Discovery, Innovation and Science in the Historic Environment RESEARCH

ISSUE 8 . SPRING 2018 ...to a new look for the magazine.

In this issue of Historic England Research we offer another exciting range of applied research stories showing the stunning breadth and depth of our historic environment. Lidar technology reveals a Lancashire hillfort that isn’t, while thermography uncovers the energy efficiency of historic buildings and detects sources of moisture ingress. We look at a castle ‘at risk’ on the Welsh borders that, with the commitment of the local community is being rediscovered, repaired and, with research by Historic England, reconnected with its original landscape. We rediscover the parish poorhouse of Framlingham Castle and look at how research is helping develop Local Lists in Nottingham. We review the results of a study we funded on major parish churches and the particular challenges they face, explore Welcome... the past and possible future of climate change, and reconsider the wreck of HMS Colossus, both in the Isles of Scilly. Finally, we explore how through our funding the Cambridge Archaeological Unit published the final volume of the seminal excavations at Mucking, Essex. This volume provides the perfect opportunity to mark the retirement of Steve Trow, a long standing member of Historic England and Director of Research, under whose watch many of these projects happened.

Barney Sloane Director of Research, Historic England.

2 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 3 We are the public body that We champion historic places, looks after helping people understand,

England’s historic environment value and care for them

Contents ...... Spring issue

RESEARCH magazine

Editor Jon Cannon

Designer Vincent Griffin 6 26 40 52 66 Managing Editor Paul Backhouse

Previous issues of Historic England Research can be viewed online at: www.HistoricEngland. org.uk/images-books/ periodicals/historic-england- Lidar and field survey of Framlingham Workhouse Major parish churches – Working on the edge Writing Mucking research/historic-england- Warton Crag hilltop enclosure A unique embodiment of Poor Law perceptions and expectations Our changing perceptions of the Preparing a major 1960s excavation research-back-issues/ Shining new light on a scheduled history, standing within the inner Research identifies the issues facing wreck of HMS Colossus. for publication. ISSN: 2058-1858 ‘hillfort’ in Lancashire. bailey of the famous Suffolk castle. a distinctive type of church building. Product Code: 52094

Copyright © the authors or their employing institutions (text) and Historic England 2018. The views expressed are those of individual contributors and not necessarily those of Historic England.

For any further information and questions please email: 14 34 46 58 76 [email protected] If you would like this document in a different format, please contact our customer service department on:

Telephone: 0370 333 0607

Snodhill Castle, Peterchurch, Enhancing Nottingham’s Thermography in historic The past as the key to the future Historic England publications Textphone: 01793 015 0174

Herefordshire Local List buildings Reconstructing past sea levels on New and recent titles. Email: customers@Historic Revealing a Marcher Castle. Increasing coverage and supporting Infrared thermography can provide the Isles of Scilly, and projecting England.org.uk the protection of Nottingham’s invaluable information, without how the landscape might change in heritage. intrusive investigation. the future.

4 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 5 Shining new light on a scheduled ‘hillfort’ in Lancashire. Lidar and field survey of In 2016, Historic England The recent aerial mapping, resolution, the technique can even undertook aerial mapping and however, used specially ‘see’ through tree canopies to record analytical field survey of the commissioned lidar imagery. the terrain beneath. The mapping scheduled ‘hillfort’ that occupies By emitting light pulses from of the new data, in combination the summit of Warton Crag in an aeroplane and measuring with ground observation, has Warton Crag north Lancashire. Large parts of the time they take to return, resulted in a much more detailed the site are heavily overgrown and lidar accurately records height and nuanced understanding of to date have proved extremely differences on the ground, and the monument, and thrown in difficult to investigate using is therefore capable of picking to question its hitherto accepted traditional air- and ground-based out archaeological earthworks. identification as a hillfort >> hilltop enclosure survey techniques. If carried out at a high enough

Lidar-derived digital terrain model of Warton Crag. © Historic England; Headlands to Headspace lidar data from Bluesky International Ltd

6 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 7 Left: Part of the middle circuit of walls, Right: Plan view of the circuits of the illustrating the scale of the ‘defences’ and Warton Crag hilltop enclosure, as revealed the nature of the obscuring vegetation. by a 16-direction hillshade visualisation © Historic England, Marcus Jecock of the lidar data. © Historic England; Headlands to Headspace lidar data from Bluesky International Ltd.

Warton Crag is a prominent limestone that time, but have proved difficult besides being part of an AONB, the the crag from Bluesky International recorded by William Hutchinson the outer circuit as less massive, ridge, located within the Arnside to interpret because the thick tree crag is a site of special scientific Ltd so as to facilitate detailed in a letter communicated to the and the middle as less massive and Silverdale Area of Outstanding and scrub cover makes planning interest, a local nature reserve, and aerial mapping of the enigmatic Society of Antiquaries of London again. He identified two entrances Natural Beauty (AONB). It overlooks – and even seeing and following an area of ancient woodland, as well monument that lies on the summit. in 1788 (Hutchinson 1789). in both the inner and middle the eastern edge of Morecambe Bay – them on the ground extremely as being the subject of a Limestone The mapping was followed by Hutchinson was a solicitor, but also circuits, and three in the outer; and also has clear sightlines east problematic. This vegetation is Pavement Protection Order. detailed observation on the ground a keen antiquary and the author of he also mentioned the ruins of towards the Yorkshire Dales. Three also a threat to the archaeology, to interpret and refine the lidar plot, historical accounts of Durham and a small square hut within the arcs of ruined stone walling isolate and in consequence the monument In 2016, Historic England and all as the first step towards drawing Cumberland. The inner circuit was, interior where ‘a beacon used to the ridge’s uplifted southern scarp- was placed on Historic England’s Morecambe Bay Partnership (the up a management plan for the long- and still is, the most substantial, be fired’, and a circular depression edge from the northern dip slope. Heritage at Risk Register in 2012. latter through the Heritage Lottery term conservation of the site. described by Hutchinson as formed which he thought might be a The walls have been recognised The heritage interest of the ‘hillfort’, Fund-sponsored Headlands to of facing stones 10ft (c 3m) apart, reservoir for water (although for over 200 years, and have been however, has to be weighed Headspace Landscape Partnership Existing knowledge set within a more extensive scatter he did not specify whether he scheduled as the ramparts of an against competing environmental, Scheme) jointly commissioned new, The existence of three walled of tumbled stones up to 10 paces thought this contemporary with Iron Age hillfort for almost half geological and wildlife designations: high-resolution, lidar imagery of circuits on Warton Crag was first (c 8-9m) wide. He described any of the other structures) >>

8 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 9 Hutchinson interpreted the site as containing large areas of exposed interpretation could be checked N a defensive encampment associated limestone pavement – is the most and enhanced, and additional with native British resistance to massive. There is no evidence that detail added. The ability to view the the Roman conquest of northern this inner wall ever continued above mapping and lidar visualisations England. This view is in line with the main, steep southern scarp- at the same time as having a good the orthodox paradigm of the 18th edge known as Beacon Breast. The fix of one’s ground position was a century, which interpreted field lidar survey revealed no surviving great help; previously, it had proved monuments within a historical internal structures contemporary difficult to follow the walls through narrative derived from the few with the enclosure – indeed the the dense undergrowth, and almost surviving relevant works by fractured and irregular nature of impossible for a field investigator to Classical and early medieval authors. the bare limestone pavement makes know exactly where they were when We now call this period the Late permanent occupation unlikely. examining features on the ground. Iron Age. Hutchinson’s dating has The walls of a number of small been followed uncritically by ‘pens’ are, however, visible against The field survey demonstrated subsequent investigators, including a low limestone scar just back that the walls are all similar in the Ordnance Survey, the Victoria from Beacon Breast, and a circular build, consisting of rubble infill County History, and the archaeologist depression can be seen towards between faces of orthostatic James Forde-Johnstone, all of the centre of the monument. These construction (that is, formed whom have surveyed the site are almost certainly post-medieval of stones set on end); they are, and interpreted it as a hillfort stock enclosures and a dewpond therefore, as far as we can say based – although each has offered a (the latter probably to be equated on surface evidence, probably all somewhat different take on the with Hutchinson’s reservoir) for contemporary. Survey was even form and extent of the earthworks. grazing cattle. The visualisations able to identify individual in-situ also suggested a number of gaps in surviving orthostats and confirm Lidar and field survey each of the three circuits although that the walls were originally wall circuits The high-resolution lidar data from the lidar alone it was impossible up to 3m wide, as reported by later stock pens central to the new research to ascertain whether these are Hutchinson. The survey also pond was collected on a 0.25m grid original entrances or later breaks. revealed that the southern end quarries and processed in-house to of the middle wall extended 30m field wall produce various visualisations The density of vegetation cover further than plotted from the lidar, of the terrain. These are striking, over parts of the site meant that all the way to the crest of Beacon 0 100m temporary fence showing much of the extent and even lidar as high-resolution as Breast, and identified a number of footpath form of the enclosure as well as this could not pick out all the additional stock enclosures. These its topographical setting. The earthworks, however. The aerial features were all invisible on the monument can be clearly seen to be mapping was therefore loaded onto lidar because the vegetation was Above: The final plan of the enclosure, defined by three irregular circuits, a handheld (mapping-grade) Global exceptionally dense in particular derived from aerial mapping of lidar data refined by ground observation. of which the inner – enclosing Navigation Satellite System device, areas. Finally, the field survey © Historic England, Sharon Soutar almost 3ha of the Crag summit and to be taken in to the field where confirmed that a number of >>

