Integrated Pest and Pesticide Management Plan

REPUBLIC OF NIGER

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

INTEGRATED PEST AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Hydro-agricultural Development Project with Climate- Resilient Smart Farming Practices

Final Report

December 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...... Erreur ! Signet non défini. LISTE OF FIGURES ...... Erreur ! Signet non défini. LIST OF APPENDICES ...... Erreur ! Signet non défini. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... v INTRODUCTION ...... 1 CHAPTER I : COMPLETE PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3 1.1. Context and justification of the project...... 4 1.2. The project ...... 6 1.2.1. Objectives of the project ...... 6 1.2.2. Project components ...... 6 CHAPTER II: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND PESTICIDES IN NIGER ...... 12 2.1. Policy Framework...... 13 2.1.1. National Plant Protection Policy ...... 13 2.1.2. BOAD Pest Management Policy ...... 13 2.2. Legal framework ...... 14 2.2.1. International legal framework ...... 14 2.2.2. National legal framework ...... 18 2.3. Institutional framework ...... 20 2.4. Summary of the analysis of the legal and institutional framework ...... 29 2.4.1. Difficulties in applying national regulations ...... 29 2.4.2. Difficulties in controlling and monitoring the products used in the country ...... 29 2.4.3. Insufficient collaboration between institutions ...... 30 CHAPTER III: CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND PESTICIDES AND THEIR IMPACTS ...... 31 3.1. General phytosanitary situation ...... 32 3.2. Major endemic pests of crops ...... 32 3.3. Main pesticides used in the project localities ...... 44 3.4. Current pesticide management ...... 45 3.1.1. Import and marketing of pesticides ...... 45 3.1.2. Pesticide supply circuits ...... 46 3.1.3. Storage infrastructure ...... 46 3.1.4. Transport ...... 47

3.1.5. Empty packaging management ...... 47 3.1.6. Obsolete inventory management ...... 48 3.5. Summary of the analysis of current pest and pesticide management practices ...... 48 3.6. Analysis of the environmental and social impacts and risks of current pesticide management ...... 48 3.6.1. Environmental impacts and risks ...... 48 3.6.2. Impacts and risks on the socio-economic aspects ...... 49 3.6.3. Exposed or vulnerable populations ...... 50 3.7. Summary of risks associated with current pesticide use practices ...... 51 CHAPTER IV : INTEGRATED PEST AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT APPROACH UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 54 4.1. Alternative control methods ...... 55 4.1.1. Biological control ...... 55 4.1.2. Mechanical Control ...... 56 4.1.3. Cultural or Agronomic control ...... 56 4.1.4. Use of Organic Pesticides ...... 57 4.2. Integrated approach to pest and pesticide management in the project area ...... 58 4.3. Priority problems identified in integrated pest and pesticide management ...... 59 CHAPTER V: ACTION PLAN FOR THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND PESTICIDES ...... 60 5.1. Principles of intervention ...... 61 5.2. Action plan ...... 62 5.2.1. Promotion and development of non-chemical methods of pest control ...... 62 5.2.2. Promotion of measures for good pesticide management practices ...... 64 5.2.3. Measures required to reduce the risks associated with pesticides ...... 66 5.2.4. Reducing the risks associated with the transport, storage, handling and use of pesticides ...... 67 5.2.5. Actors’ capacity building ...... 71 5.2.6. Information and awareness-raising of the population in the targeted Urban District 73 5.3. Control and monitoring-evaluation of IPPMP implementation ...... 73 CHAPTER VI : ORGANISATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF THE IPPMP ...... 79 6.1. Organizational mechanisms...... 80 6.2. Monitoring and evaluation of IPPMP implementation ...... 81 6.2.1. Follow-up ...... 81 6.2.2. Evaluation ...... 82

6.2.3. Monitoring indicators ...... 82 CONCLUSION ...... 86 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ...... 87

TABLE LIST Table 1: Some enemies /diseases of cereal crops ...... 33 Table 2: Some enemies / diseases of vegetable crops and others...... 38 Table 3: List of main products commonly used ...... 44 Table 4 : Impacts négatifs de l'utilisation non contrôlée des pesticides ...... 49 Table 5: Summary of risks associated with the acquisition and handling of pesticides and other potentially toxic inputs by the project ...... 52 Table 6: Signs of intoxication and appropriate care of victims ...... 67 Table 7: Adequate practices during the pesticide use cycle ...... 68 Table 8: IPPMP Action Plan ...... 75 Table 9: Summary of the monitoring plan ...... 84

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of phytosanitary infestations ...... 11 Figure 2: Pheromone trap for catching Tuta absoluta tomato pest males ...... 55 Figure 3: Funnel or bucket (universal trap) ...... 56

APPENDICES Appendix 1: list of registered pesticides for 2019 Appendix 2: terms of reference

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADIPHYTO Association de Distributeurs agréés de Produits Phytosanitaires AHA Aménagement hydro agricole BOAD Banque ouest-africaine de développement CAIMA Centrale d’Approvisionnement en Intrants et Matériels Agricole Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements CCNUCC Climatiques CEDEAO Communauté économique des états de l’Afrique de l’ouest CILSS Comité inter-États de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel CNLA Centre National de Lutte antiacridienne CSP Comité Sahélien des Pesticides DGPV Direction Générale de la Protection des Végétaux DGSV Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires DHPES Direction de l’hygiène Publique et de l’Éducation pour la Santé EIE Études d'Impact sur l'Environnement FAO Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture FVC Fonds Vert pour le Climat ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics INRAN Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger INS Institut nigérien de statistique LANSPEX Laboratoire National en Santé Publique et d’Expertise ONAHA Office nationale des aménagements hydroagricoles PGIPP Plan de gestion intégrée des pestes et pesticides PIB Produit intérieur brut POP Polluants Organiques Persistants RECA Réseau des Chambres d’Agriculture RGPH Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat UEMOA Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Within the framework of the project on hydro-agricultural development with smart agriculture practices that are resilient to climate change, it is expected through components 1 and 2, among other things, the realization of integrated actions of soil restoration, water mobilization for irrigation purposes, promotion of resilient and off-season plant crops to fight against food insecurity, with the technical support of the State services. Crop development at the selected sites may directly or indirectly require the use of chemicals for pest control. However, the uncontrolled use of certain chemical products, particularly pesticides in the context of the control of endemic or migratory pests, may, depending on their nature or mode of use, cause socio-economic and environmental damage that may be permanent if precautions are not taken, thus compromising the achievement of the project's objectives. It is from this standpoint that this Integrated Pest and Pesticide Management Plan (IPPMP) has been developed to mitigate the impacts associated with pesticide use. The development of this IPPMP meets the requirements of BOAD operational policy dealing specifically with pest management; as well as Niger's texts on environmental and human health protection. This IPPMP has been prepared to allow a rational use of chemical products (fertilizers, pesticides, ...) within the framework of the implementation of the said project and especially to encourage integrated management with less dangerous consequences on the environment and human and animal health.

The methodological approach adopted in the preparation of the IPPMP is based on data collection, field work, assessment of the impacts and risks associated with pesticide use practices and the proposal of measures. Data or information was collected in two (2) ways, namely: literature review and interviews with the various stakeholders who are used to using pesticides in pest management in order to have a deeper understanding of certain aspects. This phase made it possible to describe and analyze the current conditions of pesticide use in the different areas of intervention of the project, both within public health and agriculture framework, and finally to describe and analyze the current state of the agricultural environment and the hydro-agricultural development areas. The development of good practice measures was based on: (i) identification of pests and predators in the project area; (ii) identification of current methods and strategies for controlling pests; (iii) choice of alternative methods to chemical control; (iv) measures to protect water, soil, fauna and flora; (v) environmental education of producers and populations living in the project area; (vi) community and participatory management by local residents, communal authorities, etc. The study highlighted the National Plant Protection Policy and BOAD's policy on pest control. The regulation of pesticide production, distribution and use has evolved significantly and great efforts have been made by the various Ministries and actors involved in pesticide management to ensure the implementation of an appropriate legal framework. However, there is a real problem regarding the extension and especially the application of these texts at the national level. Niger has ratified and/or signed several conventions at the international, regional and sub-regional levels, whose recommendations remain relevant and are applicable to the implementation of this project.

At the institutional level, the existing system makes it possible to disseminate and enforce all the measures adopted by the State for the effective management of pests and pesticides without threatening human health and the environment. However, this mechanism lacks actions that are undertaken in a synergistic manner, human resources and appropriate material means. This situation results in poor control of crop pests, circulation of illegal products with, sometimes, unspecified active ingredients and failure to comply with standards for transporting and storing pesticides.  Difficulties in the control and monitor of products used in the country It is difficult to verify whether pesticides imported by a trader comply with those registered by the CILSS. Another constraint relates to the lack of a uniform framework for registering the main groups of pesticides. Such an instrument would be common to all statistical, customs, trade, control and monitoring, public health, environmental and pollution control services. It would facilitate the monitoring of products and the control and exploitation of data on these products.  Insufficient collaboration between institutions Collaborative initiatives between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment and Health do not yet seem to be effective in several areas (management of expired products and empty packaging, monitoring of workers handling pesticides; etc.). At the present time, there is no evidence of joint or concerted action between these ministries with regard to the control of pesticides for agricultural or domestic use. With the revitalization and support for the operation of the NPMC, the existence of such collaboration would have motivated, for example, the need for training medical personnel who could intervene in cases of pesticide poisoning. It could also give rise to the need to raise the awareness of populations on the appropriate use of pesticides for domestic use as is done for agricultural producers.  Pesticides commonly used in the project localities/areas In the different localities of the project, several methods are used to control the main above- mentionned pests. According to the different actors met during the field mission (technical services and local communities), chemical control is the most widely used against pests. Indeed, it is considered more effective and above all it gives immediate results.  The safety measures recommended by WHO and FAO are not followed by pesticide users. They ignore or neglect the negative effects of pesticides, lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), lack of knowledge of the routes of entry of toxins into the body, lack of hygiene, use of empty packaging in the food chain and failure to take into account the influence of weather conditions during treatment.  Shortcomings in the different stages of current pesticide management: - the inadequacy of the control system ; - the presence of unauthorized and expired products on the market; - the concentration of active ingredient sometimes unspecified; - the lack of training, information and awareness of good practices; - the lack of standardised stores; - the presence of shops selling pesticides in the markets of large urban centres; - Empty containers found in shops of decentralized agricultural services; - Non-compliance with the instructions of the Ministry in charge of agriculture for the return of small containers of pesticides.

The various shortcomings listed above in the current pesticide management process are sources of major impacts and risks to the biophysical and human environment: - air pollution ; - chemical water pollution; - soil and crop contamination.

The burial of empty packaging increases groundwater pollution. Their incineration causes air, water and soil pollution and constitutes a risk to human and animal health.

Integrated pest and pesticide management approach under the project - A careful combination of cultural, biological, mechanical and bio-pesticide control methods can provide a satisfactory level of control without the need of pesticides. - In the context of the present project, a community-based monitoring and early warning system will be set up.

Priority issues identified in the integrated management of pests and pesticides - Insufficient application of good practices in pesticide management - Insufficient means in the promotion of alternative (non-chemical) pest management - Weak capacity for intervention, control and monitoring of actors - Failure of the control, analysis and environmental and social monitoring system

Action Plan for the Integrated Management of Pests and Pesticides The objective of the action plan is to drive a process and contribute to the national pest control and pesticide management effort through simple, realistic and relevant measures, mainly in the project area. It does not have the ambition to address all the problems related to pest and pesticide management in Niger. It includes: - Principles of Intervention ; - Strengthening the legislative framework for pesticide management ; - Establishment of an institutional framework adapted to the management of the project's IPPMP; - Capacity building of stakeholders through training/awareness raising; - Applicable technical measures; - Promotion of the use of alternative control strategies; - Good practices to be adopted during the pesticide management cycle; - Actions to take in case of poisoning/intoxication; and - Monitoring and evaluation plan.

Organizational mechanisms for implementing and monitoring the IPPMP - PMU: it will coordinate the implementation of the IPPMP and act as an interface with other relevant actors. - DGPV, CNLA and their local services: will supervise the "agricultural" component of the implementation of the IFMPP and support capacity building of field agents. - the NCEA: will ensure the regulatory control of the implementation of the IFMPP and will support the capacity building of agents in the field. - Producers' Organizations: They must have and apply procedures and good environmental practices for the ecological and safe use and management of pesticides. Monitoring will be carried out at the national, regional, departmental and communal levels. At the national level: - PMU (strategic oversight) ; - the NPMC, notably the DGPV and the CNLA; - the NCEA (for regulatory oversight); and. At regional, departmental and communal The personnel of the Plant Protection Services, of CNLA, of the Environment in the Regional and Departmental Directorates and in the concerned municipalities.

