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Russian and Soviet Sociolinguistics and Taboo Varieties of the Russian Language (Argot, Jargon, Slang and "Mat")

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Russian and Soviet Sociolinguistics and Taboo Varieties of the Russian Language (Argot, Jargon, Slang and Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 205 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Wilhelm von Timroth Russian and Soviet Sociolinguistics and Taboo Varieties of the Russian Language (Argot, Jargon, Slang and "Mat") Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Wilhelm von Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 S l a v is t ic h e B eiträge BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN ־ JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN t PETER REHDER ■ JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 205 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN Wilhelm von Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 WILHELM VON TIMROTH RUSSIAN AND SOVIET SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND TABOO VARIETIES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (Argot, Jargon, Slang and ” Mat” ) Revised and Enlarged Edition Translated into English by Nortrud Gupta VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1986 Wilhelm von Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 B ayerische ־Stftfttsb 1b I iothoK München ISBN 3-87690-355-6 & Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1986 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, München Wilhelm von Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 FOREWORD This thesis is the result of eight years' work on поп-literary varieties of the Russian language. I have included only part of all the literature I analysed and the linguistic data I collected. Since I wanted to stick to essentials, a careful selection has been necessary, however difficult. No attempt has been made at lexicographical completeness. One of my main difficulties has been to obtain linguistic material. This problem never left me during the entire period of eight years and was further complicated by the geographical distance between Munich and the Soviet Union, and by the unfavourable conditions for travel to that country. Further complications arose because certain Soviet dissertations and relevant dictionaries were not obtainable, even in the Soviet Union. In spite of these odds I managed to compile a list of the most common non-llterary words, and also some less common ones, filling more than 4.000 index cards. Researching particular Russian linguistic varieties has yielded a lot of Information on the life and thoughts of the Soviet people, which no amateur or a linguist exclusively concerned with the literary language could ever have obtained. Many people have, knowingly or unknowingly, helped me in collecting my linguistic material: Soviet labourers, skilled workers, technicians, engi- neers, employees, scientific workers, teachers, professors and a member of the Academy, but also school children, students, musicians, drug addicts, ex-convicts, acquaintances and friends. The task was lightened by my long experience as a translator and interpreter and the professional con- nections with Soviet citizens resulting from it. I am indebted to them all. I also wish to thank my friends and acquaintances Igor Jassenjawskij, W. J.. M. M. and Ljuda, to whom I greatly indebted, as well as my uncle Michael von Tlmroth (Virkby, Finland) and many more whose names cannot be mentioned here. Especially heartfelt thanks to my FRIEND who advised me on many questions and often established the necessary contacts with linguistically interesting groups of people. From the very beginning he took a close personal Interest in my work. Prof. Dr. Josef Schrenk, who supervised my dissertation with great patience, interest and understanding, has been to me theWilhelm ideal von "Doktorva-Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 I vi ter”. (My dissertation was accepted in the winter term of 1982/83 by the Philosophical Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich.) I am sincerely grateful to him. I also want to thank Frau A. Nitschke, M.A., Frau Ch. Cless, M.A., and Dr. G. Leikauf, all of whom took on the hard task of proof-reading, and Prof. Dr. P. Rehder, who kindly arranged for this dissertation to be Included in the series "Slavistische Beiträge". But all these efforts would have come to nought without the gener- ous and untiring help of my parents, Peter and Tatjana von Timroth. They deserve my deepest gratitude. Munich, March 1983 Wilhelm von Timroth Wilhelm von Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 vii Foreword to the English Edition I am grateful that my doctoral dissertation has been well received, not only among specialists but also in non-academic circles. The English ver- sion contains some minor alterations and additions based on suggestions made by reviewers and readers of the German text and on a few acciden- tal discoveries. The bibliography has been augmented by a number of ti- ties to which I had access or which were published only after the German manuscript had gone into print. In addition, the register now Includes a list of Russian linguistic and other special terms. One reviewer noticed the absence of Flegon’s dictionary, which I had not included in the bibli- ography because I had not directly used it as source material. This well- known work has been included here. Apart from these changes the original text has remained unaltered, although I do realize that a few of the chapters could have been further elaborated. The first initiative for the English translation came from Mrs. Nor- trud Gupta, M.A., of Bangalore, India. She not only conceived the idea, but also carried it out with a will. I am indebted to her for all she has done for me in this connection, not least of all for the great patience the translation demanded of her. I wish again to thank Professor Peter Rehder and Profeseor Josef Schrenk and my publisher Otto Sagner, who arranged for the English edi- tion to be Included in the series "Slavistische Beiträge". I am also grateful to Dr. Jeremy S. Roth and Mrs. Carol S. Garrett, who proof-read the English manuscript. Last but not least I would like to thank Wilhelm Braunschober of GSE Software Engineering. Ltd., Munich, for having developed a Russian sorting program which can also be Implemented for other languages, and which he coordinated with my "euroscript" word processing program. Mr. Braunscho- ber's program greatly facilitated the compilation of the register. The text was printed out on a NEC Pinwriter P5. Munich, November 1986 W. v. T. Wilhelm von Timroth - 9783954792337 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 vii! TABLE OP CONTENTS FOREWORD V INTRODUCTION 1 1- Definition of Subject 1 2. Objective and Plan of Thesis 3 A. RESEARCH ON RUSSIAN ARGOTS AND JARGONS 6 I. Pre-Revolutionary Research 6 II. Post-Revolutionary Research 12 1. The Sociological Period 12 2. The Period of Marr and Stalin 27 3. The Stalin Period 39 4. The Period After Stalin and Today 40 B. DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY 59 I. General Remarks 59 II. Varieties of Russian 60 1. Social Dialects 60 2. Social Speech Styles 62 3• Artificial Languages 63 a) Conventional Languages (Argots) 63 b) Secret Languages 65 4. Argot and Jargon 66 5. P r o s to r e ã ie 72 6. Colloquial Language 77 7. Slang 79 84 ״ Mat” .8 C. TABOO VARIETIES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 88 I. Summary of Linguistic Taboo Varieties 88 1• Reasons for the Taboo 93 2. D i s t r i b u t i o n 96 3. Usage 99 II. Volume of Vocabulary 105 1. Active and Passive Vocabulary 106 2• WilhelmFrequency von Timroth - 9783954792337 106 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:26:04AM via free access 00060819 |д D. EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY ....................................................................... 107 I . B orrow ing ................................................................................................. 107 1. Loan Words ....................................................................................... 107 a) E n g lish ....................................................................................... 107 b) German ......................................................................................... 108 c) Y id d ish ....................................................................................... 109 d) I t a l i a n ....................................................................................... 109 e) F rench ......................................................................................... 109 £) F in n is h ....................................................................................... 109 g) O th er Languages .................................................................. 110 2. A s s im ila tio n of Loan Words ............................................. 110 a) Phonetic and Stress Changes .................................. 110 b) Morphological and Semantic Changes ................ I l l aa) Change of number ..................................................... 112 bb) Change of word class .......................................... 112 cc) Change of c ase .........................................................
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