10 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 11 Left: Part of the middle wall-circuit showing Middle: The additional section of the Right: The western entrance in the outer wall faces formed by in situ orthostats. middle wall identified by field survey rampart, flanked by transverse orthostats. © Historic England, Marcus Jecock immediately above Beacon Edge. The © Historic England, Marcus Jecock ranging rods indicate the site of a newly recognised entrance through the wall. © Historic England, Marcus Jecock

the breaks seen on the lidar are two entrances, Warton has at least suggested that site may have acted The walled circuits are unlikely ever to have presented a serious obstacle to original entrances and – on the two in the inner circuit, three in as a central place for pastoralist determined attackers basis that entrances are likely to the middle circuit, and possibly as farmers to gather at certain times of be distinguished by large flanking many as four in the outer one. the year. The aim may have been to orthostats set at right angles to sort, exchange and serve animals, The authors Further information the line of the walls – was able Rather, the site seems to have settle feuds, and simply re-affirm Marcus Jecock FSA Sally Evans Barnatt, J, Bevan, B and Edmonds, to identify further examples. more in common with a class communal bonds (Barnatt et al Senior Archaeological Investigator Aerial Investigator with M 2017 An Upland Biography: of upland enclosure which in 2017). Only excavation will confirm with Historic England. Historic England. Landscape and Prehistory on These observations all cast doubt on recent years has been recognised whether Warton Crag is another Gardom’s Edge, Derbyshire. the traditional interpretation of the in increasing numbers across example of this class of Bronze Age Marcus has Sally has Oxford: Windgather Press monument as a hillfort. Hillforts northern England. All examples enclosure, but we can be confident worked for over a decade’s typically have massive defences and of the class are defined by stone it is not a hillfort. Undoubtedly Historic experience Evans, S, Jecock, M and Oakey, M few entrances. The walled circuits walls, though these vary in size and more such enclosures will be England and its working on 2017 Warton Crag Hilltop Enclosure, on Warton Crag are extremely construction technique. Few have identified over the coming years, predecessors large-scale Warton, Lancashire: Aerial Mapping ruinous, but from what we now yet been extensively investigated, perhaps including a number that, as for over 30 aerial and Analytical Field Survey. understand of their construction but several – particularly in at Warton, are hiding as it were in years. He specialises in the survey investigation and mapping projects, Historic England Research Report it is difficult to see how they could Cheshire and Derbyshire – have plain sight. and interpretation of landscapes focussing on the identification of 33/2017: http://research. ever have stood much more than a seen small-scale excavation which and field monuments, and has previously unknown archaeological HistoricEngland.org.uk/ couple of stone courses high; this, has dated them to the middle and The results of our research have worked on sites of all periods in landscapes. She is interested in how combined with the fact they lack later Bronze Age. Their function been published as an Historic many different parts of England. analysis of project results can be used Hutchinson, W 1789 ‘Account of accompanying ditches, suggests they is not well understood – indeed England Research Report (Evans He currently oversees Historic to identify threats to archaeological antiquities in Lancashire. In a letter are unlikely ever to have presented they may not all have been used in et al 2017). They will be used to England’s Rapid Coastal Zone monuments and inform the to George Allan, Esq, FAS from a serious obstacle to determined the same way – but the excavators inform the future management and Assessment Survey programme. protection of archaeological sites. William Hutchinson, Esq, FAS’. attackers. In addition, whereas of the Gardom’s Edge enclosure conservation of this important site Archaeologia, 9, 211-218 hillforts normally only have one or in the Derbyshire Peak District for future generations to enjoy ■

12 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 13 The motte and later stone-built great tower. © Historic England, James O. Davies, Snodhill Castle, DP181985 Peterchurch, Herefordshire

Revealing a Marcher castle.

14 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 15 Snodhill was a significant frontier castle, to a newly established Snodhill Castle remains was of paramount importance. and-bailey castle of 11th- to 12th-century but its history is obscure and it has Preservation Trust (itself set up with The research has informed conservation date, with surviving masonry elements been inaccessible for a generation. In support from Historic England’s team in work at the site, and will form the basis that attest to later medieval developments. 1986 both castle and manor were sold the West Midlands). Grants of more than for the preservation trust’s own proposed It sits within a landscape that preserves at auction, and the new owners were £500,000 from Historic England enabled research programme. The trust’s volunteers many historic features, including a deer absentees who prohibited all access to clearance of overgrowth to reveal the castle had already made a good start on clearing park, a moated site, settlement remains and the site, not least by neglecting it so that once more, major repairs and establishment the site so, following a very fruitful visit evidence of former routeways, fields, and brambles and scrub invaded. It became of a management regime to ensure access involving staff from Historic England and quarries. Our research therefore involved physically impossible to get through and enjoyment of the site in the future. members of the Castle Studies Group, the detailed survey and investigation of the the gate; Snodhill Castle was entombed Historic England’s Research Group was survey began in the winter of 2016-17. castle’s earthworks and stone structures, in a thicket as dense as that which then allowed the privilege of surveying and a wider-ranging aerial investigation of surrounded Sleeping Beauty’s castle. a major Marcher castle which had been Below left: Snodhill’s The castle lies within the Golden Valley, the setting. Concurrently with our survey inaccessible to scholars for a generation. regional setting, with six miles east of Hay-on-Wye and close Herefordshire Archaeology opened some the study area outlined Below right: Plan The site was placed on the Heritage at Risk to the Welsh border. It is situated on a small excavation trenches in advance of in yellow. © Historic of Snodhill Castle. Register in 1998. In 2016 Historic England Documentary sources are extremely sparse, England, Sharon © Historic England, steep-sided knoll, from which it dominates consolidation works, revealing further was instrumental in transferring ownership so archaeological study of the physical Soutar Sharon Soutar this part of the valley. It is a large motte- details of the castle’s structure >>

16 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 17 Below: Snodhill from the air: the castle is within the wooded area at bottom right and the deer park occupies much of the landscape above and to the left. © Historic England, Damian Grady, HEA 29993/008, 25 November 2016

The castle’s history Snodhill Castle was founded at some time before 1136, probably by one of William the Conqueror’s lieutenants in the Welsh Marches. It undoubtedly had a timber- framed tower and other wooden defences, but our research suggests that a substantial stone-built hall may also have stood in the bailey from a very early date. Only the lower part of one wall of this building is currently visible. By the mid-12th century the castle was in the hands of the Chandos family, who were to hold it for 400 years. It was the head or caput of the Honour of Snodhill, a group of manors and estates scattered across Herefordshire. The castle was re-fortified in stone, probably in a piecemeal fashion, at various points during the 12th to 15th centuries. An elaborate great tower was built on the motte and subsequently enlarged by the addition of a substantial forebuilding. A curtain wall was constructed, probably in a series of phases; later, probably in the 14th or 15th centuries, at least two towers were added to it; they stand on the north and south- east sides of this wall. A range of buildings was also constructed within the northern and western sides of the bailey. Two of the very few historical references to the castle suggest that it was ‘in ruins’ in the mid- 14th century, but that by the beginning of the 15th century it was thought capable of being put in a state of defence against the Welsh. This probably reflects the fluctuating fortunes of the Chandos family >>

18 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 19 Below: The park pale on Vagar Hill. © Historic England, James O. Davies, DP195848

A lordly landscape? The current settlement at Snodhill consists of a few farms and houses, scattered mainly to the west of the castle. It is probable that the medieval settlement was no more extensive, though possible building platforms have been noted on an area close to the castle known as The Green, However, there is an extensive open space on the east side of the castle knoll itself, and this may have been intended for some function attached to the castle, such as an outer bailey or a garden. It may also be that the castle’s founders intended to lay the area out as a borough, an economic development of a type carried out by many lords of Marcher castles, with varying levels of success. If this was the intention at Snodhill it seems never to have been accomplished, though further research may throw more light on this question. Snodhill is situated in a very fertile valley, and the economic basis of any settlement there will have been mainly agricultural – but the area’s complex geological formations have been extensively exploited by quarrying, and if this took place early it may have added significantly to the revenues of the manor.

It was probably in the 14th century that the owners of the castle laid out an extensive deer park, occupying a side valley to the south-west of the castle and stretching to the near horizon when viewed from the handsome windows in the castle’s great tower. This park incorporated lodges and subsidiary enclosures, perhaps for specialised functions such as the breeding of deer. The park pale survives well on Vagar Hill, where a massive drystone wall is fronted by a still-visible ditch >>

20 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 21 On the opposite side of the castle from more likely to be another element in the Above le : Snodhill Above right: Snodhill is one of many castles in the a good start has been made at this, one of the deer park, in the valley bottom, is designed leisure landscape of the castle – a Castle, The Gobbets Earthworks at The region – there are no less than 12 in this the more prominent castles of the area. and the Park; park Splashes, with the another site of great potential interest. modest version of the grand ‘Pleasance’ at part of the Golden Valley alone, all within It will be opened to the public when the place-names are moated site towards Close to a farm called The Gobbets, near Kenilworth, possibly including a garden. It highlighted. © Historic the right; details from a distance of 10 miles. Virtually nothing current programme of conservation work the River Dore, is an earthwork resembling is notable that moats are extremely rare in England, Sharon aerial photography, is known of the history of any of these is complete ■ a small moated site with a pond or small this part of Herefordshire and that the only Soutar superimposed on castles and archaeological study has been Environment Agency lake to one side. This is known locally as one close to Snodhill is also adjacent to a extremely limited so far. A great deal more lidar plot. Lidar © ‘The Splashes’. Traditionally interpreted castle, at Chanstone. Environment Agency research is needed. Thanks to the efforts as a ‘homestead moat’, this site seems 2006. All rights of the Snodhill Castle Preservation Trust reserved

A modest version of the grand ‘Pleasance’ at Kenilworth, possibly including a garden.

