$2.00 October 1987 For over 45 years, Jeeps engine in its class. have conquered some of the worst And Cherokee is still the It’s Easy And Quick roads in the world, and some of only sport/utility ever to sweep Just call, telex, or mail the the best. “4 X 4 of the Year” honors from postage-paid reply card bound You can take on the all three leading US off-road into this magazine. You’ll get a particular driving challenges of publications! prompt, accurate response, and your next point of duty behind Jeep Wrangler you can order your new Jeep for the wheel of your new Jeep—and delivery anywhere in the world be ready for whatever the local Need at special preferred diplomatic conditions can dish out. from “civilization”? Get away prices. from it all in a Jeep Wrangler. Jeep Cherokee & Wagoneer Explore your next duty In the U.S.A.: Need room for your own station in today’s Wrangler, Jeep Diplomatic Sales personal ? and experience the get-away- Jeep/Eagle Division Cherokee gives you a choice of 2 from-it-all 4 wheel drive 27777 Franklin Road or 4 doors, 2 or 4 wheel drive, revolution for yourself...in more Southfield, Ml. 48034 and the most powerful optional comfort than you imagined. Toll Free Telephone: 1-800-654-1084 Overseas Telex: #221623 MILCA-UR Att: Jeep Diplomatic Sales or Telephone: (516) 496-1806

Eagle Jeep. os>p Jeep Diplomatic Sales Official Sponsor 1988 U.S. Olympic Team A Division Of Chrysler Motors Guess what The "All-Risk” AFSA Plan Personal Property Floater is still only 75C per $100 of coverage.

This rate hasn’t increased since 1974. It also includes the replacement value. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for, and is available only to members of the American Foreign Service Association on active service abroad. Write or call for our free brochure.

r i I AFSA Desk | ■ The Hirshorn Company _ 14 East Highland Avenue I Philadelphia, PA19118 g Telephone: 215-242-8200* | Please send me your free brochure (with a built-in application form) that answers | _ my questions about overseas insurance.

Name The AFSA Plan is underwritten I by the International Department, I Federal Insurance Company, one ofthe * Address. Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. | This advertisement is descriptive, only. _ The precise coverage afforded ■ is subject to the terms, conditions I and exclusions of the policy as issued. *

| *ln the Washington, D.C. area, call202-457-0250. L-- « J CONTENTS

The Art of 25 Christopher J. McMullen How forged agreements where failure seemed inevitable Prose and Cons 31

Cover: No one was selling tee-shirts with George Life in diplomacy overseas as Shultz’s picture on it, but for many observers the most dramatic moment at the congressional seen by two Foreign Service poets Iran-contra committees’ hearings was the per¬ formance of an outraged secretary of state putting diplomacy back on a moral plane. Shultz emerged Standing at the Crossroads 32 from the hearings with his opponents in disarray and a new mandate to lead the administration’s Jim Anderson foreign policy. Our story on a secretary standing at the crossroads of history, along with excerpts ’s influence has never been from his testimony, starts on page 32. greater, but he has yet to make his mark Journal: Moving from Mokhovaya Street ... 40 R.T. Davies East meets West while carrying furniture to the “new” Moscow embassy

Association Views . . . 3 Etcetera .... 24 Letters 4 10-25-50 . ... 23 Books ... 10 Scholars . ... 44 Periodicals 16 People . ... 45 Editor: STEPHEN R. DUJACK Associate Editor: NANCY A. JOHNSON Diplomacy . 19 Foreign Exchange ...... 46 Assistant Editor: WILLIAM E. WlCKERT III Clippings . ... 21 Association News ...... 50

Editorial Board

Chair: STEPHEN ElSENBRAUN Vice Chair: ANDREW STEIGMAN Members: JlM ANDERSON ccThe Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” GUY BURTON

THOMAS DOWLING The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the magazine Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at LINDA JEWELL for professionals in foreign affairs, published monthly additional post office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Street NW, PATRICIA MALLON except August by the American Foreign Service Asso¬ ciation, a private non-profit organization. Material appear¬ Washington, D.C. 20037. WILLIAM B. NANCE ing herein represents the opinions of the writers Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Ser¬ JOHN D. PIELEMEIER and does not necessarily represent the official views vices, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by PAIS. BERNARD REICH of the foreign affairs agencies, the U.S. govern¬ ment, or AFSA. The Editorial Board is responsible The JOURNAL welcomes manuscripts of 1500-4000 for general content, but statements concerning the words for consideration by the Editorial Board. Author policy and administration of AFSA as employee rep¬ queries are strongly urged, stamped envelope required resentative under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 for return. All authors are paid on publication. © American Foreign Service Association, 1987. in the ASSOCIATION NEWS and the ASSOCIATION 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. International Advertising Representative VIEWS, and all communications relating to these, arc Phone (202)338-4045. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD. JOURNAL subscriptions: One year (11 issues), $15. October 1987. Volume 64, number 9. Overseas subscriptions (except ), add $3 per year. 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Square, ISSN 0015-7279. London SW1, 01-834-5566 Airmail not available.

2 OCTOBER 1987 ASSOCIATION VIEWS 3F53

Questions about Immunity AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board

President: PERRY SHANKLE IPLOMATIC IMMUNITY serves the same function for the For¬ D State Vice President: EVANGELINE MONROE eign Service employee as does the policeman’s bullet-proof vest: it AID Vice President: HENRY MERRILL allows a vital public sendee to be performed in areas of great risk. USIA Vice President: A. STEPHEN TELKINS Secretary: JAMES A. DERRICK Without it the would be foolish to send representatives Treasurer: SAMUEL MOK to the places where it most needs them. Thus we are gready troubled State Representatives: WARD BARMON by recent proposals to radically change this valuable and proven JONATHAN FARRAR BARBARA HUGHES system. GERALD LAMBERTY The most recent of these has been put forth by Senator Jesse SANDRA ODOR Helms. Responding to criticism of the current immunity arrange¬ AID Representatives: DAVID GARMS MICHAEL ZAK ments agreed to in the Vienna Convention of 1961, the senator USIA Representative: JOHN WALSH would remove protection from family and staff members of foreign Retired Representatives: L. BRUCE LAINGEN EARL D. SOHM posted here who are charged with drug trafficking, violent JOHN THOMAS crimes, or reckless driving. We do not argue that these people should Staff be free to break our laws and get away with it by hiding behind immunity, but that another way should be found to deal with the Director far Administration: SUE B. SCHUMACHER problem that does not weaken the protection of immunity for our General Counsel: SUSAN Z. HOLIK people abroad—as would surely occur as reciprocity is invoked around Director of the world. Member Services: SABINE SlSK Member Services Senator Helms’s proposal would not affect the immunity of con¬ Representative: NF.AL M. CALLANDER sular and diplomatic officials themselves, but our communicators Controller: ELLEN TENN Membership Coordinator: MYRIAM DUNCAN and secretaries, not to mention our spouses and children, would be Executive Assistant: DENISE BYERS subject to legal and political systems dtat are often sharply at variance Leyfal Assistant: CHRIS BAZAR with ours or are controlled by states that could use them to harass Law Clerk: RICHARD M. PRICE Executive Secretaries: BONITA CARROLL and intimidate us. Without immunity, what is to prevent an un¬ PAT REYNOSO HALL friendly country from arresting and imprisoning the spouse of an Congressional Liaison official who delivers a diplomatic rebuke? Must we return to the ROBERT M. BEERS days when the messenger who brought unpleasant news had his RICK WEISS head sent back home on a plate? Scholarship Programs Under the convention, the United States may not take judicial DAWN CUTHELL Face-to-Face Program action against a . But that does not mean that he or she STEVEN PHILIP KRAMER

must go unpunished or that justice must be denied the victim. The The American Foreign Service Association, founded State Department can declare the perpetrator , in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all Foreign urge the embassy to waive his or her immunity, or ask the sending Service employees in the Department of State and the state to compensate the victim. In addition, U.S. law has been up¬ Agency for International Development under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active membership dated so that foreign missions are now required to insure their driv¬ in AFSA is open to all current or retired professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in the United States. Asso¬ ers for liability, and the State Department can revoke their licenses. ciate membership is open to persons having an active A new bill would go even further by creating a system in which interest in or close association with foreign affairs who are not employees or retirees of the foreign affairs agen¬ victims could be compensated through a special fund when other cies. Annual dues: Active Members—$65-143; Retired procedures fail. Members—$30-45; Associate Members—$35. Dues in¬ clude $9.50 allocation for subscription to the JOUR¬ We understand the anguish of those who have been unfortunate NAL and ASSOCIATION NEWS. All AFSA mem¬ victims of criminal acts perpetrated by foreign representatives in our bers are members of the Foreign Service Club. country. Diplomatic immunity certainly should not be used as a AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037 shield to permit criminal actions. But neither should the remedy be Membership inquiries, controller, worse than the illness. AFSA is presenting its own proposals to scholarship programs, insurance programs, address these concerns while opposing Senator Helms’s approach, JOURNAL offices: (202)338-4045 Governing Board, standing committees, general counsel, which will surely limit our ability to do our jobs and put us at risk. labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202)647-8160 Perry Shankle, President Foreign Service Club: (202)333-8477

OCTOBER 1987 3 AUTHORIZED EXPORTER GENERAL ELECTRIC -U.S.A.- LETTERS

GENERAL ELECTRONICS In Defense of Displays the-art innovations, but also average models INC. freely available here, though scarce in the In a period of declining budgetary resources, . USIA must indeed examine its program pri¬ As a promotion of national image and REFRIGERATORS • FREEZERS orities, as Yale Richmond pointed out [LET¬ achievement, exhibits have few equals in RANGES • MICROWAVE OVENS TERS, June]. An important conclusion, how¬ USIA’s repertory. We certainly need to exert AIR CONDITIONERS • DRYERS ever, of that examination is that academic all effort to make them better, more sharply WASHERS • SMALL APPLIANCES exchanges and exhibits (as well as pub¬ focused, and more cost effective, but the AUDIO EQUIPMENT • TELEVISION lications, performing arts groups, and radio agency can ill afford to neglect one of its DISHWASHERS • TRANSFORMERS broadcasts) all have distinct and necessary foremost tools of communication. That roles in USIA’s mission could be the most objectionable budget pri¬ in the Soviet Union. Academic exchanges ority of all. Available for All Electric aim at an elite audience and project long¬ Currents/Cycles term effects; exhibits, by contrast, aim at a WILLIAM K. JONES mass audience, but this does not necessar¬ Director, USIA Exhibits Sendee Immediate Shipping/Mailing ily mean that visitors are uneducated or Washington, D.C. From our Local Warehouse unsophisticated. Few Foreign Service professionals would Apathy We Can Also Furnish question die value of academic exchanges Replacement Parts for as a tool of international programming. The I recently attended AFSA’s annual awards Most Manufactures Fulbright exchanges have been effective for ceremony in the Loy Henderson Confer¬ 40 years. That’s why Congress appropriated ence Room. I was embarrassed. $121 million for these programs in the cur¬ Why? Assuredly not by the awardees— SHOWROOM rent fiscal year. Exhibits, too, have been ef¬ all of whom, I have no doubt, richly de¬ General Electronics, Inc. fective communicators for over 30 years, serve this recognition of dedicated profes¬ 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. and with a worldwide budget of only $16 sionalism—recipients of the Rivkin, Harri- Washington, D.C. 20016 million, the Exhibits Service is one of man, Bohlen, and the Sinclaire language Tel. (202) 362-8300 USIA’s most cost-effective programs. awards. No, the recipients of these awards TWX 710-822-9450 “Information USA” has had diousands speak for the best of the Foreign $ervice— GENELECINC WSH of Soviet visitors waiting in line for up to class acts, each and every one of them. four hours to see this interactive exhibit on I was embarrassed instead by the fact that computer technology and the computer revo¬ no more than 75 people were present to lution in America. During its nine-city, 18- applaud them in that large hall, and per¬ mondi tour in the Soviet Union, more than haps a third of dtat small number from out¬ two million Soviet visitors will earn' away side $tate. Embarrassed for those who were to 5 useful information and impressions about present who provide the funds to make © o y > American life and values. Our companion these annual awards possible. Embarrassed ST > publications, the 64-page brochure for vis¬ for Senator Pell, chairman of die Senate For¬ o ® itors and several hundred thousand copies eign Relations Committee, who came and © *■' of America Illustrated—each to be read by made a gracious little speech. Embarrassed, -2 5 tt 10 or more people based on our past expe¬ too, to hear AFSA President Frank Young O announce from the podium that no Herter Li. rience—will be given out. For the cost of $16 million we believe the exhibit accom¬ Award was given this year because only one zo oo plishes a great deal. This kind of broad expo¬ nomination had been received. But above CL -I If sure is as important in its own right as the all, embarrassed for those who did receive 3 < more limited, albeit intense, exposure of par¬ awards this year, seeing around diem so few ob < S o < Q. o Jo ticipants in the exchange program. After of their colleagues in the Service. o N CO showing in the USSR, “Information USA” Don’t we care about distinguished serv¬ — LU ice? These awards are one of the best ways x UJ © o may be refurbished or adapted for presenta¬ I- cc CO o tion elsewhere, adding to its utility. we have of saying to ourselves and to out¬ oLL

4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A world class design makes Taurus a very diplomatic solution to your transportation needs.

As you pull into the driveways of various , By designing each individual component and feature to you’ll have them wondering where, exacdy, did your new be easier and better for you to use, the result is a better- Ford Taurus come from. Some may even insist it’s a product designed vehicle overall. of their country—that is, until they see the familiar blue The result is a new line of front-wheel-drive sedans oval on the back. and wagons that combine advanced technology with human Taurus: A new American design philosophy. need. Even its aerodynamic shape is part of its dedication to Even as the first engineers began work, over 400 function. Which means you can judge Taurus not only by specific objectives were being established for Taurus. how good it looks, but how well it works. The list was based on how you drive an automobile... So if your aim is to please just about everyone, and still what you want from it...what you need from it. The list please yourself, consider the new Ford Taurus. A very included: How comfortable the seat belts are to wear; the diplomatic solution to your transportation needs. effort required to open and close the doors; the FORD INTERNATIONAL convenience of checking the oil. EXPORT SALES

Please send me information to purchase a new

WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES NAME FORD MOTOR COMPANY 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W ADDRESS Washington, D.C. 20006 CITY STATE Tel: (202) 785-6047 COUNTRY ZIP bols, meant to reach beyond the awardees diemselves, to the kind of public service that we profess and want to be. We demean all of that if we don’t make it publicly clear that we care.

L. BRUCE LAINGEN Foreign Service Officer, retired Washington, D.C.

Included with member copies this month, for the first time, is cm application form for the Rivkin, Harriman, Herter, and Bohlen awards. In addition, the AFSA Governing Board is examining ways of improving com¬ munications with the Washington members, including announcements of events such as the awards ceremony.—ED. Den of Naivete

I refer to the article “Dinner and Opium” in the July/August issue by Mary Sanford, wife of our cultural attache to Thailand. In both her and her husband it revealed an incredible naivete, if not stupidity. It’s easy to make the move So opium is legal in Thailand, so their host is “highly respected,” so, as he ex¬ more difficult; hut it’s not hard to make plained to them, “an opium den is a peace¬ ful, relaxing place, pleasant after a week hard your moving experience easier. . . at work,” so we in the West really didn’t understand; anyone trying the stuff and get¬ “Easier ” is easier ting sick needed “guidance” and better- quality' opium, etc., ad nauseum. Observing ivith planning and communication. an opium den in Bangkok is one thing—I did this myself when I was posted there When medical examina¬ problem is troubling you. over 30 years ago—but partaking of die tions conflict with your mov¬ Two, ask us for a copy of stuff and swallowing the line they were being handed is something else. This inquis¬ ing date; when items are left our “New Assignment Abroad itive couple might well have visited, as I off the pre-planning survey; Checklist,” a simple, compre¬ did, a detention center for opium where I when we don’t know that you hensive guide that will give went with Macao’s chief of police years ago. They came in looking like human skeletons. have certain valuables that you what you need to know Or, perhaps, when the Sanfords return to need special packing con¬ to make your move easier. the United States from die Golden Trian¬ siderations - that’s when the Call (301) 420-3300 for gle, they might investigate their own cul¬ move can become more diffi¬ the “Information Service” ture a little deeper and learn more about both die ravages of drugs, including opium, cult for you. Nobody wants and/or checklist. We’re here and our efforts to combat this menace at that. to make your move the best home and abroad. We believe that careful ever. Bon Voyage. Really, and exactly what is the JOURNAL trying to prove, running a piece of garbage planning and communications like this? make the difference between Select District Moving and an easy move and a hard one. Storage for an easier moving EARL J. WILSON experience. Foreign Service So, we have two ideas in that Information Officer, retired context that you are invited Potomac, Maryland to use. One, call our new “Moving Despite the writer’s contention, Ms. Sanford describes in detail the deleterious effects of the Abroad Telephone Informa¬ drug: “.Many [of the men in the den] were tion Service” for answers to strikingly emaciated.” And: “Detailed and specific questions about plan¬ 'iDISrRO graphic as they [newspaper articles about opium MOVING &> STORAGE , INC. withdrawal] were, they were less appalling than ning, scheduling, packing, 3850 Penn Belt Place the account...of an American friend’s Chinese air freight, accompanied Forestville, Maryland 20747 cook’s... excruciating withdrawal as he lay vomit¬ baggage or whatever special 301-420-3300 ing, sweating, screaming, convulsed, and writh¬ ing on his cot.” Incidentally, the Sanfords left post in Bangkok many years before the story was written.—ED.

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HOME LEAVE A Survival Plan Life in the Foreign Service, though often GLENDALE YEAROUND was de¬ challenging, has some benefits. One of veloped by a small group of your fellow these benefits is “HOME LEAVE”, a Foreign Service colleagues who wanted to chance to remain current with socio-politi¬ solve the “HOME LEAVE” problem by cal changes back home and let your family building a community in an environmen¬ rediscover their own nationality. But this tally sound manner and selling our product golden opportunity is not without its logisti¬ ethically and with pride to our colleagues. cal problems. Where to establish “home All facilities are now completed and approx¬ base” for the two to three months in the imately 900 families now own one of our U.S.? subdivided lots. GLENDALE YEAR¬ You may own a house in the Washington OUND continues to be owned and man¬ area, but it’s probably rented. Staying with aged by the original group that founded it family and friends for long periods has very in 1970. large drawbacks. (Guests are like fish; after We have only 200 fully developed home a couple of days they begin to smell.) Hotels sites and campsites remaining and offer are prohibitively expensive. these at prices ranging from $4,000 to The Solution: GLENDALE YEAR- $14,500. Financing is available. OUND, a privately managed, security con¬ A short video tape (VHS or BETA), de¬ trolled community in the Allegheny moun¬ scribing GLENDALE YEAROUND can tains, just an easy four hour drive from be mailed to interested persons. Complete Washington, offers cottages and perma¬ the coupon below and send it, together with nent campsites for sale. Take advantage of a check for $10 for a copy of the videotape. It one of the few remaining tax shelters for in¬ will explain how you can purchase property terest payments. Purchase one of our while overseas so that it will be available homesites and we will build to your specifi¬ for use on your next home leave. Or visit us cations. (Central Pennsylvania still enjoys next time you are in the U.S. Some of the lowest home construction costs in the U.S.). Or purchase a campsite and lo¬ * Obtain HUD property report from developer and read it before cate a park model trailer on it, connected to signing anything. HUD neither approves the merits of the offer ing nor the value of the property as an investment, if any. central sewer and water systems. All utilities, including cable TV, are available

to your site. GLENDALE YEAROUND FSJ9«7 Enjoy the private recreation facilities of Flinton, PA 16640 GLENDALE YEAROUND, including YES, please send me a videotape swimming pools, tennis courts, ski slope, and literature about Home Leave amphitheater, volleyball courts, basket¬ Survival. Enclosed is my check for ball, picnic areas, pavillion, club house etc. $10.00. controlled by the Property Owners Associa¬ tion. And across the road from our entrance □ VHS is a beautifully maintained six thousand □ BETA (if non-U.S. format, please acre state park containing 1,700 acre Glen¬ specify) dale Lake with its marina, sailing club, NAME: fishing areas, playgrounds, ballfields, an- ture trails, etc. On our other side is 14,000 ADDRESS: acre State Game Lands number 108. It is ideal for low cost vacation and retirement. am-bas-sa-dor

Surely the Foreign Service can use a little bit of irreverence from time to time as an antidote to such ponderous questions as “and well call “What is the role of the American ambassa¬ dor in the modern world of rapid commu¬ Guardian nications, global responsibilities, and an increasing interdependence?” I offer the fol¬ lowing contribution for my colleagues’ con¬ Storage. sideration, quoted from A Concise Etymo¬ logical Dictionary of the English Language, by the Reverend (Irreverend?) Walter W. Theyll take Skeat, Litt.D., D.C.L., Ph.D.: “, Embassador. L. ambactus, a servant, emissary. The Latin word is bor¬ care of rowed from an old Gaulish (Celtic) word (,ambactusl) a slave, lit. one driven about... everthing.” c.f. Old Irish immagim, I drive about, send about...” Now, you can take this many ways. I take it to mean that the role of the American ambassador in the modem world of (drivel) is to be driven about by a chauffeur in a When you are large limousine with flags on the fenders. selected as a But what about the “slave” bit? And, what member of the is the immediate significance of ambactus Foreign Service, and immagim for young upwardly mobile FSOs (YUMMIF.S)? Readers are invited to you become one of comment. an elite group: dependable, experienced, PETER C. WALKER and efficient. So choose FSO, en retraite a moving and storage company Washington, D.C. that displays these same qualities; Hail and Farewell a company that has been chosen by other Foreign Service members and their families The AFSA membership has spoken, and for over twelve years. new leadership is at the helm. In that regard, we would like to take this occasion to note that Thea de Rouville, Choose Guardian Storage. whether over the bargaining table involv¬ You can trust Guardian to protect ing innumerable issues, or informal consulta¬ your family's possessions. tions and contracts, was totally dedicated and professional in representing Foreign Service employees. She was a formidable negotiator who did her homework, mas¬ tered die most minute details of the issues and asked the tough—often embarrassing GUARDIAN STORAGE, INCORPORATED —questions. At the same time, she was never unreasonable, and quite often, as the flow of negotiations pointed inexorably toward impasse, Thea was instrumental in r achieving results that, on the negative side R v R n R H R y R □ 'R H R y Ft o IR " R H FCZ R n R we could both live with, and, on the posi¬ tive, would meet die major concerns of man¬ ORDER ANYTIME BY MAIL agement and the AFSA membership. and get our special 20% discount on ail prescriptions It is our firm impression that Thea always You have credit with us; order all your manifested a dedication and desire—and drug items from us and pay upon receipt worked hard—to achieve the best possible outcome for AFSA and the employees it You can always rely on us for fast, efficient service represents. Satisfied customers all over the world. We are anxious to service you BOB SHERMAN Chief Labor-Management Negotiator COLUMBIA PLAZA PHARMACY Washington, D.C. 516 23rd St., NW Washington D.C. 20037 Telephone (202) 331-5800 lg BOB FOUCHE Former Chief, r Labor-Management Relations (RffRDRrtRl/RQ R^HRURH R R K R R „D R Washington, D.C.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL GM GIVES VERY IMPORTANT PEOPLE VERY SPECIAL TREATMENT.

General Motors Diplomatic Sales is here to make Get GM behind you on your next new-car purchase, sure every step in ordering and receiving your new Plan to order your 1988 model early, For complete 1988 GM product is as convenient and reliable as details just fill out and mail the coupon below. humanly possible. And there's more: • Rapid Response Time • Delivery Wherever Your Diplo¬ Diplomatic Sales matic Assignment Takes You (within the guidelines General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation of this program) • One-Stop Shopping • Not 3044 West Grand Boulevard, Room 3-129 Limited To Standardized Models • Price Protection Detroit, Ml 48202 Up to 180 Days (prior to new-model announce¬ Telephone: (313) 556-5615 ment) • Order By Mail. FEEL THE DIFFERENCE GENERAL MOTORS MAKES CHEVROLET*PONTIAOOLDSMOBILE BUICK'CADILLAOGMC TRUCK

I-Please send me information about the following GM cars[s): n CHEVROLET — □ Cavalier □ Celebrity □ Monte Carlo □ Caprice □ Camaro □ Corvette □ Corsica □ Beretta □ Light Duty Trucks, Please specify PONTIAC — □ Fiero □ Sunbird □ Grand AM □ Firebird □ 6000 □ Grand Prix □ Bonneville □ Safari OLDSMOBILE — □ Firenza □ Calais □ Cutlass □ Cutlass Supreme □ Delta 88 □ Custom Cruiser □ Ninety-Eight □ Toronado BUICK — □ Skyhawk □ Skylark/Somerset □ Century □ Regal □ LeSabre □ Electro □ LeSabre/Electra Wagon □ Riviera CADILLAC — □ Cimarron □ DeVille □ Fleetwood □ Fleetwood Brougham □ Eldorado □ Seville GMC — □ Light Duty Trucks. Please specify

NAME

STREET ADDRESS * APT.