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Monitoring will be organized through periodic field visits and will consist in assessing the implementation of the level of IPPMP action plan activities , the cost of which amounts to CFAF 80 000 000.

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INTRODUCTION Within the framework of hydro-agricultural development project with smart agriculture practices resilient to climate change, it is planned through components 1 and 2, among others, to carry out integrated actions for soil restoration, mobilization of water for irrigation purposes, promotion of resilient and off-season crops to combat food insecurity, with technical support from State services. Crop development at the selected sites may directly or indirectly require the use of chemicals for pest control. However, the uncontrolled use of certain chemical products, particularly pesticides in the control of endemic context or migratory pests, may, depending on their nature or mode of use, cause socio-economic and environmental damage that may be permanent if precautions are not taken, thus compromising the achievement of the project's objectives. It is from this standpoint that this Integrated Pest and Pesticide Management Plan (IPPMP) has been developed to mitigate the impacts associated with pesticide use. In addition, with regard to the activities and investments that will be funded within the framework of this project, BOAD operational policy dealing specifically with pest management is activated. Thus, in accordance with this policy and Niger's texts on environmental and human health protection, this IPPMP has been prepared to allow a rational use of chemical products (fertilizers, pesticides, ...) in the implementation of this project and especially to encourage integrated management with less dangerous consequences on the environment and human and animal health.

These data were supplemented and consolidated by interviews with actors in the field in order to : (i) obtain biophysical data (soil map, geomorphological map, vegetation or occupation map, description of the fauna, climatic data, various water bodies maps, etc.) and (ii) obtain the necessary data for the preparation of the environmental impact assessment reports (environmental impact assessment reports)(ii) obtain the existing management plan for pests and pesticides; (iii) obtain information on the main crop pests in the project area and the control methods

1 commonly used; (iv) specify the political, legal and institutional framework of the study with regard to the management of pests and pesticides on the one hand, and identify the mandates of the different actors concerned at both national and local levels on the other hand.

This phase made it possible to describe and analyse the current conditions of pesticide used in the various project intervention areas, in the public health as well as in agricultural sectors, and to describe and analyse the current state of the agricultural environment and the hydro-agricultural development areas. The development of good practice measures was based on : (i) identification of pests and predators in the project area; (ii) identification of current methods and strategies for controlling pests; (iii) choice of alternative methods for chemical control; (iv) measures to protect water, soil, fauna and flora; (v) environmental education of producers and populations living in the project area; (vi) community and participatory management by local residents, communal authorities, etc.; (vii) identification and analysis of the current state of the agricultural environment and the hydro-agricultural development areas. This report is structured around the followings: . a full description of the project highlighting the supporting evidence, the objectives and expected results and the project components ; . an analysis of the profile of the areas of intervention, in terms of biophysical and human characteristics ; . an analysis of the legal framework likely to be applied to the project that integrates BOAD policies and sub-regional instruments and structures for control and regulation; . an assessment of the impacts associated with the use of uncontrolled pesticides; . a proposal for a pest control and pesticide management plan that integrates measures of good pesticide management practices; . an organizational mechanisms for implementing and monitoring the IPPMP.

CHAPTER I : COMPLETE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1. Context and justification of the project Niger is one of the largest countries in Africa with a surface area of 1,267,000 Km2. The climate is arid in the north, Sahelian in the west, south-central and east, and Sahelo-Sudanian in the extreme south-west. Only 1% of the territory (extreme south- west) receives more than 600 mm of rain per year, while 89% of the territory, located in the northern part, receives less than 350 mm of rain per year.

The soils are sandy or sandy-clay, poor in nutrients and organic matter. More than 80% of the cultivable soils are dune and 15 to 20% are hydromorphic soils of medium clay content.

The hydrographic network is made up of two major basins, namely the Niger River basin and the Lake Chad basin. Renewable groundwater represents an annual volume of 2.5 billion m3 of which less than 20% is currently exploited and about 2 billion m3 of non-renewable groundwater, a tiny part of which is exploited by mining and oil companies and oasis agriculture.

Forests (natural and plantations) cover 2% of the national territory; it is estimated that from 1958 to 1997, the loss of forest area was in the range of 40 to 50%, mainly for agriculture, energy needs and urban development. The FAO study, (2006b) underscores that in Niger where, after remaining stable for thirty years, forest resources had declined sharply from 1990 to 2000 (-3.7% per year, FAO, 2001) and then showed an annual decline of 0.9% between 2000 and 2005. It is clear that excessive logging to meet the energy needs of populations and the demand for timber (93%) and agricultural expansion (89%) are the two main direct causes of deforestation. Overgrazing (39%) and wildfires (36%) appear to be only secondary factors, most often preventing the natural regeneration of woodlands. The direct impact of drought on the contraction of forest resources seems limited and is cited in only 16% of cases. (FAO, 2006).

The economic structure is characterized by the predominance of the primary sector (44.68% of GDP in 2015): agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and fishing contribute 29.5%, 11.0% and 4.6% respectively (INS 2011).

Demographically, Niger's population was estimated at 17,138,707 million in 2012. In 2017, this population number turned 21.48 million according to the World Bank. Almost 90% of the population is concentrated in the southern third of the country with a rate of 50.3% for women against 49.7% for men and a population growth rate of 3.9%, one of the highest in the world. The fertility rate of Niger women is 7.2 children/woman and is characterized by a high precocity (33% of teenagers have at least one child). This high population growth coupled with an unequal distribution of the population (¾ of the population lives on the ¼ of the territory) accentuates the pressure on natural resources. Moreover, the population growth rate (3.9%) is higher than the agricultural growth rate (2.2%), which contributes to food insecurity.

For the past few decades, Niger has been facing extreme climatic issues. The temperature trend is high and seems to be accompanied by a significant decrease in the frequency of very cold days and a less significant increase in the frequency of extremely hot days. From the 1990s onwards, the annual minimum temperatures became higher than 9°C and reached 10°C during the decade 2001- 2010 at the Mainé Soroa station, for example. There are very marked inter-annual variabilities that go in fits and starts, giving the impression of a climate panic in the country. The 7-year average alternation of deficit and surplus years during the period from 1960 to 1987 has been reduced to 1 or 2 years for the period from 1987 to 2012.. This has evolved during the recent years under the effect of climate change. Conversely, there has been a decrease in rainfall, which has resulted in a southward migration of isohyets. The 600 mm isohyet that was above Niamey in 1950-1967 is now completely below Dosso after about two decades. The 800 mm isohyet has completely disappeared from the map of Niger around 1995. Rain showers intensified and in record time caused flooding. Floods are increasingly frequent with multiple consequences on people's lives and livelihoods (production). In addition to the loss of human lives, floods cause enormous economic losses with damage estimated at several tens of billions of CFA francs (PA-SRRC 2015).

The most affected sector by this climate change phenomenon is agriculture. Agriculture is the main source of income and livelihood for more than 87% of the population. As a result, food security is not secured and poverty and malnutrition became rampant. The report of the joint survey on household vulnerability to food insecurity in Niger (October-November 2018) indicates that in rural areas, 58.5% of people are food secure, 29.1% are classified as "at risk" and 12.4% are food insecure. These data, compared to those of 2015, reveal that the situation has indeed deteriorated. The rate of food-secure people declined from 61.8% in 2015 to 58.5% of the population in 2018, i.e. a drop of 3.3%. As for the severely food insecure, the rate has moved from 1.1% in 2015 to 2.8%, an increase of 154%.

In hydro-agricultural developments, in addition to the very frequent droughts and floods, there is a phenomenon of silting up of irrigation canals, which are most often in the open air. This silting prevents the circulation of water from irrigating the plots and thus isolating certain parts of the areas that are without water. These phenomena of spontaneous flooding, pockets of severe drought and silting hamper the adequate development of hydro-agricultural and cause investment and production losses. In 2014, out of 87 AHAs developed, only 70 are operational. The main causes are floods and severe droughts. In 2015, out of 8704 ha developed, 6998 ha were harvested, i.e. a loss rate of about 19%. This corresponds to a loss of production on 1706 ha. In economic terms, this represents about CFA 1.381 billion lost during this agricultural season (ONAHA, 2015).

1.2. The project This project concerns itself with hydro-agricultural developments with techniques that are resilient to the negative effects of climate change. The project promotes actions that co-benefit adaptation-mitigation and improvement of production and income. Innovative irrigation techniques including solar and water-efficient irrigation systems are promoted. A total of 1000 ha will be developed and 500 ha will be rehabilitated. 1.2.1. Objectives of the project The overall objective of the project is to contribute to the increase of national agricultural production by strengthening the resilience of populations to the negative effects of climate change. In terms of specific objectives, this project aims to :

- sustainably intensify agricultural production by improving crop yields through hydro-agricultural developments designed with innovative irrigation and solar pumping systems; - protect productive capital against the threats associated with the effects of climate change (silting, flooding, etc.); - ensure the operation and sustainability of infrastructures through the strengthening of the technical and organizational capacities of operators and technical services. These objectives are fully in line with the objectives set by the Green Climate Fund, in particular the one related to the promotion of a paradigm shift toward low-emission and climate resilient development, taking into account the needs of countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. 1.2.2. Project components

The project is structured around three components: (i) Sustainable development and rehabilitation of areas that are vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change; (ii) Support for the sustainable development of developed and rehabilitated areas; (iii) Development of the technical and organizational capacities of stakeholders for the promotion of climate-resilient agricultural practices.

Component 1: Sustainable development and rehabilitation of areas vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change

This component aims to develop new hydro-agricultural areas and to strengthen old hydro-agricultural areas that are victims of the negative effects of climate change. Thus, through this component, actions aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of AHAs will be undertaken. Two results are expected from the implementation of this component: (i) the areas are developed with techniques that

6 are resilient to the negative effects of climate change; (ii) the areas are developed with a total control of water and a clean energy system; (

Result 1.1: Areas are developed with techniques that are resilient to the negative effects of climate change. To achieve this outcome, activities are planned to :

- Activity 1.1.1: Development of 23 hydro-agricultural areas totalling 1000 ha with climate resilient techniques. This activity includes: site and plot preparation, protection of sites against water erosion by building anti-erosion structures, protection of areas against flooding, strengthening anti-erosion control by planting trees around plots and sites, etc. - Activity 1.1.2: Rehabilitation of 749 ha of former Djiratoua and Galmi hydro- agricultural developments affected by the negative effects of climate change

Result 1.2. The areas are developed with water-saving techniques and a clean energy system. To achieve this result, two activities are proposed :

- Activity 1.2.1. Drilling of boreholes and installation of solar energy system of exhaure of water.. This activity includes, the realization of drillings and storage basins and their solar pumps and the installation of solar panels. - Activity 1.2.2 Installation of drip and Californian irrigation systems.

Component 2: Support for the sustainable development of developed and rehabilitated areas

This component aims to ensure the rational use of the developed or rehabilitated areas to support the sustainable increase in agricultural productivity and income of farmers in irrigated areas. It contains actions that will make it possible to develop the physical investments planned under component 1 "development of areas with techniques resilient to the negative effects of climate change". It will also be consolidated by the activities of Component 3 "Technical capacity building for the promotion of climate-resilient agriculture".

Results 2.1. Producers organized for sustainable development of the areas

Producers’ organisation is as important in the development of the areas as physical investment. To achieve this result, the following activities are planned :

- Activities 2.1.1: Conduct of land registration process for selected sites - Activities 2.1.2: Appropriate distribution of hydraulic districts and allocation of plots - Activities 2.1.3: Support for the establishment of farmers' organizations and their operation

- Activities 2.1.4: Establishment of operating contracts with cooperatives and AUEi

Result 2.2: Technical itineraries adapted to the major climatic risks of irrigated areas are adopted for crop production

The efficiency of the crop management system is a key factor in improving crop productivity. To achieve this result, the following activities are planned :

- Activity 2.2.1. Support for site-level activity planning - Activity 2.2.2. Support to vulnerable groups for the acquisition of small operating equipment - Activity 2.2.3. Reinforcement of agronomic monitoring and agricultural input acquisition mechanisms - Activity 2.2.4. Promotion of organic manure on irrigated perimeters

Result 2.3: Integrated outsourced water and energy management system set up and operational for sustainable development of areas

Through this result, the project seeks to eliminate conflicts in water use, access to energy sources for irrigation, abandonment of areas due to poor management of the equipment and works carried out. The activities planned under this result are :

- Activity 2.3.1: Design and implementation of a mechanism for the upkeep and maintenance of hydraulic infrastructures - Activity 2.3.2: Design and implementation of a care and maintenance mechanism for electrical equipment - Activity 2.3.3: Implementation of a program for close monitoring of the functionality of hydraulic and electrical structures

Result 2.4: Mechanisms for market access for products from reinforced irrigated areas

The project will improve market access mechanisms at the intervention sites in order to enable farmers' organizations to make their production more profitable and thus strengthen their resilience to the effects of climate change. It will provide support to :

- Activity 2.4.1. Support for the implementation of business plans developed at groups and cooperatives levels - Activity 2.4.2. Support for the development of income-generating activities (IGAs) based on the conservation and processing of agricultural products - Activity 2.4.3. Support for warrantage and bundled sales initiatives

Component 3: Stakeholders’ technical and organizational capacity development for the promotion of climate resilient agricultural practices

This component aims to build the capacity of technical services and producers on techniques that are resilient to the negative effects of climate change in order to facilitate project implementation, ownership and sustainability. Three results are expected in the implementation of this component.