22 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 23 The authors Further information Mark Bowden MCIfA FSA Rebecca Lane MA Fiona Small Bowden, M, Lane, R and Small, F Senior Investigator Senior Investigator Investigator 2017 Snodhill Castle, Peterchurch, with Historic England. with Historic England. with Historic England. Herefordshire: Archaeological, Architectural and Aerial Investigation Mark’s research Rebecca worked in the Fiona has worked for and Survey. Historic England Research interests include commercial sector for the organisation and Report 76/2017: http://research. landscape archaeology, six years as a buildings its predecessors since HistoricEngland.org.uk/ hillforts, castles, archaeologist, and 1992, trained as an designed landscapes, latterly as a historic air photograph As part of the ongoing work with the local common lands, and buildings consultant, interpreter, and community and Snodhill Castle Trust the the history of archaeological survey. He before joining English Heritage in 2010. subsequently worked as an aerial Historic England Photography team created has published widely on these and related Now a member of Historic England’s investigator. She has been involved in a short film charting the work of the project. issues and contributes to training courses Historic Places Investigation Team, she is a number of major National Mapping on archaeological survey and investigation. responsible for a range of projects looking Programme projects. Fiona has particular He is currently manager of one of Historic at early architectural fabric in historic towns, interests in 20th-century military England’s Historic Places Investigation and has recently produced the new edition archaeology, and in the contribution aerial Teams, and Chair of the Landscape of Understanding Historic Buildings, a archaeology can make to understanding Survey Group. guide to good recording practice. historic landscapes and the evidence for the continuity of human activity through time.

24 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 25 The fairy-tale silhouette of Framlingham Castle – The building comprises a central range flanked by with its wall-walk, turrets and decorative Tudor north and south ranges, forming a U-shape which Framlingham’s chimneys – draws visitors from far and wide. is open to the east. In order to access the wall-walk, Until the 17th century the inner bailey was filled visitors are directed though a shop and café in the with stone structures, including a great hall, central range. The gabled ‘Red House’, lying to its lodgings and a kitchen. Today, however, this area south, served as a private dwelling after Framlingham contains just one two-storeyed building, abutting Castle entered guardianship in 1913, but was altered historic workhouse the west wall. This structure clearly did not form to provide a catering kitchen and offices in 2017. part of the medieval castle complex, although It is not currently open to the public. The range to several carved heads have been reset on its façade the north, known at one time as the ‘White House’, A unique embodiment of Poor Law history, and some old fabric is buried in its walls. has accommodated the Lanman Museum, a local collection, since 1984. Visitors thus pass through the standing within the inner bailey building on their way up and down from the wall- of the famous Suffolk castle. walk, but few pay it the attention it deserves >>

Top: Medieval carved head, reset on workhouse façade. © Kathryn Morrison

Bottom: English Heritage’s shop at Framlingham Castle in 2016, taken before the recent works were implemented. © Kathryn Morrison

Above: Aerial view of Framlingham Castle, taken by Damian Grady in September 2012. © Historic England, 2758/015

6 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 27 Poor Law history out of work, and poverty was rife. Complying with the Framlingham Workhouse was erected by Pembroke Before long the workhouse was beset by problems. Not Recent research by Emily Cole and Kathryn Morrison of Elizabethan poor laws, Framlingham’s overseers had College, Cambridge, fulfilling a bequest from Sir Robert least, the workmaster (probably Kilbourne) ran off with Historic England’s Historic Places Investigation Team, collected relief for the poor of the parish since at least Hitcham (1573-1636), who had owned the castle. The the stock. Like most enterprises of its type, it fell into undertaken at the request of English Heritage, has shown 1568. This would have been dispensed either in cash architect may have been Peter Mills, who designed abeyance. The idea of resurrecting the workhouse along that the building was erected in two main phases. These or in kind. The workhouse provided a very different several other buildings for Pembroke College around more modern principles was broached in 1699, by represent significant steps in the institutionalisation approach. Essentially, it was a spinning-house – a this time, including almshouses in Framlingham itself. which time the national trend was for larger residential of poor-law provision in the 17th and 18th centuries. workshop or factory – where the poor came each day Although not residential, the workhouse has a domestic institutions set up by incorporations of parishes. These No other surviving building illustrates this story. The to spin or weave and thus earn their keep. Unlike the form, thus replicating the conditions in which the poor accommodated children who were given a rudimentary Framlingham Workhouse, as the building should be workhouses of the Victorian era, it was not a residential worked in their own cottages. The workmaster, John education alongside training in spinning or another called, is thus very rare and special. institution. Most 17th-century workhouses of this type Kilbourne, lived in the north range of the castle, which craft skill. The Red House was put to this purpose occupied converted buildings, but several are known stood until 1700. The White House – a remnant of for several years under the governorship of Thomas The tale begins in 1664, with the erection of the Red to have been purpose-built. Just one other example the original castle buildings – became a boy’s school, Harding, but eventually began to accept adults as well House as a workhouse for Framlingham parish. At survives from the 17th century, built in 1626 in also set up under Hitcham’s will, and overseen by the as children >> this time, the wool trade was in decline, spinners were Newbury, Berkshire. resident schoolmaster, Zaccheus Leverland.

Right top: The Red House. © Kathryn Morrison

Right bottom: The new workhouse, photographed here in 2006, was built between the Red House and the White House in 1729. © Kathryn Morrison

Above: A drawing by Robert Hawes of the north range of Framlingham Castle, as it stood prior to its demolition in 1700. The Red House is shown to the left. © by permission of the Master and Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge, Pembroke College N5

28 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 29 Right: The interior of the exhibition space, looking up from the ground floor into the former first-floor dormitory, taken before the recent works were implemented. © Kathryn Morrison

Below: The attic of the 1729 workhouse. © Kathryn Morrison

Above: The Castle Hall in around 1930, showing the gallery, formerly the organ loft of the parish church. © Historic England, AL0686/004/02

As the need for residential workhouse accommodation Everything changed in 1834, when the New Poor Law grew, plans were laid for a larger institution. The central was introduced. A network of Poor Law Unions covered block was erected in 1729 on the site of the great hall the entire country, and Framlingham was assigned to of Framlingham Castle. It included work rooms and Plomesgate Union. A new workhouse was built at Wickham dormitories, and for the first time a ‘workhouse test’ Market on a double-cruciform plan, designed to segregate was applied. This concept had gained ground after the different classes of inmate, indoors and out. The notorious passage of Knatchbull’s Act (1723), which triggered Victorian workhouse system was born, leaving hundreds a great increase in workhouse provision across the of parish workhouses empty across England. country. People were now compelled to live and work in Framlingham Workhouse in order to receive relief in the After its inmates moved out, the centre of Framlingham form of bed and board: the ultimate test of their poverty. Workhouse was gutted to create a ‘Town Hall’ or ‘Castle Inevitably, the building filled with those who struggled Hall’, with a gallery at its south end. The hall was put to look after themselves – the very young, the very old, to various uses: for public gatherings, as a court house, the sick or infirm, and unmarried mothers. In parallel, and as a drill hall. The attic was retained – possibly, so-called ‘outdoor relief’ (or dole) was dispensed to initially, as a dormitory for a girl’s school that occupied assist Framlingham’s industrious poor. the upper floor of the White House. Beneath this, next to the former bakery, was a fire engine house. As for the Eventually Hitcham’s school quit the White House which, Red House, it became home to the master of Hitcham’s in 1797, became part of the workhouse, with its bakehouse school until 1882, when the schoolmaster Samuel Lane on the ground floor. It was only in 1813, however, that died and it was taken over by the drill instructor and the Red House was also absorbed into the workhouse. his family >>

30 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 31 Guardianship The Red House, though of supreme importance as a The author Further information When Pembroke College placed Framlingham Castle in rare relic of the Old Poor Law, was allowed to decay Kathryn A Morrison MA (Hons) MA FSA Cole, E and Morrison, K 2013 Red House (formerly guardianship in 1913, on the eve of the Great War, the to such an extent that extensive repairs were needed Joint Head of Historic Places Investigation with Framlingham Workhouse), Framlingham Castle, tarnished and over-stretched Victorian workhouse system in the 1950s. Fortunately, it survived with much of its Historic England. Suffolk. Historic England Research Report 23/2016: was slowly being superseded by the modern system of old plan-form intact and was eventually listed at Grade I. http://research.HistoricEngland.org.uk/ age pensions and other social security benefits. Politically- Kathryn studied art history correct language is not a wholly recent phenomenon: the A new scheme has recently been completed to before embarking on a career Framlingham castle visitor information: http://www. term ‘workhouse’ was already loaded with stigma and, improve the visitor experience at Framlingham as an architectural investigator. english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/framlingham- in 1911, was formally replaced by ‘poor-law institution’. Castle, with a kitchen, café and first-floor exhibition Her publications include The castle/ Correspondence relating to Framlingham Castle referred space. With more information available about the Workhouse: A Study of Poor-Law euphemistically to the ‘poorhouse’, rather than the site’s history as a workhouse, and incentives to spend Buildings in England (English ‘workhouse’, and the central block was persistently called more time at Framlingham Castle, visitors will also Heritage 1999), English Shops and Shopping: An ‘Great Hall’ for much of the 20th century. Because of this be able to pause to consider those unfortunates Architectural History (Yale University Press, 2003) prejudice, it was difficult for its 20th-century custodians who – despite the sublime setting – suffered and Woolworth’s: 100 Years on the High Street Below: A tinted postcard of c 1900 showing the double doors and visitors to value Framlingham Workhouse as a for their poverty within the castle walls ■ (Historic England, 2015). on the ground floor of the north range, which served as building, or appreciate its history. Framlingham’s fire engine house. © Kathryn Morrison

32 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 33 The Grade II*-listed church of St Leodegarius, a complex medieval building with a Victorian tower. © Historic England, Patricia Payne Enhancing Nottingham’s local list

Increasing coverage to support the protection of Nottingham’s heritage.