CITY* STATE/PROVINCE*

COUNTRY*

•(PLEASE INSERT ANY MAILING CODE REQUIRED BY YOUR LOCAL POSTAL REGULATIONS) BOOKS

Reviews of his book is derived from previously pub¬ lished work but, nonetheless, some of the "There was the Shadows and Whispers: Power Politics material he presents about Soviet lifestyles Inside the Kremlin From Brezhnev to is of interest. Unfortunately, tire book is door to which I Gorbachev. By Dusko Doder. Random House, marred by overoptimistic assumptions found no key—” 1986. $19.95.' about how much has actually changed in the Soviet Union. Walker also compulsively Edward Fitzgerald The Waking Giant: Gorbachev’s . blames the United States for almost all of By Martin Walker. Pantheon, 1986. $17.95. the current problems in East-West relations. This, unfortunately, appears to reflect the ATTENTION... Since the great success of books by Hedrick conventional wisdom among some Euro¬ Smith and Robert Kaiser in the mid- pean journalists. PEOPLE on the 1970s, few western journalists in Moscow These books, in sum, must be read with have been able to resist the temptation to caution. David Satter’s recent article in MOVE... write an account of their tour. These two Encounter on the foibles of western journa¬ books are the latest entries on the growing lists in Moscow would serve as a useful cor¬ list of pop Sovietology. rective and companion piece. Doder focuses on high Kremlin politics. —ERIC S. EDELMAN We specialize in sales He has produced a study of the succession and property crisis that brought Mikhail Gorbachev to management in the power in March 1985. While the author The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Metropolitan has worked his Soviet sources hard, he has of the Castro Years. added only a few mildly interesting details By Wayne S. Smith. W.W. Norton, 1987. Washington area. to an outline that is already widely known. His book thus is mainly of interest as a Wayne Smith’s Foreign Service career, commentary on the strengths and weak¬ which ended in 1982, was devoted in large Cathie Gill has the key nesses of journalistic methods in Moscow. measure to Cuba. His book is a critique Doder’s metier was tips and rumors. Tips of the policies followed by the United States to care-free services for from his Soviet contacts were crucial in gain¬ toward the island from the final months all your real estate ing his major scoop—the story of Yuri An¬ of the Batista regime to the present. What needs. dropov’s demise. As for rumors, the emerges is a view of successive administra¬ common currency of both reporters and dip¬ tions—particularly the last two—squander¬ lomats in Moscow, there is no indication ing numerous opportunities for a less hos¬ that they were subjected to any kind of evi¬ tile relationship with Cuba. dentiary tests. Doder admits that he was About two-thirds of the book is devoted Personal attention loath to correct a story after it had appeared, to the 1977-82 period, when Smith worked gets results. even if subsequent evidence had proven him on Cuban affairs at the State Department wrong. and later at the U.S. Interests Section in The danger of journalist dependence on Havana. On many important issues, Smith tips and rumors in a totalitarian society is confides, he was in conflict with the admin¬ Call obvious—self-censorship. Doder provides istration position. He states flatly that a a marvelous example of this in recounting “significant improvement” in U.S. relations how he obtained his second big scoop—an with Cuba has been possible for some time, CatfiieC.ill \nc. interview with Konstantin Chernenko. He contending that Castro’s revolutionary REALTORS® notes that while he was pursuing a meet¬ fervor has diminished over the years and ing with the general secretary, the that the Cuban leader was willing to seek Times was also seeking an interview. Sur¬ a modus vivendi with Washington. Critics 4801 Massachusetts mising that the Times would ask questions will find that analysis to be unrealistic. It Ave., N.W. about Soviet Jewry and emigration that is difficult to understand, for example, how would not be congenial to the Soviets, the United States could expend so much Suite 400 Doder calculatedly drew up a list of writ¬ energy opposing communism in Central A- Washington, D.C. ten questions on arms control that he be¬ merica, on the one hand, while casually seek¬ lieved would be more welcome. It will come ing an accommodation with Cuba on the 20016 as no surprise that the Soviets granted the other. American steadfastness might be exclusive to Doder. open to question by anti-communist forces (202) 364-3066 Martin Walker of the Manchester Guard¬ if we engaged in an open-ended dialogue ian prefers a more sociological approach. with Castro, as Smith recommends. And Walker sees Gorbachev as the representative any interest by the dictator in talks with of a rising new middle class of intellectuals, the United States might well be for the very scientists, managers, and bureaucrats. Much purpose of demoralizing pro-democratic

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL "Insuring the "Storing the furnishings valuables you leave you move in Washington also overseas calls for Security." calls for Roland Showalter, Vice Security." President Overseas Division, joined Paul Wood, Manager, Security in 1947. Insurance Division has worked with Security since 1956.

When you’re posted abroad, you can insure You can store rugs, furs and clothing in household goods in-transit or at your overseas temperature-controlled Security-at government residence—at special low rates. expense. And, you can give your valuables and art the Security's Government Service Policy covers Security of a bank vault. Call Roland Showalterat furnishings and personal effects including automobiles (202)797-5679. anywhere outside the U.S. Call Paul Wood at Your move overseas calls for the expertise of the (202)797-5625. world's most experienced moving and storage company.

(202)234-5600 1701 Florida Avenue NW Washington DC 20009 forces in . The admin¬ istration obviously thinks this, but Smith believes that, at a minimum, Castro should be sounded out. The affection Smith has 6000 miles from here... for Cubans is a recurring theme of dris book, and his disappointment over the inability of the two sides to get together is deeply frustrating to him, but affinity for the coun¬ This one This one try to which a diplomat is assigned can be dangerous. Detachment is an important trait won’t work. will. for any , and Smith probably would have been better off serving elsewhere. The book is a useful contribution to the annals of U.S.-Cuban relations, written by a man who cares deeply and who, in the best American tradition, is exercising his right to speak out. He is fortunate to live in a country where dissidents, such as him¬ self, get published and not jailed. —GEORGE GEDDA

Can you . By Raymond tell the difference? Bonner. Times Books, 1987. $19.95. Raymond Bonner, a former New York Times When it comes to appliances, every country makes its own rules. foreign correspondent and award-winning Voltages, cycles, TV and video standards just aren’t the same overseas author, has contributed an extraordinary, as they are here in the USA. There are TVs and VCRs that work equally relevant analysis of the near-destruction of well both here and abroad, but you shouldn’t expect that your local Sears Philippine democracy under Ferdinand and will be able to supply your needs... or even know what they are. . Among the first and best We know. Twenty-five years worth of experience makes us expert in in the current avalanche of Philippine books, all the things you’ll need to know if you’re in government service overseas. Bonner’s illuminates American polity misper¬ We stock a complete line of home appliances for220 volts, 50 cycles— ceptions and misguided intentions in this all major brands. And all of our prices are substantially discounted. country from 1965 to 1986. Waltzing with Our large inventory assures prompt shipment. And we can ship a Dictator traces in fascinating detail the rela¬ anywhere in the USA or worldwide if you prefer—free of US taxes. tionship between five U.S. presidential With all that assurance, you’ll be pleased to find that our prices are administrations and the Marcos regime. most competitive and our service is second to none. Based on previously classified government Call or write for literature, advice and price information. documents, statements of key officials, and views of opponents, victims, and col¬ laborators, the book sheds fresh light on Appliances Overseas, Inc. U.S. acquiescence in the implementation 330 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10001 (212) 736-7860 of martial law in 1972. He recalls the in¬ fighting and the cost of meaningful dissent within the foreign policy bureaucracy. He recounts the life—and assassination—of Be- nigno Aquino, the ascendancy of President , and the threat of the New People’s Army. He reviews the lifestyle of Imelda Marcos, the relationships she forged with U.S. officials, and the final days of the Marcos dynasty. Writing with flair, Bonner quickly dis¬ pels any notion that American foreign af¬ ... the 1987 issue is fairs are an arid game played by bland wimps 800+ pages of informa¬ in pinstripes. The American players range POLITICAL tion and analysis. from Henry Byroade, “the John Wayne of Political, economic, and ,” to Richard Holbrook, “infi¬ nitely ambitious and infinitely egotistical.” social trends. Late- HANDBOOK On the Philippine side he portrays Ferdi¬ breaking developments. nand and Imelda as masters of illusion, cun¬ OF THE All in one compact ning manipulators, consumed by power and volume. $84.95. greed—in the end emperors without clodtes; or clothes, with no emperor. Amer¬ WORLD Call 607-777-2116 or write: icans were especially fooled. President John¬ CSA Publications, Box 4, son, Secretary Kissinger, and World Bank SUNY-Binghamton, President Robert McNamara were all smit¬ 1987 ten by the Marcos charm. Binghamton, NY 13901. Bonner gives several explanations for the United States’ misperceptions, misjudg-

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A MEMBER OFTHE (71 We Just Do It Better! SEARS FINANCIAL NETWORK ;*' Top Quality Residential COLDUUeU. PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BANKER□ throughout the Washington metropolitan area with an exclusive money-back Satisfaction Guarantee (703) 556-6100 Coldwell Banker, America’s largest full service real estate company, has provided superior management to absentee owners since 1933. Our full-time staff of expertly trained property managers is ready to serve your needs from seven convenient locations. —Our Services Include— YES! I would like more information • COMPLETE TENANT SCREENING on Coldwell Banker's Property Manage¬ • ON-SITE PROPERTY INSPECTIONS ment services and related fee structure. • MONTHLY STATEMENTS I NAME: • YEAR-END TAX STATEMENTS |ADDRESS: • PROMPT DISBURSEMENT OF PROCEEDS TO OWNERS | RENTAL PROPERTY: • SUBSTANTIAL DISCOUNTS ON SEARS REPLACEMENT APPLIANCES | TELEPHONE #: < > to: Coldwell Banker Residential Property Management Department cJo Call us today! Executive Offices, 1953 Gallows Road. Suite 650, Vienna. VA 22100 or mail the enclosed coupon

BALANCE or p m Professional-Level ruvvciPnwpr

Now Available: Foreign Language NEW D-2 from Leading Edge. First Time Offered: Translation Software. AT 10 mghz Super-Fast. EGA, CGA, Mono Graphics ports. French, Russian, Spanish Complete Mono System with Printer (Pan 1080i) Or a 2400 baud Modem at the Lowest Foreign Service Discount Price. SOFTGRAFUSA. Model D still rated BEST of all compatibles. From $1095 15-month Guarantee VAN DORN PLAZA, Alexandria, Virginia 22304 Telephone, Telex, and Mail Inquiries Invited. Hours: M-F: 10-9, Sat: 10-6, Sun: 12-5 SOFTGRAFUSA Phone: (703) 370- 5000 TELEX 904059.WASH Computer Vendor to the Foreign Service

OCTOBER 1987 13 merits, and misreactions to the Philippine American foreign policy debate. past 15 years. The editors’ conclusion that situation, including the judgment that the Charles’s book is unfortunately subtided. “the future clearly holds change for the alli¬ high price of dissent tends to discourage A research associate with the Federation of ance” is supported by their contributors’ all but the most courageous from challeng¬ American Scientists, he has written a con¬ snapshots of western defense issues in the ing the conventional wisdom. “It is con¬ cise description of NATO’s first-use strategy— mid-1980s. Whether that change can be sidered more appropriate for a Foreign Serv¬ how it is supposed to operate, and the am¬ “steered within controlled limits and with ice officer [who disagrees] to work within biguities inherent in it. ‘It seems probable,” a clear range of preferred outcomes” remains the system, dutifully carrying out orders of he writes, “that NATO itself does not know to be answered. the president he serves, than it is to resign.” what specific Soviet military' moves.. .would Finally, Dean draws on his personal Bonner concludes: “IPs not a moral imper¬ convince its leaders to authorize nuclear first involvement with European security over ative which says don’t embrace dictators; use.” The book may strike Foreign Service the past 30 years to examine the range of it is hard, cold realpolitik. If that wasn’t clear readers with access to classified NATO ma¬ issues and institutions involved in the se¬ before, it should be after Marcos.” terial as oversimplified, but it is far more curity debate. Dean correctly notes that the —LEE STULL satisfying than preceding books on the sub¬ breakdown of the western defense consen¬ ject, in two respects: it is clearly written, sus in Europe “is not exclusively a left- in English, not jargon, and it avoids the wing phenomenon” and recognizes that su¬ Evolving European Defense Policies. shrill tone of much of the first-use strategy perficially extra-European issues—U.S. Edited by Catherine M. Kelleher and Gale debate. Indeed, his conclusion that NATO policy in , for example—are taking A. Mattox. Lexington Books, 1987. needs to improve its management of nu¬ their toll on the Europeans’ attitude toward clear forces in crisis or war, but “should their American ally. Most importantly, he Nuclear Planning in NATO: Pitfalls of never be confident of its ability adequately concludes that “despite the strong...forces First Use. By Daniel Charles. Ballinger, to exercise this control,” is rather muted— ...supporting continuation of the status quo 1986. and the better for it. There are no villains in Europe, there will also be continuing pres¬ in his discussion of nuclear policy. sure for dismantling a confrontation re¬ Watershed in Europe: Dismantling the Kelleher and Mattox’s book offers articles garded by many Europeans as increasingly East-West Military Confrontation. By on the defense of western Europe by both nonfunctional and obsolete.” Dealing with Jonathan Dean. Lexington Books, 1987. academics and journalists (Stephen Szabo these pressures will be a major task of Amer¬ and Elizabeth Pond, among them), divided ican diplomacy in the years to come, and Three generations of authors have written topically (new technologies, burden-shar¬ a familiarity with the issues raised by these on the changing consensus underlying NATO ing, etc.) and by country. Only West Ger¬ books is a good place to start tackling the strategy in Europe. Former Ambassador many, Britain, , , the Nether¬ job. —EDWINA CAMPBELL Jonathan Dean, now arms control adviser lands, and Norway are dealt with directly, for the Union of Concerned Scientists, has with the Federal Republic receiving the If you would like to review a recently published provided die broadest, most dtoughtfiil look lion’s share of attention. Pond’s article on book, please send biographic material, includ¬ at the subject, but Charles and Kelleher/ Bonn’s West- and ostpolitik is an especially ing areas of expertise to the JOURNAL at 2101 Mattox also raise issues important to the lucid analysis of the developments of the E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Saab

Order your 1988 Saab with confidence through an interna¬ tional dealer who has years of experience in international and diplomatic sales. Very advan¬ tageous for Diplomats and G-4 Nationals.

Brochures & Information available on request

SUBMIT INQUIRIES TO Thelma Koopman International and Diplomatic Sales

Contact Rolls-Royce / Saab Thelma Koopman 4800 Elm Street Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 International and Diplomatic Sales Tel.(3911656-9220 / Telex440155

TuroMoforcars Factory Authorized Dealer

In Response to the Demand for Increased Language Proficiency LA REVISTA EN ESPANOL A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF LATIN AMERICA IN SPANISH

SE i ai

IN PRINT AND ON CASSETTE • Articles selected from leading Latin American publications • Sixty-minute cassette with excerpts of articles read and dramatized by Latin American professional broadcasters • Topics include economics and business, politics, science, culture and style. Less familiar Spanish words and expressions are highlighted in the text. The English translations are easily found in the margin. SEND FOR A FREE BROCHURE OR CALL (202) 328-4524

La Revista En Espanol 1821 18th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009

NAME

STREET

CITY STATE ZIP PHONE

OCTOBER 1987 15 There Is Only One Place PERIODICALS To Stay In Washington YOUR PLACE By MICHELLE MAYNARD

“The U.S. Foreign Affairs Structure in

“A Hotel Alternative For The Prudent Spender.” SHORT OR LONG TERM.LUXURY A Changing World.” By David D. Newsom. APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. Washington Quarterly, Summer 1987, PENTHOUSES All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully Volume 10, No. 3. Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable Television * Security Intercom System Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking The apparent failure of recent policies has Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) ★ Convenience Store many asking whether the United States’ 40- year-old foreign relations machinery is appro¬ SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON priate in today’s world. Newsom argues that THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE the reason for the seeming lack of success INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT lies outside the institutional framework. ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL Rather, the United States has raised expecta¬ TLC Development Corporation GEORGETOWN tions it could not meet. Also, while circum¬ 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Ar|.. Va. 22209 FOGGY BOTTOM DUPONT CIRCLE stances abroad largely dictate the success or failure of our initiatives, tensions within REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS the Washington foreign affairs structure MANAGEMENT [* (703) 527-4441*T have both reflected and aggravated our prob¬ Visa and Master Card Honored L* lems. One result of this institutional con¬ fusion is that foreigners frequently wonder at the multiplicity of voices that constantly compete in the expression of official U. S. policy. Several factors contribute to the size and complexity of our foreign affairs machin¬ ery: the creation of government agencies as a symbol of action in meeting new issues; the rhetoric that surrounds these creations; the continued debates over basic operational philosophies; the constant tinkering with the machinery; congressional oversight; and the reluctance of presidents to choose sides in internal fights. As U.S. involvement in international af¬ fairs expanded after World War II, the Department of State either declined to accept responsibilities or was deemed inap¬ propriate for an operational role. New agen¬ cies were created to implement programs and, in die years since, these agencies have expanded, resulting in power and turf strug¬ gles. The inevitable diversions were exacer¬ bated when the national foreign polity con¬ sensus broke down and conflicting views of the U.S. role were fought over in public, in Congress, and die bureaucracy. Newsom notes that, however cumber¬ some it may be, the bureaucratic structure has served the nation well. In recent years, the U.S. role in the world has leveled off, its economic power diminished and its re¬ source base overtaxed. But can the machin¬ ery cope widi further changes in interna¬ tional circumstances? Perhaps die present system is too elaborate for the United States’ diminished role in the world. The author sees congressional and budgetary pressures, responding to events at home and abroad, altering the machinery further. Coordination

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL was easier in an age of consensus, but it is be judged for having undertaken them. Prac¬ suggests that the paradox of covert opera¬ up to the president and his advisers to tical lessons raise moral issues that are not tions in a democracy cannot be managed. make—and effectively communicate—the unique to covert intervention but are often The lesson from the Iran-contra incident, choices that can lend more coherence to obscured by the presumption that opera¬ Treverton concludes, is to let the CIA the foreign policymaking process. tions will remain secret. handle such operations. Only it, and not Given that, Treverton asks, “Why not the White House, has both the expertise act openly?” To do so, however, is neither and accountability to carry them out. “Misunderstanding Terrorism.” ByJeffrey an easy nor a complete substitute for covert D. Simon. Foreign Policy, Summer 1987, No. action. It requires a level of influence in “Let it Sink.” By Charles Krauthammer. The 67. the politics of a foreign country that is New Republic, August 24, 1987, Volume 197, uncomfortable for Americans. It is also No. 8. Simon writes that our current policy on ter¬ easier for the CIA to get money from Con¬ rorism is based on die wrong premises, be¬ gress secretly than for another institution The United States stays in the United Na¬ cause in most cases vital U.S. interests are to get it openly—even if the purposes of tions for a variety of bad reasons, writes not threatened. Therefore, he concludes, the two are similar. Krauthammer. Many criticize the UN for Washington should not devote so much The circumstances in which opting for its financial problems and label it a “spy attention to the problem. a major covert operation makes sense are nest.” The UN has failed, however, in a Since the 1979 embassy takeover in Iran, increasingly rare. In deciding whether to more significant respect: in its principal role the perception—more than the reality—of go ahead, prudent policymakers should ask as a peacekeeper. It has degenerated to the terrorist threats has increased to the point themselves a careful series of questions. The point where it is corrupting, wasteful, and where our national interest is considered most obvious is “What happens when the self-defeating for the United States to stay at stake with each incident. The media have operation becomes public?” Also, “What in. contributed to the widened notion of threat, if the first intervention does not succeed?” Krauthammer sees the UN’s adding to but it is still the president who takes the And, “What signal will be received, by international conflict in several ways. Mem¬ lead in molding public opinion. Labeling whom, and with what result?” bership in the body has become an impor¬ terrorism a “crisis” automatically heightens Americans possess a historical ambiv¬ tant badge of sovereignty for many devel¬ the perception. Terrorism can be consid¬ alence between the high moral view and oping countries. The sovereignty it creates, ered a threat to national security only in the feeling that international politics is a however, is artificial and causes many small extreme cases: when it weakens defense, un¬ dirty business. Though our actions often countries that, at best, would have only re¬ dermines the stability of friendly or neutral belie our words, we believe that nations gional foreign policies, to have global ones. countries, or directly threatens vital inter¬ should not interfere in the internal affairs At the same time, the UN undermines its ests. Every incident, however, does not re¬ of their neighbors and that our external one guiding principle of universal respect quire a response or merit being treated as behavior is an important example to the for sovereignty by giving legitimacy, pro¬ a test of national nerve. An effective counter¬ world. At first glance, the Iran-contra affair paganda support, and official diplomatic terrorism policy requires policymakers to put incidents into the overall context of na¬ tional security. Policymakers raise the stakes in the con¬ flict by expecting that terrorism can be % beaten. Placing the problem so high on the WANT INSTANT TAX RELIEF? national agenda and then failing to deliver CONSIDER a solution plays into the miscreants’ hands. Increased publicity gives terrorists a more significant position in international affairs TAX FREE than their actions or capabilities warrant. At times, terrorism has so dominated Amer¬ ican foreign policy, that it has paralyzed our MUNICIPAL BONDS! policies and strained relations with our allies. The diversity of terrorist incidents pre¬ Phone — Write — Visit cludes designing a single doctrine to meet tlie threat, Simon concludes. We must deter¬ mine which acts deserve the attention of y\.G Edwards &Sons, Inc the highest levels of government. The Members New York Stock Exchange United States should respond militarily only 300 BRANCHES NATIONWIDE when it is warranted, when it will work, and when it is consistent with long-term PLEASE send me information on Municipal Bonds. FSJ security concerns. Name Address “Covert Action and Open Society.” By City Gregory F. Trevertm. Foreign Affairs, Summer State 1987, Volume 65, No. 5. Zip Bus. Phone. Res. Phone The Iran-contra affair raises the question I am a client of A.G. Edwards Yes □ No □ of whether the United States should, and EDWARDS — Washington, D.C. whether it is able, to conduct major covert Mrs. Ruth G. Adler, Vice Pres. operations. Treverton asks under what cir¬ Spring Valley Center cumstances—and how—secret operations 4801 Massachusetts Ave. N.W. can be made to square with an open democ¬ Washington, D.C. 20016 racy. (202) 364-1626 In all likelihood, covert operations will AN B 256 EDC become known, and the United States will

OCTOBER 1987 17 recognition to selective “national liberation movements.” NEW BOOKS FROM THE If die UN does not keep peace, what then does it do? The audior’s answer is that it provides three services. First, the UN is, in Jeane Kirkpatrick’s words, a “Turkish PRESS steambath,” where weak Third World coun¬ tries can ventilate their resentments. Second, it provides die developing countries widi a lobbying forum. Last, by controlling the flow and content of resolutions, the UN’s permanent Third World majority acts as a moral agent, articulating what comes to be Public Choice and called world public opinion. Regulation: The current U.S. role of oppositionist A Question of Trust: The A View from Inside the easily becomes one of damage limitation, Origins of U.S. - Soviet Federal Trade Commission and that means making necessary' com¬ Diplomatic Relations; Robert J. Mackay, James C. promises. Moreover, Krauthammer notes, The Memoirs of Lay W. Miller III, and Bruce Yandle, eds. it is wasteful because we can find far better Henderson ISBN: 0-8179-8561-1 (h) $41.95 use for die money in bilateral contexts. It George W. Baer, ed. (Summer 1987) is self-defeating because our continued pres¬ ence gives the legitimacy. ISBN: 0-8179-8331-7 (h) S44.95 It is time for the United States to with¬ USSR Foreign Policies draw and allow it to sink, he concludes. Market and Plan Under After Detente Socialism: (Revised Edition) “Immigration and Foreign Policy— The Bird in the Cage Richard F. Staar New Rules of the Game.” By Nathan Ian S. Prybyla ISBN: 0-8179-8592-1 (p) SI 3 95 Glazer. The National Interest, Summer 1987, ISBN: 0-8179-8351-1 (h) $35.95 Number 8. 8352-X (p) SI8.95 Land or Peace: Whither Israel? Domestic considerations almost exclusively Politics and Government In Yael Yishai determine immigration policy. Glazer sug¬ African States ISBN: 0-8179-8521-2 (h) $31.95 gests that, increasingly, policymakers will have to factor in foreign policy and recog¬ Peter Duignan and nize our immigration policy’s impact on Robert H. Jackson, eds. To Choose Freedom international relations. ISBN: 0-8179-8481-X (h) $36.95 Vladimir Bukovsky The entire thrust of the immigration 8482-8 (p) $20.95 ISBN: 0-8179-8441-0 $21.95 (h) debate over the last 10 years has been how 8442-9 $11.95 (p) to respond to illegal entry; legal immigra¬ Siberia and the tion is not at issue in this reform. The new Soviet Far East: Understanding immigration act maintains the tradition of Strategic Dimensions in Herbert Hoover: responding to domestic concerns, fears, and Multinational Perspective Ten Perspectives interests. Rodger Swearingen, ed. Lee Nash, ed. While foreign policy considerations have dominated our refugee policy since die end ISBN: 0-8179-8361-9 (h) $32.95 ISBN: 0-8179-8541-7 $21.95 (h) of World War II, they have rarely affected (Summer 1987) 8362-7 (p ) $16.95 our immigration polky. But during the con¬ gressional debates on the new reform, Mexico protested that its interests were not being taken into account. This foreshadows Hoover Institution Press • die increasing importance of foreign con¬ Stanford, CA 94305 • (415) 723-3373 siderations. A possible solution to this would be for the United States to provide economic as¬ sistance to countries from which immigrants come. There are two problems with this WASHINGTON, D.C. BOUND? approach. First, we do not know how to do it. And second, even if we did, would we be willing to spend the money and exert DRIVE A BARGAIN the political pressure that might improve the economic circumstances? RENT-A-NEW CAR Until now, the United States has been from $19.95* per day spared the most extreme effects of immi¬ Ideal When Shipping POV or on Home Leave gration on foreign policy. Glazer concludes •Economy car, subject to availability. Monthly rates lower. that foreign policy considerations should indeed come into play at some point be¬ FREE PICK UP AT NATIONAL AIRPORT & METROS cause immigration problems can no longer 683-6400 be solved solely by domestic means. 2850 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA 22202 Michelle Maynard is a historian at the Department of State.