Result 3.1: Knowledge and practices of agriculture resilient to the negative effects of climate change are strengthened. Activities planned to support field actions are :

- Activity 3.1.1: Strengthening knowledge of rainfall trends and temperature variability in the project area - Activity 3.1.2: Strengthening the technical capacities of local actors and producers to promote agriculture resilient to the negative effects of climate change - Activity 3.1.3. Training of technical services officers of the Ministry of Agriculture including ONAHA in the use of tools for monitoring changes in natural resources - Activity 3.1.4: Strengthening the technical capacities of the actors responsible for the implementation of environmental and social safeguarding measures

Result 3.2. The technical and organizational capacities of farmers' groups are strengthened for the implementation of climate-resilient actions. The activities planned to achieve this result are as follows:

- Activity 3.2.1. Training of producers in climate-smart farming practices that can sustainably preserve soil and water resources - Activity 3.2.2: Strengthening the organizational capacities of operators - Activity 3.2.3: Support for access to adapted agro-meteorological information by producer groups

Result 3.3: Control, supervision and monitoring-evaluation of work capitalisation of results. This result is achieved through the implementation of the following activities:

- Activity 3.3.1: Control and supervision of the work - Activity 3.3.2: Monitoring and evaluation of the work

Result 3.4: Lessons learned are shared among stakeholders and disseminated for an overall strengthening of the agriculture sector vis-à-vis climate change. To achieve this result, the following activities are planned :

- Activities 3.4.1: Capitalization of results and compilation of lessons learned from the project - Activity 3.4.2. Elaboration of technical data sheets and user manuals for the operator

- Activity 3.4.3: Knowledge sharing and dissemination of good practices for a climate resilient agricultural sector in Niger

The spatial distribution of crop pests across the 8 regions of Niger is shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Map of phytosanitary infestations

Source: DGPV August 2019

CHAPTER II: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND PESTICIDES IN NIGER

2.1. Policy Framework 2.1.1. National Plant Protection Policy The State ensures the protection of food crops and the control of major plagues (locusts, granivorous birds). Thus, it has adopted Law n°2015-35 of 28 May 2015 on plant protection and its implementing decree n°2016_303/PRN/MAGEL of 29 June 2016. Order No. 15 of 15 March 2000 defines the modalities of intervention of public services. Producers, for their part, are responsible for the phytosanitary protection of cash crops and participate in the control of localized outbreaks of infestation on food crops. 2.1.2. BOAD Pest Management Policy To better manage the negative impacts related to the implementation of BOAD- funded projects that directly or indirectly involve the use of pesticides, the Bank has developed an Operational Policy on Pest Management. In the Pest Management Policy, BOAD favors a strategy that encourages the use of biological methods and limits the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. Thus, paragraph 1 of the policy states that the Borrower must address pest management as part of the ESIA conducted for the project.

Paragraph 4 of the policy states that for agricultural development activities funded by BOAD, pest management is integrated, involving methods such as biological control, cultivation methods and the development and use of resistant or tolerant varieties. However, BOAD may fund the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified as part of an integrated pest management strategy.

Paragraph 6 of the policy states that the purchase of any pesticide under BOAD funded project is subject to the results of an assessment of the nature and extent of the risks involved, based on the intended use and intended users. For pesticide classification and product-specific formulations, BOAD refers to WHO's recommended guidelines for the classification of pesticides by risk. This policy also defines the criteria for the selection and use of pesticides. The criteria applicable to the selection and use of pesticides within the framework of projects funded by BOAD are as follows: - the selected products must have negligible effects on human health ; - their efficacy against the target pest species must be established; - they must have very limited effects on non-target species and the environment. The methods, timing and frequency of applications should provide maximum protection from natural pests. It must be demonstrated that pesticides used under public health programs are not dangerous for residents and domestic animals in treated areas and for the personnel applying them. Their use must take into account the need to prevent the emergence of resistant species.

In addition, BOAD requires that the pesticides it funded be manufactured, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of and applied in accordance with standards that it considers satisfactory. BOAD does not fund chemical formulations that belong to classes not recommended by WHO, or the formulation of specific products, (i) if their distribution and use are not regulated in the country in question, or (ii) if non-specialists, farmers or other persons are likely to use them or have easy access to them without the training, equipment and facilities necessary to handle, store and apply them properly (paragraph 7).

Crop development on the sites selected for this project may eventually require the use of agrochemical inputs. The use of these inputs will be in accordance with the strategic provisions for implementation of the national and BOAD policies. 2.2. Legal framework 2.2.1. International legal framework The main legal instruments ratified by Niger concerning the management of pests and pesticides are as follows :  Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention on Biological Diversity, in its objective 3, obliges states to take measures to conserve species.  Stockholm Convention on the Protection of Human Health and the Environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Niger has signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in October 2001 and ratified on April 12, 2006 . The convention aims to protect human health and the environment from the effect of twelve POPs recognized as highly toxic, nine of which are pesticides used to effectively control crop pests. In the application of its National Implementation Plan (NIP), the convention aims to ban and eliminate the use of 12 persistent organic pollutants, limit the production and use other POPs, manage stockpiles and wastes, and regulate the transboundary movement of these pesticides. It is based on the precautionary principle adopted by the Rio Convention in 1992.  Convention of the Organization against the African Migratory Locust (OICMA) Adopted on 25 May 1962 in Kano (Nigeria) and amended in Accra on 25 July 1968, the Convention aims to carry out preventive international control of the African migratory locust and to extend this control to other species of migratory locusts. It was ratified by Niger on 13 April 1963.

The project should adopt all the control measures put in place within the framework of this convention in order to combat effectively in the event of the invention of areas by migratory locusts.

 International Plant Protection Convention

It was adopted in Rome in December 1951 and aims at maintaining and intensifying international cooperation to control pests and diseases of plants and plant products and to prevent their introduction and spread beyond national borders. It was signed on 4 June 1985 and ratified by Niger on 18 November 2005.

The design and implementation of the project should be carried out in close collaboration with INRAN for a good organization of the control of pests.  CILSS Common Regulations

The CILSS Common Regulation on Pesticide Registration (CILSS Common Regulation) allows countries to practice sound and environmentally sound chemical control as part of an integrated crop pest management approach.

The Common Regulation applies to formulated products. In this sense, it is unique in the world. It is an important asset for the CILSS countries because in the field of pesticide management it replaces national registrations. The Common Regulation defines the following areas of pesticide registration:

- scope and areas of competence; - the conditions and procedures for approving a formulation; - the protection of confidential data; - information, labelling and packaging; - experimentation; - control; - the composition, powers and operation of the Sahelian Pesticides Committee (SPC). It was adopted by the Council of Ministers of CILSS in December 1999 at its 34th session in N'Djamena by resolution No. 8/34/CM/99.

In order to contribute to the use of registered pesticides, this project will support the DGPV and the Network of Chambers of Agriculture (RECA) for the regular dissemination of the list approved by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee (SPC) to pesticide distributors and users.  Phytosanitary Convention for Sub-Saharan Africa This Convention was adopted on 29 July 1954 and ratified by Niger on 17 October 1961. Its aim is to prevent the introduction of diseases, pests and other plant pests in African regions located in the south of Sahara, to eliminate or control them when they are present in that region and to prevent their spread.

This project will strengthen the capacity of technical services such as the DGPV, health and livestock services to prevent the introduction of new pests into the national territory.  Phytosanitary Convention for Africa

It was adopted in Kinshasa on 13 September 1967 and ratified by Niger on 25 April 1968. It was drawn up with the aim of combating and eliminating plant diseases in Africa and preventing the emergence of new diseases.  Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

It was adopted on 10 September 1998, ratified by Niger on 18 January 2006 and registered by the Secretariat on 12 April 2006. The main objective of the Convention is to encourage shared responsibility and cooperation among Parties in the international trade of certain chemicals in order to protect human health and the environment from possible harm and to contribute to the environmentally sound use of chemicals (banned or severely restricted chemicals, severely hazardous pesticide formulations).  Bamako Convention on the ban on imports of hazardous waste into Africa and the Control of their Transboundary Movement It was adopted on 30 January 1991 and ratified by Niger on 27 July 1996. It commits stakeholders to take appropriate legal, administrative and other measures in the territories under their jurisdiction, with a view to prohibiting the importation into Africa of all hazardous waste for whatever reason from non-contracting parties.  Bâle Convention for the control of hazardous wastes transboundary movements and their disposal.

It was adopted on 22 March 1989 and ratified on 17 June 1998. It defines the obligations of States Parties with the aim of:

- reducing the transboundary movement of waste subject to the Convention and setting a minimum compatible with environmentally sound management of this waste, - minimizing the production and toxicity of hazardous waste and ensuring their environmentally sound management as close as possible to the place of production, - assisting developing countries in ensuring the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and the other wastes they produce.

 RAMSAR Wetlands Convention

The RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance as Waterfowl Habitat aims to stop the encroachment on and loss of wetlands of all kinds and to

16 encourage member countries to protect wetlands by including them on a list of areas to be maintained by the convention.. It was signed on February 11, 1971 and ratified on April 30, 1987 and consolidated by its protocol on 3 December 1982. As a follow- up to the commitments of this convention, Niger has inscribed more than a dozen representative sites of major ecological importance for the migration of migratory species and the survival of indigenous species.

As part of the implementation of this project, the wetlands in its intervention area will be included in the list of sensitive areas that will be spared from phytosanitary interventions using chemicals. Only mechanical control, organic products and natural enemies will be used to protect crops and pasture from infestations by plant pests.  FAO guidelines for locust control

FAO has given high priority to the EMPRES (Transboundary Animal and Plant Pest and Disease Prevention and Response System) program, to build national capacity. To this end, it has drawn up a series of six guidelines for national and international organizations and institutions engaged in locust survey and control which deal with the biology and behavior of the Desert Locust, prospecting, information and forecasts, locust control, organization and execution of a campaign and precautions for the use of pesticides on human health and the environment.

The 05 project intervention regions are periodically invaded by locusts.  Regulation n ° 07/2007 / CM / UEMOA

It relates to the health security of plants, animals, and food in WAEMU zone. It was signed in Lomé on April 6, 2007.  Regulation C / REG.3 / 5/2008 It concerns the harmonization of the rules governing the registration of pesticides in the ECOWAS region. It was ratified on 18 May 2008. Another regulation of the same type is being revised.  Regulation C / REG.13 / 12/12 of 2 December 2012 on the quality control of fertilizers in the ECOWAS area

This regulation determines the principles of harmonization, veracity of labeling, free movement of fertilizers, recognition of international standards. It determines the organs and instruments for controlling the quality of fertilizers, as well as the conditions for manufacturing, importing sales and quality control.

Although the project intends to favor the use of manure as a useful soil amendment, it is not excluded to resort, if necessary, to chemical fertilizers in certain areas.

2.2.2. National legal framework  The Constitution of 25 November 2010

It is the basic law which enshrines the rights and duties of citizens. In article 35 "The state has an obligation to protect the environment for the benefit of present and future generations. Everyone is required to contribute to the preservation and improvement of the environment in which they live […]. The State ensures the evaluation and control of the impacts of any development project and program on the environment. "

This project will be the subject of an environmental impact study in order to mitigate its negative impacts on the various receiving environments.  Law No. 98-56 of 26 December 1998 relating to the Framework Law on Environmental Management.

This law establishes the general principles on which the national policy for the protection of environment is based, a concept defined in its broad sense, integrating the fight against pollution and nuisance, the quality of the living environment, the conservation of biological diversity and the rational use of natural resources. The actors involved in the implementation as well as their responsibilities are also defined. Within the framework of the protection of resources and the natural environment, certain activities likely to harm the fauna and flora or the destruction of their habitats are prohibited or subject to prior authorization. Article 70 also stipulates that "Harmful and dangerous chemical substances which, because of their toxicity, radioactivity or concentration in biological chains, present or are likely to present a danger to man, fauna, flora and the environment in general, when they are produced, imported into the national territory or discharged into the environment, are subject to control and monitoring by the competent technical services, in conjunction with the ministry responsible for the environment". Lastly, article 80 of the Act stipulates that "Any activity likely to harm animal and plant species or their natural environments is prohibited or subject to prior authorization in accordance with the laws and regulations in force".

