL QUALITY ....................................... 47 6.9 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 47 6.10 REED CANARY GRASS ........................................................................................... 48 6.11 CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE FUEL QUALITY OF REED CANARY GRASS ............................ 51 6.12 REFERENSER...................................................................................................... 52 6.13 HEMP ................................................................................................................ 53 6.14 CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE FUEL QUALITY OF HEMP ................................................. 55 6.15 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................
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