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Intelligent Alternative DIPLOMACY to Overpriced Hotels.

Now you can enjoy more than twice the living space of an ordinary hotel room at less than one-half the cost.* And still have all the services and luxuries you need: 24-hour switchboard, maids and linens; outdoor swim¬ Crossing Agency Boundaries ming pool and whirlpool; indoor Health Club with sauna; Computer Room and Conference Room with catering kitchen. There’s a complimentary By ANDREW L. STEIGMAN Continental breakfast. Children and extra guests are welcomed and there is no charge for parking. All located off Washington Boulevard opposite As a name, the Foreign Service of the Fort Myer and minutes from the District, the Pentagon, Crystal City and United States has a reassuring sound. It con¬ National Airport. jures up a mental picture of a single body If you are transferring into the Washington area or are here temporar¬ of disciplined troops, based in (or perhaps ily on company or government business, call The Executive Club today. the same as) the State Department, selflessly You can take advantage of our reduced Grand Opening rates while you representing the U.S. government abroad. enjoy a full sized apartment suite. Yet the image, as we know, is a mirage. That solid-sounding Foreign Service actu¬ ally encompasses six separate services in five The Executive Club different agencies—one each in State, AID, USIA, and Commerce, and both the For¬ Arlington eign Agricultural Service and die Animal and Plant Health Inspection Sendee in Agri¬ culture—and each is very protective of its 108 South Courthouse Road independent existence. The legislative root Arlington, Virginia 22204 of the problem lies in Section 203(b) of the Foreign Service Act, which reassured agencies fearful of State Department domina¬ (703) 522-C L U B (800) 535-C L U B tion that “nothing in this chapter shall be construed as diminishing the authority of Brokers Welcomed *Based on minimum 30 day lease. the head of any agency authorized by law to use the Foreign Service personnel system.” Under this protective umbrella, the five agencies have kept firm control of the FREE SQUASH* bottom-line decisions for their distinct services. One very' predictable result has been a MEMBERSHIPS FOR depressing amount of turf-battling and pa¬ rochialism as agencies jockey to gain status AFSA MEMBERS and rewards at each other’s expense. While much of the struggle takes place behind a bureaucratic curtain, it sometimes spills over into the public arena. Agriculture, for exam¬ ple, went to Congress some years ago to override State Department objections to counselor titles for its senior FAS person¬ nel overseas, and Commerce has eyed a sim¬ UB ilar approach for minister-counselor titles. The competition can become even more heated (and visible) when the glittering prizes of senior positions are involved. An example is the complaint in the 1986 annual AFSA members can now play squash at the Capitol Hill report of the U.S. Advisory Commission Squash Club without paying any membership or initiation on Public Diplomacy that USIA officers don’t get their fair share of ambassadorial fee. By simply showing your AFSA membership card, you will and appointments. pay only the court fees at Capitol Hill's most luxurious fitness Foreign service officers who work for USIA, facility. Located only a block from the Capitol South Metro the report contends, have qualifications com¬ parable to those of their State colleagues, stop, the Club also offers free use of changing rooms, showers, but they are “seven times less likely than and saunas before and after playing squash. *There is a $20 State Department officers to make ambas¬ annual processing fee; some restrictions apply. sador” and are similarly disadvantaged in winning DCM posts. While the report is Capitol Hill Squash & Nautilus Club accurate as far as it goes, its authors do not know (or prefer not to acknowledge in 214 D Street, S.E. • (202) 547-2255 print) that they are, in effect, trying to claim

OCTOBER 1987 19 State Department positions for officers who cussions, foundering on a seeming reluc¬ work for another agency and another For¬ tance by AID management to set aside posi¬ eign Service. tions for cross-agency staffing. So long as there is not a single Foreign Despite the absence of formal programs, BUY Service of the United States, the State Depart¬ some FSOs do serve across agency lines. ment will continue to hire and promote its Every year, a number of USIA officers are FSOs on the basis of its total number of recruited by State for departmental slots in SELL positions, including die deputy chief of mis¬ the public affairs field, and a smaller number sion and chief of mission slots on which of State Department officers are actively USIA has cast a covetous eye. Thus, it be¬ sought by USIA for VO A positions that comes a zero-sum game: evert' one of these attract few USIA bidders. (The current num¬ INVEST positions surrendered to an officer from an¬ bers are ten USIA officers at the State Depart¬ other agency potentially means one more ment, and six State Department officers at senior State Department FSO walking the USIA—of whom four are with VOA.) Over¬ halls in search of a job, with the inevitable seas, however, where the USIA claim to Ed Joyce negative impact on promotion oppor¬ State Department slots has been most Retired FSIO tunities all down the line. Yet it need not strongly pressed, almost nothing is being be zero-sum. It would seem a relatively done in a structured way to cross-train of¬ LICENSED IN simple solution to require diat any exchange ficers for senior positions. There were, for VIRGINIA be in reasonable balance. For every State example, no USIA positions identified for Department position made available to an State Department bidders in the 1986—87 officer from USIA, for example, let USIA circular on out-of-agency assignment oppor¬ make available a position ofcomparable inter¬ tunities (though USIA has since indicated AMOUNT est and responsibility to a State Department interest in State bidders on about a dozen officer. If a USIA officer goes to a DCM mid-level PAO slots at hard-to-fill posts). CVERNON slot at die O-1 level, let USIA find a good In consequence, only rarely are State Depart¬ O-1 job for a State Department officer. And ment officers assigned overseas across this REALTY A include good overseas positions on the particular bureaucratic boundary'; the only ^INC ^ USIA list to ensure that the exchange is two this year are a mid-level entrant who 6257 Old Dominion Dr. balanced fairly. found a branch public affairs job with no McLean, Va. 22101 Although this concept of fair exchange USIA bidders and a member of a tandem couple. Off: 821-8300 is regrettable absent from the Advisory Com¬ mission report, agency personnel offices In the other direction, the State Depart¬ Res: 821-2109 have tried on several occasions to facilitate ment has been only slightly more generous exchanges. Past discussions between State with its positions. Five USLA officers are and USIA have stumbled over the latter’s currently in the kinds of jobs specifically reluctance to offer much in trade at the demanded by the Advisory Commission— senior level bevond a handful of hard-to- one as chief of mission and four as DCM. Prescriptions fill Voice of America management positions In addition, one USIA officer is running in Washington. Part of the USIA argument a -general, and two others hold from has been that State Department officers lack slots at lower ranks. Given the pressures the specialized experience to handle senior on State Department positions, however, Australia public affairs officer and deputy positions an unbalanced exchange even on this small abroad. However, efforts to overcome this scale will be hard to sustain. The Advisory' to Zaire. objection by preparing State officers for Commission’s plea tor more chief and DCM With our worldwide prescription senior USIA jobs (and USIA officers for jobs is likelv to fall on deaf ears unless USIA service, it's easy to have your prescrip¬ senior State positions) through a formal mid- is more forthcoming in the future. For more tions sent where you need them. Just USIA officers to get high-level State Depart¬ bring or mail a prescription from your level exchange program have never gotten doctor to this store. We’ll do the rest and off the ground. They have foundered on ment slots overseas, more State Department mail them anywhere overseas or such complications as USIA reluctance to FSOs will have to be given access to com¬ stateside. reserve appropriate positions for exchanges, parable public affairs jobs. If USIA feels ■ Orders filled and mailed promptly. mis-matched assignment cycles, and the reluc¬ these jobs require prior experience, then ■ Pay Peoples low prices plus tance of State FSOs to venture into out-of¬ there should be a mid-level exchange pro¬ postage and packing after receipt. agency assignments. gram to provide that experience—and at ■ Your doctor stateside can order a What is true for the State-USI A relation¬ the same time to improve the qualifications refill by phone. ship applies with even greater force to other of USIA officers for the State jobs they seek. ■ Complete lines of National Brand possible exchanges among the several For¬ The Foreign Service may still be a long and Peoples Brand health and beauty eign Services. Except for FAS and APHIS, way from the unity that its name implies, aids, sundries, and cosmetics are whose highly specialized work has no real but the separate sendees might do wonders also available. parallels in the other four services, there is for their reputation and their effectiveness Over 80 years of reliable service sufficient functional overlap among State, if they stopped hiding behind Section to the diplomatic community. USIA, AID, and Commerce to envisage 203(b) and looked for ways to work more more extensive exchanges than currently closely together. State and USIA, which hire take place. FCS, for example, was staffed FSOs of comparable backgrounds and qual¬ at its inception with a substantial number ifications through a common exam process of holdover State FSOs, but Commerce has and whose functions most closely overlap, since made a deliberate effort to reduce these could be the most promising place to start. 2125 E Street. N.W. numbers in order to build its own FCS Washington. D.C. 20(X)7 cadre. With AID, as with USIA, efforts by Andrnv L. Steipman, former deputy assistant (202) 338-6337 State to establish a formal exchange pro¬ secretaryfor personnel in State, currently serves gram never progressed beyond desultory dis¬ on the JOURNAL’S Editorial Board.

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL POLAR BEAR WATER DISTILLERS "We care about the water you drink" CLIPPINGS Millford D. Greene The Cleanest, purest water for cooking and drinking economically produced at home and available through pouch. Cover-up (804)431-2522 • (800)222-7188 • In VA 1 (800)523-6388

“Visiting an archeological dig at the Sea 829 Lynnhaven Pkwy., Suite 119, Virginia Beach, VA 23452 of Galilee, Thomas Pickering, American Residential / Commercial Distillation Systems ambassador to Israel, noted there is a con¬ Distributorships Available verse relationship between archeology and diplomacy. ‘In archeology you uncover the unknown. In diplomacy you cover the known.’ ” David Grogan in People Weekly FOREIGN FAST SERVICE VIDEO TAPE REASONABLE RATES CONVERSIONS PROFESSIONAL QUALITY Checkbook Diplomacy PAL/SECAM COMPUTERIZED (EUROPEAN) DIGITAL PROCESS “State Department sources say the U.S. TO NTSC (USA) WITH IMAGE ambassador to Rwanda is being relieved fol¬ OR VICE VERSA ENHANCEMENT lowing complaints he allegedly wrote more than $15,000 worth of bad checks abroad, DUPLICATIONS VHS / BETA / U-MATIC/3/4”) even to the department itself. Before his 1" HIGH BAND AND AUDIO appointment in 1985, John Upston Jr.— now unreachable on vacation in France— was State’s coordinator for Caribbean af¬ fairs, a post that did not exist earlier and has since been abolished. Career diplomats, not displeased by the episode, resent die use of small African countries as a ‘turkey farm’ for ambassadors selected mainly for their conservatism.” Newsweek, August 3 FOREIGN Immunity Deficiency SHOPPERS “A Saudi Arabian teenager, who left the The Ultimate Service USA in 1983 after being accused of raping From Argyles to Zippers a 15-year-old, is back—living across the street from the young woman who accused or whatever you’re missing or wanting, we will buy, pack, and ship to him of the crime. you. We’re the biggest “catalog” in the United States; because we’ll find “And there’s nothing anyone can do to anything you want and send it to you, properly packed and promptly! prosecute him. The reason: diplomatic immu¬ nity. Our services featured in Washingtonian magazine, March 1987. Please ‘That’s the charge Chuck Ashman and send for an order form and ask about our Flower Power Plan. Pamela Trescott, authors of Diplomatic FOREIGN SHOPPERS Crime, make this morning on NBC’s Today Suite 703, 1510 N. 12th St. show....Ashman will petition Congress to Arlington, VA 22209 drop immunity in criminal cases for diplo¬ matic employees and relatives.... Trescott, his wife, ran up against dip¬ lomatic immunity in August 1981. Her Coming home—Going overseas? home next door to the Dominican Repub¬ lic chancery was burglarized by diieves using Buy from the a ladder, and ‘simply because the foot of Washington area’s largest the ladder was resting on a diplomatic prop¬ erty, the police couldn’t do anything,’ said Jeep • Renault Trescott.” USA Today, June 15 Dealer “Senator Jesse Helms (R-North Carolina) is widely suspected by State Department Choose from our complete line of professionals of trying to impose his con¬ I 4-wheel drive Jeeps, and the all new servative views on the Foreign Service by nCOURTESY | Medallion and Premiere. Local or blocking the ambassadorial nominations of ■ overseas delivery. Diplomatic corps career diplomats whom he suspects of lib¬ Jeep • Renault ' discounts. Phone or write Christo- eralism. I pher Zourdos (301) 424-1700 “His latest targets have been Richard 755 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md. 20852 J OCTOBER 1987 21 Viets, named as ambassador to Portugal, “ The intelligence community’s position SHOP IN AN AMERICAN (), and Melissa is that you can talk about security all you DRUG STORE BY MAIL! Wells (Mozambique). The senator’s attempt want, but unless security and personnel are to block their approval by die Foreign Rela¬ handled outside the State Department, the An ice cream soda is one of the tions Committee moved George Vest, di¬ problems will remain,’ said the official. ‘For¬ few items we cannot mail. Drugs, rector general of the Foreign Service, to an eign Sendee officers know very little about cosmetics, sundries unusual expression of displeasure toward security'.’ ” Bill Gertz in the Washington Times, July 29 mailed to every coun¬ a powerful senator. “All three career diplomats have ‘top- try in the world. We notch’ credentials....If a person has a long “Schlesinger contended that the United maintain permanent and very well-known and distinguished States should never have permitted the Sovi¬ family prescription career,’ Vest said, ‘you have one [Senate] ets to cast concrete parts for the American records. SEND NO hearing only, because life in the Foreign building away from die site—a procedure that allowed the Soviets to implant the elec¬ MONEY — pay only after satis¬ Service is an open book. In each of these cases, more than one hearing was called for tronic listening devices. He suggested that factory receipt of order. at the instigation of Helms.’ ” future construction be done by American Jack Anderson, August 18 workers using materials prefabricated in the United States. He blamed the State Depart¬ More on Bugs ment and other government agencies for recognizing the problem so late.” “And what about ‘Soviet technical infiltra¬ Time, July 13 tion’ of die new building of the U.S. em¬ bassy? The intensity of the current outcry' “The Foreign Buildings Office is respon¬ notwithstanding, no proofs were furnished sible for acquisition or construction of all overseas to confirm it. By contrast, only re- American diplomatic installations abroad. cendy samples of special equipment planted Last year the House Committee on Gov¬ in the Soviet institutions in the United ernment Operations examined FBO’s build¬ States, including offices and residential quar¬ ing projects and found that its incompe¬ ters of the new embassy compound of the tence often has ‘resulted in substandard Morgan Pharmacy™ USSR, were demonstrated....At a news con¬ design, poor contracting procedures, ference in Washington, journalists were shoddy workmanship, inadequate manage¬ 3001 P Street, N.W. shown American eavesdropping devices ‘in ment, lengthy delays, and major cost over¬ their natural state’ and were given the oppor¬ runs.’ From Khartoum to to Washington, D.C. 20007 tunity to see for themselves where and how New Delhi, examples of mismanagement they had been installed by ‘master crafts¬ abound. men’ for the U.S. secret services.” “In Moscow FBO appears to have sur¬ Izvestia, July 10 passed itself. Reporting to the Senate For¬ eign Relations Committee after examining “President Reagan met with his top national the unfinished embassy, investigators John securitv aides yesterday to discuss embassy Ziolkowski and David Keaney commented: VOLVO security problems....The National Security ‘Common sense would tell the average Amer¬ Planning Group session was held to dis¬ ican citizen that it would be foolish to allow Factory-Set Discounts cuss three recent reports on security prob¬ a U.S. embassy to be designed and con¬ lems at both the new and old Moscow embas¬ structed by the Soviets.’ Yet that is precisely To Diplomats sies, as well as the larger problem of State what happened.” Department personnel and management of John Barron in Reader’s Digest, June Here and Abroad embassy security. “So far the findings in one of the re¬ Government unto Itself ports—conducted by a panel of experts U.S., U.K., European, or under the direction of former Defense Sec- “One of the most ludicrous things I’ve seen Overseas Specs retan' James Schlesinger—has been released in recent weeks is the series in the Washing¬ publicly. Mr. Schlesinger recommended ton Post complaining about the hardships Overseas and Domestic rebuilding the top floors of the new of the poor put-upon Foreign Service. This Deliveries Moscow chancery and constructing a sepa¬ is really laughable—and the joke is on the rate building for secure U.S. diplomatic activ¬ American people. The truth is that the For¬ ities. eign Service is a government unto itself, “Melv in Laird, another former defense coolly contemptuous of any elected pres¬ KELLY COGHILL secretary, recently concluded another em¬ ident, and of in particular. DIPLOMA TIC SALES SPECIALIST bassy securin' review by a four-member It views the conduct of foreign policy as its panel of experts, although its final report private affair, with any intrusion by the elec¬ remains secret. Officials familiar with the ted government bitterly resented.... dbDon Beyer Volvo report said it criticizes former U.S. Ambas¬ “If you’ve ever wondered why U.S. sador to Moscow Arthur Hartman and policy on arms control, or Mozambique, other State Department officials for recent or communist is essentially the same 1231 W. Broad Street security breaches in Moscow. under Reagan as it was under , take a look at the Foreign Service. We’ve Falls Church, VA 22046 “A third study, by the President’s For¬ eign Intelligence Advisory Board, ‘picks up got die same people in the State Depart¬ where the Laird commission left off in ment now as then, and they administer the (703) 237-5020 terms of criticizing State Department secu¬ same policies—in direct defiance of the elec¬ rin' policies, according to one official famil¬ ted president.” iar with the report. Stanton Evans on WGMS-FM, May 6

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The new embassy building in Moscow under construction. ETCETERA

fHMIllIRBBl* An Essay In Quotes JflHfllllllll mil By JAMES S. PACY

To help us better understand the present secu¬ rity situation in the Soviet Union, we should look to the past. Below is a series of quotes that illustrates the continual problem of diplomatic security in the Soviet Union. The problem is ambassador in Moscow 1927-30, in Ambas¬ Moscow 1969-73, in Multiple Exposure: An not new, but has been an integral part ofU.S.- sador’s Wife, George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., American Ambassador’s Unique Perspec¬ Soviet diplomacy since the beginning of formal 1952, pp. 74-75. tive on East-West Issues, W.W. Norton, relations between the two countries. 1978, p. 227. “It was a great honor to be quartered in “[The Norwegian ambassador] knew that the Hotel Moskva.... ‘Only once,’ [said the “No one who has served in Moscow can we had discovered a Russian bugging Russian official] ‘have we made ever be quite the same person again....The system in our embassy. He told me they an exception and allowed any outsiders in pattern of life in the Soviet Union would had made a similar discovery and asked me the Moskva. That was last month during be incredible if it did not exist. Only those how many microphones we had found. I the foreign ministers’ conference when the who have watched its processes as they told him: exactly 19. They had 23....I com¬ city was so crowded that we had to billet unfold before their eyes can realize how mented jokingly that that’s the way it should a few Americans of General Marshall’s in incredible it may appear to be, and yet they be because they belong to NATO and, apart the best hotel. You will be occupying the can testify that it exists. Those who have from that, their embassy building is bigger same rooms.’ I knew dien that my career had diis experience may be pardoned if they than ours.” as a Russian recording artist was about to think that, among themselves, they can —Diary entry from May 15, 1956, by begin.” speak a language and carry thoughts which Veljko Micunovic, Yugoslav ambassador in —Nicholas Nyaradi, with the Hungarian no one who has not shared that experience Moscow 1956-58 and 1969-71, in Moscow embassy in Moscow I946H7, in My Ring¬ can fully understand.” Diary, Doubleday, 1980, p. 50. side Seat in Moscow, Thomas Y. Crowell —Lord Strang, with the British embassy in Co., 1952, pp. 19-20. Moscow 1930-33, in Home and Abroad, “It was specially difficult to keep a cypher Andre Deutsch, Ltd., 1956, p. 60. secure at St. Petersburg, because all the “Quivering with excitement, the technician embassies were of necessity obliged to extracted from the shattered depths of the “[Upon U.S. recognition of the Soviet employ Russian servants and subordinates [Great Seal of the United States that hung Union in 1933, the first American embassy in their households, and it was easy for Rus¬ on the wall of my study] a small device, there] differed from American missions in sian police to procure agents among these.” not much larger than a pencil, which, he other countries in its preoccupation with —Otto von Bismarck, Prussian ambassa¬ assured me, housed both a receiving and a security. While [the first U.S. ambassador, dor in St. Petersburg 1859-62, in Memoirs, sending set, capable of being activated by 1933—36, William C.] Bullitt was enam¬ Vol. I, Howard Fertig, Inc., 1966, p. 252. some sort of electronic ray from outside the ored of the Russian people, he realized that building. It represented, for that day, a fan¬ the Soviet police would do everything they “We are continually surrounded by spies tastically advanced bit of applied electron¬ could to learn our secrets. At his urging, both of high and low degree. You can ics.” Moscow became the first American embassy scarcely hire a servant who is not a secret —George F. Kennan, U.S. ambassador in with Marine guards. In the beginning, the agent of the police.” Moscow 1952, in Memoirs 1950—1963, Pan- six Marines performed litde guard duty be¬ —fames Buchanan, U.S. minister in St. dteon Books, 1971, pp. 155—156. cause of the chaotic nature of our opera¬ Petersburg 1832-33, in Janies Buchanan’s tion, and they found feminine companion¬ Mission to Russia, Amo Press and The New “The opinion also prevails that ministers ship, as they had in other countries. One York Times, 1970, p. 339. are constandy subjected to a system of espi¬ day as I sat in the lobby of the [temporary onage, and diat even dieir servants are made embassy at the] Savoy Hotel, a highly “Shakespeare said, ‘Suspicion...haunts the to disclose what passed in their households, painted Russian woman walked up to the guilty mind.’ Spying on the part of the their conversations, associations, etc.” desk and said she wished to go up to Ser¬ authorities was so common as not even to —Neill S. Brown, U.S. minister in St. Peters¬ geant O’Dean’s room. The Russian room be thought of as spying. Our butler was burg 1850-53, in a dispatch of January 28, clerk looked at her suspiciously and asked, an ‘official’ buder and so, of course, we knew 1852. ‘Why do you want to visit Sergeant that he had to report on us from time to O’Dean?’ She replied airily, ‘I am his Rus¬ time. He was so intelligent, such a willing “In the Soviet Union, length of duty was sian teacher.’ A few months later, after em¬ worker and I liked him so much that I generally limited to two years because of bassy offices were moved to die Mokhavaya wanted to help him. To this end I would ever-present pressures. These included indif¬ Building, security was tightened.” leave letters devoid of any actual importance ferent housing, physical surveillance, and —Charles E. Bohlen, U.S. ambassador lying on my desk over night so that he constant bugging of conversations by to Moscow 1953-57, in Witness to History might photograph or copy them.” various types of concealed devices.” 1929-1969, W.W. Norton & Co., 1973, —Elisabetta Cerruti, wife of the Italian —Jacob D. Beam, U.S. ambassador in page 20.

OCTOBER 1987 23 ITS TIME 10 10-25-50 GET OUT Foreign Service Journal, October 1977: “[In the Service], the job of the moment OF THE can be totally fascinating, and yet the next job can, to use the California idiom, be a ‘real bummer.’ The writer’s own abbreviated experience is certainly not unique: a most interesting department job in the early Ken¬ nedy administration, two exotic and challeng¬ ing overseas postings (Bolivia and Gua¬ HAD A BOOK temala), and a return to Washington to a PUBLISHED RECENTLY? totally futile and boring assignment. One is reminded of Fred Allen’s comment on The JOURNAL is starting a new sec¬ his career as a radio comedian, ‘It is a tread¬ tion, “By Our Readers,” which will give a short description of books mill to oblivion.’ And so, for the unwary, published by our Foreign Service can die Foreign Serv ice be.” readers. If you have had a book Hovey C. Clark published recently, send us a copy, including price, publisher, and date Foreign Service Journal, October 1962: of publication. ‘The Senior Seminar was started three years Open your eyes and see just ago, primarily to meet the needs of the For¬ Mail to: eign Sendee for senior training....The sem¬ Book Review Editor how many subjects are cov¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL inar runs for a full academic year and is de¬ ered in the new edition of the signed to prepare senior officers for the high¬ 2101 E Street, NW Consumer Information est positions of responsibility' in policy rec¬ Washington, D.C. 20037 Catalog. It’s free just for the ommendation and execution, coordination, planning, and administration at home and asking and so are nearly half abroad. In many respects it parallels the of the 200 federal publications courses given at the war colleges. In speak¬ described inside. Booklets on ing at the graduation exercises of the first seminar President Eisenhower said, ‘I should subjects like financial and like to voice my own tremendous interest career planning; eating right, in this school and my support for the idea that a few of our officers should be taken exercising, and staying out from the normal activities of their of¬ healthy; housing and child fices no matter where they are and be given The 27th annual AAFSW Book- care; federal benefit pro¬ this opportunity.’ President Kennedy re¬ ceived the third seminar in April of this year fair will be open in the Depart¬ grams. Just about everything and added his own endorsement of this type ment of State Saturday, Octo¬ you would need to know. Write of training.” ber 24, to Monday, October today. We’ll send you the Carl W. Strom 26, and Thursday, October 29, to Saturday, October 31. The Foreign Service Journal, October 1937: latest edition of the Consumer hours will be 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Information Catalog, which is “[A Foreign Service officer] thought that die Service should always welcome the pres¬ daily. updated and published guar- ence in it of a certain number of chiefs of terly. It'll be a great help, you’ll mission appointed from outside the Serv¬ Family Night begins at 5 ice. This would tend, in his opinion, to p.m. on October 23, and the see. Just write: infuse new ideas and new methods into an organization which needs to fight ceaselessly cafeteria will be open. The from becoming ingrown and bureaucratic. location is the 23rd Street Consumer The important consideration is die quality entrance, upper and lower Information Center of the men the president turns to for his levels. The proceeds of the outside appointments. The only valid cause Department TD Bookfair benefit AFSA/ for disappointment is when outsiders are AAFSW Merit Awards and Pueblo, Colorado 81009 appointed who do not measure up.” George H. Butler charitable projects in the Wash¬ ington area. A public service of this publication and the 10-25-50 records excerpts from previous issues Consumer Information Center of the with an eye toward how much things have U S. General Services Administration changed—or how they have remained the same.