This project will make use of fertilizers and pesticides. Its implementation will therefore have to take into account the provisions of the framework law and the application decrees that result from it.  Law n ° 2015-35 of 26 May 2015 relating to the protection of plants

This Act repeals Ordinance No. 96-008 of 21 March 1996, on Plant Protection and makes the State responsible for plant protection throughout the national territory. The objective of the Act is stated in Article 1 as follows: (i) the protection of plants and plant products through the prevention and control of harmful organisms with due respect for the environment; (ii) the promotion of integrated crop protection against pests for the sustainable development of national production; (iii) the implementation of a national pesticide management policy, in particular, the control

18 of the import, manufacture, registration, post-registration monitoring, use, storage and disposal of products with a view to respecting human and animal health and the environment; (iv) the promotion of the sanitary quality of plants and plant products for export.

The design and implementation of the project should be done in close collaboration with INRAN for a good organization of the control of pests.  Law n°2018-28 of 14 May 2018 determining the fundamental principles of Environmental Assessment in Niger.

Article 7 of the present law stipulates that "on the proposal of the minister responsible for the environment, the Council of Ministers shall establish and revise by decree the types of policies, strategies, plans, programs and the list of development projects for which the public authorities may not, on pain of invalidity, decide, approve or authorize implementation without a certificate of environmental conformity issued by the minister responsible for the environment or a written authorization duly justified in accordance with the texts in force".  Order n°93-015 of 2 March 1993 setting the guiding principles of the Rural Code (State and Land).

This text determines the conditions in terms of conflict management related to the management of natural resources and determines the authorities competent to settle disputes relating thereto. It thus defines the legal framework for agricultural, forestry and pastoral activities from the perspective of land use planning, environmental protection and human development. It also ensures the security of rural operators through the recognition of their rights and promotes development through the rational organisation of the rural world (Article 1). This Ordinance also defines land resources as "all land intended for agriculture, stockbreeding, afforestation as well as developed land, classified land and vacant land", and water resources as "all surface waters falling within the domain of the State and the Territorial Communities, groundwater and private waters". This Ordinance also deals with rural hydraulics (Title II) and determines that the use of water and the creation, modification and use of hydraulic works in rural areas must be designed within the hydrogeological and hydrological basin in order to cause the minimum disturbance to the hydrological cycle, water quantity and quality. Chapter 1 of the Act is devoted to agricultural development. Thus, Article 45 stipulates that any operation to develop land by the contribution of water resources, whatever the technique used, constitutes a hydro- agricultural development.

The present project is an irrigation project based on groundwater withdrawals, its design and implementation must take into account the technical and regulatory provisions of this Ordinance.  Implementing Decree N°2016_303/PRN/MAGEL of 29 June 2016 implementing Law N°2015-35 of 28 May 2015 on plant protection.

This decree specifies the general and specific conditions of phytosanitary protection of the territory, pesticide management, import, export, re-export and transit control of plants and plant products. This decree applies to the present project, the design and implementation of which must be carried out in collaboration with INRAN.  Decree N°_/PRN/MAGEL of 29 June 2016 laying down modalities for the implementation of Regulation C/REG of 13/12/12 relating to the quality control of fertilizers in the ECOWAS region.

This decree specifies the modalities of implementation of the regulation relating to the quality control of fertilizers in the ECOWAS area, which is intended to solve the problem of the production and circulation of fertilizers of dubious quality whose use has harmful consequences both on agricultural production and on the environment as a whole. Although the project envisons to give priority to the use of manure as a useful soil conditioner, the use of chemical fertilizers in certain areas is not excluded when necessary.  Decree n°2019-027/PRN/MESU/DD of January 11, 2019 on the implementation modalities of law n°2018-28 of May 14, 2018 determining the fundamental principles of Environmental Assessment in Niger.  Decree n°2016-376/PRN/MAG/El of 22 July 2016 on the organisation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock.  Decree No. 2014-507/PRN/MH/A of 31 July 2014, adopting the document of Operational Strategy for the Promotion of Hygiene and Basic Sanitation (SOPHAB) 2014-2018.  Decree n°178/MAG/EL/DGPV of October 20, 2016 on the modalities for issuing approval to service providers using pesticides.  Decree n°179/MAG/EL/DGPV of 20 October 2016 on the modalities for issuing approval for the import, manufacture, preparation, storage, packaging, repackaging and placing on the market of pesticides.  Decree n°0181/MAG/EL/DGPV of 20 October 2016 determining the modalities for the State to take charge of phytosanitary treatments. 2.3. Institutional framework  Sub-regional regulatory and control instruments and structures

Since 1992, the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) has been in charge of pesticide registration with the adoption of Resolution No. 7/17/CM/92 on "Regulations on pesticide registration common to the member states of CILSS", a resolution adopted by the Sahel countries (Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania and Niger). This Common Regulation was revised and strengthened in December 1999 by the CILSS Council of Ministers. The main objective of this Regulation is to pool the expertise in the

20 evaluation and management of agropharmaceutical products of all CILSS member states for the registration of pesticides. The executive body of the Common Regulation is the Sahelian Pesticides Committee (SPC) which evaluates the files submitted by agrochemical companies for registration and grants sales authorizations for all member states. This Committee currently meets at Bamako.

National Pesticide Management Committee (NPMC)  The NPMC assists the Minister of Agriculture in applying the principles and general direction of pesticide regulation. As such, it is in charge of :

- Ensuring that the list of pesticides authorized, restricted or prohibited for use is followed; - Proposing measures that may contribute to the standardization, definition and establishment of conditions and procedures for the use of pesticides; - ensuring the permanent control of the quality of pesticides distributed in Niger; - giving its opinion on all questions relating to pesticides submitted to it; - Ensuring the implementation of national obligations provided for in ECOWAS regulation of 03/05/2008; - Ensuring the post-registration monitoring of pesticides.

The NPMC is composed of several actors involved in the management of pesticides. Placed under the authority of the Minister in charge of agriculture, the NPMC should monitor and ensure compliance with the list of products registered by the PSC. The National Pesticide Management Committee meets in ordinary session two (2) times a year upon request of its President. However, it may meet in extraordinary session if necessary. The project will provide all necessary assistance to this important tool for the control of pesticides introduced in Niger for the full implementation of the decree n°121/DGP of 4 January 2013.  Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

The Ministry in charge of Agriculture ensures crop protection and pesticide management through the Directorate General for Plant Protection (DGPV). The General Directorate of Plant Protection (GDPV) It is responsible for the design and implementation of the national Plant Protection policy.

National directorate since 1985, Plant Protection was made a General Directorate by Decree n°2009-159 /PRN/MDA of 1 June 2009, amending Decree n° 2007-484 /PRN/MDA of 10 October 2007 on the organization of the Ministry of Agricultural Development.

The DGPV currently comprises four national directorates: the Directorate of Phytosanitary Interventions and Training, the Directorate of Biological Studies, the

Directorate of Phytosanitary Regulations and Environmental Monitoring and the Directorate of Logistics and Phytosanitary Equipment. In the framework of the implementation of this IPPMP, these departments will be particularly concerned. Their respective missions are described as follows.

. Department of Phytosanitary Interventions and Training (DIF) Its mission is to :

- participate in biological efficiency tests of synthetic pesticides and biological products in relation to the other directorates; to participate in the dissemination and popularization of alternative methods of control, which is environmentally friendly. . Department of Biological Studies (DEB) It is responsible for:

- ensuring the biological efficiency tests of synthetic pesticides and biological products in relation to the other departments; - disseminate the results of applied research in plant protection in connection with the other competent departments;  Directorate of Phytosanitary Regulations and Environmental Monitoring

It is responsible for:

- ensuring the control of pesticides, plants and plant products for import, export and transit; - participating in the biological effectiveness tests of synthetic pesticides and organic products in relation to the other departments; - participating in the dissemination and popularization of phytosanitary texts and regulations.  The Directorate of Logistics and Phytosanitary Equipment

It is responsible for:

- ensuring the installation of pesticides, phytosanitary equipment at regional level as well as the monitoring of their use. In the field, the DGPV conducts its activities through:  the eight (8) regional Plant Protection Services attached to the Regional Directorates of Agriculture (DRA);  the departmental branches of Plant Protection, attached to the Departmental Directorates of Agriculture (DDA); and  Nineteen (19) phytosanitary control posts, located at border crossings.

The DGPV maintains relations with LANSPEX, the Regional Directorates for the Environment, Urban Health and Sustainable Development and the Regional

Directorates for Public Health within the framework of the Quality of the Environment and Health during Treatment Program (QUEST). Thus, through DGPV, the Ministry of Agriculture has an institutional framework to contribute to improving the management of pests and pesticides. This project will rely on this structure in the implementation of the IFMPP. The General Directorate of Veterinary Services (DGSV)

It ensures the application of legislative and regulatory texts in terms of animal health and veterinary public health, it ensures the sanitary monitoring of public establishments and semi-public companies under the Ministry and involving in its domain of competence its three (3) following directions: the Directorate of Animal Health which has for attributions; the Directorate of Sanitary Safety of Foodstuffs and Foodstuffs of Animal Origin; the Directorate of Private Pharmacies and Privatization of the Veterinary Profession. The institutional arsenal of the DGSV is an important asset in the preservation of human health, which is to be strengthened within the framework of this project.  National Locust Control Center (CNLA) As part of the fight against food insecurity and to meet the international commitments to which Niger has freely subscribed, the National Center for Locust Control was created under law n ° 2007-28 of 3 December 2007. This center has for missions to prevent any departure of the Desert Locust invasion from the gregarigenous areas of the national territory, but also to give the alert and coordinate the fight in the event of an invasion by Desert Locust swarms from other countries.

The National Locust Control Center (CNLA) has an Environmental Specifications (CCE) which has previously obtained discharge from the national environmental assessment office and which is implemented and evaluated periodically. The center has a map of sensitive areas that will be free from chemical treatment even in the event of an invasion. In order to preserve human health and the environment, the center ensures the assessment of the environmental impact through health monitoring and environmental monitoring in its area of intervention. Environmental and health monitoring is provided by the National Locust Control Center 's Environmental Monitoring Department (DES) in collaboration with the DGPV, health, livestock and the environment. The center has the capacity to reduce the risks related to the use of pesticides (CCE and Mapping of sensitive areas) and to popularize alternative methods to chemical control. Its skills will be put to use in the intervention areas of this project.  Central Supply of Agricultural Inputs and Materials (CAIMA)

It is the source of supply of pesticides intended mainly to the treatment of seeds, and of products for stock conservation. It also ensures the supply of fertilizers and agricultural

23 equipment which it transfers to individual producers or group of producers, to local authorities at ‘’ revised prices ’’.  National Office for Hydro-Agricultural Developments (ONAHA)

The National Office for Hydro-Agricultural Development (ONAHA) is a Public Industrial institution with legal personality and financial autonomy. Created by Ordinance No. 78-39 of December 29, 1978, modified and supplemented by Ordinance No. 2014-01 of January 03, 2014, ONAHA has been restructured in order to better frame its missions according to the changes observed in the irrigation sector. The decree n ° 2015-354 of July 10, 2015 of application of this ordinance, defines the conditions of intervention of ONAHA which are specified in a programming framework in the form of multi-year plan contract signed by the Minister of Technical Supervision (responsible for agriculture), the Minister in charge of Finance and the Director General of ONAHA. Its execution is subject to an evaluation by an external commission appointed by the Minister in charge. ONAHA missions are as follow:  Ensure the delegated project management of public facilities on behalf of the State;  Monitor developments on the basis of a regularly updated inventory and performance evaluation criteria;  Ensure the provision of engineering services and hydro-agricultural development works on behalf of the State and third parties;  Ensure the provision of support services to the operations and maintenance functions of the Facilities;  Promote community, association or private service providers to support irrigators with a view to supplementing the services offered by ONAHA;  Undertake a technological watch function, promotion of innovations and liaison between agricultural research, extension services, irrigators and stakeholders in the agricultural sector;  Conduct extension operations and offer on-demand agricultural advisory services on Hydro-Agricultural Developments

 National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger (INRAN)

INRAN is a public administrative establishment created by Ordinance No. 75-01 of January 07, 1975, with legal personality and enjoying administrative and financial autonomy. INRAN's missions are: (i) knowledge, inventory, and the study of the exploitation of the resources of the physical environment concerned by agriculture and its environment; (ii) improving plant and animal production of interest to the agricultural economy; (iii) the improvement of techniques for the conservation and processing of agricultural products into food products, (iv) the study and development of biotechnologies relating to agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and related activities, (v) socio-economic study of the situation and changes in the rural world. INRAN has five (5) research departments: irrigated crops; rain crops;

