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The Crisis of Democracy? Chances, Risks and Challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe)

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The Crisis of Democracy? Chances, Risks and Challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe) The Crisis of Democracy? Chances, Risks and Challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe) The Crisis of Democracy? Chances, Risks and Challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe) Edited by Carmen Schmidt and Ralf Kleinfeld The Crisis of Democracy? Chances, Risks and Challenges in Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe) Edited by Carmen Schmidt and Ralf Kleinfeld This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Carmen Schmidt, Ralf Kleinfeld and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4108-8 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4108-5 CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................ ix Carmen Schmidt Introductory Note ........................................................................................ 1 The Crisis of Democracy Carmen Schmidt, Ralf Kleinfeld Part I: Theoretical Considerations: Democracy and Social Change Chapter One...............................................................................................15 Social Change and Democracy in Post-Industrial Societies: Challenges and Risks in the Transition from Modernity to the Digital Age Carmen Schmidt Chapter Two...............................................................................................39 Aspects of Adaptation to Digital Transformations and their Regulation in Democracies Gisela Trommsdorff Chapter Three.............................................................................................55 From the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism to the Planetary Society: The End of Modernity, Individuality, and Beyond Shujiro Yazawa Chapter Four..............................................................................................75 Some Thoughts on Democracy as a Moral Enterprise Gian Vittorio Caprara vi Contents Part II: Democracy, Citizenship, Values, and Citizen Participation Chapter Five...............................................................................................93 Innovating Japanese Representative Democracy by Means of Participatory Democracy Momoyo Hüstebeck Chapter Six...............................................................................................113 The Rocky Road to New Democracy in South Korea Kwang-Yeong Shin Chapter Seven..........................................................................................135 Lay Judge, Common Sense, and Cruel Punishment Masato Kimura Chapter Eight...........................................................................................153 Constitutional Ordering and Everyday Life in Japan: Reconsidering the Consequences of Rationalized Traditionalism Mototaka Mori Chapter Nine............................................................................................165 China’s Transition to Modernity: What is the Thinking Method Behind its Development Mode? Chun Huang, Dinghong Yi Part III: National, Sub-National, and Global Democracy Chapter Ten..............................................................................................189 Democracy under Conservative Dominance in Japan: Prospects for Pluralism and the Liberals Hiroshi Murakami Chapter Eleven.........................................................................................219 Metropolitan Regions and Municipal Autonomy: Regional Policy and Democracy in Germany since the 1990s Toshiaki Yamai Chapter Twelve........................................................................................237 Genealogy of Arguments on Independence of Okinawa and its Feasibility Yuichiro Minami The Crisis of Democracy? vii Chapter Thirteen......................................................................................255 Democracy Beyond Human Borders: The Case of the Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) in Spain Rafael Vázquez-García Chapter Fourteen......................................................................................273 From Pure Quantity to Broader Quality in Multi-Level Governance Wolfgang Pape Part IV: Education, Social Order, and Democracy Chapter Fifteen.........................................................................................291 The Transition from School to Work in Times of Economic and Social Instability in Japan Matthias Pilz, Peter-Jörg Alexander Chapter Sixteen........................................................................................313 Social Change and the Educational Systems in Japan and Germany since 1970 Hans-Joachim Kornadt Chapter Seventeen ................................................................................... 321 Politeness in Young People: Changes in the Use of Evaluating Concepts of Communicative Behavior in Japanese and German and its Relation to Democracy Yoshinori Nishijima Chapter Eighteen......................................................................................337 On the Contemporary Crisis of Democracy in Japan: Some Comments from the Perspective of the Social Systems Theory Takemitsu Morikawa Part V: Democracy, Public Policies, and Consensus Building Chapter Nineteen......................................................................................353 Constitutional Reform and Strong Diplomacy: An Analysis of Changing Arguments in Japanese Newspapers Yuki Abe viii Contents Chapter Twenty ....................................................................................... 383 Japanese Pathway to Fiscal Consolidation: The Rock of Sisyphus or a Lack of Commitment? Kenji Hirashima Chapter Twenty-One ............................................................................... 399 How Can we Make Democratic Decisions About Risky Ecological Problems? Akira Tokuyasu Chapter Twenty-Two ............................................................................... 411 Negotiation Democracy in the Netherlands: Persistence and Institutional Change Elisabeth Musch Chapter Twenty-Three ............................................................................. 431 Comparative Study on the Consensus-Building Process of the Conversion of Closed Military Bases in Germany and Japan Takashi Namba Chapter Twenty-Four .............................................................................. 443 Development of Public Health in Germany and Japan: A Chance for Strengthening Democracy? Bernhard Mann Chapter Twenty-Five ............................................................................... 459 Individual Differences in Acculturation Strategies: Challenges and Chances for Migrants Paul G. Schmitz, Florian Schmitz Contributors ............................................................................................. 483 PREFACE This volume contains selected and revised contributions of the conference “The Crisis of Democracy? Opportunities, Risks and Challenges. A Comparison between Japan (Asia) and Germany (Europe),” which took place from 15 to 17 March 2018 at the University of Osnabrueck (Germany). This conference was concurrently the 14th meeting of the German- Japanese Society for Social Sciences (GJSSS), which brings together outstanding social scientists from Japan and Germany. Founded in Tokyo in 1989 and celebrating its 30th anniversary in 2019, the GJSSS has been dedicated to comparative research on social change since its inception. The topic of the 14th session on “The Crisis of Democracy” is therefore a continuation of the scientific focus of the GJSSS. I would like to thank the following institutions for their generous support in the preparation and implementation of this conference: - the University of Osnabrueck, in particular the School of Cultural Studies and Social Sciences, the Japan Research Centre, and the University Society, - the Japan Foundation, - the Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony (MWK), - the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Alumni Club Germany, and - the German-Japanese Society Osnabrueck. Special thanks go to several individuals for their invaluable help in preparing the conference and completing the publication process, especially to my assistants Andrej Galic, Lea Sachs, and Jana Konieczny. Finally, I would like to thank all those who took the time to read and comment on the chapters of this publication as well as the authors of this book for their patience during the publication process. Although the chapters of this book are arranged in a logical sequence of five main parts, each chapter stands alone and the reader can immerse himself in the publication at any point. The transcription of Japanese terms follows the Revised Hepburn Romanization system. A macron over a vowel in a Japanese word indicates that the length in pronunciation is doubled. Carmen Schmidt Osnabrueck, March 2019 INTRODUCTORY NOTE THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRACY CARMEN SCHMIDT, RALF KLEINFELD The crisis of democracy “Is democracy in crisis?” With this question, Joji Watanuki, Samuel P. Huntington, and Michel Crozier started their legendary report on the gov- ernability of democracies delivered to the Trilateral Commission meetings in Kyôto, Japan, in May 1975.1 They provided a predominately optimistic prognosis of democracies’
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