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Historic England Research We Offer Another Exciting Range of Applied Research Stories Showing the Stunning Breadth and Depth of Our Historic Environment

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Historic England Research We Offer Another Exciting Range of Applied Research Stories Showing the Stunning Breadth and Depth of Our Historic Environment Discovery, Innovation and Science in the Historic Environment RESEARCH ISSUE 8 . SPRING 2018 ...to a new look for the magazine. In this issue of Historic England Research we offer another exciting range of applied research stories showing the stunning breadth and depth of our historic environment. Lidar technology reveals a Lancashire hillfort that isn’t, while thermography uncovers the energy efficiency of historic buildings and detects sources of moisture ingress. We look at a castle ‘at risk’ on the Welsh borders that, with the commitment of the local community is being rediscovered, repaired and, with research by Historic England, reconnected with its original landscape. We rediscover the parish poorhouse of Framlingham Castle and look at how research is helping develop Local Lists in Nottingham. We review the results of a study we funded on major parish churches and the particular challenges they face, explore Welcome... the past and possible future of climate change, and reconsider the wreck of HMS Colossus, both in the Isles of Scilly. Finally, we explore how through our funding the Cambridge Archaeological Unit published the final volume of the seminal excavations at Mucking, Essex. This volume provides the perfect opportunity to mark the retirement of Steve Trow, a long standing member of Historic England and Director of Research, under whose watch many of these projects happened. Barney Sloane Director of Research, Historic England. 2 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 3 We are the public body that We champion historic places, looks after helping people understand, England’s historic environment value and care for them Contents ...........................................Spring issue RESEARCH magazine Editor Jon Cannon Designer Vincent Griffin 6 26 40 52 66 Managing Editor Paul Backhouse Previous issues of Historic England Research can be viewed online at: www.HistoricEngland. org.uk/images-books/ periodicals/historic-england- Lidar and field survey of Framlingham Workhouse Major parish churches – Working on the edge Writing Mucking research/historic-england- Warton Crag hilltop enclosure A unique embodiment of Poor Law perceptions and expectations Our changing perceptions of the Preparing a major 1960s excavation research-back-issues/ Shining new light on a scheduled history, standing within the inner Research identifies the issues facing wreck of HMS Colossus. for publication. ISSN: 2058-1858 ‘hillfort’ in Lancashire. bailey of the famous Suffolk castle. a distinctive type of church building. Product Code: 52094 Copyright © the authors or their employing institutions (text) and Historic England 2018. The views expressed are those of individual contributors and not necessarily those of Historic England. For any further information and questions please email: 14 34 46 58 76 [email protected] If you would like this document in a different format, please contact our customer service department on: Telephone: 0370 333 0607 Snodhill Castle, Peterchurch, Enhancing Nottingham’s Thermography in historic The past as the key to the future Historic England publications Textphone: 01793 015 0174 Herefordshire Local List buildings Reconstructing past sea levels on New and recent titles. Email: customers@Historic Revealing a Marcher Castle. Increasing coverage and supporting Infrared thermography can provide the Isles of Scilly, and projecting England.org.uk the protection of Nottingham’s invaluable information, without how the landscape might change in heritage. intrusive investigation. the future. 4 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 5 Shining new light on a scheduled ‘hillfort’ in Lancashire. Lidar and field survey of In 2016, Historic England The recent aerial mapping, resolution, the technique can even undertook aerial mapping and however, used specially ‘see’ through tree canopies to record analytical field survey of the commissioned lidar imagery. the terrain beneath. The mapping scheduled ‘hillfort’ that occupies By emitting light pulses from of the new data, in combination the summit of Warton Crag in an aeroplane and measuring with ground observation, has Warton Crag north Lancashire. Large parts of the time they take to return, resulted in a much more detailed the site are heavily overgrown and lidar accurately records height and nuanced understanding of to date have proved extremely differences on the ground, and the monument, and thrown in difficult to investigate using is therefore capable of picking to question its hitherto accepted traditional