24 rural economics, sociology and technology transfer; natural resource management; animal production. The support of the project to INRAN will be necessary for the popularization of research results, particularly in the field of seeds resilient to water stress and pests, and soil analysis for rational application of chemical fertilizers..  Ministry of the Environment, Urban Health and Sustainable Development

The Directorate General for Environment and Sustainable Development (DGE / DD)

It is one of the technical departments of the Ministry of the Environment, Urban Health and Sustainable Development (MESUDD). The main responsibilities of the DGE / DD, in collaboration with the other concerned entities , are the development and implementation of action plans for the preservation of the environment and landscaping through: (i) the promotion of the rational ecological management of household, industrial, craft and biomedical waste; (ii) advisory support to public and private institutions for the adoption of non-polluting practices and technologies; (iii) the design of environmental quality monitoring devices and the definition of discharge standards; (iv) the implementation of conventions relating to the management of transboundary pollution and the protection of the global environment; (v) the design of information and public awareness tools; (vi) support - advice to local authorities for the development and implementation of landscaping plans integrating the creation of green spaces and recreational parks, shade plantations and alignment; (vii) monitoring and prevention of illegal traffic of toxic waste, depollution and rehabilitation of infected sites and integrated management of all kinds of hazardous waste and chemicals

 National Environmental Assessment Office (NCEA)

The National Bureau of Environmental Assessment (NCEA) is the structure in charge of the administrative procedure for assessing and examining the impact of a project on the environment. It is a decision-making body for environmental assessment which has jurisdiction, at the national level, over all activities, projects, programs or development plans for which an EIA is compulsory or necessary in accordance with the provisions of the Law No. 98-56 of December 29, 1998. The General Management of the NCEA is represented at regional, departmental and municipal level by the Regional, Departmental and Communal Directions in charge of the Environment. As part of this project, the NCEA will lead the process of evaluating the PGIPP report and monitoring their implementation. The NCEA is therefore this institution which will have to issue the environmental compliance certificate for the project.  Ministry of Water and Sanitation

The Directorate General of Water Resources of the Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation, will be responsible for presenting this project to the authorities of the Niger River and Lake Chad basins in order to have their authorization on the

25 quantities of water required to be taken in the implementation of the project. The decentralized services of this general directorate of water resources will intervene in the control and environmental monitoring of water resources.  Ministry of Public Health The Department of Public Hygiene and Health Education (DHPES)

The Ministry of Public Health through the Department of Public Hygiene and Education, works in collaboration with the competent services of the Ministry of Water and Sanitation in the field of prevention of water-related diseases . The main activities of the Department are carried out through its three (3) divisions: the Public Hygiene Division; the Health Education Division; and the Sanitary Police Division. Within the framework of the implementation of this project, the Department will be involved in the fight against disease vectors, particularly the Anopheles which are responsible for the transmission of malaria (fatal and disabling disease) and in raising awareness among producers on the health risks related to water pollution by pesticides.  National Laboratory in Public Health and Expertise (LANSPEX) LANSPEX was created in 1987 by WHO as a Reference Laboratory for the Quality Control of Medicines for West Africa. Its main activities are: quality control of drugs imported and or manufactured locally; control of food products including drinking water, waste water and swimming pool water; control of pesticide formulation, quality or active ingredient in a given pesticide; toxicological analysis; biological and microbiological analysis; physico-chemical analysis; contribution to research in traditional Pharmacopoeia.

As part of this project, LANSPEX can be used for water quality control, pesticide formulation control and analysis of pesticide residues in production and quality control of fertilizers.  Ministry of Finance

This ministry, through the Directorate General of Financial Operations and Reforms in charge of public debt and the Directorate General of Budget, will intervene in regard to financial arrangements to be made in agreement with BOAD to spped up the completion of funding once it is approved by the Green Climate Fund.

In addition, the General Directorate of Customs attached to this ministry controls the entry of pesticides at border control posts. Each checkpoint is reinforced by a phytosanitary inspector who ensures compliance with the approval formulations.  University and training and research institutes The Faculty of Agronomy provides two training courses for engineers in agricultural techniques and agronomy.

As part of the fight against crop pests, apart from the theoretical education provided to students, research work will be carried out in partnership with ICRISAT and AGRHYMET  International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

ICRISAT is an international agricultural research institution headquartered in Patancheru, India. It has several regional centers, all located on the African continent, including that of Niamey to represent the Sahelian Center. ICRISAT is one of the research centers members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) specialized in production (corn, wheat, rice, potato, livestock, agroforestry, fisheries), in an agro climatic zone of production (arid zones, semi-arid zones, humid tropical zones) or in a specific research theme (water management, food security, genetic improvement of plants).

ICRISAT has traditionally focused its research on food grains. However, recognizing the growing importance of vegetable and fruit crops in agriculture in semi-arid areas, the center has set up a new research program on crop diversification and production systems (Systems and Crop Diversification Program).  AGRHYMET Regional Center

Created in 1974, the AGRHYMET Regional Center is a specialized institution of the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) grouping together thirteen member states which are: Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea and Chad. It has international status and its headquarters are in Niamey in Niger.

Its main objectives are: (i) to contribute to food security and to the increase of agricultural production in the member countries of CILSS; (ii) help improve the management of natural resources in the Sahel region by providing information and training to development actors and their partners in the fields of agroecology in the broad sense (agro- climatology, hydrology, plant protection, etc.).

The AGRHYMET Regional Center specializes in the sciences and techniques applicable to the agricultural development, rural development and natural resource management sectors. It constitutes the Reference Center for training in Plant Protection in the Sahel region and could be used for capacity building within the framework of this project.  Association of Approved Distributors of Phytosanitary Products in Niger (ADIPHYTO –Niger)

In order to promote the private sector, the State has disengaged from the supply/sale of pesticides and has encouraged the emergence of a network of approved distributors, grouped together since 2000 within an Association of Approved Distributors of Phytosanitary Products in Niger (ADIPHYTO-NigerFrom 1990 to

2010, the number of approvals granted was 246 although it is noted that the validity of many approvals has expired. However, it should be noted that : - only a dozen distributors are truly operational and are concentrated in urban centers and in areas of high vegetable production. The city of Niamey has 156 distributors out of the 167 in the areas covered by the Program. There are only 4 in the Tillabéry region and 7 in the Dosso region; - most of the authorized distributors have neither qualified personnel to conduct treatment operations, nor adequate and sufficient treatment devices and protective equipment; - phytosanitary treatment products and materials are often too expensive and not available ; - the products sold are often of poor quality, not meeting national regulations (Ordinance 96-008 of March 21, 1996 and its Application Decree No. 96-68 / PCSN / MDR / H / E of March 21, 1996) and the CILSS Common Regulations.  Network of Chambers of Agriculture (RECA) The National Network of Chambers of Agriculture is a public establishment of a professional nature created by law n ° 2000-15 of August 21, 2000 and its implementing decree 2001-105 / PRN / MDR of May 18, 2001. The network represents the whole agricultural profession (agro-sylvo-pastoral) of Niger, defends the interests of rural producers and plays the interface between farmers' organizations and public authorities as well as with development partners.

By virtue of its attributions, RECA contributes to the supervision of producers and to the search for outlets for agro-sylvo-pastoral production as well as to the promotion of new innovations such as alternative methods to chemical control. The six issues to be addressed are:

- Strengthening the participation of the Agricultural profession in the development and implementation of Agricultural policies and strategies; - Improving and preserving the production potential (water, soil and land); - Supporting agricultural operations (plant production, animal husbandry, fish farming, etc.) for better food security, improved income and sustainable production; - Strengthening the agricultural professions by paying particular attention to young people and women; - Strengthening the Regional Chambers of Agriculture and producer organizations; - Strengthening the organizational capacities of RECA.

In the implementation of the present project, the network will intervene at several levels of awareness, in view of its national scope or coverage and its capacity to reach out to all national producers, either individual or organized in Producer Organization POs.

 Cooperatives of Hydro Agricultural Developments

In all the regions covered by the project, several farmer organizations and cooperatives are listed. The majority of these farmers' organizations and cooperatives are located in the three regions bordering the Niger River because of the great potential for irrigated crops, particularly rice cultivation. Although supervised by ONAHA, the supply of pesticides and handling do not respect the minimum rules for the preservation of human, animal and environmental health. The capacity- building and awareness-raising activities planned as part of this project will take into account these farmers' organizations and cooperatives, especially in the field of combating pests.  Civil Society

Civil society will also have an important role to play within the framework of the implementation of this PGIPP insofar as certain associations which compose it are specialized in environmental assessment. This is the case of the Nigerian Association of Professionals in Environmental Impact Studies (ANPEIE) authorized to exercise its activities by Order No. 117 / MI / AT / DAPJ / SA of April 29, 1999. It is, a non- political and non-profit organization which mainly aims to promote the taking into account of environmental concerns in policies, orientations, strategies, programs and projects of socioeconomic development within the framework of planning processes. It constitutes a benchmark for environmental assessment in Niger, and always contributes to the assessment of documents drawn up in this context. 2.4. Summary of the legal and institutional framework Analysis 2.4.1. Difficulties in applying national regulations The regulation of the production, distribution and use of pesticides has evolved considerably and great efforts have been made by the various ministries and actors involved in the management of pesticides in order to ensure the implementation of an appropriate legal framework. But there is a real problem of popularization and especially of application of these texts at the national level. The implementation of Common Regulations for CILSS member states and the creation of departments responsible for the implementation of environmental policies and other services for agriculture, livestock, and plant protection, health, customs, do not yet measure the real impacts of these structures on the production, import, distribution and use of pesticides in the country. 2.4.2. Difficulties in Controlling and Monitoring the Products used in theCountry Currently, it is difficult to verify whether pesticides imported by a trader comply with those registered by the CILSS. Another constraint relates to the lack of a uniform framework for registering the main groups of pesticides. Such an instrument would be common to all statistical, customs, trade, control and monitoring, public

29 health, environmental and pollution control services. It would facilitate the monitoring of products and the control and exploitation of data on these products. The insufficient involvement of structures such as LANSPEX is also a major limitation in the control of product formulation and residue control. 2.4.3. Insufficient oCllaboration between Institutions The management of pesticides involves several institutions grouped within the NPMC whose functioning can be improved. Collaboration between the various departments is manifested through participation in meetings organized by each other. However, collaborative initiatives between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment and Health do not yet seem to be effective in several areas (management of obsolete products and empty packaging, monitoring of workers handling pesticides; etc.). At the present time, there is no evidence of joint or concerted action between these ministries with regard to the control of pesticides for agricultural or domestic use. With the revitalization and support for the operation of the NPMC, the existence of such collaboration would have motivated, for example, the need for training of medical personnel who could intervene in cases of pesticide poisoning. It could also prompt the need to raise awareness among the population on the appropriate use of pesticides for domestic use, as is done for agricultural producers.

CHAPTER III: CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND PESTICIDES AND THEIR IMPACTS

This chapter is devoted to the main pests encountered in the project area, the pesticides used to control them and the negative impacts of their uncontrolled use. 3.1. General Phytosanitary Situation  Jumpers attack in Goudoumaria, Gouré, Madaoua, Damagaram Takaya, Maïné Soroa, Diffa, Belbédji, Tanout, Malbaza, Bouza, Mayahi, Loga, Bosso, Tillabéri and Tahoua departments with new outbreaks in Dungass, Tchintabaraden, Tchirozérine, Ingall, Iférouane, Aderbissanet and Gothèye departments;  Persistence of leaf beetle attacks in the departments of Dungass, Madaoua, Aguié and appearance of new infestation foci in the departments of Kantché and Damagaram Takaya;  Appearance of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in the department of Maïné Soroa;  Manifestation of the millet earworm in the departments of Dungass, Magaria, Mirriah, Takiéta, Bouza, Madaoua, Konni, Keita, Dakoro, Doutchi, Falmey, Tibiri and Ballèyara;  Attacks of leafhoppers on millet during heading in the departments of Magaria, Keita and Tessaoua;  Infestations of aphids and bugs on cowpeas, sesame and onions in the departments of Kantché, Mirriah, Gouré, Zinder, Diffa, Goudoumaria, Tchirozérine, Ingall and Keita;  Persistent attacks by floricultural insects on millet in Dioundiou, Dosso, Tibiri, Falmey, Tessaoua, Kollo and Gazaoua departments and the appearance of new infestations in Takiéta, Keita, Guidan Roumdji, Madarounfa, Mayahi, Boboye, Ballèyara and Filingué departments; Manifestation of granivorous birds in the departments of Tibiri, Damagaram Takaya, Konni, Tchintabaraden and Falmey. 3.2. Major endemic pests of crops The main crops developed in the localities of this project are cereals (corn, rice, sorghum) and vegetable crops (onion, tomato, cabbage, potato, green beans, okra, squash, melon, chilli).