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE ART OF DIPLOMACY

Ellsworth Bunker mixed solid realism and subtle impressionism on his negotiating palette

CHRISTOPHER J. MCMULLEN

THE VICTORIES of diplomacy are won sugar on a Yonkers dock, then spent the next by a series of microscopic advantages— 13 years in the operations end of the firm. a judicious suggestion here, an oppor¬ Bunker’s business background and negotiat¬ tune civility there, a wise concession ing sessions with labor unions certainly pro¬ at one moment and a farsighted persistence vided valuable experience, later applied in his at another—of sleepless tact, immovable calm¬ diplomatic career. Moreover, his success in ness and patience that no folly, no provocation, commerce gave him the self-confidence to no blunder can shake.” So observed British pursue less orthodox approaches without the statesman Lord Salisbury. Ellsworth Bunker’s fear of failure. own formula for successful mediation was In the mid-1920s, while attending to one characteristically more straightforward: “You of the family’s sugar concerns on the Isthmus start from the premise that you are all reason¬ ofTehuantepec, Bunker was kidnaped by Mex¬ able people, and then you just keep at it.” ican rebels. He was eventually released after In a diplomatic career that spanned 27 years his father smuggled a ransom of silver to his and seven presidents, Bunker applied this simple son’s captors. It was Bunker’s first taste of rev¬ fonmila with unparalleled success. His victories olutionary politics in Latin America, a region were achieved with little fanfare, through a where he later was to play a vital role in pro¬ combination of tact, patience, and persever¬ moting U.S. interests. ance. He had the canny ability to find a solu¬ Throughout the 1930s, Bunker steadily ex¬ tion that allowed the most intransigent side panded his business interests, overseeing sugar to have its way, while enabling the loser to operations in Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. save face. He was the acknowledged dean of the Ameri¬ What accounted for Bunker’s remarkable can sugar industry when President Truman record as a diplomat? His successes seemed tapped him at the age of 56 to serve as the as much a product of his character as his nego¬ U.S. ambassador to Argentina. tiating style. A sense of inner security that al¬ Like other businessmen-statesmen of his era, lowed him to pursue a solution without his Bunker was propelled from Wall Street to Wash¬ own ego becoming part of die equation was ington by a sense of noblesse oblige. He came derived in large measure from the circumstances from the liberal eastern establishment that ofhis birth and upbringing. His ancestors set¬ dominated American foreign policymaking tled in Boston in the early colonial period, and through the . He was not, how¬ at the time of Ellsworth’s birth in Yonkers, ever, a member of the inner circle of policyma¬ New York, in May 1894, his family had al¬ kers—the so-called “Wise Men” who crafted ready established a prosperous business in the the containment policies of the Pax Americana. Latin American sugar industry. His character Bunker was later recruited to implement their was forged by the Victorian values ofhis gen¬ policies, and he soon became a key player at eration—devotion to hard work and service critical junctures in postwar diplomacy. Unlike to the nation. Graduating from Yale in 1916 fellow members of this elite coterie, Bunker with a degree in history and economics, Bunker was not an Atianticist. In fact, he served in joined his father’s sugar company. He began only one post north of the tropics. Most of a 35-year business career by hand trucking raw his diplomatic career was spent in the Third World, safeguarding American interests in the Christopher J. McMullen received his Ph.D. in midst of European decolonization and the Cold history from , where he served War. Dean Acheson once remarked that Bunker as a special assistant to Ellsworth Bunker at the was not like some diplomats “who put on a Institute for the Study of Diplomacy. sari and splash around in a rice paddy.” He

OCTOBER 1987 was able to sympathize with the plight ofThird shooting assignments that he tackled in die World leaders without being seduced by their 1960s and in his role negotiating the Panama It was in Buenos charisma. canal treaties. On three separate occasions, Aires that Bunker When Bunker was dispatched to Argentina Bunker was called out of retirement to medi¬ first displayed the in the spring of 1951, U.S.-Argentine relations ate disputes in the Third World that threat¬ traits that were to were at a historic low. Juan Peron was defiandy ened U.S. security interests. In each instance, become his trade¬ challenging the United States, and Secretary he demonstrated tenacity, flexibility, and cre¬ marks—patience, of State Dean Acheson wanted someone who ativity in striking compromises that allowed tact, and toughness could blunt his anti-American broadsides with¬ each party to attain its minimum objectives out exacerbating tensions. Ellsworth Bunker, and at the same time preserved American inter¬ with his fluency in Spanish and his Latin Amer¬ ests. He was a shrewd pragmatist who ap¬ ican business experience, seemed to fit the bill. proached highly charged diplomatic problems Bunker was instructed to avoid any action that with an eye toward what would best serve U.S. would either aggravate or appease the dictator— interests. a policy that he termed “masterful inaction.” In March 1962, President Kennedy asked Describing Bunker’s superb implementation of Bunker to serve in a “private” capacity— this policy, Acheson noted in his memoirs: under U.N. auspices—to mediate a dispute be¬ tween the Dutch and Indonesians over West Successive ambassadors had approached Irian. When the Dutch withdrew from Indo¬ Peron either with a challenge to combat, nesia in 1949, the issue of control over West which they lost, or bearing gifts, which they Irian was to have been resolved within one lost also. We had proposed that [Bunker] year. Various negotiating efforts had collapsed, treat him with aloof correctness, initiating however, and Indonesian President Achmed nothing, giving nothing without a quid pro was now pressing the issue militarily. quo in hand, debating nothing, and by seeing It appeared that war might break out over this to it that any harm to our interests was met primitive country that had few natural resources by one to his. In no time Bunker, icily cold, but was of great symbolic importance to the meticulously correct, hard as a rock in nego¬ Indonesians. President Kennedy viewed the dis¬ tiation, had won the respect of Peron. pute as a colonial issue and was unwilling to assist the Dutch militarily. Such a move might It was in Buenos Aires that Bunker first dis¬ alienate America’s Asian allies and could pro¬ played the traits that were to become his trade¬ voke a confrontation with the Soviets, who marks—patience, tact, and toughness. While were backing Sukarno. firm in his official dealings with Peron, he seized When he took on the mediation assignment, upon opportunities that would improve his per¬ Bunker was told that the two sides were so sonal relations with the Argentine caudillo. In close in their positions that it would take only the fall of 1951, Pcron’s wife, the immensely a week to work out a settlement. Instead, it popular Evita, was gravely ill with cancer. The took six months of tedious negotiations to find Argentine public was not aware of the gravity a formula that averted a disastrous war and of her condition, however, which was officially at the same time preserved Dutch pride. described as anemia. At the personal request of the dictator, Bunker helped arrange for a prominent American cancer specialist to fly in THE INDONESIANS held all the high secretly to operate on Evita. In the highly per- cards, militarily and politically, while sonalistic world of Latin politics, Bunker’s dis¬ the Dutch, based halfway around the creet assistance in this critical matter won him world, had no bargaining leverage. the dictator’s lasting gratitude. Though he de¬ Bunker’s method of attaining the basic re¬ parted Buenos Aires after only one year, Ar¬ quirements for the Hague is instructive. When gentine officials were comparing him with the the initial round of secret talks broke down highly popular , one of the because both sides clung to unrealistic posi¬ most accomplished American diplomats of tions, Bunker put forth a comprehensive for¬ modern times. mula that contained the minimum requirements Bunker had three more ambassadorial assign¬ of each side: The Indonesians would ultimately ments: Italy (1952-53); India (1956-61); and gain control of West Irian, while the Dutch Vietnam (1967-73). In Vietnam, Bunker’s ne¬ would be permitted a face-saving transfer to gotiating skills proved invaluable in bringing the United Nations. Failing to win support a reluctant South Vietnamese government into for this plan, which he believed was fair, Bunker the Paris peace process. But his diplomatic ex¬ decided to appeal to world opinion. In going pertise was put to best use in the trouble¬ public with the proposals, Bunker generated

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL pressure on both sides to compromise. The Dutch, who correctly viewed the proposals as a fig leaf for their surrender of the territory, were outraged and accused Bunker of using “shock treatment.” Despite their protests, the Dutch finally acknowledged that unless they were willing to go to war over West Irian, Bunker’s formula offered the best terms they could expect. Up to the final hours of negotiations, the situation remained extremely delicate. Bunker’s adroit handling was especially crucial during the final phases, when the Indonesians kept escalating their demands, apparendy in an effort to humiliate the Dutch. At one point the In¬ donesian ambassador—who was not a member of die negotiating delegation—arrived at the secret talk site in Middleburg, Virginia, and asked for the floor. He then launched into a long and vitriolic diatribe, demanding that the Dutch “capitulate.” His intervention was so rude and at variance with the tone of the talks that both sides were embarrassed and won¬ dered what he was trying to achieve. At that point Bunker stepped in and saved the day. Throughout the speech, he had sat rocking in his chair, gazing at the ceiling, impatiendy press¬ and a Soviet client state, Egypt. King Faisal Beginning his diplomat¬ ing his pencil into the table. After a few mo¬ was supporting the royalist forces in the Yemeni ic career in his late 50s, ments of awkward silence, Bunker sat up, civil war, while President Nasser was support¬ Bunker takes the oath of tapped his pencil on the table, and said: “Gen- ing the rebels. The conflict had become a matter office as ambassador to Argentinafromprotocol demen, shall we now proceed with our busi¬ of sharaf— a type of honor highly important head John Simons and ness?” The air was cleared and an incident that to the Arabs—and neither Faisal nor Nasser LatinAmerica assistant could have sunk the talks was quickly forgotten. was willing to make the first move toward dis¬ secretary Edward A successful conclusion of the dispute was engaging. Washington was particularly con¬ Miller Jr. finally reached after six months of protracted cerned about the stability of the Royal House negotiations. The West Irian negotiations illus¬ of Saud and wanted to find a formula that trate die classic Bunker technique of reaching would allow the king to extricate himself grace¬ a workable solution that refiects the realities fully from the Yemeni quagmire. of die situation. In essence, for the Dutch, While publicly calling for a simultaneous dis¬ Bunker made the inevitable bearable. engagement, the United States was of neces¬ sity pressing Faisal harder than Nasser, over whom it had little leverage. Bunker’s personal IN HIS CLASSIC study of diplomacy, style and the tactics he employed in his dis¬ Francois de Callieres observed that an ef¬ cussions with the two leaders enabled him to fective negotiator “must appear as an agree¬ win their confidence. In his meetings, Bunker able, enlightened, and far-seeing person; stressed die pressure that the United States he must beware of trying to pass himself off... as had exerted on the odier side, and only then a crafty or adroit manipulator. [Instead] the proposed a concession to his interlocutor. This negotiator must ever strive to leave an impres¬ tactic was especially important with Faisal, who sion upon his fellow diplomatists of his sincer¬ believed that he was bearing the brunt of Amer¬ ity and good faith.” One of Bunker’s greatest ican pressure. Bunker also mixed inducements attributes as a diplomat was his integrity. This with disincentives. On the one hand he of¬ ability to inspire trust with his interlocutors fered military assistance to Saudi Arabia in was a key element in his successful mediation return for an agreement to disengage from of a dangerous dispute between Egypt and Yemen. On die other, he made it clear tiiat Saudi Arabia over Yemen. there were limits to American support if Faisal In the spring of 1963, the Kennedy admin¬ continued his intervention. istration was trying to avert a potentially disas¬ An idiosyncratic feature of Bunker’s modus trous war between a U.S. ally, Saudi Arabia, opemndi was his tactic of omitting from his

OCTOBER 1987 27 formal proposals those points that were most consulting with various sectors of Dominican sensitive to his interlocutors. In the case of society, Bunker realized that no magic formula In the Dominican Nasser, Bunker did not include in his written could bridge the differences between the rebel crisis, Bunker ap¬ proposal the element of simultaneity (resolved and loyalist forces. He decided, therefore, to pealed over the heads by Nasser’s later agreement to an initial token risk a bolder, less orthodox course of action of the two contending withdrawal of forces from Yemen). In the case to break die stalemate. factions. This created of Faisal, he did not include any restrictions In his “Declaration to the Dominican public pressure compel¬ on the activities of die Yemeni Royal family People,” Bunker appealed over the heads of ling both sides to con¬ inside Saudi Arabia (resolved by a carefully the two contending factions. As he had done centrate on the merits phrased clause in the final agreement). In both earlier during the West Irian dispute, he cre¬ of his proposal instances, Bunker argued orally and success¬ ated public pressure compelling both sides to fully on these critical points. His informal ap¬ focus on die merits of his proposals. It also proach to these delicate issues had the psy¬ brought more moderate forces into the dia¬ chological effect of placing the requests out¬ logue. At the same time, he proposed a na¬ side of the formal, state-to-state framework of tionalistic diplomat-businessman, Hector the negotiations and instead made it appear Garcia Godoy, as president of a provisional as a personal appeal to make his task easier. government that would arrange for democratic Another technique used to attenuate the elections. This move undercut both the extreme points of contention between the two parties right and left. employed certain calculated ambiguities in the Meanwhile, Bunker slowly chopped away language of the proposed agreement (such as at what he called the “underbrush of minor die use of the word “suspension” in connection problems.” This created the impression of real with Saudi aid to the Yemeni royalists, a word progress, which in turn generated some momen¬ that Nasser understood to call for “cessation”). tum in the negotiations. At every step in the An additional factor in the success of the mis¬ mediation process, he quietly exerted cali¬ sion was the low-kev manner in which Bunker brated—though not necessarily equal—pres¬ conducted the talks. Since there were no press sure on both sides to narrow the issues to dieir briefings and no leaks of negotiating positions, essentials. With the stronger loyalist forces he both sides were able to maneuver—and retreat used U.S. economic aid as leverage to gain from insupportable positions—without the concessions; to prod the weaker constitution¬ glare of publicity. alist forces, he held out the unspoken threat After two months of arduous shuttle diplo¬ of military pressure. macy throughout the , Bunker Bunker’s imperturbability in the face of in¬ crafted an agreement that preserved the patina tense pressure enabled him to extract key con¬ of compromise but perforce favored the more cessions from his interlocutors. Commenting intransigent Nasser. Just before signing the agree¬ on this characteristic, a journalist once observed ment, which involved a token withdrawal of that the diplomat had “an abstracted manner, Egyptian forces from Yemen, simultaneous and a way of focusing on a middle distance with nearly complete Saudi disengagement, between himself and whomever he is talking Faisal turned to Bunker and said: “I don’t trust to. The effect is to create a kind of emotional Nasser but I trust you, and that is why I go antechamber where dwindle to de¬ along with this agreement.” mands and demands into requests.” By early September, Bunker had gotten both sides to agree to the creation of a provisional govern¬ IN ATHIRD trouble-shooting mission, the ment, thus clearing the path for a final reso¬ Dominican crisis of 1965, Bunker demon¬ lution to the crisis. He remained in the Do¬ strated a willingness to take risks to solve minican Republic, serving as an adviser to the a seemingly intractable problem. In this provisional president, until the June 1966 elec¬ instance, President Johnson had come under tions finally restored political order. When he intense domestic and international pressure to left Santo Domingo in July, the leader of die withdraw U.S. Marines from the Dominican rebel forces declared: “I have the respect for Republic, where they had been dispatched to [Bunker] that I have for my own father.” The prevent a civil war from developing into a leader of the loyalists agreed. “second Cuba.” After several diplomatic mis¬ In 1967, Bunker replaced Henry Cabot sions failed to resolve the crisis, Bunker was Lodge as envoy to Saigon. After six grueling sent to the Republic in June 1965 with a sweep¬ years of managing the vast American war effort ing mandate from both President Johnson and in Vietnam, he once again retired to his 600- the Organization of American States, where acre farm in Vermont. However, in 1973, he he was serving as the U.S. representative. After was called upon to revive the stalled Panama

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Canal treaty negotiations. When he assumed the post as the chief U.S. negotiator at the talks, Bunker recognized that any solution to the controversial canal issue would have to enjoy bipartisan political support in Washington in addition to being acceptable to the Panama¬ nian government. Thus he set about develop¬ ing a negotiating strategy7 that took into ac¬ count domestic political sensitivities, legitimate Defense Department security concerns, and long¬ standing Panamanian demands. He realized that Pentagon support would be crucial in win¬ ning Senate ratification. After sounding out the military’s views, he concluded that the con¬ tinued U.S. right to defend the canal was a sine qua non for Pentagon and congressional acceptance of a new treaty. Bunker’s approach to this complex media¬ tion effort reflected his sensitivity to the pecu¬ liar problems of negotiating with Third World nations. In crafting and winning support for what became known as the Kissinger-Tack prin¬ ciples—which were to serve as a framework for subsequent negotiations—his tactic was to trade off concessions on symbols in exchange cult period and facilitated progress later when Bunker shakes hands for concessions on the substance of certain the political climate improved. with General Francisco issues. For example, he agreed to eliminate the Throughout the negotiations, Bunker used Caamano Deno, chief of the rebel forces in the Do¬ clause contained in the 1903 treaty that granted his bargaining chips sparingly, relinquishing minican Republic, rights in perpetuity to the United States. This ground only when he believed that it would before discussing the clause was the greatest source of irritation advance the U.S. position in more vital areas. terms of the peace. among Panamanians, who viewed it as an af¬ While he generally stayed within his mandate, front to their sovereignty. In return, Bunker which was much broader than most diplomats won their approval to vaguely worded as¬ even dream about, Bunker at times would push surances that the United States would con¬ to the outer limits of his instructions to avoid tinue indefinitely to play a role in the canal’s a stalemate. He also used his own discretion defense. The vagueness of Bunker’s language in deciding when to drop maximal demands on this point was deliberate. U.S. defense of that were untenable. After a year of trying to the canal was one of the most contentious issues, secure the unobtainable—“residual defense to be dealt with only after others had been rights,” for instance—Bunker finally conceded resolved and the negotiations had gained that Panama could not accept, politically or momentum. Bunker again recognized the im¬ psychologically, the presence of U.S. troops portance of a symbolic act to assuage Panama¬ on its soil after American control of the canal nian nationalism and improve the overall at¬ ended. However, concessions such as this were mosphere of the talks and prodded Secretary invariably conditioned upon Panamanian agree¬ Kissinger to fly to Panama in February 1974 ment to give ground in another area. to sign the principles. Despite considerable progress in the nego¬ tiations in late 1974 and early 1975, bureau¬ AFTERTHE elections, President Carter cratic infighting between the Pentagon and gave top priority to securing a new State Department foiled the negotiator’s ini¬ treaty, which he hoped to push tial goal of completing a draft before the 1976 through the Senate before the 1978 presidential campaign hit full stride. Under congressional elections further politicized the White House instructions to avoid discussion issue. When the final round of negotiations of any politically sensitive issues, Bunker de¬ began in February 1977, a number of details cided to soft-pedal the high-level negotiations still had to be worked out on issues in the canal until after the elections; in the meantime, he zone: the status of U.S. military forces; juris¬ returned to the trenches to work out some of diction over lands and waters; and technical the technical details. This maneuver sustained questions about the administration and opera¬ the momentum of the process during a diffi- tion of the waterway itself. The two major un-

OCTOBER 1987 start, while ensuring that the United States retained the permanent right to defend die canal. His successful implementation of this strategy' was essential in winning Pentagon and congressional support for the new treaties, which were signed in September 1977, after 13 years of negotiations.

PERHAPS THE MOST striking aspect of Bunker’s personal style was the sim¬ plicity of his approach to complex nego¬ tiations. A Foreign Service officer who served him as an aide described this trait: “He avoids excessive intellectualization. When he feels he has the problem in its essentials, he just goes on from there until everyone is worn down.” While Bunker certainly demonstrated patience and tenacity in his mediation efforts, Bunker, chief Panama¬ resolved issues, however, were the termination he was equally capable of using bolder tactics nian negotiator Romulo date for U.S. control and continued U.S. rights when the most obvious approaches failed. The Escobar Bethancourt, to defend the canal after the new treat)' came West Irian and Dominican Republic negotia¬ and Ambassador Sol into force. tions represent the best examples of his will¬ Linowitz read over a draft of the proposed Bunker and his new co-negotiator, Ambas¬ ingness to take calculated risks to break an im¬ canal treaty. sador Sol Linowitz, were pressing for a 20-to passe. 50-year period before termination of Amer¬ Bunker never engaged his ego in negotia¬ ican jurisdiction, while Panama was demand¬ tions, so he was able to walk away from a bad ing complete control by the year 2000. Panama deal. This quality—the ability to accept the also was opposed to giving any rights to the possibility of “failure”—was a psychological United States to defend the canal once opera¬ source of strength that generally guaranteed tional control had passed on. To break this him success. Another factor was his modesty stalemate, the negotiators proposed a two- and willingness to rely on the suggestions of track approach—one treaty would guarantee savvy subordinates. Throughout his diplomatic the permanent neutrality of the waterway, an¬ career he effectively employed the skills of tal¬ other would give Panama complete control by ented Foreign Service officers, many of whom December 31, 1999. This was a deft move, later became distinguished diplomats in their since it separated the issue of security—which own right. He did not see himself as a virtuoso was foremost in the minds of the U.S. military' performer practicing what George Ball has aptly and Congress—from the secondary' issue of soy'- referred to as “showbiz diplomacy.” Bunker ereignty. also escheyved gimmicks and ruses that might On the critical issue of guaranteeing the achieve a short-term victory but would make canal’s permanent neutrality, Bunker offered it more difficult to secure a lasting and work¬ a “compromise” that gay'e Panama the task able solution. His business background pro¬ of defending the waterway from internal vided valuable experience. As Sir Harold Ni- threats, while the United States retained respon¬ colson once said, diplomacy is founded on “the sibility for defending it against external threats. sound business principles of moderation, fair¬ This formula ostensibly split the issue and gave dealing, reasonableness, credit, compromise, equal responsibility to eabch party', but in real¬ and a distrust of all...extremes.” ity it was a face-saving device that masked a Since diplomacy is not a science, but an art, major concession by Panama. In return for grant¬ it is impossible to say whether the tactics that ing the United States the continued right to Bunker employed in mediation would be suc¬ defend the canal, Bunker acceded to Panama’s cessful for a different person in a different con¬ demand for control by the end of 1999. In text. His unique style certainly complemented this adroit maneuver, Bunker had linked the his negotiating tactics. Nevertheless, as a man two most controy'ersial issues in a single solu¬ who served under Bunker in Vietnam once tion. observed, an important lesson that can be Bunker’s strategy' throughout the negotia¬ learned from the late diplomat’s career is that tions was to concede on the symbols of sover¬ “an honest, straightforward, decent, and truth¬ eignty that Panama had emphasized from the ful man makes a successful negotiator.” Q 30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL PROSE AND CONS Jet-Age Vagabond

No permanent ties, Possessions in government boxes, And a succession of places to call home One by one; Foreign service child.

My birthplace no longer exists In name. A post-natal nightmare, While I hold citizenship in a nation Foreign to me. I envied my portrait, The American Family: popular, steady, secure Then I experienced suburbia, Well-oiled like clockwork— My private Beethoven symphony. I realize now how special it is Growing up, A jet-age vagabond. Seven schools and coundess friends, Entity And three continents Called home. There is no identity I need to see them all again. Being Again, again. The Ambassador’s Daughter. One more taste of heroin so sweet. Rather, A prize possession. —DARIA H. STEIGMAN They lined up to invite me to their parties, Sight unseen. If I’d believed their glamourous fawning Today still I’d be the belle of the ball Dancing on a false stage.

Out of His spodight I grew up, Measuring worth on a personal scale. While ever caught up In empty lives, Attentat They remind me of children On a merry-go-round Gray stones painted with scarlet blood. Seeking status from brass rings. Too many shouts, too much noise. Fire etching tight patterns on the wall. —DARIA H. STEIGMAN The Police, masters of a slow ballet, move silently through a sea of fear. Exposed bone, an obscene debris, is covered by a plastic sheet. Sirens scream on empty streets, speeding to a rendezvous with flame while strobes record nameless death, burning it indelible on the brain.