Research into Old Basford, an easily- local volunteers seeking to continue the overlooked suburb of Nottingham, has local list enhancement project in other parts highlighted the impact of industries of Nottingham. associated with lace manufacture, as well as the area’s development from village to Old Basford suburb. In particular, the workplaces Old Basford is today a suburb of Nottingham. and homes of prominent industrial-era It is a centre for light industry, has good lace bleachers were identified, as well transport links into the city centre, and is as the gentry residences of the pre- also increasingly significant as a residential enclosure village. area. Its character is mixed, and defined by the close proximity of industrial buildings The research was undertaken during a work to residential and housing infill, creating placement at Nottingham City Council, streets in which buildings of diverse eras which was part of a collaborative PhD co- sit side by side. The medieval village of funded by Historic England. It produced Old Basford is difficult to discern to the a historic area assessment and identified untrained eye, but a glimpse survives of it in new assets to be added to the local list, the form of the Grade II* listed church of St thus contributing to one of Nottingham’s Leodegarius, and two Grade II-listed 18th- Heritage Action Zone projects. More century houses. Entries on the National widely, the research considered how best Heritage List for England recognise some of to support the protection of locally listed Old Basford’s most important assets – the assets through Article 4 directions; trialled brewery, maltings, cemetery chapel, and a the local list selection criteria; and set a pub – but little had been formally identified methodology which could be followed by at a more local level >>

34 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 35 The research uncovered some buildings that time. As there was no police station, As there was of architectural value that have previously the landlord of The Bowling Green was in no police been overlooked, such as an 18th-century 1707 also a gaoler. The cellars were used house whose poor condition in the early as the local lock-up and may still be there station, the 1990s probably accounts for its omission today. These associations are important landlord of from the first local list. It has now been links to the history of Basford as a village. The Bowling renovated and stands as a fine example of Green was in Georgian domestic architecture, revealing Other additions to the local list reveal a the lifestyle of Basford’s gentry at this different aspect of its history: the Victorian 1707 also a period. Its gate piers, still inscribed with the industrialisation and growth of the village gaoler owner’s surname and now incorporated into thanks to its role in bleaching works, which the entrance of the local brewery, show the were an important element in Nottingham’s extent of the grounds of the house. famous lace industry. The River Leen and the Day Brook provided the ample water Historical accounts of Old Basford have essential to this process. A factory and a captured the attention of local people, house have been added to the local list as including their representatives in the they illustrate the home and workplace of a local authority. Where these match with bleachworks owner in the late 19th century. surviving historic fabric, new assets have The factory building, retaining a plaque been added to the local list. The Fox and reading ‘George Pearson and Co/Bleachers Crown, for example is a Victorian building Dyers and/Lace Finishers’ is a rare survival Above: Basford House, Below: A Georgian on the site of a much earlier pub called The of an industry which transformed Basford one of the eighteenth- house in Old Basford Bowling Green, which attracted day trippers from small village to industrialised suburb century Grade II-listed that has now been houses in Old Basford. added to Nottingham’s from Nottingham in the 18th century, within a century >> © Historic England, local list. © Historic highlighting the rural nature of Basford at Patricia Payne England, Patricia Payne

Left: The Fox & Crown, on the site of the earlier Bowling Green Inn. © Historic England, Patricia Payne

36 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 37 These are just a few examples of the dishes. Article 4 directions also offer local lists that have evolved gradually which was taking place as part of the heritage assets highlighted by the project. protection to locally listed assets beyond over time. It is also important to note Heritage Action Zone project, and its results Designation of a conservation area was recognition through the National Planning that the creation of a local list should not will enable the local list to work well for considered but it was decided that the Policy Framework, and can be tailored to exclude assets which are not on it from local communities and planners alike ■ scattering of individual assets in the area the characteristics of a place. The research having value. Such structures may still be lacked a unifying character, with little suggests that it would be beneficial to considered as ‘non-designated heritage The author positive contribution from the spaces and implement a single Article 4 direction assets’, as stated in the National Planning Claire Price buildings in between: as a result, these preventing demolition for all locally listed Policy Framework. It may be wise to PhD student with the University of York structures better merited management buildings outside of a conservation area. state this in supporting documentation. and Historic England. through local listing. The suggestions for This strategy conserves resources while the local list were then used to pilot the bringing locally listed buildings outside a The goal for Nottingham is to adopt a Claire’s research criteria to be used across Nottingham, conservation area into equivalence with local list which is known and used by focuses on statutory which utilise Historic England’s guidance those inside one, and thus offers clarity local people as well as being a robust and non-statutory for local lists. across the system. The consultation planning document. Once adopted, anyone heritage lists in process for adoption to the local list can be can nominate a building for inclusion in England. Prior to her Using Article 4 directions combined with the consultation for Article Nottingham’s list. The research project PhD, Claire was the It was also important to consider how 4 directions, thus avoiding duplication. included several activities aimed at the Listed Buildings Caseworker for the Council best to give local designation weight in Again keeping resources in mind, the general public: a walking tour of Old for British Archaeology. the planning system. Nottingham has compensation payments associated with Basford, an article in the local press, and a policy within its local plan, and this Article 4 directions can usually be avoided a training event for voluntary researchers. Further information could be supported by the production if 12 months’ notice is given before the These promoted the heritage of the area, Beckett, J 1997 A Centenary History of of a supplementary planning document, direction comes into force. encouraging pride in the local landscape, Nottingham. Manchester: Manchester along with training for council staff the value of which is easily overlooked. University Press in how to deal with non-designated Making local lists work Furthermore, the training day passed heritage assets. The research examined The local list selection process must work on a methodology that depended on Bowley, A S 1998 Basford – Village to a further option in support of local alongside the planning process if it is to be locally available resources: it can thus Suburb. Nottinghamshire: Walk and Write listing: use of Article 4 directions. effective. A rigorous approach to selection enable volunteers to expand knowledge of is beneficial as it enables the local list to be Nottingham’s heritage and identify further Historic England, 2016 Local heritage Article 4 directions can come with a wide a trustworthy flag to planners of heritage candidates for the local list. listing: Advice Note 7: https:// range of permitted development rights: value, and thus less easily challenged HistoricEngland.org.uk/images-books/ these include alteration, painting of by planning applicants. For this reason, Overall, the research contributed to wider publications/local-heritage-listing- exteriors, and the positioning of satellite it is vital to review the content of those thinking on the local list adoption process advice-note-7/

Right: George Pearson Right: Rosebery & Co, one of the few House, built for George surviving bleachworks Pearson, bleachworks buildings. © Historic owner, in 1884. England, Patricia Payne © Claire Price

38 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 39 Major parish churches – perceptions and expectations

Research identifies the depth of the issues facing a distinctive type of church building.

In 2016, Historic England commissioned research to its community. There are approximately 300 such into the sustainability of the Church of England’s churches in England, compared with the Church of major parish churches. The project was conceived England’s 14,500 other listed places of worship. by Doncaster Minster and supported by the Church Buildings Council, the Greater Churches Network, The methodology collected data (both hard and the Heritage Lottery Fund and a team of expert anecdotal) on the condition of the built fabric; access consultants. The resulting research report (Burrows to resources (such as paid staff, funding, and advice); 2017) sought to understand the particular challenges visitors; and wider support. Eighty major parish set by the need to sustain these buildings as active churches were asked to participate in an online survey places of worship; it also analysed the opportunities covering a range of themes, from the constraints they present. The evidence it provides confirms that and opportunities of managing a listed building to these churches bear a great weight of responsibility. the challenges and opportunities created by the need They will require additional resources if they are to to welcome visitors. Fifty of these churches then remain sustainable in the long-term. became the subject of a written case study. At least one representative from each was interviewed over The term ‘major parish church’ was developed by the telephone and asked to describe the challenges, the Church Buildings Council as a way of defining frustrations, opportunities, and joys of life in such those churches which are comparable to cathedrals a building. Twelve were selected for further, in- in scale of significance, size, and prominence but do depth consideration, which included meeting on site not have the same level of recognition, resources, with representatives at the church itself. The wider or support. Such a church has all or some of the experiences of strategic decision-makers were also following characteristics: it is large – with a footprint captured, through contact with diocesan support of over 1,000 sq m – it is on the National Heritage officers, archdeacons, and church architects. The List; it is open to visitors daily; and it makes a perceptions of the local community were captured as significant civic, cultural, and economic contribution part of an associated film >>

Opposite: The sheer scale and volume of significant historic fabric, such as this painted roof and decorative screen, sets major parish churches apart. © Rebecca Burrows

40 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 41 Findings Major parish churches dominate the environment benefice. It is usual for a cathedral to have a dedicated how to deliver an appropriate missional response to Some of the headline findings were anticipated – but in which they are set, and welcome visitors from all Fabric Advisory Committee, and support from the occasional acts of extreme violence in the parish. others were more unexpected. Historic England’s over the world. Beverley Minster is the symbol of national Cathedrals Fabric Commission for England. A Heritage at Risk register (2016) included no less Beverley. Bath Abbey is an icon of Bath. They are major parish church must jostle for attention with its The common challenge all such parish churches face than 16 per cent of major parish churches, compared like cathedrals. Except they are not. The retention of fellow parish churches when applying to its Diocesan is financial. Running costs can be £1,000 a day. 43 to just 6.8 per cent of listed churches overall. Half pre-Reformation titles, as with Hexham Abbey and Advisory Committee for advice about the building. per cent of major parish churches cite parish share of the churches do not generate sufficient income Christchurch Priory, or the use of recently-bestowed Nearly all major parish churches operate within the (or its equivalent) – an annual sum a parish is asked to meet expenditure, and major parish churches honorific titles, as with Leeds Minster, have little parish system and with parochial resources, no matter to contribute to diocesan running costs – as their spend on average a staggering 37 per cent of their practical bearing but can reinforce assumptions about what cathedral-like expectations they shoulder. largest item of expenditure, and 44 per cent cite outgoings addressing urgent issues with their built status, function, wealth, and profile. Bath Abbey attracts building repairs. The average cost of a major repair fabric that had been identified in their compulsory around 400,000 visitors per annum, but the average If it is perfunctory to compare major parish churches and development project for a major parish church is quinquennial inspections. However, a major parish number of annual visitors to major parish churches with cathedrals, comparing them with each other can £550,000. It is therefore surprising that approximately church’s most challenging characteristics are is a modest 23,200. By comparison, the average throw some stark differences into relief. Dorchester two-thirds of major parish churches have not received often also its biggest asset: almost 90 per cent of number of annual visitors to each of the Church of Abbey is located in a village in an area of low a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the principal representatives believe the scale and significance of England’s 42 cathedrals is 238,000. Cathedrals are deprivation, and its parish expects it to sustain a funder of heritage and conservation repair projects their church is a ‘help’ to mission and ministry. each blessed with a minimum of three clergy. Among cathedral-standard programme of cultural activities. in England. For those that have received a grant, the major parish churches, 88 per cent have to share their By contrast, St Agatha, Birmingham is located in an average award to a major parish church has been clergy with other parish churches in their group or inner city area of high deprivation, and has had to learn £350,000 per project >>