These different crops are often victims of attacks by endemic pests, the main types of which are presented in Tables 3 (cereal crops) and 4 (vegetable crops and others).

Table 1: Some pests/diseases of cereal crops

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Corn borer The European Corn Borer is a moth with a 25 to 30 mm The galleries dug by the caterpillars cause breakage (Ostrinia nubilalis) wingspan. Males have dark ochre wings with thin dark of the stems and male flowers. stripes while females are lighter. Females lay in the leaf axils The yield losses are significant (fall in the weight of in groups of 15 to 20 eggs, with one female laying up to 1000 grains) and the harvest is difficult. Penetration several hundred eggs. Mortality from egg laying to adult holes promote the development of pathogens emergence is about 80-90%. Damage is caused by the adult, responsible for rots. In the event of an ear attack, larvae and eggs. sweet corn and seed corn are downgraded

Corn

Prostephanus truncatus or The adult (imago) is 3 to 4.5 mm long, with a blackish-brown The damage is distinctive and significant. Adults drill the great corn capuchin to black body, cylindrical in shape with square ends, appears galleries and irregularly shaped holes in food. While riddled with holes and bears many wart-like tubers. The feeding, the capuchin maize leaves behind large head is largely masked by the pronotum. It bears antennae accumulations of sawdust and flour-like droppings. consisting of 10 segments, seven of which form the foot and Feeding and drilling activity of the larvae add to the the last three different ones form the tip. The larvae are damage inflicted by adults. scarab-like (C-shaped arched), whitish and fleshy, and have short legs. The body is covered with sparse hair. The eggs

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases are yellowish-white in colour and ovoid-oblong in shape.

Sesamia nonagrioides The adult corn moth is a 20 mm butterfly with folded wings, The caterpillars dig galleries at the base of the leaves hairy thorax and head, beige fore wings and white hind (presence of sawdust). The hollowed out stem wings. The semi-cylindrical, chestnut-brown pupa measures becomes brittle, hence a risk of lodging or drying out approximately 20 mm. Cremaster formed by 4 strong teeth, 2 of the plants. ventral and 2 dorsal. The larva is a fully developed 40 mm Depending on the attack stages, the damage can caterpillar, pale pink slightly yellowish, black stigmas. range from lodging awareness to plant death.

Armyworm The fall armyworm is a pest that attacks more than 80 The Fall Legworm feeds mainly on the leaves of corn Spodoptera frugiperda species of plants, damaging economically important grains but can also attack the ears. Usually, such ears are no such as corn. It is the larval stage of the insect, i.e. the longer consumed by the population. Although the caterpillar, which causes damage direct damage caused by the fall armyworm does not affect the sanitary quality of maize, it could nevertheless make it more sensitive to the presence of aflatoxin.

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases

The stem borers Drillers are insects belonging mainly to the order Damage to young plants at the start and during Lepidoptera whose larvae (caterpillars in the case of tillering. The caterpillars penetrate the leaf sheaths Lepidoptera) dig galleries in the stems or ears of certain and at the base of the young stem; the damage which plants. can cause the death of the stem: the dead heart. Damage from the panicle: white panicles. The young caterpillars cluster a few centimeters below the panicle inside the flower stalk. This completely dries up and gives, depending on the time of attack, an Rice entirely white or dried panicle. The break can occur later. Defoliators (Nymphula A fairly common species is. It is a small pearly white Damage caused by leaf destroyers is usually done by depunctalis) butterfly of 10 to 12 mm. The eggs are laid in tight rows removing fragments from the ends of the leaves. In along the leaves. other cases the leaves may be cut off completely. Other species : Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Marasmia trapezalis, Diacrisia scortilla, Parnara spp., Hispides spp midge (Orseolia Eggs are cylindrical, elongated, about 0.5 mm long, initially The leaves are turned into a white tube that looks like oryzivora) white but orange-yellow just before hatching All larval onion

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases stages lack articulated legs or other obvious appendages and are relatively shallow with small heads which partially retract in the anterior segments of the thorax.

Pyriculariose Symptoms appear on leaves, nodes, glumes and rarely on Loss of crop leaf sheaths. The characteristics of the lesions depend on the conditions and tolerance of the plants. The more developed lesions are generally whitish to gray or gray-greenish, of wet appearance, delimited by a brown, dark border.

Root cutters: The rice These are insects that belong to the same order as locusts. The main damage caused by these insects is cutting coutilier Gryllotalpa Although they are present in all ecosystems, crickets are the roots. africana more abundant in upland areas.

Termites (Microtermes Microterms are small termite species of the genus Damage to crop roots and stems sp), Microterms that are cream-coloured with a dark head.

Striga hermonthica Striga hermonthica is a species of annual herbaceous Decrease in yield parasitic plants belonging to the genus Striga of the family Scrophulariaceae, native to tropical regions. Transmissible Sorghum with seeds, control

Bare coal Infected plants are generally shorter, with thinner stems and The disease is mainly transmitted by semen. But (Sphacelothera cruenta) tend to taller in abundance. Infected inflorescences appear there is also direct infection of panicles by airborne earlier and are looser than healthy ones. Sori are 3 to 20 mm spores. This leads to yield reductions. long (sometimes up to 25 mm) and have a long, pointed,

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases often arched, hard, black axis which extends almost the entire length of the sore.

defoliating caterpillars They may belong to different families such as budworms or Leaf loss especially on seedlings but also on older (Mythimna lorei), looper moths, and the desolate caterpillars are butterfly plants. larvae.

Panicle bug Adults and larvae with a yellow/redish coloring are They are caused not only by the bites of adults and (Eurystylus marginatus) observed on red panicles, while on white panicles they are larvae, but also by the insertion of eggs into the yellow/greenish populations. grains. The bites occurring during food intake leave reddish or brownish spots on the attacked grains. They favor the infestation of these by pathogenic fungi. In the case of egg laying, the tissue around the egg implanted in the grain breaks down and gives a color varying from red to black stem borer (Sesamia Sesamia calamistis is a noctuid of the subfamily The larvae gnaw on the leaf sheath and the inside of calamistis), Amphipyrinae. All species of Sesamia have fairly complex the stem, which in extreme cases causes the stem to male genitalia. break.

Millet stem borer (Sesamia sp) Sesamia sp is a noctuid of the subfamily Amphipyrinae. All The larvae gnaw on the leaf sheath and inside the species of Sesamia have fairly complex male genitalia. stem, which in extreme cases causes the stem to break.

stem borer (Heliocheilus the univoltine lepidoptera lays its eggs on the apex of young This lepidopteran that grows on the millet fruiting albipunctella) millet spikes and the larvae destroy flower stalks and seeds body (spike) can cause grain yield losses of 60% in years of heavy outbreaks.

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Mildew or millet Mushroom belonging to the family Sclerosporaceae The attacks start on the young people. At the 3-4 leaf leprosy (Sclerospora stage the first signs of the disease can be seen. graminicola) Infected plants usually die without taller leaves.

Table 2: Some pests / diseases of vegetable crops and others

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Nematodes Worms, invisible to the naked eye, that penetrate the roots, Root nodules, poor plant development feed, grow and swell the roots.

Tomato

caterpillars Body covered with small hairs, they have a color varying Cut the floral bouquets, gnaw the leaves and pierce (tomato moths) from light green to black brown. the fruit.

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Tuta absoluta Tuta absoluta reproduces very quickly, its cycle lasts from 24 Spots on the leaves, Malformation of the plant Fruit to 38 days, depending on weather conditions. The minimum rot before or after harvest. activity temperature is 9 ° C. A female can lay up to 250-260 eggs during her lifetime. They are then deposited on the aerial part of the plants. The eggs then turn into caterpillars, which dig galleries in the leaves, stems and fruits.

Bronzed acariasis Acarians invisible to the naked eye. Leaves with plaques, tanned or shiny, isolated then (Aculops lycopersici) confluent, turn yellow then take on a brown, silver or tanned color, they dry out and then fall off.

Alternariose Symptoms appear as rounded brown spots on old leaves. - Brown spots on fruit (Alternaria solani) - Brown spots on the leaves - Rot of the collar in the nursery Bird damage Pest birds Destroy fruit

Sunburn Effect of heat Depressed whitish spots on fruit

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Nematodes Worms, invisible to the naked eye, which penetrate into the - Reduced plant growth Ditylenchus destructor roots, feed, grow and cause the roots to swell. - Complete deformation of the root - Wales on secondary roots

Carrot Alternariose Symptoms appear as brown, rounded spots on old leaves. - black lesion on the leaves Small brownish spots, haloed with yellow, appear on the - yellowing and browning of leaves Alternaria dauci edge of the old leaves of carrot plants. - leaflet drying

Caterpillars (cutworm, Black head, gray to light brown color with brownish - They devour the leaves ringworm, cabbage longitudinal lines. - They devour the hearts of the seedlings borer) - They're digging tunnels in the apples Cabbage - Agrotis ipsilon - Plutella xylostella - Helula undalis

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Mildiou (desease) The first symptoms are characterized by speckled leaves. - Small irregular spots on the leaves; Peromospora parasitica f. - Yellowing and drying of the leaves. sp. Brassicae

Alternaria (fungus) The first symptoms are characterized by rounded, brown Large brown spots on the leaves. and concentric spots that appear on the leaves.

Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Small winged brown insects or even smaller, yellowish, - The plant does not grow well wingless larvae. - The tips of the leaves dry out - The leaves curl up

Caterpillars They are first light green then become gray brown, crossed Gnaw and bore holes in the foliage with lateral yellow lines and dorsal as the case may be. Spodoptera, latifascia

White Bulb Rot Pathogen complex on bulbs in conservation Whitish filaments develop in the rot. Sclerotium cepivorum

Potato La Courtilière The adult brown insect with lighter elytra reaches 25 to 30 It pierces the tubers Gryllotalpa africana mm long, its forelegs are broad and powerful.

Acariens Very small red spiders found on the underside of the leaves. The leaflets harden, straighten, curl up and fall

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Caterpillars (grey Black head, gray to light brown color with brownish - They eat away at the foliage worms) longitudinal lines. - They cut the stems Agrotis ipsilon

Brown collar rot Disease caused by a soil fungus. Appearance at the neck of brown necroses, elongated (mildiou) Phytophtora dry especially after the hilling. infestans

Pepper The White (l’oidium) Powdery whitish spots on the leaves. The leaves turn brown and dry out

Caterpillars It measures 20 to 25 mm. The green dorsal side is separated Occasional leaf damage from the rest of the body of a lighter green by a thin whitish line.

Watermelo Nematodes Worms, invisible to the naked eye, which penetrate the roots, - poor plant development n feed, grow and swell the roots. - nodosity of the roots

Thrips Biting and sucking insects that attack the buds Distortion of terminal buds and inhibition of their growth

Name of pests / Crops Description Damage diseases Fruit fly The female fly lays eggs under the epidermis of very young Gnaws at the fruit by digging galleries in the fruit Dacus spp fruits, as soon as they hatch, the maggots devour the inside of the fruits.

3.3. Main pesticides used in the project localities In the different localities of the project, several methods are used to fight against the main pests mentioned above. According to the different actors met during the field mission (technical services and local communities), chemical control is the most used against pests. Indeed, it is considered more effective and above all gives immediate results. The main products used in the context of this chemical control are presented in Table 5 below.

Table 3: List of main products commonly used

Commercial Active ingredient(s) Dosage Area of use Specialty

ACTELLIC 50 Pyrimiphos-methyl 1L/ha Insecticide ( Premises EC treatment)

CAPT 88 EC Cypermethrin and Acetamiprid 0,250 L /ha Insecticide/Acaricide

CYPERCAL 50 Cypermethrin 0, 30 L /ha Insecticide EC

DECIS 25 EC Deltamethrin 0,5 /ha Insecticide

DECIS 12 UL Deltamethrin 1/ ha Insecticide

DECIS 17,5 UL Deltamethrin 1 L/ ha Insecticide

DETIA GAS Aluminium Phosphide 4 Tablets/Tonne Insecticide EX-B

DIMETHOATE Dimethoate 1/L/ha Insecticide 40 EC

DURSBAN 5 Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 10kg /ha Insecticide DP

DURSBAN 5 G Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 10 kg /ha Insecticide

DURSBAN 450 Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 0,5 – 1 L / ha Insecticide UL

DURSBAN 240 Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 1L/ ha Insecticide UL

FENICAL 400 Fenitrothion 1L /ha Locusts and UL grasshoppers

FYFANON 925 Malathion 0,25 – 0,5 L /ha Locusts and UL grasshoppers

GREEN Metarhizium 1L /ha Locusts and MUSCLE grasshoppers

Commercial Active ingredient(s) Dosage Area of use Specialty

KARATE 2,5 Lamdacyhalothrin 50 g m.a /ha Insecticide WG

KARATE 0,8 Lamdacyhalothrin 2,5 L/ha Insecticide UL

KARATE 2 UL Lamdacyhalothrin 1 L/ ha Insecticide

PYRICAL 240 Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 1 L /ha Acridiens UL

PYRICAL 480 Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 1 L /ha Acridiens UL

RELDAN 40EC Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 0,5 L/ha Insecticide

TITAN 25 EC Acetamiprid 1 L /ha Insecticide

APRON STAR Thiametoxam and 25g /10kg Fungicide / 42 WS Difenoconazale Insecticide

CALTHIO 50 Thiram and Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 25 g /10kg Fungicide / WS Insecticide

(Source : DGPV, 2016) It appears that in public health, several pesticides, and even the most dangerous are used in vector control. Public health and sanitation services currently use alternatives to organochlorines, which are generally pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, lambdachyalothrin, etc.). Given the porosity of the borders, it is very difficult to assess the quantity of pesticide used annually in the country. 3.4. Current pesticide management Niger has no infrastructure for the production or synthesis of active ingredients in pesticides and therefore imports these chemical pesticides to meet its pest management needs. The safety measures recommended by international organizations, in particular WHO and FAO, are not applied by pesticide users.. We generally note the ignorance or neglect of the undesirable effects of pesticides, the absence of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), ignorance of the pathways for toxins to enter the body, poor hygiene, l use of empty packaging in the food chain and not taking into account the influence of weather conditions during treatments.

