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Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden

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Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden Börjesson, Pål; Tufvesson, Linda; Lantz, Mikael 2010 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Börjesson, P., Tufvesson, L., & Lantz, M. (2010). Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden. (LUTFD2/TFEM--10/3061--SE + (1-88); Vol. 70). Lund University. Department of Technology and Society. Environmental and Energy Systems Studies. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Department of Technology and Society Environmental and Energy Systems Studies Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden Pål Börjesson, Linda Tufvesson & Mikael Lantz Report No. 70 May 2010 Address P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Tel. Int +46 46-222 86 38, +46 46 222 00 00 Telefax Int. +46 46-222 86 44 Internet http://www.miljo.lth.se ISSN 1102-3651 ISRN LUTFD2/TFEM--10/3061--SE + (1-88) ISBN 91-88360-96-2 © Pål Börjesson, Linda Tufvesson, Mikael Lantz Organisation, The document can be obtained through Type of document LUND UNIVERSITY Report Department of Technology and Society Date of issue Environmental and Energy Systems Studies May 2010 P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Authors Telephone: int+46 46-222 00 00 Pål Börjesson, Linda Tufvesson & Telefax: int+46 46-222 86 44 Mikael Lantz Title and subtitle Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden Abstract The purpose of this study is to carry out updated and developed life cycle assessments of biofuels produced and used in Sweden today. The focuses are on making the assessments as relevant and transparent as possible and to identify hot spots which have significant impacts on the environmental performance of the specific biofuel production chains. The study includes sensitivity analyses showing the impact on changed future conditions. The results should be seen as current and average environmental performance based on updated calculation methods. Thus individual systems developed by specific companies may have somewhat different performances. The biofuels analysed are ethanol from wheat, sugar beet and sugar cane (imported from Brazil), RME from rapeseed, biogas from sugar beet, ley crops, maize and organic residues, such as municipal waste, food industry waste and liquid manure. The study also includes co-production of ethanol and biogas from wheat. Final use in both light and heavy duty vehicles, and related emissions, are assessed. Environmental impact categories considered are climate change, eutrophication, acidification, photochemical oxidants, particles and energy balances. The calculations include emissions from technical systems, e.g. energy input in various operations and processes, and biogenic emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide from direct land use changes (LUC). The potential risk of indirect land use changes (ILUC) is also assessed. By-products are included by three different calculation methods, system expansion, energy allocation and economic allocation. The results are presented per MJ biofuel, but the alternative functional unit per hectare cropland is also used regarding the greenhouse gas performance of crop-based biofuels. Finally, estimations are carried out regarding the current environmental performance of the current various biofuel systems based on system expansion, recommended by the ISO-standardisation of LCA, and energy allocation, utilised in the standardisation of biofuels within the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive (RED). Keywords Biofuels, life cycle assessment, environmental aspects, Sweden Number of pages Language ISRN 80 English ISRN LUTFD2/TFEM--10/3061--SE + (1-88) ISSN ISBN ISSN 1102-3651 ISBN 91-88360-96-2 Department classification Report No. 70 0 1 Foreword ____________________________________________________________________________ This report was initiated by the Swedish Gas Centre (SGC), which has also served as coordinator for the project. Funding, which we wish herewith to acknowledge, has been received from AGA Gas AB, Ageratec, Swedish Waste Management [Avfall Sverige], BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation (BAFF), Energigårdarna, E. ON Gas Sweden AB, Flotech/Green Lane Biogas, Fordonsgas Sverige, Airport Coaches [Flygbussarna], Göteborg Energi AB, Kraftringen Produktion AB, LRF, Lantmännen Energi, Läckeby Water AB, Malmberg Water AB, Norups Gård, Perstorp Bioproducts, Preem Petroleum, SEKAB, SL, Stockholm Gas, Svensk Biogas AB, Svensk Raps, Öresundskraft and the Swedish Energy Agency [Energimyndigheten]. A reference group, linked to the project has contributed with valuable and constructive comments and viewpoints during the course of the work. We would especially like to thank Kristina Birath (Swedish Association of Green Motorists [Gröna Bilister]), Johan Biärsjö (Svensk Raps), Mats Björsell (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [Naturvårdsverket]), Maria Edlund (SEKAB), Tula Ekengren (Fordonsgas Sverige), Sven-Olov Ericson (Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications [Näringsdepartementet]), Håkan Eriksson (E.ON), Sören Eriksson (Preem Petroleum), Linus Hagberg (IVL), Erik Herland (LRF), Anders Hultgren (Perstorp), Olle Hådell (the Swedish Transport Administration [Vägverket]), Sofie Karlsson (Lantmännen), Lars-Gunnar Lindfors (IVL), Marita Linné (Biomil), Lena Nordgren (BAFF), Claes Ramel (Energigårdarna), Jan Svensson (Airport Coaches [Flygbussarna]), Nanna Wikholm (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [Naturvårdsverket]), Eric Zinn (Göteborg Energi), Andreas Öman (IVL) and finally Mattias Svensson (SGC, coordinator). A critical review of the report has been made by IVL (see Appendix). Lund, May 2010 The authors 2 3 Table of contents 1. Background .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 1 3. Method and limitations ................................................................................................................ 2 3.1. The systems analysed ............................................................................................................................. 2 3.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 2 3.2.1 Functional unit .................................................................................................................................................. 2 3.2.2 Data ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 3.2.3 System boundaries and allocations ................................................................................................................... 4 3.2.4 Environmental impact categories .................................................................................................................... 11 4. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 12 4.1. Limitations in production volumes ....................................................................................................... 12 4.2. Changed land use .................................................................................................................................. 16 4.2.1. Direct effects .................................................................................................................................................. 16 4.2.2. Indirect effects................................................................................................................................................ 17 4.3. Emissions of greenhouse gases............................................................................................................. 20 4.3.1. Calculation results .......................................................................................................................................... 20 4.3.2. Assessed climate benefit including changed land use .................................................................................... 24 4.4. Emissions of compounds contributing to eutrophication ..................................................................... 25 4.4.1. Calculation results .......................................................................................................................................... 25 4.4.2. Assessed contribution to eutrophication
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