A major parish church must jostle for attention with its fellow parish churches when seeking diocesan advice

Above: A bucket is used to catch drips from a leaking roof at a Above: Internal scaffolding during a substantial repair project at a major parish church. © Rebecca Burrows major parish church. © Rebecca Burrows

42 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 43 Many major parish churches employ paid staff such as that cannot be considered to be sustainable within The authors Further information directors of music, administrators, and youth workers. the current parish system. It provides vital evidence Rebecca Burrows MSc, IHBC Burrows, R 2017 Major Parish Churches: Exploring Friends groups and trusts help raise funds for these for everyone who cares for and about these buildings, Associate Heritage Consultant Challenges and Opportunities. Swindon: Historic churches, which also enjoy the support of, on average, including national policy makers such as those at Purcell. England: http://research.historicengland.org.uk/ 57 volunteers (though some find recruitment of behind the government’s recent Taylor Review, Report.aspx?i=15860 volunteers difficult). The dedication of such individuals which examined issues of sustainability in English Covering the north of England, is unequivocally among a major parish church’s greatest churches and cathedrals. The major parish churches Rebecca specialises in unlocking the The Major Parish Churches Project, introductory video: assets; a lack of diocesan and external support is report and the Taylor Review are just the first steps potential of challenging heritage https://vimeo.com/183370054 arguably its greatest threat. towards a sustainable future. Considered strategic sites, from places of worship to planning, increased moral and financial support, and industrial heritage at risk. The Taylor Review: Sustainability of English Major parish churches are prominent manifestations of the the sharing of best practice will be useful facets of Churches and Cathedrals: https://www.gov.uk/ Church of England within communities, a fact reflected future sustainability strategies for such buildings. Ben Stoker, MPhil government/publications/the-taylor-review- in their high attendance figures at Christmas and civic Freelance arts and heritage consultant. sustainability-of-english-churches-and-cathedrals services. But they are also acknowledged to be embodiments The future of these remarkable buildings as places of history and servants of the wider community, as well as of worship, architectural wonders, and community Specialising in nationally significant being nationally important heritage assets. lynchpins requires that they be seen and supported buildings and collections, Ben has as such. It is vital that perceptions are shaped and particular expertise in ecclesiastical The report’s findings thus illuminate a group of expectations managed. These are responsibilities that art and design and 19th and culturally and socially significant historic buildings must be shared ■ 20th-century painting and sculpture.

Left: Community Right: Ancient activities taking artefacts such as place at a major these pieces of parish church. medieval glass © Rebecca are part of what Burrows makes major parish churches distinctive. © Rebecca Burrows

44 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 45 Thermography in historic buildings

Infrared thermography can provide invaluable information, without intrusive investigation.

Infrared thermography is a non- integrity. Historic England and its destructive means of investigation that predecessor English Heritage have been captures the heat energy emitted from using the technique since 2002. The the surface of a material. Images are technique is particularly useful as it allows recorded using an infrared camera, diagnosis of problems without the need for in which the intensity of the infrared intrusive investigations. radiation is converted to a colour or black and white palette, the patterns of which Thermography can be used to assess are an indicator of temperature. Infrared the effectiveness of energy efficiency radiation is invisible to the naked eye as improvements, measure levels of the wavelengths occur in the range of the deterioration caused by moisture ingress, electromagnetic spectrum which is longer identify risks created by condensation, than that which the eye can detect. find physical defects, and investigate electrical faults. Diagnosis of such issues There are multiple situations in which extends the life of a building and improves infrared thermography can be useful in the living conditions of its occupants. historic buildings. The information it However, successful interpretation of provides can help improve understanding the images must be accompanied by a of a problem, as well as determine the comprehensive survey of the fabric and performance characteristics of a building an understanding of the history of any and assess its structural and environmental interventions that have taken place in it >>

Top: South-east corner of the roof of the keep, Bottom: Blue areas at Carlisle are colder, indicating Carlisle Castle. © Historic England, damp masonry; faint yellow ones are warmer, Soki Rhee-Duverne indicating voids. © Historic England, Soki Rhee-Duverne

46 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 47 Identifying areas of moisture risk Right: North wall of the Effect of heat The keep of Carlisle Castle has a history Orangery at Kenwood, At Dover Castle, brick dust was noticed showing delaminated of penetrating dampness. Considerable falling from the vaulted ceiling in Henry and blistered paint remedial work has been carried out over the caused by damp. The II’s bed chamber. Thermography was years, including the insertion of a damp- area is to the right used to help establish whether there was a proof membrane in its flagstone roof. The of the suspected relationship between the nearby fireplace, impermeable problems have not gone away, and an in which a fire is often lit, and the increased membrane shown in infrared thermography survey was carried the accompanying rate of delamination of the brick. out as part of preparatory work for planned infrared image. interventions to manage the moisture photograph. © Historic A trial was conducted with and without the England, Soki Rhee- ingress. The survey highlighted areas of fire being lit. A small surface temperature Duverne condensation risk in the interior of the difference was noticed, caused by keep, as well as damp masonry on the lower Below: The large convection in the area immediately above parts of the parapets, corners, and flagstone rectangular area to the fire – and surprisingly, also on the the left indicates joints of the roof. Possible voids between wall and ceiling opposite it. It is possible the location of the the membrane and the flagstone roof were possible impermeable that this slight rise in temperature, in also identified. membrane beneath combination with the continued exposure the paintwork. The of the fabric to sea salts, is sufficient to yellow patches are Thermal imaging was also employed to exacerbate the delamination process. possibly voids, or the determine the cause of moisture ingress areas of damp on the in the north elevation of the Orangery at wall in the companion Energy efficiency Kenwood House, London. Heaters helped photograph. © Historic Infrared thermography is particularly England, Soki Rhee- to increase local temperature in order to effective in assessing thermal performance. Duverne reveal information from the depth of the To assess the effectiveness of recent energy wall. Water has a higher heat capacity than efficiency improvements, the technique most materials; it also retains heat longer. was used in one of the houses at the model Damp areas thus appear warmer than their village of New Bolsover in Derbyshire. surroundings and can be identified by thermography. The survey was carried out in combination with an air pressurisation test. This The survey at Kenwood revealed an measures the rate a building leaks air unexpected and distinct difference in the by reducing the air pressure inside pattern of moisture ingress beneath the it, which in turn draws cooler air in. paint. The apparent difference may be the Thermographic images of the resulting result of a previous intervention in the temperature change help to identify fabric: an impermeable membrane that the paths the leakage is taking and the is trapping water leaking from defective locations at which the air is entering. rainwater goods. Possible voids or damp areas also became more visible. The survey also helped assess the effectiveness of the house’s insulation, revealing areas of missing insulation in the loft and significant areas of heat loss Opposite top: Dover Opposite middle: Opposite bottom: through window frames and as a result Castle: after the fire Cooler air being drawn Thermal bridging in was extinguished, a 1°C inside through gaps the corner and round of thermal bridging, the result of changes surface difference was under the door of the the window frame of of the qualities of the walls at corners revealed on the right- Bolsover house. the house at Bolsover. and junctions >> and left-hand sides of © Historic England, © Historic England, the bedchamber. Soki Rhee-Duverne Soki Rhee-Duverne © Historic England, Soki Rhee-Duverne

48 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 49 Monitoring wet historic heating This process In 2012–14 the heating system throughout The authors systems helped to the house was replaced like-for-like. The Soki Rhee-Duverne, MA MSc Several projects have used thermal imaging stone slabs in the great hall, installed in IHBC Affiliate to determine the condition of historic find the the 1950s, were lifted and the heavy- Architectural Conservator with heating systems. The technique has proved cause of grade steel pipework was replaced Historic England. to be particularly useful in examining damage to with a plastic equivalent. In line with heating systems that have been concealed gold leaf and conservation heating principles, an Soki works in the within the fabric of a building. environmental monitoring system was Building Conservation veneers in installed, controlling relative humidity Research Team. She One such is Eltham Palace, London, a the historic rather than temperature (conservation has worked for Historic large Art Deco house built in 1933-6 for interior heating is designed to slow down or prevent England and its Stephen Courtauld and his wife Virginia, deterioration of historic interiors and their predecessor, English incorporating the late 15th-century collections). Heritage, since 2007 and has held previous great hall of Eltham’s royal palace. The roles as a conservation scientist and Courtaulds included in their work many Conclusion researcher. Her current responsibilities are building services which were modern at the Infared thermography has proved to managing research projects on energy time, including a central heating system be a useful non-destructive diagnostic efficiency and the hygrothermal that covered house and great hall alike. technique. It is particularly helpful when performance of historic buildings, and carried out in combination with other carrying out advisory work for internal and Rather than place radiators in the main forms of investigation. For diagnosis to be external clients. rooms (and thus spoil their appearance), succesful, thermal imaging should always the heating pipework was concealed in be followed up by further investigations and Caroline Cattini, CEng FCIBSE the fabric of the building. An underfloor comprehensive building surveys. Senior Building Services Engineer and heating system made of heavy-grade Energy Manager with Historic England. steel was installed under the stone flags There are limitations to the technique.It in the great hall. Heating pipes also only detects changes in temperature and the Caroline has worked for ran under the floor and in the walls images it produces only record conditions at Historic England and or ceilings of the rest of the house. a single moment in time (some cameras do its predecessors since have a video capability). Reliable results can 2003, and is responsible The heating system has been in use only be achieved under the right weather for advising on building for some 70 years, and by 2008 it was conditions. Thermal imaging is also a services and energy beginning to fail. There were numerous surface technique. Shallow sub-surface efficiency measures, both on Historic leaks, and little control of the system itself. information can sometimes be revealed, but England’s buildings and when they arise in The lack of an effective water treatment this requires the application of heat to the statutory casework. regime was the main cause: over time, the materials below the surface ■ system became blocked with residue. With thanks to Geoffrey Holder, Historic Building Surveyor, English Heritage Trust; and Bolsover The decision was made to replace the District Council. heating system. Very little information had been recorded about the location of the pipework and thermal imaging was thus used to map out the layout of the system Opposite top: Eltham Opposite middle: Opposite bottom: and identify any defects in it. Palace great hall. Thermal image of part Thermal Image of the © English Heritage of the great hall floor ground floor drawing Trust at Eltham Palace. The room at Eltham, This process was successful. It also helped square area of coolness showing the heating to find the cause of damage to gold leaf indicates where one of coils concealed in and veneers in the historic interior, caused the underfloor heating the ceiling. coils has failed. © Historic England, by their continued exposure to excessive © Historic England, Caroline Cattini amounts of heat. Caroline Cattini