—HOWARD R. SIMPSON

OCTOBER 1987 31 STANDING AT THE CROSSROADS

Revealed as a moral force at the hearings, Secretary Shultz now has the mandate to make his mark

JIM ANDERSON

LIKE A FLASH of summer lightning, scribes it, Shultz does little talking at these meet¬ George Shultz’s appearance before the ings, preferring to let the conversation move Joint Select Iran Committees illu¬ around the room, while he listens, and his as¬ minated the man, his philosophy, and sistants take notes. Actual decision-making is his methods. The nation saw a dignified, angrv reserved for smaller groups. Not only is that secretary of state, loyal to his president, but neater, it is also a way of cutting down on deeply troubled by the White House machine authoritative leaks. This is the basic system by that routinely manipulated and shielded Ronald which he gives the bureaucracy its marching Reagan. The nation also saw a secretary who orders, although there arc special meetings had allowed himselfto be systematically under¬ called by Levitsky on Shultz’s orders for top¬ cut. He was clearly distressed at how the intel¬ ical issues or crises. ligence community' had gone far beyond its Ever methodical, Shultz keeps a careful paper traditional role and had begun forming policy, trail. “He has a sense of history,” one of his a dual function that guaranteed both defective aides says. “Maybe he wants to write a book intelligence and policy. Placing blame was not someday.” Frequently, at the end of the day, the crux of his testimony, however. The secre¬ he winds up in front of the fireplace in his tary' wanted to put the system right, repair the 7th-floor office, or the more formal 8th-floor delicate balance between the branches of gov¬ reception area, sitting in an easy chair, wear¬ ernment, and restore the concept of effective ing a sweater, reading cables and sipping a Man¬ responsibility. hattan. What Shultz revealed about himself and the Characteristically', the controlled rage shown decision-making system of the administration by Shultz in his Capitol Hill appearance was was not new. But his bravura appearance before not impromptu; the appearance had been the joint committees supplied the kind of detail preceded by months of careful preparation— and color that he had previously concealed. mainly by , who prepared hun¬ According to close associates, George Shultz dreds of detailed answers to possible questions is a calm, methodical man who has organized on hand-written legal pads for the secretary die upper levels of the State Department to to study. On die basis of this meticulous founda¬ suit his outwardly relaxed style. He begins his tion, it was Shultz’s deliberate decision to go working day with a glance at the important public this one time with the story of his rela¬ overnight cable traffic, and then has a scries tionship to the president and to the president’s of 15-minute meetings with three different men. groups, starting at 8:30. First he meets with What Shultz said on his first day of testi¬ his closest advisers, including Executive As¬ mony jibed with the account of administra¬ sistant Charles Hill, Under Secretary' for Polit¬ tion methods given by his predecessor, ical Affairs , and Executive Alexander Haig, and by former Office of Man¬ Secretary Mel Levitski’. Then he has another agement and Budget Director David Stock- session with one of the five geographical man. Shultz described the president as a man bureaus—a different one for every day of the routinely manipulated by his staff to defend week—and then a third meeting with a func¬ positions he doesn’t understand or believe. All tional bureau (Narcotics Control, Politico- these accounts portray the higher levels of Opposite: Secretary Military', for example). As one participant de- policymaking in the administration as a sort Shultz at the Iran- of play'pen where die bigger kids take toys away contra hearings. Jim Anderson covers the State Department for Excerpts from his testi¬ from the smaller. The teacher, meanwhile, is mony appear on follow¬ United Press International. He is a member of busy making appearances before the PTA. ing pages. the JOURNAL Editorial Board. In a way, the decision-making structure de-

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL scribed in Shultz’s testimony—coming from a current member of the cabinet—was the most devastating of all. He apparently realized belat¬ edly how damaging his first day’s description was, and on the second day tried to shore up the president’s image, but the damage had al¬ ready been done. Was this a rare miscalcula¬ tion? Or was it, as one of his close aides says, a deliberate ploy to make his point about the White House way of doing things, and yet remain a loyal aide.

A SIGNIFICANT FACT about the way Shultz runs the State Department is that there are few surprises, so few that the reporters who travel aboard his Boeing 707 wryly refer to the plane as the “Stealth Aircraft.” The things that he says and does are generally so predictable and repetitive— in a word, boring—that the Shultz story rou¬ tinely drops off television and word-process¬ ing screens. Wire-service reporters refer to the secretary as “Mr. Insert,” because their stories about him often wind up as the optional para¬ graph in the White House story. If Haig was the Joe Theismann of the Reagan administration’s diplomacy—always shooting his mouth off and going for the long- yardage bomb—Shultz is the John Riggins— plowing straight ahead, even with a couple of tacklers hanging from his legs. However, after five years on the team, Shultz’s scoring record has not been impressive, perhaps because he keeps running into his own blockers, or be¬ cause the coach seems to be more interested in giving half-time interviews than in exercis¬ ing leadership. The coming season is going to be critical for him. Shultz believes a super¬ power’s foreign policy works best when it is predictable, when other countries know that what they see is approximately what they get. He is not much interested in die nuances and contrivances of the diplomatic tradition. As he once said, “Don’t tell me there’s an agree¬ ment in principle. That’s just saying we can’t agree.” When surprises happen—such as the news of the diversion of the funds to the con¬ tras, or Iran arms deliveries—Shultz can become very, very angry. The laid-back style disappears, and he grows red in the face, thumping the table for emphasis. It is not good to be on the receiving end of that anger. A young State Department employee named Spencer Warren found that out when he decided to make a personal, un¬ authorized effort to push the 1986 contra-aid bill through Congress. After working in the Reagan-Bush campaign, Warren was hired, at

OCTOBER 1987 Shultz meets with Regan, Reagan, and Poindexter at the Reyk¬ javik . Ordered to sell the results of the historic meeting, the sec¬ retary still managed to disarm its more harm¬ ful provisions.

the orders of the White House, to work on to fire Abrams by leading members of Con¬ the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff gress, the secretary' said Abrams was doing “a as a speech writer and designated thinker. As sensational job” and he had no intention of a policy-level official, Warren was one of the firing him. The common strain of these two few permitted to see a Top Secret “NODIS” incidents reveals an important element of telegram from Ambassador Frank Ortiz in Shultz’s character: He is unswerving in his insis¬ Buenos Aires. It described how a congressional tence on loyalty—upward and downward — delegation led by House Speaker Tip O’Neill and adherence to the chain of command and had criticized administration policies in a meet¬ responsibility. Abrams, whatever else he did, ing with Argentine President Raul Alfonsin. obeyed that code. Warren did not. Thinking that the speaker’s indiscretion would I once asked Shultz, in an informal moment, turn the House vote against him on the contra¬ if he did not think that the nation would have funding vote, Warren leaked the cable to the been better served by a strategically placed leak, Washington Times and the Evans and Novak which might have exposed and stopped the column. The aide was quickly fingered as the Iran arms sales before they blossomed into their culprit by department security, summoned to full folly. He looked at me in astonishment, an interrogation, where he confessed, and was as if I had suggested that the remedy to the then escorted to the C Street entrance and re¬ federal deficit might be a switch to Soviet- lieved of his building pass, die Foreign Sendee stvlc socialism. He barked a one-word answer: equivalent of having your military insignia torn “No.” off. This summary punishment, at Shultz’s order, can be contrasted with his more benign treat¬ LTHOUGH IT IS not in the oath of ment of Elliott Abrams, assistant secretary for A office, every secretary of state knows inter-American affairs. Abrams admitted in his that he will be measured by the stan¬ testimony to the joint committees that he misled dards set by , who a congressional panel about the soliciting of began the apparently unshakeable tradition of funds for the from Brunei. When asked personal involvement through the diplomatic

34 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAI. dramas that have come to be known as shuttles. chain of setbacks and tragedies, the secretary That unspoken tradition was one reason that thereafter exhibited an abiding mistrust of the Alexander Haig spent the spring of 1982 flying Arab world, and an almost visceral distaste for “In the State Depart¬ back and forth across the Atlantic, trying to the Middle East entanglement. This repugnance ment...1 have never head off the Falklands war. And that was one led to a virtual vacuum of American leadership worked with more reason George Shultz found himself flying to in a region where die United States would soon able and dedicated the following spring, in an attempt again be drawn into military involvement. It people... Public service to negotiate a withdrawal of the Israeli and also led to a change in the views of the Amer¬ is a very rewarding Syrian forces from that country and bolster ican Jewish community about Shultz. When and honorable thing, the eroding U.S. influence in the Middle East. he first arrived, he was seen as something of and nobody has to The trip was an effort to get the United a bogey-man, because of his many business think they need to lie States back on the scoreboard, to remain a key contacts with the Arab world. Today, one influ¬ and cheat in order to player in the region, despite the damaging ential Jewish lobbyist describes him as the best be a public servant or impact of the Israeli invasion. During the shut¬ friend as secretary of state that Israel has ever to work in foreign tle, Shultz, a former labor mediator, used some had in Washington. policy.Quitetothe con¬ basic contract-negotiating techniques, includ¬ With the coming to power of Mikhail Gor¬ trary. If you are ing the deliberate introduction of an artificial bachev and a more stable, forward-looking leader¬ really going to be ef¬ deadline. Another technique was his insistence ship in the Kremlin, Shultz turned his atten¬ fective. . .you have to be that the United States, while playing a media¬ tion to the possibility of an arms control agree¬ straight-forward, tion role, could not be a party to the contract. ment. This became another area of continuing and you have to con¬ The deal would be between the Israelis and frustration—a battle between Reagan political duct yourself in a basi¬ the Lebanese, with the United States acting appointees who operated from an ideological cally honest only as broker. agenda to seek superiority over the Soviets, way....Trust is the Shultz’s mistakes in this effort were in believ¬ and career professionals who believed that a coin of the realm. ing that the Syrians could be dealt out and workable contract on arms control involved Everybody in the gov¬ that the central Lebanese government could concessions on both sides. The debate was ernment, certainly speak for the riven, battered collection of con¬ fought out by the usual playpen rules. Shultz, testing factions within the country. Lack of siding with the professionals, was unable to me, should know that information might have been behind those get the president’s attention until arms control they must not lie and errors; an important portion of the CIA’s took on public relations overtones and became must not mislead. Middle East bureau had been blown up in the the centerpiece of a summit. Nobody has to get my first truck bombing of the American embassy permission to tell the in die month before. The dearth of knowl¬ truth—they must tell edge about Lebanon led to the delusion that THE REYKJAVIK SUMMIT can be exam¬ the truth.” a reasonable-sounding agreement would hold ined by future historians as a case together when subjected to the turbulence of study in how diplomatic disasters “Asyou know, the Con¬ the religious and factional strife of Lebanon. come in on little cats paws, and also gress doesn’t treat the Seen from the front cabin of his aircraft as as a total aberration in Shultz’s careful, private State Department it shuttled back and forth between Beirut and way of doing business. Not only was he a major very well when it Israel, the contract that Shultz engineered party to an impulsive, impromptu negotiation comes to appropriated seemed viable. But, as , special that nearly succeeded in dissolving NATO, he funds. And not only envoy in the region at the time, later explained was also an apparently enthusiastic participant have we historically to a symposium at the Middle East Institute, in the unprecedented national campaign to sell taken a beating but the Syrians played a clever waiting game, osten¬ the results, even while working to undermine we’ve been cut bru¬ sibly going along with the Lebanese-Israeli the unfavorable parts of the outcome. tally... and I think in troop-withdrawal negotiations and then destroy¬ In the space of two frantic days in Iceland, a manner that is not ing the deal when they were militarily strong Reagan and Shultz proposed a deal in which in the interests of the enough to do so. Shultz stopped in Damascus all strategic nuclear missiles would be elimi¬ United States....We after die negotiations to inform President Hafez nated within ten years; in a five-year interim have to look at [for¬ Assad about his hard-won arrangements. Assad period, half of all ballistic missiles, cruise mis¬ eign aid] as in our then subjected him to a five-hour tirade which siles, and strategic bombers would be removed interests. ...Why don’t the secretary, characteristically, described as from the superpower’s arsenal. The proposed we call it a United “clearly not support.” This attempt to follow deal was not consummated only because the States aid bill?It’s all the Kissinger pattern was an expensive, pain¬ Soviets insisted that the U.S. strategic defense for our interests.” ful lesson for Shultz. He endured another pain¬ initiative be scrapped as well. When he ap¬ ful experience—one that shook the former peared before the press in Reykjavik, the sec¬ Marine deeply—when a truck-bomb blew up retary looked exhausted, apparently devastated the Marine barracks at the Beirut international by a summit that had broken down in the final airport in late 1983. Reacting bitterly to the hour. But, after receiving presidential march-

OCTOBER 1987 35 Standing next to two Marines, the secretary ar¬ rives in Lebanon. The attack on the corps’ head¬ quarters at the Beirut airport deeply affected the former Marine and deepened his mistrust of the Arab world.

ing orders to portray the summit as a great In November, British Prime Minister Mar¬ success, Shultz became part of the sales staff. garet Thatcher made a sudden rescue trip to He sold it relentlessly, talking to every group Washington to remind the president that the that would book him. Shultz was a super¬ summit results would destroy NATO—not to salesman, but he could not help injecting his mention her Conservative government. Impli¬ own common sense, which had the effect of cit in her remarks was the picture of an Amer¬ a used-car salesman’s confiding to the custom¬ ican administration that didn’t seem to know ers that ‘Today’s Special” has a defective trans¬ what it was doing. mission. It was clear that the Reykjavik arrange¬ During the Thatcher visit, a TV news report ment had serious problems, most important shows Shultz at , talking to White that it would de-link United States and Euro¬ House Chief of Staff Donald Regan. The sec¬ pean defenses. retary was not invited to the Camp David meet¬ ing, and looked weary, as well as a bit silly, wearing his burgundy-and-gold stocking cap— AS PART OF the sales blitz, Shultz noted he was instead bound for the Redskins game. at the National Press Club that the He was seen trying to pass a piece of paper elimination of strategic nuclear weap¬ to Regan, who refused it. Shultz’s testimony ons would require a large increase at the hearings revealed that this was his at¬ in the number of western conventional forces, tempt to get a note to the president warning in order to counter the Soviets’ numerical advan¬ him about the National Security staff rogue tage in Europe. Conventional forces, he pointed operation and the intention to trade the terror¬ out, are expensive; he did not make the fur¬ ists who had bombed the U.S. embassy in ther point that they are costly in political terms, Kuwait, as well as the Marine barracks, for since they involve armed forces gathered concessions on the U.S. hostages in Lebanon. through universal conscription. Incredibly, this He finally got his message through to the pres¬ was an idea that had not apparently occurred ident by going around Regan, but this appeared to anybody in the heady atmosphere of the to be one of Shultz’s low points as secretary Iceland summit. of state.

36 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL Shultz continued to subtly undermine the trying to use his undoubted skills as a commu¬ parts of the Reykjavik arrangement that he nicator to have him give a speech and give a didn’t like. In a speech in , he killed press conference and say these things and in “It is very frustrat¬ the ten-year elimination period by raising the doing so he would bail them out.” ing... and we wish we idea of a residual “insurance policy5’ of nuclear As an example of the internal disinforma¬ could find the answers missiles. The clumsy and illogical wording of tion campaign, Poindexter told Reagan diat to how to get them the speech, according to officials who worked there was a noticeable reduction in Iranian sup¬ out, but I don’t think on it, was an accurate reflection of a hasty, port of terrorism in 1986. The State Depart¬ the answer is to give paste-up process of reconsidering—and thus ment knew differendy, but the information was the hostage-takers ultimately reversing—a proposal that Shultz not getting to the president. Deputy Secretary what they want in decided would not be acceptable to U.S. allies. John Whitehead took the unprecedented step terms of things like The ten-year elimination has now disappeared of going public with the State assessment in releasing the murder¬ from the U.S. draft for a strategic arms treaty congressional testimony, to the intense annoy¬ ers who are being held on die table at the Geneva talks. ance of the White House. in Kuwait. That is Shultz saw himself involved in a guerrilla not an answer; that is war with the NSC staff, trying to get the facts not a bright SHULTZ REVEALED in his testimony diat to a president who either didn’t know or didn’t idea.... We are not he resigned as secretary of state three care. Although he was prepared to resign over going to pay ransom times and was talked out of it each time relatively minor issues when he felt he could or do other things that by the president. It is symptomatic that be easily replaced, he decided to endure a larger are against our each of die resignations was triggered by a con¬ humiliation when the viability of the adminis¬ policy. The minute flict with die White House staff. Reagan was tration appeared to be at stake. He apparently you do that, what you either unaware of the disputes or chose to saw himself as the Last Honest Man. “I frankly do is expose the vast remain removed from them until forced to felt that I was the one who was loyal to the number of Americans come to grips with the strife. It is not news president, because I was the one trying to get who are traveling that the White House staff' is the cross that him the facts so that he could make the deci¬ around to a greater each secretary of state must bear. What is inter¬ sion.” In his testimony, Shultz described life risk because those who esting to learn is that such a master of the gov¬ in the trenches of Washington in martial terms, take hostages see that ernmental process as George Shultz had to go where nodiing is ever settled and no adversary it pays.” to such extreme lengths to prevail over middle- ever gives up. He once said the difference bet¬ level White House apparatchiks such as Jona¬ ween State and Treasury—he has headed both— “The efforts to get out than Miller, who denied Shultz the right to is that nothing ever ends at the State Depart¬ the hostages that were use a presidential aircraft. Another time he re¬ ment. “It’s a fight all the way, all the time,” held on that TWA signed to protest Robert McFarlane’s going said Shultz at the hearing. He sometimes tells plane were basi¬ on a without his knowl¬ the story of his wife’s knee surgery last year, cally-done under the edge. More recently, Shultz submitted his with the surgeon coming out to say that the president’s direction resignation over the administration’s sweep¬ operation was a total success and that his wife right out of my office ing plan to force all employees to take lie de¬ would be up and walking in six weeks. “Oh, and with very profes¬ tector tests. (In fact, lie detector tests are given boy,” Shultz told him, ‘Would I love to have sional work by our to State Department employees suspected of such a definitive outcome in die things I do.” people in thefield... A security breaches. Shultz objected to everybody, To Shultz, the disinformation was an illustration key was our contact including himself, being routinely obliged to of what happens when the people running an with President Assad have them.) operation are also the ones supplying the and Syria... Shultz’s revelation that he had resigned three information. The intelligence tends to reinforce [Charge] April times raises a further question that goes to the the policy, even when both are wrong-headed. Glass by... was just heart of die way he operates: why didn’t he At the hearings Shultz proposed a radical solu¬ great, and she is a resign when faced with evidence of a far more tion to cure what he describes as a conflict little-known, but I egregious violation of his trust? He did not of interest at die White House, where a pow¬ think, genuine her¬ explain that decision, even when pressed by erful, self-contained NSC staff'controls informa¬ oine of that whole Michael DeWine (R-Ohio), who suggested it tion, operations, and access to the president. effort, and she’s a For¬ would have been the right thing to do. A re¬ He proposed having each member of the Cab¬ eign Service officer.” sponse can be deduced, however, from his other inet work in die White House (actually the testimony and behavior. As the Iran arms- Old Executive Office Building), where they contra funding story began to unroll in all its would develop a presidential point of view be¬ awful detail, Shultz came to the conclusion that cause of their geographic and personal prox¬ the president was not only misinformed, but imity to the president. Day-to-day operations also manipulated by National Security' Advi¬ of the agencies would be taken over by deputy ser John Poindexter and CIA Director Wil¬ secretaries. Such a system, he believes, would liam Casey. As the secretary put it, “They were physically and symbolically remove the wall

OCTOBER 1987 37 Shultz meets with Middle East negotiator Philip Habib and Lebanese President Amin Gemayel. The sec¬ retary’s faith in the abil¬ ity of the Beirutgovern¬ ment to control the fractious country doomed his peace plan.

between the president and the Cabinet. At the reason against resignation may be the near¬ same time, it would reduce the NSC monop¬ certainty that he would be replaced by some¬ oly on information and access. body more ideological. One of his advisers A less radical remedy has been installed since frames the question in pointed terms: “Do you the Iran hearings, a direct result of the abuses. really want to see Jeane Kirkpatrick as secre¬ National Securin' Adviser Frank Carlucci, a tary of state for the next 16 months?” former Foreign Service officer and deputy' sec¬ The betting is that Shultz will remain unless retary of defense, reportedly has a close work¬ he suffers another major setback that indicates ing relationship with both Shultz and Caspar he has clearly lost the confidence of the pres¬ Weinberger. He is said to have an agreement ident. Shultz was recently asked, How does with Chief of Staff that neither he know that there are not other issues where one of them will meet with Reagan without he was undercut? “I can’t certify that there the other’s being present. When Shultz and are not other things,” he said, “but I don’t Weinberger meet with the president, both think so.” Shultz is first of all a pragmatist Baker and Carlucci will be there. The system who realizes that power flows downward in is designed to ensure that no major national Washington. As he said during his testimony, security' initiatives can be launched without the “When the president hangs out his shingle, responsible senior officials being aware of them. he gets all the business.” Shultz came out of the Iran hearings as a towering figure—one legislator described Shultz’s testimony as not only the high point IN FIGHTING the political-bureaucratic of the hearings, but of his 11 years in Con¬ wars, Shultz appears to have neglected gress. With such standing, the secretary has one important State area—personnel. the best chance to institutionalize the reforms This, ironically, could turn out to be the that he would like to see, and try' to prevent most lasting and damaging remnant of his Reagan from becoming a lame duck in terms tenure. Shultz has presided over the State Depart¬ of foreign policy. Another, more personal ment during a period of nearly unprecedented

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL politicization of foreign policymaking. The it does come about that the Foreign Service number of political ambassadors has grown has been debased while George Shultz was en¬ from 25 percent at the beginning of the Reagan gaged in other struggles, it could be a lasting “I think there are a administration to 40 percent today. Walking stain on his legacy. lot of things to be the halls of the State Department building ap¬ learned [such as] the pears to be an increasingly common occupa¬ importance cfseparat¬ tion for ambassadorial-level Foreign Service GEORGE SHULTZ came to the office ing the function of officers. in a situation analogous to the one gathering and analyz¬ Part of the problem is that the White House faced by : part of his ing intelligence from has an ideological kinship with right-wingers job was to heal the scars left by his the function of devel¬ such as Jesse Helms (R-North Carolina), espe¬ predecessor. That he seems to have done. Until oping and carrying cially on such issues as aid for the contras. the Iran arms story came along, it appeared out policy. If the two Helms, who has blocked the nominations of that he was the major influence on the pres¬ things are mixed in to¬ Melissa Wells (for Mozambique) and Richard ident in terms of foreign policy—indeed, the gether, it is too tempt¬ Viets (for Portugal) for more than a year, is only member of the government with any last¬ ing to have your anal¬ also useful on other issues, such as the Bork ing influence in that field. Then came the scan¬ ysis and the selection nomination and defense budget issues, and he dal; he seems to have used it to strengthen of information that’s is expert on trading his votes. One of Helms’s his position and to try to bolster a president presented favor the influential staff members says that the “career¬ whose biological/political clock is rapidly run¬ policy that you’re ad¬ ists” (his denigrating word for Foreign Serv¬ ning down. vocating. [The intel¬ ice officers) “have no greater right to these The secretary—not to mention the admin¬ ligence agencies] have jobs titan anybody else.” Another Capitol Hill istration’s foreign policy—stands at a cross¬ to serve me. They are staffer, a former Foreign Service officer sym¬ roads. He now has the stature, the leverage, not my competitor. I pathetic to those Helms describes as careerists, and the mandate. What he does not have are am their client.” says, “We have been hearing this for months the results. The administration has drawn blanks and have been trying to bring it to an open in Africa and the Middle East; relations with “We have this very dif¬ fight, which I think we could win. But what China and the Soviet Union have remained ficult task of having a help have we been getting from George Shultz? stable, but mistrustful. It has been “people separation of powers Nodting. Zero.” power” that has toppled unpopular regimes that means we have to Another appraisal of a Shultz shortcoming in Haiti and the Philippines, though die admin¬ learn how to share comes from a European ambassador much in¬ istration seeks to claim some credit for the power. Sharing power volved in trade and economic matters. The changes; history has not yet rendered judg¬ is harder, and we ambassador, remaining diplomatically anon¬ ment on whether the U.S. roles in those upheav¬ need to work at it ymous, says, “We used to deal with the State als will outweigh the previous role in keeping harder than we do. Department on such things. But Shultz has the corrupt regimes in power. The most likely But that’s the only given it up and has surrounded himself with area for the unqualified success that has eluded way.” people who aren’t terribly aggressive. We now him thus far is in arms control, particularly deal with the special trade representative, or in an agreement eliminating United States and “Advancing our the White House, or Commerce, or Treasury. Soviet medium-range nuclear missiles in values is one of the We sometimes never see [Under Secretary for Europe. But the administration’s yearning for essential ingredients Economic Affairs] Allen Wallis until the final a success is so palpable that the Soviets may of our foreign policy. deal has been cut.” One of Shultz’s aides says decide to withhold a deal, or at least to bar¬ The value of freedom, that the reason has more to do with the con¬ gain so hard that a workable arrangement will of democracy and the gressional mandate, giving the lead in such nego¬ not be ratified. Then, too, there are conserva¬ rule of law...provides tiations to the special trade representative, than tives in the Senate and in the administration other people a chance it does with the personality of Shultz or Wallis. who never met an arms control agreement they to live under condi¬ But the official concedes that the secretary has liked, and they will see Shultz as the enemv tions that are more surrounded himself with like-minded, non¬ within. decent, but it also abrasive, congenial people like Wallis, Michael Shultz understands very well the basic rule makes the world more Armacost, and Legal Counsellor Abraham of cabinet secretaries: they work for the pres¬ secure....The credit be¬ Sofaer. ident, through the president, and with the Con¬ longs to the attraction If the assessment is correct that Shultz has gress. If Ronald Reagan is traumatized into of the idea of free¬ not energetically pushed to have the best people a kind of political catatonia by recent events, dom....The basic idea around, and if he has allowed many choice spots Shultz will be helpless. If Congress becomes of freedom is the revo¬ to go to White House pets rather than For¬ paranoiac and self-righteous about all admin¬ lutionary idea, wheth¬ eign Service professionals, then the infighting istration actions, he will also find it impossible er you are talking in this administration may turn out to be one to realize his potential. In the spirit of the old aboutpolitical organ¬ of the more significant and expensive strug¬ Chinese curse, it’s going to be an interesting ization...or economic gles in the history of the Foreign Service. If time. organization.”