The rational use of synthetic chemical pesticides requires knowledge of their circuit and their traceability. 3.1.1. Import and marketing of pesticides Following the example of CILSS member countries, the importation of pesticides into Niger is regulated by the Ministry in charge of Agriculture through its competent

45 services, notably the General Directorate for Plant Protection (DGPV). This Ministry issues to operators, an approval for the import and sale of pesticides and phytosanitary equipment. Niger obtains more pesticides from Nigeria. However, there are also other fraudulent channels for importing pesticides into the country. This is mainly due to the porous borders, the inadequacy of phytosanitary control posts and the absence of a phytosanitary police force.

The control of the import and distribution of authorized phytosanitary products requires strict application of the legal texts. The improvement of the circuit of importation and marketing of pesticides must be done through the sensitization and training of authorized distributors on all the dangers related to the handling of illegal pesticides, their harmful effects on human health, animal health and the environment. In addition, the updated list of authorised pesticides (see Annex) must be widely disseminated to importers, distributors and users of pesticides.

3.1.2. Pesticide supply circuits The distribution and marketing of pesticides is officially ensured by traders with an authorization issued by the Ministry in charge of Agriculture. Products intended for the fight against enemies of arable crops are acquired through the DGPV and other state structures following national tenders. These state-acquired products are mostly insecticides and avicides used to control insects and grain-eating birds, respectively. However, the informal circuit, fueled by illicit products from questionable sources, constitutes the essential source of supply for small private producers and sometimes large agricultural cooperatives. Most of these distributors use this circuit to stock up on pesticides, sometimes for lack of supervision or for pecuniary reasons.

To remedy this situation, the intervention sites of this project must be equipped with advisers in this area. In addition, awareness and training on all the dangers linked to the handling of pesticides of all the actors (producers, approved distributors, local elected representatives) involved in the handling of pesticides, must be intense. Finally, the list of authorized pesticides as well as the formal sources of supply must be widely disseminated 3.1.3. Storage infrastructure Two (2) standard stores exist for for the entire Niger, one (1) in Niamey, and the other in Tahoua. The regions of Diffa, Maradi, Agadez and Zinder do not have any standardized stores because those that do exist are located in the city center in the premises of the technical directorates of agriculture. The old pesticide storage warehouses in the regions of Dosso, Tillabéry and Tahoua are used to store empty containers of non-decontaminated pesticides, which indicates the persistence of the risks of pollution of the living environment of the agents and inhabitants in the vicinity of the said premises. As for the regions of Diffa, Maradi, Agadez and Zinder, empty containers, pesticides and other agricultural equipment are housed in the same compounds as agricultural agents and have been for several decades.

In the departments and communes, no standard pesticide storage facilities have yet been built. At the level of cooperatives, very few of them have special warehouses for pesticides. These are most often stored along with rice and fertilizers, in stores that also serve as offices for storekeepers and perimeter managers. In the best case, the Perimeter Manager has his office adjacent to the store. Few approved distributors have special stores for storing pesticides, even though this is one of the criteria for approval. Where such stores exist, the products are in the same premises as seeds, fertilizers and other agricultural equipment.

Storage conditions are even more deficient in the case of non-approved traders. For the latter, storage is mixed with food products. Stores selling pesticides are located in the markets of large urban centres, causing inconvenience (pesticide smells) and the risk of contamination of neighbours.

At the level of individual producers, the products are stored, before and after use, in rooms used as living quarters or in attics. The construction of standardised stores in the regions, departments and urban districts where the project is to be implemented is necessary to improve pesticide management.

3.1.4. Transport Transport is carried out from the central stores of the DGPV to the regional stores or the airstrips in the event of aerial treatments. Currently, only the CNLA and the DGPV have trucks exclusively assigned to this task and the drivers and laborers are trained for this purpose. In other cases, pesticides are conveyed in transport vehicles sometimes associated with food and even humans and animals. No rule of good conduct in the transport of dangerous goods is observed. 3.1.5. Empty packaging management The packaging of the products supplied by the DGPV and the CNLA are subject, after each campaign, to a recovery and repatriation operation in Niamey, in application of letters N ° 1486 / MDA / SG / DPV of 27-10- 04 and 0659 / MDA / SG / DPV of 6-06-05. Since that date, an empty packaging management system (storage, collection, transport, rinsing and compacting) has been implemented. All empty packaging is centralized in Sorey. The last inventory of empty pesticide packaging carried out in 2013 reported 9,785 tonnes of empty packaging mainly stored in containers or in the open air at the DGPV central store in Sorey (Niamey).

According to FAO guidelines, 200-liter drums should be rinsed and compacted using a drum press. However, some structures incinerate paper packaging. The plastic drums are reused for domestic purposes (petroleum, drinking water, etc.) and the metal drums used in residential construction.

The actions of collection and centralization of all empty containers will be registered within the framework of this PGIPP, which will reduce the risks of contamination

47 resulting from their reuse and the dumping of product funds in surface water and on the ground. 3.1.6. Obsolete inventory management Niger is one of the countries to implement one of the recommendations from the January 1990 meeting. It stipulates that: "countries with obsolete stocks must do everything to make manufacturing countries accept the destruction of stocks obsolete generated by their product ”. This action was possible thanks to the support of USAID, which ensured the delivery of these obsolete products to the parent company.

For several decades, obsolete products of various origins and formulations have only piled up in the central store of the DGPV and in the regions. The last inventory carried out in 2013 by the DPGV identified 149,285 tonnes of obsolete products. In addition, there are 13, 135 tonnes of materials, 4,469 tonnes of equipment, and 36,120 tonnes of soil contaminated by pesticides. All regions have obsolete stocks, more than 76% of these products are in the central store of the DGPV.

The collection and centralization of all obsolete stocks must be carried out as part of this project, which will reduce the risks to human health and the environment. 3.5. Summary of the analysis of current pest and pesticide management practices The analysis of current pest and pesticide management practices has revealed shortcomings during the various stages of this process. These are mainly: the inadequacy of the control system; the presence of unauthorized and expired products on the market; the concentration of active ingredient, sometimes not specified; lack of training, information and awareness of good practices; insufficient standard stores; the presence of pesticide sales shops in the markets of large urban centers; empty containers found in stores of decentralized agricultural services; non-compliance with the instructions of the ministry in charge of agriculture for the return of small containers of pesticides. 3.6. Analysis of the environmental and social impacts and risks of current pesticide management 3.6.1. Environmental impacts and risks The various shortcomings listed above in the current pesticide management process in the project area constitute sources of major impacts and risks for the biophysical and human environment. Thus, for the biophysical environment, it is generally a question of air pollution especially in periods of high heat; chemical pollution of water that would occur following the drainage of water enriched with pesticides; contamination of soil and cultivated products. The burial of empty packaging, proven by some of the cooperatives visited, is an amplifying factor in the rate of pollution of groundwater. Their incineration is a major source of pollution of all

48 components of the environment (air, water, soil) and a risk to human and animal health. Appropriate measures must be taken to reinforce controls at the borders and irrigated areas for updating the list of products approved within the CILSS area and the repression of unauthorized products fraudulently introduced. The interrelation between these pollution problems and human and animal health is clearly established. To prevent this situation and help achieve clean productivity targets, developing a pest management and pesticide management plan is essential. For the IPPMP, it is a question of reconciling development objectives with those of rational environmental and social management 3.6.2. Impacts and Risks on Socio-economic Aspects The various uses of pesticides can have a negative impact on agriculture (reduced production due to bee mortality and natural enemies of pests), livestock (pesticide residues in livestock products, abortion) and fisheries (high fish mortality). Wildlife and domestic animals are also affected by pesticides in the context of pest control. One significant negative effect on these components is poisoning, which can cause abortion for pregnant females or death. Indeed, most pesticides used in pest management can affect not only the pests for which they are applied but also "non- target wildlife" due in particular to the non-selectivity of certain pesticides. The main mechanisms of poisoning in the latter may be : (i) exposure during application, especially if it is carried out during windy periods, which would favour the spread of the product in the environment, even beyond the treated area or site; (ii) consumption by animals of recently treated pastures and the use of empty containers for watering.

Non-target wildlife, which perform fundamental ecological functions, may be negatively impacted throughout the food chain by bioaccumulation and biomagnification as a result of treatments that do not comply with good pesticide application practices.

The main negative impacts related to the use of pesticides are presented in Table 6 below.

Table 4 : Negative impacts of uncontrolled pesticide use

Component Nature of impact soils - Soil acidification; - Acceleration of the phenomenon of degradation of physicochemical properties. Surface water - Contamination of surface water by runoff or by wind action; - Water pollution (contamination); - Modification of pH Underground - Contamination ;

49 waters - Modification of pH biodiversity - Pest chemoresistance; - Wildlife poisoning; - Poisoning and mortality; - Reduction of staff and / or biomass; - Disappearance of species or groups of species; - Disruption of the ecological balance; - Loss of useful cash. Human health - Acute intoxications o headache, dizziness, nausea, chest pain, vomiting; o skin rash, muscle pain, sweating, excessive sweating, cramps; o diarrhea and breathing difficulties, death; - Chronic intoxication: o Decreased cholinesterase; o Effects on the nervous system (neurotoxins); o Effects on the liver; o Effects on the stomach; o Lowered immune system; o Disturbance of hormonal balance (brain, thyroid, parathyroid, kidneys, adrenal, testes and ovaries); o Risk of abortion (embryotoxins); o Mortality at birth (fetotoxins); o Sterility in humans (spermato toxins). Air - Impairment of ambient air quality ; - Odour nuisance

3.6.3. Exposed or vulnerable populations Plant protection agents and populations (producers and local residents) are the most exposed. Indeed, field agents (phytosanitary agents) involved in treatment operations are the most directly exposed. In addition to them are drivers and individuals in the food chain.

Producers who carry out the treatments themselves are exposed to the harmful effects of pesticides during and after the treatment operations. The lack of application of hygiene measures and good practices related to the use of pesticides (use of PPE) exposes them dangerously to the negative effects of pesticides. In addition, these empty containers are used to serve meals, drinks, to preserve food, etc., which increases the risk of contamination of the population.

The groups most vulnerable to the adverse effects of pesticide use are:

 Children: Because their immune systems are not fully developed, children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticide exposure. They are exposed through breastfeeding if their mothers have been poisoned by pesticides.  Women: Among women, several physiological, socio-cultural and economic factors are at the root of their vulnerability. These include : - Women's skin absorbs pesticides more easily than men's;

- the abundance of fat in women promotes longer retention of pesticides than in men. - Estrogen (present only in women) increases the effects of pesticides on the nervous system; - some harvesting and storage activities are the responsibility of women.  Elderly people: they represent a fragile layer due to their advanced age leading to a decrease in their body's ability to defend itself against various external attacks (microbes, viruses, dangerous products, etc.). 3.7. Summary of risks associated with current pesticide use practices The main risks associated with the handling, transport, storage and use of pesticides relate to the contamination of components of the biophysical environment and human aspects. The use of pesticides affects the health of populations and domestic animals. As for the biophysical environment, the main components affected are soils, water resources (surface and ground water) and wildlife. The main risks associated with pesticide use are summarized in Table 7 below.