50 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 51 Working on

Below: The three different designated areas for Colossus: in black the area in the Edge force from 1975 to 1984; in red from 2001 to 2017. The blue rectangle is the current designated area, enacted in 2017. Our changing perceptions of the wreck of HMS Colossus. © CISMAS

HMS Colossus was a 74-gun time perceptions of the wrecking warship built in 1787 and process have changed significantly, wrecked 11 years later on the as is demonstrated by the fact Isles of Scilly. She was the first that, between 1974 – when Morris Royal Navy ship of that name; finally found the wreck – and five more were built over the the present day, three completely years, culminating in an aircraft different designated areas have carrier launched in 1943. The ‘74’ existed around this protected wreck was one of the most successful site. The final understanding has design-types of its period, and only been reached in the last year, ships of this class formed the thanks to Historic England-funded backbone of the naval battle fleet fieldwork by CISMAS. during the Napoleonic wars. Roland Morris spent nine years Investigation of the Colossus investigating the site. Most notably, has a long and varied history, he discovered over 30,000 shards from the search for the wreck, of ancient Greek pottery – part of begun in 1967 by the Penzance Sir William Hamilton’s collection, salvor, restaurateur, and museum which Colossus was transporting proprietor Roland Morris; to the to England (it is now in the British work undertaken exactly fifty years Museum). The plan published by later by the Cornwall and Isles Morris shows a site which is widely of Scilly Maritime Archaeology dispersed, being over 250m long Society (CISMAS). During that from east to west >>

52 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 53 It is worth describing how Morris understood the distribution of the material he spent so long excavating. He was convinced the hull lay with its stern to the west (where he found four rudder pintels) while the galley area (with its ‘smoke blackened marble slabs’) was over 200m to the east. By 1984 he was convinced there was nothing left to find on the site, and it was de-designated and then largely forgotten. Today, although the general area where Morris worked is clear, it is difficult to establish the exact location of his investigations. That said, in harmony with our theme, much of the area he examined was located at (and beyond) the edge of the site’s then-designated area. At this point, then, our perception was of a dispersed site, situated to the east of the Southard Well reef, where the Colossus had foundered.

This all changed in 2001, when several iron guns and an area of ship structure were discovered about 400m to the east of the Morris site. The remains were spectacular, consisting of the port Above: A three-dimensional representation of the stern site-plan for HMS Colossus. side of the ship from mainmast Note how the upper deck guns sit upright in their gunports. © CISMAS Incredibly, the cannons were still within the gun-ports of the hull to stern. The timbers looked flawless when first exposed. Five iron cannon stood upright on the seabed, their muzzles buried in in fact connected by a motley scatter stores ship; was badly damaged at Perhaps the most irksome was captured by the British 74 methods of stabilising the wreck, the sand – incredibly, they were of wreck debris. It was still thought the battle of Cape St Vincent; and perception is rooted in the fact that Bellona in 1761 after a long stern a long-term artefact reburial still within the gun-ports of the that the wreck itself occurred on the that it participated in the Battle Colossus was one of four ships in chase perhaps illustrates that all assessment and two small scale hull. A carved human figure, part Morris site, which now became known of the Nile, and had over 200 her class said to have been a direct is not quite as it seems. (Bellona excavations, aimed at answering of the stern decoration, lay on the as the bow site, and we assumed wounded from that battle on board copy of the captured French 74 was designed by Sir Thomas Slade, specific questions about the site. seabed. A new designation was that the stern had travelled to its -- hapless individuals who were Courageux. It is often opined that most famous for being the architect In addition, a dive trail around enacted, this time centred on the present location some time after the saved as the ship foundered by French 74s were superior sailors of HMS Victory of Trafalgar fame). the visible remains was installed newly discovered remains, and ship had been wrecked. being lashed into the rigging. None to British-built 74s, the design of in 2009 along with a waterproof positioned over 700m to the north- of these assertions is true, and yet which they influenced. This is a Over the fifteen years from 2001, printed visitor’s guide. A web-based west of the previous designation. Our changing perceptions of the site they continue to surface in diverse complex issue, which would require the stern of Colossus was the virtual dive trail allows non-divers Clearly this was now a site of two created a number of misconceptions. publications and inevitably colour far more space than we have here subject of a number of research a degree of access to the site. As this parts. Subsequent survey work It has been written variously that our perceptions of the wreck. for my hobby horse to canter in. projects. These included a detailed work progressed, it became clear established that the two sites were the Colossus was demoted to a However, the fact that Courageux baseline survey, trials of different that our view of the wrecking >>

54 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 55 Above: The guns on 18th-century warships were lashed with their muzzles up against the upper gun-port sill when not in use. It is easy to Above: With the ship on her beam-ends (side) it is clear that the curve of the upper hull tumblehome allows the upper gun-deck guns to see how they would end up falling through the gun-ports when the ship fell over onto her side. © CISMAS / Historic England, Vincent Griffin protrude through the gun-ports – which also help hold them upright. It is then easy to imagine how they became buried muzzle down in the seabed. However, it is difficult to see how the hull could then travel over 300m along the seabed without shedding the guns. © CISMAS / Historic England, Vincent Griffin

process the ship underwent still her beam-ends, the ship’s guns and 25 detailed searches of the area The author Kevin is passionate about did not accord with the observed ballast would have shifted and she beyond the known site, covering Kevin Camidge, MCIfA traditional (wet-process) disposition of artefacts on and would be likely to remain on her side. over 34,000 sq m of seabed. The Freelance maritime archaeologist photography, Egyptology and good around the site. The stern section would then need process was strenuous and often and Archaeological Director of old-fashioned excavation – as a to have travelled east, lying on its monotonous, particularly in areas CISMAS. great man said: ‘dead archaeology One of the abiding enigmas of side, for 300 to 400m, making the where there were few artefacts. But is the driest dust that blows’. the stern site was how the five present disposition of the guns even the absence of wreckage in certain Kevin worked upper deck cannons came to rest more incredible. In addition, during areas proved as informative as the for many years Further information in their unusual positions. In the 2015 it became clear that there were locations where some numbers as a terrestrial The new wrecking theory and the conventional wrecking scenario, other anomalies in the distribution of items could be found. The archaeologist in evidence on which it depends: www. the ship foundered at Southard of the material on the seabed, and conclusion of this survey was that Lincoln before cismas.org.uk/downloads.php Well and a section of the stern then that a different wrecking scenario Colossus foundered a short distance moving to Above: One of the upper gun-deck drifted east to its current position. was required to explain them. from the location of the stern Cornwall in 1987 and learning to The virtual dive trail for HMS ‘upstanding’ guns on the stern site. These are 18lb guns, which are 9ft (2.75m) long; The problem with this is that we remains, rather than at the Morris dive. Kevin then became the Colossus: http://hmscolossus. roughly half the length of the gun is know the ship fell onto her beam- Accordingly, in 2017, CISMAS was (bow) site near Southard Well reef. nominated archaeologist for several cismas.org.uk buried in the seabed. © CISMAS ends (side) within hours of her commissioned by Historic England Thus our perceptions of this wreck of the protected wreck sites in abandonment. It is hard to see how to investigate the edges of the site. have shifted once again, this time Cornwall. He founded CISMAS in the upper deck guns could have The aim was to come to a better not by a careful study of the known 2004 with the aim of getting more stayed in place throughout such understanding of the wrecking and familiar, but by looking beyond members of the public actively a process. As she rolled over onto of Colossus. The project involved the edges ■ involved in maritime archaeology.

56 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 57 The past as the key to the future

Reconstructing past sea levels on the Isles of Scilly, and projecting how the island landscape might change in the future.

The Scillonian archipelago of approximately 200 islands, islets, and rocks lies about 45km south-west of Land’s End. At present only five islands are inhabited: St Mary’s, St Agnes, St Martin’s, Bryher, and Tresco. Several small islands including Teän, Samson, and St Helen’s were occupied in the recent past. The islands are separated by wide expanses of shallow subtidal and intertidal environments, created by rising sea- levels during the 11,700 years of the Holocene.

The Lyonesse Project is a collaboration between the Cornwall Archaeology Unit, the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Maritime Archaeology Society, the universities of Aberystwyth, Cardiff, and Exeter, and Historic England. It has investigated the changing nature of the Scilly environment during this period, reconstructing how the prehistoric inhabitants of the islands adapted to their changing land and seascape, as well as how the islands might change in the future >>

Opposite: An aerial view of East Porth, Teän, with St Helen’s and Men-a-Vaur in the background. © Cornwall County Council HER, F92-238.