OCTOBER 1987 39 HE OUTSIZED Stars and Capitalism has its side end, on Chaikovsky Street, was Kolya, Stripes flying a few hundred effects when Marxists move who jury-rigged a block and tackle on yards away over the main gate¬ the roof of die 10-story building, by way to the chancert' was not the Moscow embassy’s means of which our safes and filing calculated to soothe the breast of Joseph household cabinets were hoisted up to die 9th Stalin when he gazed north from the and 10th floors. Kremlin. It was from the pedestal of a effects One of Kolya’s workers at Chai¬ column of this building that George kovsky was an older man, who must F. Kennan had made a brief speech to have been in his 70s. His colleagues R.T. DAVIES a cheering crowd of Muscovites on told us that he had been a colonel in VE Day in 1945, an act the dictator the Czarist army during World War I. had neither forgotten nor forgiven. idence. Plans for moving were far ad¬ He was called Stary master—“the old It was not surprising, therefore, that vanced. So we rejected the offer to master artisan.” Stary master was a pow¬ during Kennan’s later term as ambas¬ remain at Mokhovaya. erful old man and would tackle any job sador to the Soviet Union, Stalin or¬ Shortly before the new ambassador, that came along. Kolya kept an eye dered the Americans to move out of Charles E. Bohlcn, arrived in April, on him, however, and tried to spare the building on Mokhovaya Street, the move had begun. Jim Garvey, Dave him the heaviest burdens. which had served as our chancery since Klein, Phil Valdes, and I, as junior Since the elevators at both Mok¬ shortly after diplomatic relations were Russian-language officers, were as¬ hovaya and Chaikovsky were too small established in 1933. The British were signed to work full-time with the to take electric refrigerators, these were also told to move. moving crews furnished by Byurobin, carried down the stairs of one building Stalin died in early 1953, and a short the Foreign Ministry’s office for sup¬ and up those of the other on the back time later the Foreign Ministry told plying services to foreigners. The move of a man in a sling that passed over the the British and us that, if they liked, began at seven on a rainy Monday shoulders. I once saw Stary master hoist they could stay on where they were. morning. This proved to be a portent, onto his back a refrigerator off a truck The Brits had dragged their feet, look¬ for it rained steadily during the next at Chaikovsky and start toward the ing interminably at one building after month, with brief intervals of sunshine. door of one of the stairwells. Kolya another, as the ministry tried to find Five brigades of chomorabochiye— caught sight of him and quickly sent diem alternative accommodations. They “black, or dirty, workers”—and five another man to take the appliance. accepted the recision and, to this day, ZiM trucks reported to the courtyard Then he roughly called Stary master remain in their compound overlook¬ at Mokhovaya, while three brigades over and gave him something else to ing the Moscow River and the Krem¬ reported to the building on Chaikovsky do, saying, “I thought I told to you lin. Months earlier, however, we Amer¬ Street. Each consisted of eight men, stick with this job here. What’s the icans had accepted a recently completed led by a brigadir, or straw boss, who matter, you deafi1” apartment complex on Chaikovsky worked no less hard than any of his The senior brigadir at Mokhovaya Street and begun to adapt it for use as seven mates. They were all dressed in was Dvadya Vanya, a Hero of Social¬ a combined chancery and staff res- padded blue jackets, denim trousers, ist Labor. Dyadya Vanya was perhaps knee boots, and billed workmen’s caps. 45 or 50, about five and a half feet tall, A retired Foreign Sendee officer, the writer Of the 64 men who came to work and might have weighed 150 pounds was a junior political officer at the em¬ that Monday, several stick in my mind. sopping wet. Yet he could carry a Frigi- bassy in Moscow from 1951-53. The senior brigadir at the receiving daire on his back down six flights of

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The “new” Moscow embassy building on Chaikovsky Street.

stairs, bent nearly double to keep its the crew. “Get the threads, Vasya,” 40 apartments full of furniture, plus legs from catching on the step behind, he said. Vasya went down to the court¬ the personal effects of the occupants, help heave it onto a truck, and then yard and returned widi a 40-foot length had to be moved out of Mokhovaya. run back to make sure his boys were of manila cable, about 4 inches in diam¬ I estimated an average of a half ton per on the job. All the workmen had a eter. The safe was then tipped on its apartment of canned and botded goods, very affectionate, but healthy, respect side and the “threads” slipped under including a certain quantity of strong for Dyadya Vanya. After we had moved it, so that it rode on runners of rope. spirits. Among the household goods, the safes, I stood in awe of him. With 16 men pushing and pulling and most of which were only loosely packed Dyadya Vanya giving the cadence— in open boxes, were silver trays, cig¬ riz, dva, poshol\ riz, dm, poshol—the arette boxes, radios, and alarm clocks— THERE WERE SOME 45 safes safe began moving, three inches at a dien priceless possessions in the Soviet and filing cabinets in the em¬ time. Once they got it onto the marble Union. A number of our colleagues bassy, ranging from one weigh¬ stairs, it went much more easily, the had expressed their fears about the ing about three tons down danger being that it would start slid¬ safety of these goods. At the begin¬ to quarter-ton safe-filing cabinets. These ing and couldn’t be stopped. In an ning, therefore, an American officer were on the third, fourth, and fifth hour, we were down in the courtyard. rode on each truck. But as the first floors of Mokhovaya and had to come Beams were laid up to the truck bed apartments were reassembled at the new down the marble stairs. We had one and the safe was pushed and pulled building and nothing turned up miss¬ day—a Saturday—in which to move onto the ZiM, the normal capacity of ing, the practice was abandoned. I them all. By the time they were sched¬ which was supposed to be no more know of only one article that was lost, uled to go, only two brigades—16 than a ton-and-a-half. At one point in a botde of Cook’s American cham¬ men—were still working at Mok¬ the ascent of the safe, the truck’s front pagne. hovaya. To move some 40 metric tons wheels were nearly a foot off the The workmen were clearly struck of safes in one 10-hour working day, ground. But finally, the three-tonner by the luxury of Mokhovaya, which, each man would have to shift about was aboard and die ZiM lumbered off as a result of overcrowding, American 550 pounds an hour. Dyadya Vanya to Chaikovsky. visitors were inclined to compare with was unimpressed with the difficulty of After a 10-minute break—the fabled the poorer sort of apartment house in the project. “We’ll manage,” he said. perekur—the boys went back for the Greenwich Village. Impressed though We started with the three-ton safe. other 44 safes and filing cabinets. All the Soviet workmen may have been, Dyadya Vanya had his rebyata—his of them were out of Mokhovaya by they took it very much in stride. boys—prize it away from the wall with late that afternoon. I was constantly surprised by the crowbars. Then he turned to one of In addition to the office equipment, intelligence and breadth of knowledge

OCTOBER 1987 41 of these men. Electric mixers, auto¬ to the victory of Communism!” I said, imagined that would be enough. We matic can openers, electric razors, and “Yes, forward, but ids not Communism got 10 kilograms of black bread and the like did not exist in the USSR, yet we’re serving here; it’s capitalism.” five kilos each of sausage and cheese, these laborers of rudimentary educa¬ There was a brief, shocked silence. Then or slightly less than a pound of food tion figured out what they were and everyone roared with laughter. I think per capita. We set all this up in one of speculated accurately about how they it was the first time they had identified the shop rooms in the service com¬ worked. They also had a shrewd under¬ us as the “capitalists” about whom so pound at Chaikovsky. standing of the western world, despite much was made in parti' propaganda. the misinformation with which the The attitude of these men towards Soviet press was filled. Soviet officialdom, including their su¬ ATURDAY CAME. It was the During one of the infrequent sunny pervisors from Byurobin, was that of eighth anniversary of VE Day, interludes, we were taking a break in “them” and “us.” They talked of the eight years since George the courtyard. A box from one of the nachal’stvo—what class-conscious Amer¬ Kennan’s remarks to the cheer¬ apartments was sitting nearby, waiting ican workers used to call “the bosses.” ing Muscovites. Early that morning, for a truck to return from Chaikovsky. Like good working men everywhere, Ambassador Bohlen came over to Mok¬ On top was a can with a label display¬ these Soviet “black workers” were in hovaya, now completely empty, to see ing three sleek, fat, red tomatoes. One league against “them” and covered up the embassy insignia removed. When of the men said, “That’s a beautiful for each other. This was true of the the ambassador had left, Dyadya label on that can. Practical, too. One brigadir, as well. Everyone in Soviet Vanya’s brigades set about cleaning up look and, boom, you know what’s society outside their own ranks was the debris—all that was left of 18 years inside. Why don’t they do that here? regarded as “them,” as apart from and of American occupancy. During our Our labels don’t have pictures, just inimical to day laborers. Towards the first perekur, I told Dyadya Vanya about words. And they’re all alike, no matter police, the attitude was one of uncon¬ the housewarming and invited him and what’s in the can.” cealed hostility^ and fear. his brigades to hop on the last truck One of the others replied, “In of the day, which would carry us, our America, everything isn’t made by one tools, and whatever we had salvaged ministry, like here. In America, there from Mokhovaya, over to Chaikovsky. is no Ministry of Food Industry, and As we worked together, Dyadya Vanya had been one of the lots of companies compete against one the initial reserve vanished. They most vociferous proponents of a another. So each one has to try to asked about the working hours, housewarming, so I was taken aback make his product better—and more wages, and living when he met the invitation with a wor¬ attractive—than his competitor’s.” All standards of laboring people in ried frown and obvious hesitancy. He agreed that it would be good to have the United States finally said he would talk it over with such competition in the Soviet Union, the boys and let me know. I waited too. apart while a small veche, or conclave, There was no sense at all ofpar- was convened. Shortly, Dyadya Vanya tiynost’—“partyness,” or political aware¬ As the job drew towards its close, came back to say that they all felt it ness—among these men. At the begin¬ the laborers began to ask half jokingly would be “inconvenient” for them to ning, they were wary and appeared to when we would have die novosei’ye— go to Chaikovsky for a housewarming. know, in a vague sort of way, that the housewarming—at Chaikovsky. We The nachal’stvo would be there, he said. Americans were supposed to be en¬ talked this over among ourselves and I said, well, what about all the vodka, emies of the Soviet Union, but they decided to chip in and buy the mak¬ whisky, wine, bread, cheese, and sau¬ did not seem to know, nor care to ings for a first-class housewarming. Two sage we had waiting there for them. know, why this was so. brigades had already been withdrawn Dyadya Vanya’s face took on a pained As we worked together, the initial as the volume of work diminished, and expression. It was time for another reserve vanished. They asked us about Dyadya Vanya’s two at Mokhovaya veche. This consultation had a more the working hours, wages, and living were to leave at the end of work that animated character. Some bolder spir¬ standards of laboring people in the Saturday. Four brigades were working its were willing to risk the trip. The United States and seemed never to have at Chaikovsky. So we set the house¬ party of caution was still strong, how¬ read a word of the virulent anti- warming for Saturday afternoon. There ever. Finally, Dyadya Vanya came back American propaganda that then filled would be 48 Russian workmen and to say the consensus was they had better every medium of mass communication four or five Americans, together with not go, but could I bring their share in the USSR; it was, after all, still the any Bvurobin supervisors who cared of the consumables over to Mokhovaya? very height of the . to attend. We bought five cases of At lunch time, I took an embassy Once, at the end of a perekur, Dyadya Polish vodka, totaling 60 liters, three car over to Chaikovsky and brought Vanya gave the signal to return to work. cases of Canadian rye whisky, and three back one third of the victuals and drink. “Come on,” he said, “this isn’t getting of Crimean portveyn, about 22 gallons We put these in an empty room and die job done.” “Yes,” said a younger altogether, or, roughly, better than told Dyadya Vanya he was in charge worker with mild sarcasm, “forward three pints of something for each. We of distribution. That afternoon, mem-

42 FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL bers of the Mokhovaya brigades slipped end of that war and to the end of all where Sommerlatte paid their 30- discreetly into the room and secreted wars! Above all, there must never be ruble fines in advance. the bottles and foodstuffs about their war between Russia and America! Let persons, under their capacious quilted there be no more war!” jackets, so as to conceal their booty We all drank to that widi enthusi¬ INGS IN THE Russian land from the militiamen who still stood K asm and everyone reassured Stary are baby boys and drunks. guard at the entrance. Shortly before master, “Don’t worry, diere won’t be Drunks are tolerated as 5:30, they departed, well heeled. any war.” Stary master was now weep¬ nowhere else—or were, When Dyadya Vanya and his two ing freely. He threw his arms around before Mikhail Gorbachev. Vodka pro¬ brigades had gone home, I took the me and kissed me three times, frill on vided relief from harsh workaday real¬ last truck to Chaikovsky. Phil Valdes the moudi. At the moment, my sole ities and cloaked with impunity the had just invited Kolya, the senior bri- reaction was that Stary master badly occasional blowing-off of steam. In gadir, and his men to the housewarm¬ needed a shave, a chronic condition those days, the state took good care ing. Like Dyadya Vanya, Kolya was widi him. Later, I wondered whether of its topers. First, it sold them vodka. abashed when confronted with die real¬ this was not the “kiss of peace,” which Then, when the spirit had done its ity of that which he had rhetorically Russians exchange at Easter, when they work and the imbiber was out cold in urged so strongly. Three Byurobm greet each other with the salutation, the gutter, the militia would come along supervisors were present in the court¬ “Christ is risen,” and the reply, “He and take him to the vytrezvitel’—the yard at Chaikovsky—they were hard is indeed risen, the Prince of Peace.” sobering-up station, where he could to find during the workday, but usu¬ It wasn’t long before the vodka, sleep it off or be brought around by ally showed up at its end—and Kolya whisky, and wine were almost gone. cold showers and draughts of hot coffee felt it would be impossible for his bri¬ One of our local employees suggested or tea. For this, he was charged 30 gades to accept our invitation until we might have a problem getting some rubles, or $7.50 at the official rate. they had left. Phil was able to talk the of our guests out the gate and past the In unloading the panel truck, we supervisors into joining die festivities, militiamen. Brigadir Kolya agreed it discovered that one of the comatose and the workmen gradually followed was time to call a halt. “If we don’t,” workmen had a bottle of Cook’s Amer¬ them. he said, “they’ll start dancing.” Kolya ican champagne in an inside pocket of For about 10 minutes, everybody sent the men out arm in arm, so they his quilted jacket. We could only assume stood around, genteelly sipping vodka could steady each other. Everyone was that, while in his cups, he had recol¬ and nibbling at the food, like partici¬ able to navigate except five who had lected where it was and decided to pants in a Sunday-school picnic. Then collapsed, including Stary master. take it along. Karl tried to make sure two of the supervisors withdrew and, As we stood swaying in the bright the officer in charge of the sobering- surprisingly, went home. The third, sunlight of the courtyard, debating what up station would return it to him. who had come over from Mokhovaya, to do, the wives of embassy officers On Monday morning, Kolya’s four drank heartily and was soon well on watched disapprovingly from the bal¬ brigades were back to a man to finish his way to nirvana. The workmen re¬ conies of Chaikovsky, while, from the up the odds and ends of the job. None laxed and the real housewarming began. windows of a neighboring apartment seemed any the worse for wear. They now insisted upon drinking toasts house, Russian women looked on with Towards the end of our work at with us. First, we had to fill our glasses no less censorious expressions on their Mokhovaya, I was reminiscing with and theirs in accordance with the Rus¬ faces. some of the men of Dyadya Vanya’s sian norm—above the brim—so that Kolya and Lyova, a local employee, brigades about our weeks together. Fi¬ die liquid is kept from running over said it was essential that the five who nally, I said, “What a shame that we only by surface tension. Our guests had passed out should be kept out of shall probably never see each other began to sample the wine and the the hands of the police, lest the house¬ again.” An older man, a peasant from whisky, which immediately became warming become a matter of official south Russia, said immediately, “Don’t viska, a feminine noun. record. We put them all in the panel say that, Mister Devis. Where I come I wish I could remember it better truck and Sergeant Roy “Dusty” from, we have a proverb: ‘Even the than I do. I do remember that the party Rhodes, the garage supervisor, drove mountains come together, and how was a huge success. We ran out of it out of the courtyard. Karl Som- much more likely it is that men should bread, cheese, and sausage within 20 merlatte, the general services officer, meet again.’ ” One of the younger work¬ minutes and had to send out for more. went along, as did Brigadir Kolya, who men laughed. “That’s silly,” he said, Our stock of potables diminished at said he had to see Stary master safely “how can the mountains come togeth¬ an alarming rate. Within half an hour, home. Because of his past, Stary master er?” The old peasant looked scornfully everyone was drunk. I do remember was a “socially inimical element” and at him. “The rain washes the rock and St ary master proposing a toast. Ffe said, could under no circumstances afford soil off the mountains, it runs into the “Mister Devis, I fought the Germans to be arrested. Kolya and Stary master rivers, and the rivers carry the silt and in the First World War and I fought were dropped off at a subway station sand to the sea,” he said. the Germans in the Second World War. and the other bodies were taken to our But I have never seen any of them Today is VE Day. Let us drink to the neighborhood sobering-up station, again. □

OCTOBER 1987 43 be graduating in 1988. The Financial Aid Memorial Scholarship, New Mexico State grants are for full-time undergraduate study University in the United States, and are awarded solely Rudolph J. Holguin, William Benton Schol¬ on need. arship, New Mexico State University The AFSA Committee on Education Bruce F. Hoof III, Arthur B. Emmons Me¬ members include Claude Ross, chairman; morial Scholarship, Portland State Univer¬ PEOPLE William Ford, AID; Monica Greeley, sity AAFSW; Mark Mohr, State; David Smith, Robin T. Johnson, Betty Carp Scholarship, State; William Weinhold, USLA. The schol¬ Reed College arship programs administrator is Dawn Cu- Karen L. Kalla, Clarke W. Slade Memorial thell. Scholarship, Evergreen State College Foreign Service Juniors Allan Kassebaum, Jefferson Patterson Schol¬ Awarded AFSA/AAFSW Financial Aid Grants arship, Old Dominion University 1987-1988 James L. Kassebaum, AAFSW, Radford Uni¬ Scholarships versity The AFSA COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION has Alexandra Aber, Wilbur J. Carr Memorial David B. Kelly, Edward T. Wailes Scholar¬ announced the list of Financial Aid scho¬ Scholarship, University of Rhode Island ship, University of Colorado larships for academic year 1987-88. Once Frank N. Allegro, Charles B. Hosmer Terri L. Kelly, AAFSW, University of Maine again the committee expresses deep appre¬ Memorial Scholarship, Florida State Univer¬ at Machias ciation to all those who have supported the sity Elizabeth N. Lee, David K. E. Bruce Schol¬ scholarship programs with their generous John A. Allegro, Marcia Martin Moore Me¬ arship, University of North Carolina, contributions, and in particular AAESW for morial Scholarship, Tallahassee Community Chapel Hill its continued interest and efforts on behalf College Linda W. Leung, AAFSW Scholarship hon¬ of Foreign Service juniors with funds raised Rebecca M. Archer, Ernest V. Siracusa Schol¬ oring Wiliam Littlewood, University of at the annual Bookfair. arship, University of California at Los An¬ Rochester This year, two special scholarships are geles Dennis C. Lincoln, Mark Mattran Memo¬ given in honor of Meryl Steigman and Bill Allison J. Aschman, AAFSW, Bloomsburg rial Scholarship, Worcester Polytechnic Insti¬ Littlewood, volunteers who have worked University tute tirelessly for many years in support of the Denise K. Aschman, Gertrude Stewart Me- Douglas R. Lincoln, Wilbur J. Carr Me- Bookfair. Their citations from AAFSW read morialScholarslnp, East Stroudsburg Univer¬ rrnrial Scholarship, Louisiana State Univer¬ as follows: sity sity Consuelo Barrett, Harry A. Havens Me¬ Pamela M. Lincoln, Wilbur J. Carr Me¬ Mervl Steigman’s contributions to Book- morial Scholarship, University of Lowell morial Scholarship, Franklin Pierce Col¬ fair over die years have covered the com¬ Terrence M. Barrett, AAFSW, Curry Col¬ lege plete gamut of volunteer work, from lege Patrick W. Loomer, Landreth M. Harri¬ book collecting to Bookfair director in Kara J. Beveridge, Charles and Jane Stelle son Memorial Scholarship, Sarah Lawrence 1984 and 1985. She has inspired the Memorial Scholarship, Laramie County College whole Steigman family to become in¬ Community College Karen M. Lowe, AAFSW, Asbury College volved with every aspect of this annual Colette V. Cabral, AAFSW, New York Teressa-Anne Manapol, AAFSW, Trinity project to raise scholarship money. University University, Texas Meryl’s energy, spirit, and competence Edward A. Cottrill, William Benton Schol¬ Vivynne L. Martindale, Walter J. Stoessel demonstrate Bookfair volunteerism at its arship, Mary Washington College Jr. Memorial Scholarship, Johns Hopkins finest, and we applaud her deep dedica¬ Katheryn L. Cottrill, AAFSW, University University tion to the Foreign Service. of Virginia Nicole A. Mason, Gertrude Stewart Memo¬ Bill Littlewood’s interest in stamp Joseph L. Covey, Edward T. Wailes Schol¬ rial Scholarship, Fisher Junior College collecting began in his childhood and arship, Virginia Military Institute Dale W. McMindes, Gertrude Stewart Me¬ remains a consuming interest today, to Anthony E. Farago, AAFS W, Abilene Chris¬ morial Scholarship, John the great benefit of Bookfair. The Stamp tian College Marlene R. McMindes, Robert and Florence Garner has grown tremendously under James M. Farrell, Hope Rogers Bastek Me¬ Macaulay Memorial Scholarship, John his direction and year-round efforts, and morial Scholarship, Keene State College Brown University he has recruited and inspired a commit¬ John M. Farrell, Neil Tardio Scholarship, Duncan Raleigh Miller, AAFSW, Univer¬ tee of dedicated and talented volunteers. Lyndon State College sity of Wisconsin His wife, Bcnte, chaired the 1986 Book- Anita L. Flood, Scholar¬ Mamie M. Mutchler, Gertrude Stewart Me¬ fair. In honoring Bill, we also honor ano- ship, Providence College morial Scholarship, dier committed and enthusiastic Foreign Pauline R. Flood Mary Kennedy Healy Me¬ Robin M. Nelson, AAFSW Scholarship hon¬ Service team. morial Scholarship, Catholic University oring Meryl Steigman, University of Utah Mathhew A. German, AAFSW, Univer¬ Claudia G. Nenno, Theodore A. Xanthaky The names of the recipients of these 1987- sity of Maryland Memorial Scholarship, Brown University 1988 awards, the individual scholarships Elena A. Gravelle, AAFSW, Seton Hall Nicole A. Neuser, AAFSW, Salem College they have received, and the colleges and uni¬ University Lana S. Patterson, AAFSW, Samford Uni¬ versities which they will attend are listed Daryl W. Harrison, John Campbell White versity below. Memorial Scholarship, Allegheny College Matthew A. Peters, Adolph Dubs Memo¬ Applications for the two scholarship pro¬ Ruth A. Hirsch, AAFSW, Shenandoah Col¬ rial Scholarship, Seattle University grams, Merit Awards and Financial Aid lege and Conservatory of Music Tisha M. Pryor, H. Freeman Matthews Me¬ grants, are available for eligible dependent Gregory J. Hohm, C. Montague & Frances morial Scholarship, Eugene Lang College children of career American Foreign Ser¬ Pigott Scholarship, University of Dayton R. Michael Rhoades, AAFS W A ldnmi Uni¬ vice personnel by writing now to the schol¬ Teresa M. Hohm, Beirut Memorial Schol¬ versity arship administrator, AFSA, 2101 E Street arship, University of Dayton Jon R. Roth, Lowell C. Pinkerton Memo¬ NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Merit Thomas J. Hohm, Vietnam Memorial Schol¬ rial Scholarship, California State Univer¬ Awards, based on academic excellence, are arship, Virginia Tech sity, San Bernardino limited to high school students who will Christopher J. Holguin, John Foster Dulles Henry P. SielofF, Gertrude Stewart Memo-

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL rial Scholarship, Old Dominion University land, Maine; Bernard C. Dale of Hills¬ band, two sisters, and a brother. Any dona¬ April E. Skinner, AAFSW, Medical Col¬ borough, North Carolina; and Nelson C. tions may be made to the American Cancer lege of Virginia Commonwealth Univer¬ Dale of Boston. Society. sity Calvin L. Skinner, Gertrude Stewart Me¬ JULIA GOLDSCHMIDT, wife of Foreign Serv¬ S. HOUSTON LAY, a former legal adviser morial Scholarship, Hampton University ice Officer Michael A. Goldschmidt, died for the State Department and retired navy David Stutz, AAFSW, Northwestern Univer¬ of complications from a bone marrow trans¬ commander, died August 4 in Lajolla, sity plant for cancer on June 30 in Washing¬ California. He was 75. Gregory J. Taylor, AAFSW, University of ton, D.C. She was 31. Mr. Lay’s assignments included Frank¬ Rhode Island A native of Santa Rosa de Copan, Hon¬ furt, Bonn, Berlin, and Athens between Tamara K. Thompson, AAFSW, Univer¬ duras, she married Mr. Goldschmidt in 1946 and 1962. He left the State Depart¬ sity of Oregon 1980 when he was posted there. Sub¬ ment and became a member of the law firm Julie E. True, Jacq Bachman Siracusa Schol¬ sequently, she accompanied him on assign¬ of Rose, Stansbury, Albright, Mason, and arship, ments to London and Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, Lay. In 1966, Mr. Lay taught at the Cali¬ Diego R. Vazquez, Oliver Bishop Harriman where she worked in the consular sections fornia Western Law School in San Diego. Memorial Scholarship, Providence College of those posts. In the past year, she was His publications, including New Dimensions Juan L. Vazquez, Timberlake Scholarship, an executive secretary with MCI Cor¬ of Law of the Seas, Direct Broadcast Satellites, University of Southern California poration and a student at Northern Vir¬ and New Dimensions in Air Law, earned him Jeffrey T Villinski, Julius C. Holmes Me¬ ginia Community College in Alexandria, Vir- a listing in Who’s Who in America. morial Scholarship, Macalester College ginia. Mr. Lay is survived by his son, Sam, of Michele T Villinski, AAFSW, Carleton Col¬ Ms. Goldschmidt is survived by her hus¬ Huntington Beach, California. lege Robert J. Volciak Jr., Howard Fyfe Memo¬ rial Scholarship, Pennsylvania State Univer¬ sity Daniel A. Webb, AAFSW, LeToumeau Col¬ lege ANNUAL MEETING Karen D. Womack, William Benton Schol¬ arship, Northwood Institute Michael A. Womack, Selden Chapin Me¬ morial Scholarship, Central Michigan of the University Deaths American Foreign JOHN PROCTOR MCKNIGHT, a retired For¬ eign Service officer, died on July 24 in Service Association Naples, Florida. He was 79. A native of North Carolina, Mr. Mc¬ Knight was graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Davidson College and also received an hon¬ orary doctorate of letters. He became an October 16, 1987 foreign correspondent and later joined the Foreign Service as an offi¬ 12 noon cer with USIA. During his assignment in Rome, he published a book on the Vatican entitled The Papacy, for which he received Dean Acheson Auditorium the Mayflower Society Award. Mr. Mc¬ Knight was also appointed to the National Department of State War College in the late 1960s. He is survived by his wife, Mary Jane McKnight of Naples, Florida, four nieces, and two nephews. All members are invited to attend.