air- and ground-based out archaeological earthworks. identification as a hillfort >> hilltop enclosure survey techniques. If carried out at a high enough Lidar-derived digital terrain model of Warton Crag. © Historic England; Headlands to Headspace lidar data from Bluesky International Ltd 6 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 7 Left: Part of the middle circuit of walls, Right: Plan view of the circuits of the illustrating the scale of the ‘defences’ and Warton Crag hilltop enclosure, as revealed the nature of the obscuring vegetation. by a 16-direction hillshade visualisation © Historic England, Marcus Jecock of the lidar data. © Historic England; Headlands to Headspace lidar data from Bluesky International Ltd. Warton Crag is a prominent limestone that time, but have proved difficult besides being part of an AONB, the the crag from Bluesky International recorded by William Hutchinson the outer circuit as less massive, ridge, located within the Arnside to interpret because the thick tree crag is a site of special scientific Ltd so as to facilitate detailed in a letter communicated to the and the middle as less massive and Silverdale Area of Outstanding and scrub cover makes planning interest, a local nature reserve, and aerial mapping of the enigmatic Society of Antiquaries of London again. He identified two entrances Natural Beauty (AONB). It overlooks – and even seeing and following an area of ancient woodland, as well monument that lies on the summit. in 1788 (Hutchinson 1789). in both the inner and middle the eastern edge of Morecambe Bay – them on the ground extremely as being the subject of a Limestone The mapping was followed by Hutchinson was a solicitor, but also circuits, and three in the outer; and also has clear sightlines east problematic. This vegetation is Pavement Protection Order. detailed observation on the ground a keen antiquary and the author of he also mentioned the ruins of towards the Yorkshire Dales. Three also a threat to the archaeology, to interpret and refine the lidar plot, historical accounts of Durham and a small square hut within the arcs of ruined stone walling isolate and in consequence the monument In 2016, Historic England and all as the first step towards drawing Cumberland. The inner circuit was, interior where ‘a beacon used to the ridge’s uplifted southern scarp- was placed on Historic England’s Morecambe Bay Partnership (the up a management plan for the long- and still is, the most substantial, be fired’, and a circular depression edge from the northern dip slope. Heritage at Risk Register in 2012. latter through the Heritage Lottery term conservation of the site. described by Hutchinson as formed which he thought might be a The walls have been recognised The heritage interest of the ‘hillfort’, Fund-sponsored Headlands to of facing stones 10ft (c 3m) apart, reservoir for water (although for over 200 years, and have been however, has to be weighed Headspace Landscape Partnership Existing knowledge set within a more extensive scatter he did not specify whether he scheduled as the ramparts of an against competing environmental, Scheme) jointly commissioned new, The existence of three walled of tumbled stones up to 10 paces thought this contemporary with Iron Age hillfort for almost half geological and wildlife designations: high-resolution, lidar imagery of circuits on Warton Crag was first (c 8-9m) wide. He described any of the other structures) >> 8 historic england research spring 2018 spring 2018 historic england research 9 Hutchinson interpreted the site as containing large areas of exposed interpretation could be checked N a defensive encampment associated limestone pavement – is the most and enhanced, and additional with native British resistance to massive. There is no evidence that detail added. The ability to view the the Roman conquest of northern this inner wall ever continued above mapping and lidar visualisations England. This view is in line with the main, steep southern scarp- at the same time as having a good the orthodox paradigm of the 18th edge known as Beacon Breast. The fix of one’s ground position was a century, which interpreted field lidar survey revealed no surviving great help; previously, it had proved monuments within a historical internal structures contemporary difficult to follow the walls through narrative derived from the few with the enclosure – indeed the the dense undergrowth, and almost surviving relevant works by fractured and irregular nature of impossible for a field investigator to Classical and early medieval authors. the bare limestone pavement makes know exactly where they were when We now call this period the Late permanent occupation unlikely. examining features on the ground. Iron Age. Hutchinson’s dating has The walls of a number of small been followed uncritically by ‘pens’ are, however, visible against The field survey demonstrated subsequent
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