58 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 59 Above: Augering at Porth Mellon, St Mary’s. Above: Sea-level curves for the Isles of Scilly. © Cornwall County Council © Historic England, Peter Marshall / Vincent Griffin

The changing environment last 3,000 years the landscape of Scilly has largely been attempt by the late Professor Charles Thomas (1985) level data provides a much more robust basis for Sediment samples from 25 locations across the open with land used for grazing and cultivation. lacked any scientific dates and was based on the vertical reconstructing these changes, especially for the archipelago were taken for palaeoenvironmental elevation of submerged archaeological sites that could period from 5000 cal BC, when a larger number analysis. Research on this material included pollen Past sea-level index points be broadly dated on the basis of associated material of secure sea-level index points are available. analysis, to reconstruct vegetation change, and In order to build a record of sea-level change for the culture and place -name evidence. This analysis clearly analysis of foraminifera: amoeba-like single-celled Isles of Scilly, samples were identified from which an overemphasised the rapidity with which the sea rose. The new sea-level curve was used to model a number micro-organisms which tell us about changing types accurate palaeo-elevation above sea-level (an ‘indicative The more gradual rise proposed by Radcliff and Straker of palaeo-shorelines, and thus to reconstruct past of saltmarsh environment. Optically Stimulated meaning’) could be established. Foraminifera secrete (1996), based on the first radiocarbon dated samples geographies. These reconstructions indicate a rapid Luminescence of sand units and radiocarbon dating of tiny shells (tests) that survive as fossils, and these can for the Scillies, is more consistent with the new data – rise in sea-level from c 5000 cal BC onwards. Scilly organic material provided a chronological framework pinpoint the elevation of the deposit in which they but only for the last few thousand years. The new data had been a continuous landmass -- for example, in for interpreting such palaeoenvironmental proxies. are found relative to the sea-level at the time of their generated is more robust, more complete, more accurate 7000 cal BC – but now St Agnes and the other western formation. Sea-level index points were therefore derived – and correlates well with the most recent estimates of islands began to separate from the rest. By 3000 cal The pollen record shows that the Scillies were colonised from samples in cores containing foraminifera that were relative sea-level changes around the British Isles. BC tidal flooding began to separate the elements of rapidly by woodland at the beginning of the Holocene, indicative of environmental conditions different to those the main island group. Tresco, Bryher, and Samson reflecting the warming that took place across north-west of the present day. Sea-level rise and changes in land area remained joined throughout this period. The most Europe at this time. Open ground within the forested Sea level rise in Scilly would have had a significant dramatic loss of land took place from 2500/2000 landscape of the Mesolithic would have been generated A new sea-level curve for Scilly impact on the prehistoric landscape and how it cal BC, when the equivalent of two-thirds of the by a combination of fires and floods, the latter caused by The plotting of sea-level index points allows a was used. The timing and nature of changing entire modern area of the islands began to be lost rising sea-levels. The amount of woodland cover began reconstruction of the timing and tempo of changing land areas, especially the process of separation to the sea. By 1500 cal BC the configuration of the to decline from c 5000 cal BC, with the vegetation cover sea-levels. The data show that previous reconstructions of the individual islands, has been the subject of islands was approaching that of the present day >> showing much greater diversity than before. For the of sea-level change were inaccurate: an imaginative considerable speculation and debate. The new sea-

60 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 61 Above and opposite: Modelled land and intertidal areas at 7000, 5000, 3000, and 1500 cal BC. © Cornwall County Council

62 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 63 Future sea-level rise The authors Further information The provision of baseline data on local relative sea- Peter Marshall Charlie Johns MCIfA Bradley, S L, Milne, G A, Shennan, I and Edwards, R level change has been used alongside estimates of past Scientific Dating Radiocarbon Specialist with Archaeology Projects Officer at the Cornwall 2011 ‘An improved glacial isostatic adjustment model sea-levels to estimate future sea-level rise in Scilly. UK Historic England. Archaeological Unit. for the British Isles’. Journal of Quaternary Science 26, Climate Projections is a climate analysis tool which 541-52. features the most comprehensive climate projections for Peter works in the Research Group Charlie has worked with the unit the UK, shown in probabilistic form, and illustrating the as part of the Scientific Dating for 26 years. An experienced field Charman, D, Johns, C, Camidge, K, Marshall, P, Mills, S, level of confidence in each prediction. Possible changes Team, coordinating the programme archaeologist, he is now responsible Mulville, J and Roberts, H M 2016 The Lyonesse in land and intertidal areas by 2100 resulting from four of commissioned radiocarbon for developing the organisation’s Project: A Study of the Evolution of the Coastal and scenarios for future sea-level rise were given in Lowe dating. He has been involved in maritime capacity and for projects Marine Environment of the Isles of Scilly. Truro: et al (2009) and suggest there will be some loss of land many iconic archaeological projects in the Isles of Scilly. Past projects in Cornwall County Council surface, but the largest change will be a reduction in the over the last twenty years, providing precise Scilly have included the Bryher sword and mirror burial size of the intertidal zones. The result of this loss will be chronologies that help us to understand past human excavation, the Isles of Scilly Rapid Coastal Zone Lowe, J A, Howard, T P, Pardaens, A, Tinker, J, Holt, J, significant for the character of Scilly, with the islands activities and how landscapes have changed. Assessment Survey, and the Scilly Historic Environment Wakelin, S, Milne, G, Leake, J, Wolf, J, Horsburgh, K, becoming permanently separated by deeper waters, and Research Framework. He helped to establish the Reeder, T, Jenkins, G, Ridley, J, Dye, S and Bradley, S surrounded by individual, relatively narrow, intertidal islands’ Community Archaeology Group, which he 2009 UK Climate Projections Science Report: areas. There is therefore a risk of flooding to low-lying continues to organise. Current projects include the Marine and Coastal Projections. Exeter: Met Office and narrow areas of land, which could in turn lead South Cornwall Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment and Hadley Centre to the formation of new islands. Although potentially The loss of future land surface will be delivering Heritage at Risk services in Scilly, both dramatic, these changes, if they happen as predicted, significant for the character of Scilly funded by Historic England. Ratcliffe, J and Straker, V 1996 The Early Environment will be relatively minor compared to those that took of Scilly. Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit place in the second half of the third millennium cal BC. Thomas, C 1985 Exploration of a Drowned Landscape: The past as key to the future Archaeology and History of the Isles of Scilly. Robust palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, such London: Batsford as those produced as part of the Lyonesse Project, are important if we are to meet the environmental challenges of the future. They help in determining Left: The future extent of land and intertidal area under four policies for mitigating or adapting to climate change, different projections for sea-level rise by 2100. © Historic England, and evaluating what can be learned from the past ■ Vincent Griffin

64 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 65 Writing Mucking

Preparing a major 1960s excavation for publication.

Dug between 1965 and 1978 Jones, amassed. Amounting on a windswept, Essex Thames to over 1.7 million finds, its Gateway-side terrace, Mucking bald gazetteer numbers are was a place like no other staggering: more than 1,100 excavated in Britain; it became burials and some 400 structures. something of a fieldwork legend. The publication by the Cambridge A figure from Samuel Smiles’ James Archaeological Unit of the site’s Brindley and the Early Engineers last two volumes – covering the of 1864 singularly expresses prehistoric and Roman periods Mucking’s situation. The hachuring (Evans et al 2016; Lucy and Evans in the engraving actually shows 2016) – took some eight years, the site’s terrace-locale, on a scarp and was both a daunting challenge overlooking marshes at the last and a great privilege. downstream bend of the Thames. There is effectively nothing in the With its primary record existing viewshed between the site and in the form of 363 notebooks, the Continent. Indeed the French the excavation’s archival sources coast, lying only some 125km were far from perfect. Yet it distant, would have been closer to has to be appreciated just what Mucking than, for example, Oxford, an unprecedented dataset the and Continental connections loom directors, Margaret and Tom large in the site’s sequence >>

Opposite top: Mucking’s Thames Gateway- Opposite bottom: Site plan, 1980 vintage. side location, with downstream viewshed Clark 1993, Fig 4. indicated; below: Smiles’ 1864 mapping, with site-area indicated in red. © Cambridge Archaeological Unit

66 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 67 Challenging conditions Digging, for the most part, was on a year-round basis and it is estimated that, in total, the excavations involved some 5,000 participants. They operated out of a ramshackle series of wooden huts and caravans and, living on site, conditions were by all accounts often bleak. Many of the surviving participants looked back on these days with a mixture of fondness and angst. Whatever their circumstances, Mucking, like Winchester at about the same time, proved a major rite of archaeological passage. The archive includes full annual staff registers, indicating what few paid positions there were, as opposed to the volunteer mass; and with males and females having differently-coloured entries, it has the potential to be the basis of a unique social history of a great excavation.

With the fieldwork undertaken in pre-computer days – prior even to reduced photocopy reproduction – and aiming for 100 per cent excavation of its more than 40,000 features, what the Joneses attempted at Mucking amounts to an act of outrageous audacity. Top: Site infrastructure, with Margaret Bottom: Quarry-edge digging, with Tom Jones (left). © Mike Pitts Jones (lower left). © Mike Pitts Margaret Jones clearly considered sampling to be an anathema and felt that total excavation was the only reasonable response to the blanket destruction that was threatened by the area’s gravel of the site’s finds assemblages be deployed to plot Mesolithic, extraction. In truth, they generally provides unique insights and, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age achieved a c 75 per cent sample indeed, even after our efforts at surface-scatter usage (sometimes of the site. Having to work to the writing up, the material still hold accompanied with pits), so that annual schedules of the quarry’s great potential for future study. something approaching a full stripping and extraction meant settlement sequence could be that – especially in the early years Digging of this intensity means traced. The scale of the site’s – the rhythms and levels of work that, for us, the site’s finds assemblages also implies that went awry at times, with portions distributions of material older than certain finds categories, which having to be left uninvestigated. the Middle Bronze Age, residual are usually only ever retrieved Regardless of this, the sheer scale though they largely were, could since in ones or twos, were at >> Above: Mucking’s phasing sequence. © Cambridge Archaeological Unit

68 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 69 Above: Makers’-marked pottery bases, their types and distribution. © Cambridge Archaeological Unit Above: ‘Style in the landscape’: distribution of La Tène-decorated pottery, with selected vessels and metalwork illustrated. © Cambridge Archaeological Unit

Mucking recovered in such later Iron Age pottery bases. comparable excavations. When on the basis of their completeness, vessels represented (and correlating original total assemblages numbers that their distributions Similarly, portions of more than 70 combined with the evidence of also issues of feature- versus these with more statistically sound would have been truly vast! can be meaningfully interrogated. La Tène-style vessels were present; contemporary metalwork, not only surface-finds recovery. With, for estimations of feature- as opposed Amongst the best examples are the these are usually only represented do they allow questions of ‘style in the most part, only some 10 per to surface-deposit finds densities Paul Barford’s 2011 paper outlines variously owner/producer-marked by, at most, five such sherds on the landscape’ to be addressed but, cent of the original total number of from other sites), Mucking’s the site’s fraught post-excavation >>

70 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 71 history, which thus need not greatly concern us here. In its aftermath the finds records (including location co-ordinates) were computerised, under the auspices of Ian Graham at the Institute of Archaeology. A previous attempt to write up the site failed to activate these files. This however we managed to do (admittedly accepting a c 5 per cent error-factor) and the resulting files proved a mainstay of the writing project.