JANE C. DALE, wife of former Ambassador William N. Dale, died on July 23 in Durham, North Carolina. She was 70. Any AFSA member who does not have a State Depart¬ Mrs. Dale was bom in Omaha, Nebraska, ment pass should contact Sue Schumacher at 338-4045, and was graduated from Smith College in as soon as possible, to arrange for entry into State. 1938. She began a teaching career, which continued for many years until she and her husband retired. She accompanied her hus¬ band to assignments in London, Paris, Ankara, Tel Aviv, and Bangui, where she taught at the national university. In later years, Mrs. Dale painted and wrote poetry, some of which was published in the Atlan¬ tic Monthly and the Christian Science Mon¬ itor. Mrs. Dale is survived by her husband, and three sons, William N. Dale Jr. ofPort-

OCTOBER 1987 45 FOREIGN

REAL ESTATE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY TAX RETURNS

THINKING OF A VACATION HOME or YOU’RE WHAT WE’RE LOOKING FOR! TAX PREPARATION BY AN ATTORNEY other property in coastal South Carolina? Now People-oriented, poised, smart, good commu¬ who is a retired Foreign Service officer and is is the time. Call or write ERA Dozier Realty, nicator, aggressive, self-starter, creative. AND familiar with Foreign Service problems. M. 442 Main St. North Mvrtle Beach, S.C. 29582. motivated to begin a profitable, challenging, Bruce Hirshorn, Esquire, Suite D, 307 Maple (803)249-4043. satisfying career with a small, hard-charging com¬ Ave. West, Vienna, VA 22180. (703)938- pany. Call or write Executive Housing Con¬ 3888. NEED A HOME BASE? Lake of the Woods, sultants, Inc., 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 627 between Fredericksburg and Culpeper, 50 miles West, Bethesda, MD 20814 (301)951-4111 TAX PREPARATION AND FINANCIAL from D.C., offers lake front, golf course, off¬ PLANNING, Single source for all vour money shore homes in community with 24-hour se¬ SHOPPING SERVICE concerns. Preparation and representation by En¬ curity, marina, beaches, pools, and more. Call rolled Agents, fee average $195 includes return Sylvia Bibby, Century' 21 Johnson and Glaze- Serving U.S. government employees assigned and “TAX TRAX” unique mini-financial plan¬ ning review with recommendations. Full plan¬ brooks, (703)972-1234. overseas. Whatever y'ou want, let us find it for ning by CFP available. Specialized overseas serv¬ you. Automotive parts and supplies, household ice with taped communications. Complete fi¬ SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO. Consider retir¬ goods, hardware, cosmetics, toys, small appli¬ nancial network and personalized service. ing in this fascinating 375 year old city. Mild ances parts and repairs, etc. Buy at retail plus Milton E. Carb, E.A., FINANCIAL FORE¬ climate, clean mountain air, endless art and shipping and handling. Fast and reliable serv¬ music, relaxed lifestyle. Write to me, a former ice. Just one place to contact. Write to us for CASTS, 833 S. Washington St. #8, Alexandria, FSO, for information: Alan Lee Real Estate, prices: U.S. Military Buying Service, PO Box VA 22314, (703)684-1040. METRO LOCA¬ TION, 933 N. Kenmore St. #217, Arlington, 620 Camino Rancheros, Santa Fe, NM 87501. 7205, Gaithersburg, MD 20898-7205, Dave Wallace, Manager; Retired US Park Police VA 22201, (703)841-1040. officer. AFSA TAX COUNSELING: Problems of Tax PROPERTY MANAGEMENT and Finance: Never a charge to AFSA mem¬ SHORT TERM RENTALS bers for telephone guidance. R.N. “Bob” Dus- Experts in the D.C. marketplace. Michelle sell (ex-AID) enrolled since 1973 to Tax Prac¬ Rucker, Jackson Realty', 409 Butternut St. NW, FARA APARTMENT RENTALS: Fully fitr- tice. At tax work since 1937 and now still in Washington, D.C. 20012 (202)723-8181. nished efficiency, one and two bedroom apart¬ practice solely to assist Foreign Service employ¬ ments. One blk. from State Department. Com¬ ees and their families. Also lecture “Taxes” PEAKE PROPERTIES LTD.: Broker with petitive rates. Call (202)463-3910. Write: monthly at FSI in Rosslvn, VA. Office located experience in overseas living will give careful FARA Housing, Room 2928, Dept, of State, across from Virginia Square Metro Station, attention to the management of vour home. Washington, D.C. 20520 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, VA 22201. Specializing in McLean, Vienna, N. Arlington, (703)841-0158. etc. 220B, 1350 Beverly Road, McLean, VA WASHINGTON D.C. APARTMENTS. 22101. Tel: 448-0212. Short or long term. Decorator furnished, hilly TAX PREPARATION AND ADVICE by equipped: microwave, cable, phone, pool, spa. T.R. McCartney (ex-FS) E.A., and Toni WASHINGTON MANAGEMENT SER¬ Two blocks FSI and Metro, 5 min. State, Geor¬ Cooper, E.A., and staff. Enrolled to practice VICES: Use our TELEX service to inquire getown. Photos. (703)522-2588 or write before the IRS. Business Data Corp., P.O. Box about professional sendees for the FS com¬ Adrian B.B. Templar, 1021 Arlington Blvd., 1040, Lanham, MD 20706-1040. (301)731- munity sen'ing overseas. Immediate response PH 1214, Arlington, VA 22209. Member 4114. to your property management needs. Res¬ AFSA. idential property management is our only busi¬ COMPUTERS ness. Call, write, or TELEX Mary Beth Otto, BACK FOR TRAINING? HOME LEAVE? Washington Management Services, 2015 Q St. D.C. TOUR? We are THE Washington Metro COMPUTERS, COMPUTERS! At Un-Dip- NW, Washington, DC 20009, (202)483- Area Short-Term Rental Specialists. Excellent 3830. TELEX 350136. lomatic Prices! Full service, training if needed locations. Wide price range. In Virginia - walk while you are in Washington on leave. Any to FSI. In D.C. and Maryland - walk to metro. EXECUTIVE HOUSINGCONSULTANTS, make or model configured. True portables. To¬ Large selection of furnished and equipped ef¬ shiba, Zenith, HP. Programs for education, fi¬ INC. “We care for your home as if it were our ficiencies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bedrooms and some own”...Join our “EXECUTIVE 100” Program! nancial planning, real estate, word processing. furnished houses. Many welcome pets. Leading Edge from $1295 complete. AT&T, - A select portfolio of houses and condomin¬ EXECUTIVE HOUSING CONSULTANTS, ium properties suitable for rental to corporate Kavpro PC, Compaq, and IBM. Graphics for INC., Short Term Rental Dept, 7315 Wis¬ artists, programs for composers. Lowest prices, executives. NW D.C., Bethesda, Chevy' Chase, consin Ave., Suite 627 West, Bethesda, MD Potomac. Our corporate customers pav top highest quality. Dozens of satisfied Foreign Serv¬ 20814. (301) 951-4111. Reserve early! Avoid ice clients. Export licensing if necessary. rents for top properties. Call or write us about disappointment! vour lovely home. 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Suite SOFTGRAF USA, 10 minutes from the depart¬ 627 West," Bethesda, MD 20814. (301)951- ment. 291 S. Van Dorn, Alexandria, VA 4111. FS references. 22304. (703)370-5000 for an appointment. Telex 904 059 WASH.

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL EXCHANGE

BOOKS WILLS PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print HAVE YOUR WILL REVIEWED and up¬ SMILE! As you prepare for a new assignment, book, perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, dated by an attorney who is a retired FSO. add three things to you “to-do” checklist: Stand FSIO-retired. Book Cellar, Freeport, ME M. Bruce Hirshorn, Esquire, Suite D, 307 in front of a mirror and smile. Consider how 04032. Maple Ave. West, Vienna, VA 22180. important your smile is to your work and social (703)938-3888. life. Call your dentist for an appoinment. Keep CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed within vour smile as healthy and attractive as possi¬ 5 days at reasonable prices. Send for mondilv ble! SIDNEY S. MARKOWITZ, D.D.S list to Circle Enterprises, Box 1051, Severna PROPERTY CLAIMS (202)833-8240. Located near the State Depart¬ Park, MD 21146. ment at Columbia Plaza. MOVING LOSS 8c DAMAGE CLAIMS: Pro¬ YOUR PERSONAL BOOKSTORE AWAY fessional preparation and processing of claims VIDEO ENTERTAINMENT FROM HOME: You can order any U.S. book for the recovery of money due from property in print for your own reading pleasure or that loss and damage when moved by the U.S. gov¬ I WILL TAPE TV programs for you. VHS special book sent as a gift for family and friends. ernment. NO UP-FRONT MONEY. Fee for only. Free information. BRITTON, 8703 S.E. Store credit available. Salmagundi Books Ltd. this sendee is 10% of the amount recovered. Jardin, Hobe Sound, FL 33455. 66 Main Street, Cold Spring, NY 10516. We get all estimates. Write or call and ask for one of our agents. PERSONAL PROPERTY EXCHANGE RATES INVESTMENTS CLAIMS, INC. 2000 Virginia Ave., McLean, VA 22101. (703)241-8787. Classified advertising in the FOREIGN EX¬ INVESTMENTS, FINANCIAL PLANNING, CHANGE is open to any person who wishes Long Distance Management when necessary'. PEN PALS to reach the professional diplomatic community'. Margaret M. Winkler, CFP, Legg Mason Wood The rate is 75 cents per word per insertion. Walker, Inc., 1747 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, INTERNATIONAL PEN FRIENDS - Ex¬ Telephone numbers and zip codes count as one Washington, DC 20006. (202)452-4000, in change letters with USA and foreign countries word each. To place a classified ad or to re¬ U.S., (800)792-4411. of your choice. Established 20 years. 5 Lan¬ ceive our rate card for regular display advertis¬ guages. Patricia Smith, Box 6058-F, Stuart, Flo¬ ing, write or call the Foreign Service Journal, FINANCIAL/ESTATE-RETIREMENT rida 34997. 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, PLANNING, ASSET MANAGEMENT: E.F. (202)338-4045. Checks should accompany all HUTTON 8c CO., INC. G. Claude Villarreal, classified insertion orders. The deadline for FOR¬ Financial Management Advisor, 1825 Eye EIGN EXCHANGE ads is approximately 5 Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC weeks before the publication date. 20006. (202)331-2528.

—Domestic Postings—

LEASING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BY Proficiency Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors is the key Results since 1956 For over 30 years we have professionally MANAGED AND LEASED thousands of residential & condominium properties. PARDOE Our experience—Personal Inspections, Property Management Monthly Statements and In-house Guidance— TAKE THE WORRY OUT OF RENTING (202) 333-6530 If you are considering renting your HOME OR APARTMENT Mary Costello (202) 342-6170 Call Susan Bader today for more information Ratidi Davis (703) 356-4599 (202) 244-1000 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. 2828 Pennsylvania Ave. NW _ „ , Washington, D.C. 20016 Excellent references upon request Washington, D.C. 20007

OCTOBER 1987 47 Property Specialists, Inc. A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: • Property Management • Sales and Rentals • Multiple Listings • Real Estate Investment Counseling Donna Courtney Fran Palmeri Broker Property Manager

4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703) 525-7010 (703) 247-3350 Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

Sales, Rentals, Investments and Careful, Expert Property Management D.C., Maryland, and Virginia

BARBARA ABEILLE MECHTH1LD B1RZN1EKS PATRICIA GARRISON BOORMAN BETTY GELDARD WENDY GU1LLOU MARY HANSTAD CAROLE B. HERSMAN JOSEPHINE HOLLIDAY* ISABELLE MACKIE LYNN MOFFLY MAGRUDER* MARILYN J. MANGAN JOHN Y. MILLAR* MARGARET MOSELEY DIANE NOBLE SUZY H. NORTH SUSAN RAEHN CAROLINE RAYFIELD ROBERT W. SKIFF*

MGMB, inc. Realtors 362-4480 Foxhall Square • 3301 New Mexico Avenue Washington D.C. 20016

'Foreign Service

Associated firms in England and France

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Allied Owners Are Serving at 32 Overseas Posts • Highest rental value • Staff of trained agents • Qualified, responsible tenants • Monthly computerized statements • Skilled maintenance personnel for your home management needs

AARON DODEK, CPM Property Manager

THEODORE ARTHUR, USIA Ret. Associate Broker

7001 Wisconsin Avenue / Chevy Chase. MD 20815 657-8440 or 656-8600 40 Years of Managing Foreign Service Properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area

Callus A Career at Begg begins with your real estate with Attention to People questions... This is the perfect time to talk to Begg Begg Inc. Realtors® is currently accepting applications from we have Foreign Service members and/or their spouses for positions as qualified real estate agents to staff its offices in Potomac, Chevy the answers. Chase, McLean/Great Falls and Upper Georgetown. "What if I'm inexperienced?"

Linda Wilson Hurley Begg Inc.'s personalized approach to sales management extends equally to both new and experienced agents. At Begg Inc., newcomers Linda specializes in Foreign Service relocation. A will benefit from the formal instruction and individual guidance Foreign Service wife herself for 15 years, Linda’s ex¬ which has launched the careers of many of the firm's most successful pertise in overseas moves comes from the personal real estate agents. experience of having lived in The Philippines, , Consider the benefits of the Begg tradition. Malawi, Ghana, and Uganda. She is a member of the What we are offering to a select number of applicants is the advantage Association of American Foreign Service Women. of association with a firm with 35 years of professional management, experience and reputation. At Begg Inc. a motivated individual will find the opportunity for a rewarding and productive career. We welcome your inquiry For additional information, or a confidential interview, we encourage you to call Walter C. Burns, Vice President, at 202/944-8400. EVERS & COMPANY REAL ESTATE IITC. TiEGG Inc. REALTORS® Attention to People is Part of our Tradition 2121 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007

OCTOBER 1987 49 AFSA NEWS

notice did not convey essential ele¬ AID Standing ments of the agreement reached Helms bill would limit hits flaws in during bargaining. diplomatic immunity coverage When the committee ap¬ agency notices proached management with its A bill that would fundamentally ical systems that often differ rad¬ complaint, AID responded: “The alter the extent to which diplomatic ically from our own, placing Amer¬ AFSA’s AID Standing Committee agency appreciates AFSA’s con¬ privilege is extended to foreign dip¬ ican diplomats and their families has been concerned that the cern...and recognizes that AFSA lomats in the United States has at the mercy of hostile foreign agency is issuing notices in a would probably have written it dif¬ drawn sharp criticism from AFSA. governments. hasty manner that “therefore do ferently. However, the agency ac¬ The proposed law, introduced by Furthermore, AFSA notes that not accurately reflect the underly¬ cepts full responsibility for the suf¬ Senator Jesse Helms (R-North there currently exist several re¬ ing document or agreement ficiency of the notice." The com¬ Carolina), would deny immunity to medies for victims of acts perpe¬ reached with AFSA.” mittee therefore issued the notice family and support staff of foreign trated by foreign diplomats. The A case in point, the committee as an AFSA REDTOP, dated July diplomats who are found to traffic State Department may declare an said, is the March 9 notice “Po¬ 7. Copies are available from in drugs, drive recklessly, or individual persona non grata, licies and Procedures Pertaining AFSA. If the problem continues, commit violent crimes against appeal to the embassy to waive to Time-in-Class, Limited Career the committee said, it will continue U.S. citizens. The senator's intent his or her immunity, or ask the Extensions, and Promotion into to issue notices through AFSA is to prevent immunity from being nation involved to compensate the Senior Foreign Service." The channels to keep members in¬ used as a shield for criminal activ¬ the victim. Additionally, foreign mis¬ committee determined that the formed. ity. sions are now required to insure When Defense Secretary Wein¬ their drivers for liability, and the berger called for similar changes State Department is empowered highest, comparable to FS-1. last year, in an effort to make pros¬ to revoke the licenses of foreign Pay study The annual study is required by ecution of terrorists easier, AFSA diplomats who prove to be reck¬ shows 24% the Pay Comparability Act of agreed that immunity should not less drivers. 1970, which also requires the pres¬ be used to protect criminals but AFSA has brought its concerns salary lag ident to apply its recommenda¬ noted that changes that weaken to the attention of members of Con¬ tions in preparing the federal the protections provided by immu¬ gress. AFSA has notified Foreign The average federal worker lags budget unless there is a financial nity would adversely affect Amer¬ Relations Committee Chairman nearly 24 percent behind his or crisis or other national emergency. ican diplomats posted in countries Claiborne Pell (D-Rhode Island) her private-sector counterpart, a The last time a president did not where standards of due process and other members of the panel study by the Office of Personnel waive the recommendation, how¬ are not as strong as in the United of the flaws in the bill. AFSA be¬ Management shows. The discrep¬ ever, was 10 years ago. States. lieves management should under¬ ancy between the two sectors The actual increase is likely to Diplomatic immunity is based take measures that address ranged from 22 percent at the range somewhere between 2 and upon a system of reciprocity. public concerns and maintain the lower grades to 29 percent at the 3 percent. AFSA contends that the actions integrity of diplomatic immunity for the United States takes against our staff and families. AFSA has members of foreign missions will developed its own immunity pro¬ be an invitation for foreign govern¬ posal to counter Helms’s. For Officers meet Secretary Shultz ments to take similar actions more on this issue, see the ASSO¬ against American diplomats and CIATION VIEWS. their families abroad. The Department of State has taken a similar position. Chief of Protocol Selwa Roosevelt told the Annual Meeting Senate Foreign Relations Commit¬ to be held tee that this measure would give other governments the license to October 16 respond in a manner that may exceed the breadth of the Helms AFSA’s Annual Meeting will be bill. Roosevelt also testified that held at noon on October 16 in the similar legislation, passed in other Dean Acheson Auditorium of the countries as a retaliatory mea¬ State Department. All members sure, may be interpreted more are invited to attend. broadly by those governments. Members who do not have a AFSA President Perry Shankle and Vice President Evangeline Monroe It is AFSA's position that pas¬ department pass should call Sue met briefly with Secretary Shultz in his 7th-floor office in August. They sage of this legislation would sub¬ Schumacher at338-4045 several congratulated the secretary on his testimony before the congressional Iran-contra committees and discussed aframeworkfor mutual cooper¬ ject American diplomatic families days in advance to arrange entry ation on professional issues. and personnel to legal and polit¬ into State.

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL In the board’s first week in Post reps invited office, Post Rep Jim Carter of Panama embassy attempts to to meet board Manila and Ted Strickler from stick employees with surcharges Geneva called on President Perry while in D.C. Shankle and State Vice President The U.S. embassy in Panama has The new utility policy was origi¬ Evangeline Monroe. unilaterally established a new nally intended to go into effect on The new Governing Board would The board is working on a few policy regarding utility surcharges July 1. Employees were not in¬ like to invite all AFSA post repre¬ ideas concerning the post repre¬ that will place an unconscionable formed of this change until June sentatives to call on them while in sentative system. It would like to burden on personnel stationed at 16, however, and no consultations Washington on leave or tempo¬ encourage reps to visit their rep¬ that post. The proposal requires were held with the AFSA chapter rary duty. The board can brief re¬ resentative and senators while in that employees in government- at post. During the intervening presentatives on the professional town. It is working on a briefing leased quarters incur the costs for period, the AFSA representative and labor-management issues book to that end. It is also looking all electricity costs exceeding a spe¬ repeatedly requested meetings facing the Foreign Service and into the feasibility of regional cific ceiling. The result will be a with embassy officials to discuss hear the concerns of members in annual meetings of post reps to drastic reduction in the pay of For¬ the surcharge proposal. Finally, the field. exchange ideas. eign Service employees in after the intervention of AFSA in Panama. It has been calculated Washington, a meeting was set that a family of two may be forced up on July 22 between the ambas¬ to spend as much as $350 a sador and the AFSA representa¬ One year after Jaw is passed, month in surcharges, which in cer¬ tive. The chief of mission an¬ hostages still waiting for pay tain cases would entail more than nounced two days later that imple¬ a third of an employee’s monthly mentation of the new utility policy AFSA has taken action to seek act provides, however, that such income. would be postponed until at least State Department implementation regulations shall take effect no The exorbitant energy costs in October 1. of compensation measures cre¬ later than six months after the act Panama appear to be a result of Although the employees have ated in a law passed one year ago was signed into law, which was gross overcharging by utilities. A gained a reprieve, it is only tempo¬ that is intended to benefit former more than a year ago. study is being conducted to verify rary. As of this writing, embassy hostages, victims of terrorism, and AFSA has taken great interest widespread indications that elec¬ officials show no signs of abandon¬ their families. in this matter. However, AFSA tricity costs in diplomatic quarters ing the surcharge proposal, and Since August 1986, legislation has not received any notification are far higher than those charged AFSA is continuing its efforts to pre¬ has provided for the compensa¬ thatthe implementing regulations in the rest of Panama City. The sit¬ vent implementation. Protests to tion of federal government employ¬ have been promulgated. We have uation is exacerbated by the management have as yet yielded ees, citizens, nationals, and res¬ written to the State Department nature of post housing, which no results; reliable sources have ident aliens of the United States and AID asking why they have tends to be poorly constructed speculated that the State Depart¬ rendering personal service to the delayed in the implementation of and inadequately insulated for the ment may view Panama as a test government, who have been held the statute. hot climate. case. againsttheir will overseas. The Vic¬ tims of Terrorism Compensation Act was enacted to compensate GAO finds for employee in State those who are captured or de¬ tained abroad due to hostile action Department underwithholding resulting from the individual’s rela¬ tionship with the government. AFSA recently assisted a State the payroll center overrode this. Waivers can be granted where no Those persons who qualify, and Department employee who ap¬ Claims of this nature for under intent to defraud is found and who were held captive between No¬ pealed an agency notice requir¬ $500 can be decided by the depart¬ where the waiver would not be det¬ vember 4,1979, and January 21, ing him to pay $1700 in back ment without involving the GAO. rimental to U.S. interests. 1981—the period of the Tehran health insurance premiums. The embassy takeover—are eligible to department had failed to adjust be given $50 per day; all other pay¬ the employee's withholding when Pell receives honorary plaque ments to captives shall be at least he upgraded his coverage in one half of the world-wide aver¬ 1983. age per-diem rate. In making the claim, the The act also provides for pay¬ employee cited an administrative ments to many captives and error on the part of a regional pay¬ family members for educational roll center. The employee also expenses. Compensation is avail¬ claimed financial hardship and able for the death or disability of that he had been unaware of the captives, and for certain medical discrepancy and could not have or health expenses relating to discovered it with reasonable dil¬ death or disability. Any benefit pro¬ igence. The employee appealed vided to captive employees may to the General Accounting Office also be provided to a family through the Consolidated Payroll member who is held hostage. Division, CAPS recommended the Under the act and Executive GAO grant the waiver. Order 12598, the power to pre¬ The GAO found negligence in Outgoing AFSA President Frank Young (right) presents an honorary scribe regulations to implement the employee’s not verifying his membership to Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman these provisions is vested primar¬ earning and leave statement but Claiborne Pell at the AFSA Awards Ceremony. Young praised the ily in the secretary of state. The concluded an error on the part of chairman's long time Interest In Foreign Service professional Issues.

OCTOBER 1987 51 Foreign Service families and staff State Standing Committee diplomatic immunity [see related A Busy Agenda Ahead article]. Other issues under consid¬ eration are major reorganizations involving information manage¬ ment and diplomatic security. Man¬ By Evangeline Monroe, State Vice President agement's plan to improve the delivery of information by establish¬ ing a new bureau of Administra¬ Last year, disagreement among of the Service. The AFSA staff has The primary task of the new tion and Information Management AFSA’s State officers and constit¬ begun work on fact sheets to be State Standing Committee will be will probably result in even more uency representatives nearly tore included in a briefing package for to develop alternatives to Service specialists, and AFSA will want to the organization apart. The dis¬ use by AFSA members. The fact management. Subcommittees on be certain that generalists and agreement centered on what to sheets will include information on Promotions and Selection Out specialists already involved in do about the separation from the the foreign affairs budget; a demo¬ and Performance Evaluation information management are not Service of large numbers of the graphic profile of the Service; a have begun to assemble data. penalized by the reorganization. first cohort of 0-1 s to open their comparison of our Service with Other committees will consider Management is being pressured window as candidates for the those of other countries; a descrip¬ Assignments, the Cone System, by Congress to reorganize diplo¬ Senior Foreign Service. This year tion of and problems associated Staff Issues, and Tandems. The matic security once again, and those who believed that only the with Foreign Service life; and a dis¬ plan is to avoid divisiveness by AFSA will have to be vigilant to accelerated selection out of se¬ cussion of security issues. AFSA concentrating on factual analysis. avoid losing basic rights for the niors could save the 0-1 s and also plans to resurrect a series of At the same time, AFSA will be pre¬ employees as a result of the reor¬ permit flow through for others may issue-oriented luncheons to bring pared to make constructive sug¬ ganization. Given probable be gratified, as fewer seniors re¬ together congressional staffers gestions should Congress hold changes in the way diplomatic se¬ ceive limited career extensions. and AFSA members. Some post hearings on the Foreign Service curity programs are implemented, The fact is, however, that there is chapters have already provided Act. management’s proposal to restrict little reason to be pleased at the names of legislators for AFSA’s The State Standing Committee grievance procedures and limit an new configuration of the Service data bank of congressional con¬ has also been engaged in counter¬ employee's right of access to his and the loss of some of its more tacts. One chapterurged that mem¬ ing the amendment to the act or her file is particularly worrisome. successful officers. Painful as invol¬ bers who have had Pearson as¬ proposed by Senator Jesse We have a busy agenda untary selection out is, however, signments on the Hill should be in¬ Helms (R-North Carolina) that ahead; your comments and partici¬ it is only one of the problems cluded in the data bank. would have the effect of denying pation will be most welcome. facing AFSA and the Service today. Equally serious is the poor repute of the Service in Congress Managing Your Money and our vulnerability to budget cuts. On another level, but also im¬ An Update on the New Tax Law portant, are new proposals by management that may further accelerate the trend toward more By Sabine Sisk, Director of Member Services specialists at the expense of ge¬ neralists. One of the first steps taken by the new AFSA leadership has Unless you file your taxes using following are highlights on some sive” investments such as certain been to begin a series of calls on one of the federal short forms— of the new forms affecting Foreign real estate not actively managed. key legislators and staffers. The 1040EZ and 1040A—you can Service personnel. None of the Fortunately, not many Foreign problems of the Moscow embassy expect to spend much more time forms is shorter than five pages Service employees will be af¬ dominate the Hill's view of the completing your tax return for the (including instructions). fected. For example, if you rent State Department. Even Secre¬ current year than has been the Home Mortgage: Anyone who your U.S. home while overseas tary Shultz’s impressive testimony case. According to the Internal Rev¬ took out a home mortgage after you would not be considered a during the Iran-contra hearings enue Service, the complexity of August 16, 1986, for a purpose "passive” investor, as long as you does not appear to have reas¬ the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (the other than buying a house must keep some control over the lease, sured the Service’s critics. The title “Tax Simplification Act" was file a new and complicated form rental income, repairs, etc., even loss of the talents and experience wisely dropped early on) required 8606, which comes with work¬ if you retain the services of a prop¬ of large numbers of 0-1 s and se¬ a total revision of current tax sheets and instructions. This in¬ erty manager. niors has further eroded congres¬ forms. These should be printed cludes refinancing, or taking out IRAs: A third form aimed at sional confidence in the depart¬ about the time you read this. For a second mortgage or home- ensuring compliance with the new ment’s ability to manage its own the first time, tax packages that in¬ equity loan. If the outstanding debt restrictions on the deductibility of affairs. One positive element in clude all forms will be mailed to on a house is greater than the orig¬ IFtAs will take some time to figure this criticism is some congres¬ every taxpayer for whom the IRS inal cost and if loan proceeds are out and complete. As we reported sional interest in taking a closer has an address, some 90 million used to pay for other than educa¬ in the November 1986 issue, IFtAs look at the way the Foreign Serv¬ people. Many tax experts have con¬ tional or medical costs, the calcu¬ will no longer be deductible for For¬ ice Act has been implemented. cluded that the majority who re¬ lations become even more com¬ eign Service employees or their AFSA, and in particular its ceive these packages—along plex. family members, unless the ad¬ State Standing Committee, plan with complex instruction sheets— Passive Investments: Ano¬ justed gross income is less than a multi-faceted outreach program will run, not walk, to the nearest ther complex form which takes an $25,000 single or $40,000 mar¬ to provide the public and the Con¬ accountant. hour or more to complete and ried. Employees with income up gress with a better understanding To give you a running start, the covers five pages concerns “pas- to $10,000 above those limits can

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL continue making a reduced Residences Owned Over¬ taxes.” The IRS apparently never tary and ministers exemption. amount of deductible contribu¬ seas: AFSA has heard from seve¬ focused on this provision until re¬ AFSA has discussed such a spe¬ tions (more on this when we re¬ ral posts that IRS representatives cently, when changes in the new cial exclusion with the State Depart¬ ceive IRS instructions). Ineligible have asked the embassy to pro¬ tax law, the congressional man¬ ment and sympathetic Capitol Hill employees may continue to make vide information on employees date of closing loopholes, and the staffers. We have regretfully con¬ taxable IRA contributions, and the who own their residence at post hiring of thousands of additional cluded that we cannot muster the new form is designed to allow sep¬ and receive a housing allowance. IRS employees provided new necessary support in Congress at arate reporting of non-deductible The IRS argues that where the tax- impetus to pursue this particular this time. IRAs, to ensure that you won't pay free housing allowance is used to issue. Not all is lost, however. Expen¬ taxes again when you withdraw offset expenses on the personally The new tax law added to the ses, such as interest and taxes, your contributions after retirement. owned house, mortgage-interest existing restriction a new provision above the amount received from The IRS is also rewriting its and real-estate-tax deductions that “no deduction shall be a housing allowance remain de¬ form on miscellaneous and busi¬ would not be allowed. denied...for interest on a mort¬ ductible. In addition, all interest ness expenses to clarify that only This action is based on a 33- gage... by reason of the receipt of and real estate taxes are fully 80 percent of the cost of business year-old, seldom-observed sec¬ a) a military housing allowance, deductible where the employee meals and entertainment can be tion of the tax code that contains and b) a parsonage allowance.” does not use a housing allowance deducted. Look out for more de¬ a provision disallowing deduction The IRS interprets this to exclude to offset expenses. This invariably tailed tax news in upcoming of mortgage interest “if the deduc¬ everybody else, and only legis¬ applies upon transfer from the issues of AFSA NEWS. tion is allowable to a claim of lative changes would bring the For¬ post where the residence was pur¬ ORE Deductions: As we re¬ income that is wholly exempt from eign Service on par with the mili- chased. ported in the November issue, employees who are subject to the five-percent reduction of salary as Know Your Legal Rights their share of official residence expenses are in danger of losing When Your Property is Lost or Damaged their tax credits for the reduction, at least for 1987. Several hundred Foreign Serv¬ By Susan Z. Holik, AFSA General Counsel ice employees occupy official re¬ sidences at posts abroad and at the United Nations, and must con¬ tribute five percent of gross salary Foreign Service employees are tives must have a power of attor¬ priate. It is important that the to be applied toward OREs. Under often faced with the loss of or ney. An employee may receive up employee have evidence support¬ IRS Revenue Ruling 84-86, these damage to property. The most im¬ to $25,000 for losses occurring ing his or her claim. Save copies mandatory salary deductions are portant thing an employee can do from a single incident; if violence of travel orders, receipts, can¬ excludable from income under Sec¬ to protect his or her valuables is directed against the U.S. govern¬ celled checks, insurance state¬ tion 119(a) of the tax code. The to carry private insurance, with pro¬ ment is involved, the limit is ments, photographs, or other doc¬ State Department, however, has vision for obtaining the replace¬ $40,000. A schedule for maxi¬ uments showing acquisition, pos¬ never implemented the ruling and ment value of the item. Otherwise, mum amounts payable per item session, or value. Claimants continues to include ORE con¬ the exclusive remedy against the may be found in 6 FAM 310. A should also obtain statements and tributions as taxable income on W- government for loss of or damage claim must be filed within two cal¬ copies of official reports (e.g., a 2 forms. to personal property incident to endar years from the date of the report by a post security officer) Until passage of the 1986 Tax service is to make a claim under loss or the date damage occurred, indicating the facts and circum¬ Reform Act, affected officers were the Military Personnel and Civil¬ unless the claim arises during time stances surrounding the loss or not disadvantaged, since the IRS ian Employees' Claims Act. of armed conflict; or if the property damage. permitted full credit as an adjust¬ There are significant limitations remains in storage afterthe expira¬ If the department denies a ment to income. Under the new on compensation under the tion of legal entitlement to govern¬ claim or the employee is dissatis¬ law, however, only 80 percent of Claims Act. An employee may be ment storage at government ex¬ fied with its settlement, the only re¬ employee business expenses are reimbursed only for the actual pense, then the claim arises at course is reconsideration by the deductible, and only to the extent value of the item at the time of its that time. Claims may be filed for Office of Operations. Under the they exceed two percent of ad¬ loss, damage, or destruction; the loss due to fire, disaster, theft, Claims Act, the decision is not ap¬ justed gross income. value of loss of use, interest, car¬ transportation, hostile action, the pealable in a grievance action or AFSA asked the department rying charges, inconvenience, or negligenceof government employ¬ a lawsuit. Reconsideration may last November to stop including other such expenses are not reim¬ ees, and the like. be had upon establishing that an the five-percent salary withhold¬ bursable. Nor does the act cover An employee should file his or error was made or presenting new ing as gross income. State re¬ damage to real estate. To make her claim using Form DS-1620. evidence that was previously cently replied that for budgetary matters worse, the Federal Tort State Department and USIA unavailable. A request for recon¬ reasons, it would not implement Claims Act is inapplicable to employees should report the sideration should be made within the necessary payroll changes claims arising in foreign countries, claim at post and submit it to six months from the date the claim¬ until 1988. AFSA therefore has re¬ and the exclusivity of remedy State's Office of Operations. AID ant receives notice of the dis¬ quested the IRS to issue a ruling under the Claims Act precludes employees should report a claim position of the claim. authorizing eligible employees to employees from taking advantage to the agency's Office of Manage- This is one of an occasional report as gross income the of the Foreign Service grievance ment Operations. Each post series of articles that will attempt amount on their W-2 form, minus procedure. should have an administrative of¬ to look at Foreign Service legal five-percent, which employees The employee or an authorized ficer who can assist employees in issues in detail. Questions on this can attach to their tax return. We agent or representative may file the preparation of claims. particular topic, as well as sug¬ have not yet received a reply and a claim to recover the value of the All claims will be investigated gestions for future articles, are wel¬ will keep you posted. property. Agents or representa- bythedepartmentorAID.as appro- come.

OCTOBER 1987 53 Galbraith Discusses USIA’s Future

‘‘Dollars spent on diplomacy are Another priority is the Voice of some of the most crucial dollars America. The committee has spent in terms of national security consistently supported administra¬ and the defense of the United tion efforts to increase funding for States,” observed Peter Gal¬ the Voice, ascribing particular braith, professional staff member importance to VOA and to Radio of the Senate Foreign Relations Liberty/Radio Free Europe as Committee, to an overflow crowd “beacons of hope to people of more than 100 USIA staffers at behind the Iron Curtain.” How¬ a lunch-time lecture sponsored by ever, Galbraith continued, “as we AFSA’s USIA Standing Commit¬ look to VOA in the future, I think tee in late July. we have to ask some questions Speaking on “The Future of about its mission. Short-wave in USIA,” Galbraith pointed out that many parts of the world is becom¬ Foreign Relations Committee staff member Peter Galbraith painted a broad picture of the future of public diplomacy at an event spon¬ the agency has seen a significant ing an out-dated technology,” and sored by AFSA’s USIA Standing Committee. increase in funding from fiscal VOA is competing with an increas¬ years 1981 to 1987, "a long- ing number of other radio The committee questioned the was an inevitable element of poli¬ overdue recognition of the impor¬ broadcasters. “We must see usefulness of USIA international ticalization that could creep in tance of public diplo¬ where we should be concentrat¬ exhibits, said Galbraith, and made under the current system. “The macy,...perhaps the key compo¬ ing our efforts and where we drastic cuts in this area. He ex¬ danger is that good scholars won’t nent of diplomacy." The Foreign should be competing with local sta¬ plained that the committee won¬ participate in a program that might Relations Committee has sup¬ tions.” dered “if the United States should be perceived to have political ported the administration’s efforts A third area of concern is be participating in international ends.” In another area, he noted, to increase funding for USIA, he USIA’s Worldnet. “TV program¬ expositions, or might such exhi¬ “Some also argue that VOA and continued, but proposed FY1988 ming has witnessed an explosive bits better be produced by the pri¬ RFE might best operate as inde¬ funding ($777 million) is less than growth over the past few vate sector.” pendent corporations.” the current fiscal year and is some years...but the question the Con¬ Galbraith provoked much com¬ Finally, Galbraith suggested, $160 million less than the pres¬ gress has is simply, 'Is it ment by concluding with “an idea “the information part of policy is ident’s request. “These reduc¬ watched?' To devote significant re¬ that has been kicking around” as so important that perhaps it ought tions do not reflect a lack of sup¬ sources to that kind of activity is to the organization of public diplo¬ not be in a separate agency, but port... but rather the problems of a question that concerns the For¬ macy. He stressed that no propos¬ ought to be part of the State Depart¬ dealing with the current budget eign Relations Committee,” Gal¬ als have been forwarded, but ment.” He suggested an under sec¬ crisis,” he concluded. braith said. Other television issues admitted that some legislators are retary for information comparable Galbraith pointed out that the include the ease, and possible ille¬ taking a look at the long-term to under secretaries for political af¬ committee provided “full funding gality, of pickup of Worldnet pro¬ future of public diplomacy. Some fairs and economic affairs. Gal¬ at last year’s levels for on-going grams in the United States, and have suggested that exchange pro¬ braith stressed that no such plan operations...but put a hold on all U.S. newsmakers’ need to reach grams might be improved if they had been proposed, but that new construction on the capital ac¬ interviewers overseas when many were split off from USIAand admin¬ these ideas might affect the count,” such as Voice of Ameri¬ foreign correspondents are based istered “for example, within the agency five years from now. He ca radio construction. He felt that in Washington. context of the Smithsonian Insti¬ recognized that such concepts this was preferable to a 10-per¬ Fourth on Galbraith's list is the tution...to avoid the problem of might not be popular with an cent reduction-in-force, an alter¬ role of the Foreign Service officer. using the exchange programs to agency reorganized only 10 years native proposal forwarded by the “The officer in the field is the promote, even subtly, U.S. ago, and a lively question period budget committee. Galbraith single most important asset the policy.” Galbraith felt that there confirmed this view. expressed hope that this decline United States has,” he stated. in funding could be reversed. The growth of the agency's The staffer then went on to budget since 1981, however, has Austrian honored for scholar work address the “allocation of those not been accompanied by a resources, those programs the growth in FSOs serving overseas. Congress views as most impor¬ Some 1042 officers served over¬ tant.” One priority is educational seas that year, but in 1986 only and cultural exchange programs. 1040 officers served abroad. In 1981 committee Chairman Clai¬ Washington headquarters employ¬ borne Pell (D.-Rhode Island) spon¬ ment, on the other hand, increased sored legislation, later enacted, to from 3000 to 4000 in the same double real funds for exchange pro¬ time. “When you increase the grams over a four-year period; number of people in Washington that increase has been largely and don't increase the number of achieved. The chairman, Gal¬ people abroad...instead of doing braith said, believes that exchange the work of representing the programs are “the single most ef¬ United States, the FSO finds him¬ fective long-term means in promot- self confronted with increased ing U.S. national security reporting requirements. It would Sheila Austrian, USIA representative on AFSA’s Committee on Educa¬ issues....A free society is its own seem wise to have more people tion, receives a certificate of appreciation from committee chairman best advertisement.” abroad, maybe fewer here.” Anthony Ross prior to her departure to Ankara.

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL RETIREMENT NEWS USIA Alumni Association—An essay on how it all began

By Lawrence J. Hall

At a Foreign Service Day recep¬ course as interested members of rolled around, all committee mem¬ determined that the total atten¬ tion on the eighth floor, Barry Zor- the family. More specifically, the bers and many additional recruits, dance was more than 425. At the thian put on his pensive look and group decided to sponsor a dinner including spouses, were pitching same meeting an interim execu¬ asked: for agency retirees and to work in—greeting guests, directing traf¬ tive committee was named to draft “Why don’t we do something toward setting up a permanent fic, affixing name cards, and help¬ the ground rules, including arrang¬ like this?" organization if there seemed to be ing out in general. We had ar¬ ing for articles of incorporation. It “I guess we could,” I replied, sufficient interest. ranged for two head tables on the was this group that ironed out de¬ polite but non-committal. An organizing committee of vol¬ ballroom stage, with 12 places at tails of membership, communica¬ Two weeks later, Barry asked, unteers was created—Erstein, Lin¬ each for the honored guests and tions, organization, programming, “What have you done about our coln Nickel, Rosenfeld, Schech¬ a few committee members. How¬ finance, agency liaison, and other idea to hold an annual party for ter, Schmidt, Weld, Zorthian, and ever, a steady trickle of unex¬ matters essential to a permanent USIA retirees?" me. We asked Lew Schmidt to pected arrivals who seemed to war¬ association. By the fall of 1981, we “Well,” I said, weighing seve¬ draft a statement of purpose for rant special treatment resulted in had 1550 names and addresses. ral possible answers, “maybe we the projected organization. During a series of quick trips to the tables Membership eligibility was ex¬ had better get a group together to the summer and fall of 1980 the to wedge in a few more chairs and panded to include anyone who talk over the idea.” Both of these committee met a few times and place settings. By dinner time, had been an employee of the encounters took place in May added two members, Elinor knee room was tight. agency, its predecessors, or of the 1980. A week or so after the Green and Charlie Hardin. Time, In the invitation to Director advisory commissions (or who second one I telephoned about 20 place, and price of the reunion Wick, I had asked him if he would had served temporarily with any agency retirees and proposed a dinner were agreed upon. Lists of kindly deliver a short talk on the of them), and widows and wido¬ luncheon meeting in early June to names were inveigled from the state of the agency, say about 20 wers. Some board members re¬ discuss the idea of holding some agency, largely through the efforts minutes’ worth. He willingly com¬ signed, soon to be replaced by kind of reunion and setting up a of Dick and Gene. Telephone cal¬ plied. Unfortunately, by the time Mary Painter, Virginia Hall, and continuing organization. Many louts sampled retiree interest in he was introduced, the party had Mike Weyl. calls later I had agreement from the project. We selected the Na¬ been underway for more than an One of the last acts of the in¬ a total of 15 persons for a lunch tional Press Club ballroom for the hour. We had decided on a buffet terim board was to set the first lun¬ on June 2 at Adam's Rib. Besides site because it offered adequate rather than a served dinner. As it cheon for November 13, with the two of us, they were Burnett space (we guessed we would turned out there were on ly two serv- David Gergen, then director of Anderson, Lee Brady, Dick Er- need room for up to 300) and the ing points, so the lines were long communications at the White stein, Gordon Ewing, Bob Lincoln, right price. and slow. Meanwhile the bars House, as speaker. Shortly before Ed Nickel, Dan Oleksiw, Frank The time was fixed at May 1, were flourishing. The decibel level that event, the first board of direc¬ Oram, Gene Rosenfeld, Ed 1981, because of its proximity to rose exponentially, and the direc¬ tors of the USIA Alumni Associa¬ Schechter, Lew Schmidt, Bill Foreign Service Day. We sent a tor’s words were lost in the happy tion was elected. To nobody's sur¬ Weld, and Mike Weyl. There is a letter to all concerned explaining roar. prise, they were the same as the note of irony in the name of the res¬ the project and soliciting checks. At a committee meeting about interim board. USIAAA was off taurant selected. As anyone can We also placed notices in the two weeks after the dinner we and running. plainly see, there were no women Dacor Bulletin, the JOURNAL, the present. I cannot explain why that USIA Agency World, and in Mike was so and accept full responsi¬ Causey’s column in the Washing¬ Senior editor commended bility for the oversight. ton Post. Many additional contacts The luncheon, which involved were made by telephone and let¬ a last-minute shifting of tables to ters from committee members. create a configuration allowing Last, we sent special invitations equal shouting opportunity, pro¬ to all former directors and deputy duced quick agreement on the directors. Between meetings idea of organizing an alumni much of the organizing work was group for social purposes. There carried out by Gene and Dick, who was some dissent over whether called on other members of the it also should play an active role committee when the need arose. in monitoring the operation of the At one committee meeting in April, agency. While only a minority fa¬ Burnett Anderson was named vored quite an active role in this master of ceremonies for the regard, virtually all agreed that dinner. By that time we had re¬ JOURNAL Senior Editor Frances G. Burwell receives a certificate of appre¬ one function of the organization ceived more than 260 paid accep¬ ciation from Editor Stephen R. Dujack at a party held in her honor. Bur- should be to keep in close touch tances. well resigned after six years at AFSA to become coordinator of the with the agency and follow its When the night of the dinner Women in International Security program at University of Maryland.

OCTOBER 1987 55 President’s Comments The Importance of Professionalism

By Perry Shankle

During these first few weeks since lems. Even the Iran-contra hear¬ staffed Foreign Service. We are the election we've been working ings, which highlighted for all to the ones who do the job out there, to restore AFSA’s rightful place as see the dangers in turning foreign and we do it best. This means all a professional organization. If any¬ policy decisions and negotiations of us, communicators, secretar¬ thing can be read from the elec¬ over to amateurs and zealots, did ies, technicians, specialists, tion results (besides apathy, a not, unfortunately, drive home the generalists—whatever we are conclusion proved by the low turn¬ point that the professionals of the called on staffing patterns. We are out), and based on what members Foreign Service should have professionals, and our country is have been saying to Evangeline been listened to. Secretary Shultz best served by well-trained, highly Monroe and me, it is that AFSA made these points in his state¬ motivated professionals working should commit itself to the issues ment before the select commit¬ in pursuit of our country’s inter¬ of professionalism. tees, but unfortunately they were ests, together with and in support The Foreign Service is an orga¬ lost in the shuffle. of our political leaders, and it is this nization of professionals. We We obviously have our work rather simple and basic message strive for the highest standards of cut out for us. We have work to do we have to spread. professional excellence in the con¬ with Congress, among opinion Your suggestions and anything duct of our responsibilities. We leaders, in the media, and with our you can do to help will be greatly know this and we are proud of it, own leaders, even in ourown agen¬ appreciated. but I am afraid others, not only Sen¬ cies. AFSA is, of course, a trade ator Helms and his supporters, but union, and a good one. We repre¬ our friends as well, see us other¬ sent our members’ interests ag¬ wise. Our reputation is suffering, gressively and, I am convinced, and we have serious image prob¬ well. I am committed to AFSA's union work; without it manage¬ ment would eat us up. But we must do all we can to reassure our political leaders, Congress, and everyone else that the national interest is well served by a strong, adequately funded, and properly

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Integrity and Professionalism

in a wordy INTERSTATE says it all.

When you want the very best for your move, one word says it all.,

NTERSTATE v* n oCinei Jno. 5801 Rolling Road, Springfield, VA 22152-1041 • 800-336-4533 • 703-569-2121 Chrysler:? newest diplomatic couriers.

As an active member of the Diplomatic Corps, rival anything out of . you’re entitled to special pricing through Dodge Dakota is America’s first mid-size Chrysler’s 1987 Diplomatic Purchase Program. pickup. Ever. With optional 4-wheel drive and You can choose from a complete line of Chrysler, payload capability up to 2000 pounds, there’s not Plymouth and Dodge cars, as well as Dodge much you can’t do in a Dakota. trucks, vans and wagons. New for 1987 are the For full details on these and the rest of the Chrysler LeBaron Coupe, Plymouth Sundance Chrysler line, Foreign Service Personnel in the U.S. and Dodge Dakota. should contact: Diplomatic Sales Office, Chrysler Chrysler LeBaron Coupe boasts a sleek new Corporation, P.O. Box 1688, Detroit, MI 48288. skin, a sumptuous interior and a high-torque fuel- Those stationed overseas: Telex 845-942543- injected engine for heart-pounding performance. OMSC-CH. It is beauty...with a passion for driving. Attn: Diplomatic sales. ^ CHRYSLER V MOTORS Plymouth Sundance is truly the unbelievable Or both can simply INTERNATIONAL American. Combining the absolute latest in mail the postage-paid OPERATIONS American technology with painstaking attention reply card in this Working together to minute detail, Sundance quality is designed to magazine. to be the best.