Working out of Thurrock Museum, with a Manpower Services Commission-funded team, the Joneses had actually progressed many facets of the site’s post- excavation work before; in the later 1980s, it was taken from them and allocated to a dedicated team at the British Museum (Clark 1993). Although we faced severe problems deciding which version of the many extant specialist texts should be taken as final and authoritative, it was only an advantage to be able to draw upon both phases of the site’s study. Indeed, in a number

of cases our main role was to Above: The Late Iron Age ‘Plaza’. The reactivate original specialists so Left: Iron Age and Roman phase plans. Roman-era overseer’s house is Str 7. they could complete their texts, © Cambridge Archaeological Unit © Cambridge Archaeological Unit with only Matt Brudenell’s Late Bronze/Iron Age pottery analysis being a fresh commission.

Working in retrospect heading rather than in Mucking’s especially in the light of the many actually got somewhere in the area which was subsequently fenced off. Now that we are able to appreciate We tried to balance our approach own series). Piecing together subsequent Thames Gateway of 80 per cent of its sequence right. The granaries would have had an Mucking’s Late Iron Age, to tackling Mucking’s enormous how – and why – the Joneses excavation campaigns. These dual Our main contribution was the enormous grain-storage capacity something approaching a causative (and unwieldy) British Museum- interpreted the site’s sequence was, interpretative perspectives proved realization of the scale and character and, arguably, imply export off-site. narrative can be construed for housed archives. It was accepted therefore, considered imperative a difficult path to tread, but were of Mucking’s layout in the Late Iron While this might have only been the site from the Late Bronze from the outset that there couldn’t and, in this, we had the advantage essential if justice was to be done Age. An area termed by us The Plaza, confined to the immediate area (eg Age onwards. It was from that be a ‘Mucking for the 21st century’ of being able to draw upon their both to the sequence itself and the this had at its core a great ceremonial to Colchester/Camulodunum), it time, with the establishment of and that site investigations are many interim notices. Yet, at the Joneses’ decades-long efforts. ground flanked on two sides by may have reflected cross-channel both the North and South Rings intrinsically rooted in their time same time, it could no longer ranges of square barrows. A row of ties, as both the barrow ranges and – ringwork enclosures akin to (this is also why the volumes just be ‘their site’. Interpretive Working from the reams of texts raised granaries were arranged along some of the pottery (Terra rubra) that at Springfield Lyons (Essex) appeared under our unit’s frameworks have greatly changed and the site’s phased dyeline plans, the back/northern aspect of this show connections with France’s and relating to bronze and salt ‘Historiography and Fieldwork’ over the intervening decades, it can be estimated that the Joneses area, defining the rectangular space, Champagne district. production – that the sequence >>

72 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 73 became ‘special’, remaining so until The author Further information the end of Early Anglo-Saxon times. Christopher Evans FSA Barford, P M 2011 ‘Mucking: (Prior to that, what we see at the Executive Director at Cambridge real heritage heroism or heroic site has to be counted as generic Archaeological Unit, University failure?’, in Schofield, J (ed) ‘settlement fabric’ and largely of Cambridge. Great Excavations: Shaping the reflective of broader regional trends, Archaeological Profession. Oxford: though it includes a renowned Having worked Oxbow Books, 212-30 Beaker inhumation accompanied in British by 11 arrowheads, and a Middle archaeology for Clark, A 1993 Excavations at Bronze Age field system along over 35 years, Mucking: The Site Atlas. London: with eight small ring-ditch burial Evans co- English Heritage in association monuments.) There is not the scope founded The with the British Museum Press here to otherwise detail the terrace’s Cambridge Archaeological Unit in Iron Age settlements (involving 1990, together with Ian Hodder. He Evans, C, Appleby, G and Lucy, S more than 110 roundhouses), nor, has directed a wide variety of major with Appleby, J and Brudenell, M for that matter, the estate centre fieldwork projects, both abroad 2016 Lives in Land – Mucking: and crossroads settlement the site (Nepal, China & Cape Verde) and in Excavations by Margaret and Tom became in Roman times. The latter the UK, most recently publishing Jones 1965-78: Prehistory, Context had a major overseer’s residence the results of the Haddenham and Summary. Oxford: Oxbow and, in its many parts, included five Project in 2006, the South Cambridge/ Books/Historic England separate cemeteries and 23 pottery Addenbrooke’s Environs Project in kilns. What does warrant emphasis 2008, Fengate Revisited in 2010, Hirst, S and Clark, D 2009 is that our review of the site’s Late the Colne Fen Project’s Process and Excavations at Mucking: The Roman pottery evidence suggests History volumes (2013), the volume Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries. London: that the Saxons got there very early on the prehistory of Mucking itself Museum of London Archaeology – possibly even in the later decades (Lives in Land), in 2016 and, also of the fourth century – as almost in that year, Twice-crossed River: Hamerow, H 1993 Excavations all the Late Roman wares (Mayen, Prehistoric and Palaeoenvironmental at Mucking: The Anglo- etc) occurred in Grubenhäuser/ Investigations at Barleycroft Saxon Settlement. London: Sunken Feature Buildings within Farm/Over, Cambridgeshire. English Heritage its southern sector. This need not Elected a fellow of the Society of apply that the feoderati model Antiquaries of London in 2000, he Lucy, S and Evans, C with Jefferies, (allied military settlers nominally is a member of the editorial board R, Appleby, G and Going, C 2016 in Roman service) proposed by the of The Bulletin of the History of The Romano-British Settlement Joneses was necessarily correct, but Archaeology and, together with and Cemeteries at Mucking: adds weight to their arguments – Tim Murray, edited Histories of Excavations by Margaret and Tom and clearly there was Roman/Saxon Archaeology: A Reader in the Jones 1965-78. Oxford: Oxbow overlap at the site. History of Archaeology for Oxford Books/Historic England University Press (2008). Like much of the other evidence since forthcoming from the area of the Thames Gateway, Mucking’s sequence does not present a picture of uninterrupted continuities. It rather attests to a much more dynamic and widely-connected past than many researchers, until of late, Opposite: Excavation of the square barrow have been willing to admit ■ range. © Tom Jones, Mucking archives

74 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 75 HISTORIC ENGLAND PUBLICATIONS Chapels of England Already receiving outstanding reviews, this Buildings of Protestant Nonconformity book is the first substantial synoptic account Christopher Wakeling of Nonconformist church architecture In this edition of Historic England Research we focus on two important new titles, in England and provides a history of which look at religious buildings from two different faiths. Chapels of England and ‘ no previous work has begun to approximate Nonconformist architecture, using existing The British Mosque examine the architectural history of their respective places to its comprehensive coverage, the buildings wherever possible. It includes of worship, drawing out the associated cultural and social histories. Both are lusciousness of the photographs, the examples from the 17th century to the richly illustrated, scrupulously researched, and highlight the significant role these authority of the scholarship and the delicacy present day, covering all parts of the country buildings of faith play within the historic environment and our national heritage. of the English.’ and each of the main religious traditions Ancient Monuments Society within Nonconformity.

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76 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 77 The British Mosque The mosque is not solely considered in terms An architectural and social history of architectural style, but also from the point Shahed Saleem of view of its social history and cultural meaning. The book therefore provides an ‘With skill and care, Shahed Saleem guides view into the character of British Muslim us through the story of the British mosque life and practice, and how these have design to date. He considers mosques as been embodied through British Islamic a home-grown building type in their own buildings. The future of Islamic architecture right, and places them within the broader in Britain is also considered, and how this architectural, historical, and social context will be affected by the growing cultural and of modern Britain. Through this, he flags social diversification of Britain’s Muslim landmark mosques as well as community communities. ones; early ones as well as distinctive ones, all of which have an impact on how we define £60.00 : March 2018 : 978-1-8402-076-4 significance locally and nationally and how : Hardback : 304pp : 276x219mm : 350 that selection reflects our collective culture illustrations and its values.’ Jonathan Glancey in the book’s foreword https://retail.historicenglandservices.org. uk/the-british-mosque.html This book presents the first overview of Muslim architecture in Britain, from the earliest examples in the late 19th century, Visit the Historic England bookshop to to the mosques being built today. Key discover a huge variety of books on architectural stages are identified and archaeology, architectural history, sporting explained alongside the social history of heritage, and heritage conservation. Muslim settlement and growth. The analysis focuses on the way in which the mosque as Readers of Historic England Research can a new cultural and architectural form has get 20 per cent discount on all books sold been adapted into the existing urban fabric through the online shop with free postage of Britain’s towns and cities, and how this and packaging on orders where the catalogue new building type has then impacted on price is £20 and over. its urban setting, socially, culturally, and architecturally. Enter discount code HERES18 on the basket page before you checkout. Code valid until By presenting this architectural narrative 31 December 2018. for the first time, the book opens up a new field of study. The architectural story charts Our 2018 Publishing Catalogue is now a course from the earliest mosques, mostly available. View online or contact publishing@ formed through the conversion of houses, historicengland.org.uk for a hard copy. through to purpose-built mosques – and with these the emergence of a British form of Islamic architectural expression.

78 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 79 Measured Survey for Cultural Heritage

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80 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 81