Table 5: Summary of risks associated with the acquisition and handling of pesticides and other potentially toxic inputs by the project

Risks Activities Human Environment Biophysical environment - Passenger contamination - Use of public Accidental spills and contamination of soil - Inhalation of product vapours ; Transport transportation vehicles and groundwater resources through - Inhalation of contaminated dust; for people and goods ; leaching in the event of a traffic accident - Skin burns from contact. - Non-compliance with (In the event of an uncontrolled spill or national regulations and - Odour nuisances; leak) FAO standards on - Contact with the skin during - Soil contamination Stockage pesticide storage and/or handling; - Surface Water Contamination obsolete stocks ; - Bioaccumulation of pesticides. - Impairment of ambient air quality. - Lack of training of pesticide traders. - Insufficient training and awareness-raising - Contamination of water sources by Distribution activities for authorised - Inhalation of vapors; washing containers; Manutention distributors ; - Dermal contact by splash during - Accidental spills and contamination of manipulation - Lack of supervision of preparation soil and groundwater resources phytosanitary agents and producers. - Failure of the empty - Health concerns related to the packaging management ingestion of pesticide residues system (storage, when reusing empty containers Packaging - Spill of product funds on soils; collection, transport, (plastic cans and metal drums) management - Groundwater contamination rinsing and compaction) ; that have not been properly - Lack of appropriate cleaned; equipment for the - Dermal and respiratory

Risks Activities Human Environment Biophysical environment disposal of empty conditions packaging. - Chronic intoxication of personnel in the distribution chain Low level of public awareness of the - Acute poisoning of fish and other health risks associated with handling crustaceans Information and awareness pesticides - Pollution of points (wells) and water Container washing system failure bodies (ponds). - Water contamination by runoff or by wind action; - Absence of phytosanitary Presence on the market of non- police approved products and of approved - Failure of the control but obsolete products Control More acute toxic effects in the food chain systems set up by the Ministry in charge of Agriculture

CHAPTER IV : INTEGRATED PEST AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT APPROACH UNDER THE PROJECT

4.1. Alternative control methods Several methods of pest control are known in the different project locations, but are not really supported and promoted. These are alternative pest management methods, including: biological control, trapping, mechanical control, cultural control, the use of bio-pesticides, etc.…. 4.1.1. Biological control Biological control is a method of controlling pests using living antagonistic organisms, called biological control agents. This method is preventive, inexpensive and protects the environment and human health.

Biological control agents (BCAs) include : (i) predatory insects and mites that eat their prey; (ii) parasitoids, which are insects with an unattached adult stage and a larval stage that parasitizes another insect; and (iii) microbial parasites and pathogens, such as nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses and protozoa that cause fatal infections.

Non-target" species are not affected by the application of this method, hence the need to promote it in areas with recurrent infestations such as grasshoppers.

In the localities concerned by the project, the biological control method is known and will be reinforced and promoted within the framework of this project. By way of example, Green Muscle and Habrobracon hebetor are examples of biological control agents that have been successfully used in Niger. Indeed, Green Muscle is an enthomopathogenic fungus specific to locusts that sporulates in the body of the infected insect and becomes a source of contamination for other congeners. Against the earworm, the use of Habrobracon hebetor has been satisfactory in the southern band of Niger with high millet production. Ants are often among the most important predators of the larvae and pulp of the armyworm (see Perfecto (1980). Trapping

This method of control consists of reducing the population of males or females by using pheromone traps mixed with insecticides. Attracted males are killed once in contact with the lure. This type of trap is used against citrus fruit flies and a new pest of tomato Tuta absoluta (photo 1 opposite).

Figure 2: Pheromone trap for catching Tuta absoluta tomato pest males

Le model of traps

55 commonly used for S. frugiperda is that of funnel or bucket (Unitrap, universal trap).

Figure 3: Funnel or bucket (universal trap)

The trap must be suspended from a post or branch, placed at the edge of the field always above the height of the plants at 30 cm. The trap should be set up regularly according to the growth of the plants. One trap should be placed every 0.5 to 2 ha. 4.1.2. Mechanical control The method consists of regularly monitoring maize fields, at least twice a week, to locate eggs and young caterpillars on the plants, collect them and crush them manually.

This method is easy to apply on small farmer plots and has the merit of preserving the natural pests of Spodoptera frugiperda. This option is the most economically and ecologically viable but can only be effective on small farms. 4.1.3. Cultural or agronomic control Several methods of cultural control are identified in the project area. It’s mainly about :

- crop rotation in order to break the pest development cycle; - the association of main crops with plants or crops that are aromatic or have repellency; - the use of resistant varieties;

- the application of a balanced fertilization: as far as possible use 5 tonnes of organic manure per hectare. For mineral fertilization, use 130 kg of DAP, 50 kg of KCl and 37 kg of urea (18.5 kg applied on the first weeding and 18.5 kg on the second weeding); - make group planting in space as much as possible; - Push-pull device (box 1 below); - crop maintenance…

Two examples illustrate the practice of cultural control in Niger; these are: (i) observance of the cultural calendar, in particular the synchronization of transplanting dates, used against grain-eating birds; (ii) Against yellow variegation and bacterial wilt the following techniques are used: cleanliness of canals and dikes; uprooting and burning of diseased plants; drying of the rice plots, application of the ash and reduction of the urea dose; avoid excess nitrogen fertilization; use of resistant varieties (millet, rice). Push-pull feature The feature of this innovation called "push-pull" is an intercropping association of maize with Desmodium spp. Pennisetum purpureum (or Bracharia) which is a trap plant attractive to female moths and installed at the edge of the maize field. The principle is that maize and Pennisetum purpureum attract female moths that come to lay their eggs on these plants while Desmodium spp. repel the moths. This legume is planted between the rows of the maize plants and drives the female Spodoptera frugiperda towards the Pennisetum on which these female moths lay their eggs at the base of the stem on the sheaths with prickly hairs. When hatching, the larvae move over the sheaths and are stung by the hairs and also get stuck in the sticky substance of the sheath. These caterpillars are thus eliminated by the Pennisetum. This cultivation practice has already given encouraging results in Kenya and South Africa. Desmodium intercropped with maize has fertilising, anti- erosion and fodder properties. There should be a distance of 1m between the edge of the maize field and the first row of Pennisetum. At least 3 rows of Pennisetum are required. The distance between the Pennisetum rows is 75 cm and 50 cm in the row. This forage plant normally has prickly hairs at the base of the sheaths and a sticky substance. The spacing between a Desmodium line and the corn line is 40 cm. Note that it is always the Desmodium line that starts and follows the corn line. after the corn, and so on. The maize spacings are those that are popularized in Burundi, 80 cm between the lines and 50 cm in the line. The field size is 50 m x 50 m maximum and 10 m x 10 m minimum. Pennisetum and Desmodium should be installed two weeks before installing the maize.

4.1.4. Use of organic pesticides This method is popularized in Togo by ITRA particularly in the use of extracts of the leaves of the "neem" or Azadirachta indica on vegetable crops. Extracts of Lannea microcarpa, red pepper, cow dung are also used. Other promising tests have also been carried out using papaya leaf extracts. Essential oils from aromatic plants of the

57 local flora and their constituents as well as "neem" seed oil have lethal and sub-lethal actions against arthropods. Some producers in the localities concerned by the project in Niger have started to use biopesticides or biocidal plant extracts to control pests. Information on the use of biopesticides is not yet sufficiently documented. 4.2. Integrated approach to pest and pesticide management in the project area Integrated pest management is the rational application of a combination of biological, biotechnological, chemical, physical (mechanical), cultural measures, in which the use of plant protection products is limited to what is strictly necessary to maintain the presence of harmful organisms below the threshold at which economically unacceptable damage or loss occurs. As an example for the armyworm, the threshold for economic harm is 20% of plants attacked before flowering and 40% of plants attacked after flowering.

In order to be effective, a preventive approach which takes into account the entire development cycle of the pest, the stages on which it will be possible to act and to identify the available means of management making it possible to delay or slow down these dynamics. In the context of this project, a community surveillance and early warning system will be put in place. In fact, community-based surveillance to ensure early warning consists in the permanent search for pests by farmers in their AHAs. It is a process that allows us to be vigilant in order to detect any presence of eggs and young caterpillars (first and second larval stages). It is therefore important to closely monitor the phytosanitary state of hydroagricultural developments, at least two visits per week.

The assessment of current pest and pesticide management practices in the project area made it possible to assess the environmental and social risks associated with the management of empty packaging and obsolete stocks. Under these conditions, promoting integrated pest management, which is a method calling on several means of control at the same time in order to restrict or even cancel the use of synthetic chemical pesticides, is therefore the only alternative to pest management in the area. of the project. A careful combination of cultural and biological means of control; mechanics and the use of bio pesticides can provide a satisfactory level of repression without the need to use pesticides. In the case of certain pests such as nematodes and diseases such as bacterial wilt, this will even be the only possible approach, either because chemical control is too dangerous or expensive to implement, or because there is not everything simply no pesticides capable of repressing these pests.

As part of this project, primary emphasis will be given to the integrated pest management method. This approach, while being based on the experiences and the capacities of the various structures concerned, will make it possible to set up in a participative way integrated actions to fight against pests

4.3. Priority problems identified in integrated pest and pesticide management According to the analysis made on the management of pests and pesticides in the country, it emerges from the constraints which are summarized below. Insufficient application of good practices in pesticide management

- Failure of the information system on the texts governing the use of pesticides ; - Inexistence/inadequacy of product storage infrastructures in localities ; - Weaknesses in the careful use of pesticides; - Inadequate collection and safe disposal of empty packaging and obsolete stocks of pesticides. Insufficient means in the promotion of alternative (non-chemical) pest management

- Slow experimentation with alternative control methods to pesticides; - Few people trained in integrated pest and production management; - Non-implementation of alternative methods of pest control. Weak capacity for intervention, control and monitoring of actors

- Insufficient and/or no plant protection personnel (agents) at the village level ; - Insufficient material means of intervention of plant protection agents; - Insufficient coordination in the interventions of the actors; - Lack of training and sensitization of pesticide users; - Lack of information for traders on the administrative procedures for sales. - Lack of information and awareness-raising activities for the population on pesticide-related poisoning; - Insufficient training for health personnel on the management of pesticide- related poisoning cases; - Insufficient and/or lack of appropriate protective equipment; - Lack of specific arrangements for the care of people poisoned by pesticides. Failure of the control, analysis and environmental and social monitoring system

- Inadequate control of products in circulation and pesticide vendors ; - Lack of control over the quantity and quality of pesticides used; - Lack of analysis of pesticide residues in soil and water; - Lack of environmental monitoring; - Insufficient implementation of the health monitoring plan for applicators and producers.

CHAPTER V: ACTION PLAN FOR THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND PESTICIDES

The objective of this action plan is to stimulate a process and make a contribution to the national pest control and pesticide management effort, through simple, realistic and relevant measures, mainly in the intervention area of the project. It does not have the ambition to resolve all the problems linked to the management of pests and pesticides in Niger. The Integrated Pest and Pesticides Management action plan includes: (i) intervention principles; (ii) strengthening the legislative framework for pesticide management; (iii) the establishment of an institutional framework adapted to the management of the project's PGIPP; (iv) capacity building for stakeholders through training / awareness-raising; (v) the applicable technical measures; (vi) promoting the use of alternative control strategies; (vii) good practices to adopt during the pesticide management cycle; (viii) the measures to be taken in the event of intoxication; and (ix) monitoring and evaluation plan 5.1. Principles of intervention The management of pests and pesticides in the context of this project is based on the fundamental principles contained in Law 98-56 of December 26, 1998 on the Framework Law on Environmental Management, which governs environmental management in Niger. It is :

. prevention, according to this principle it is important to anticipate and prevent damage to the biophysical and human environments at the source;

. precaution: the absence of scientific and technical certainty should not prevent the adoption of effective and appropriate measures aimed at preventing serious damage to the biophysical and human environments;

. participation: each citizen has the duty to ensure the protection of the environment and to contribute to its improvement. To this end, public authorities are required on the one hand to facilitate access to information relating to the environment, on the other hand to act in concert with the groups and populations concerned;

. the responsibility, according to which, any person who, by his action creates conditions likely to harm human health and the environment, is required to take the appropriate measures to stop the damage caused;

. promotion of integrated pest management in extension / producer information systems;

. synergy of intervention and intersectoral cooperation;

. capacity building for stakeholders on pesticide management;

. the strict use of products approved by CILSS

As for integrated pest management, the 16 internationally recognized basic principles will be applied. It's about :

. Principle 1: Obtaining and growing quality plant material;

. Principle 2 : Choose fertile soils and places suitable for planting;

. Principle 3: Adopt good nursery practices;

. Principle 4: Adopt appropriate planting arrangements;

. Principle 6: Practice crop rotation;

. Principle 7: Adopt good soil conservation practices;

. Principle 8: Adopt proper water management practices;

. Principle 9: Regular weeding;

. Principle 10: Inspect fields regularly;

. Principle 11: Keep fields perfectly clean;

. Principle 12: Control pests and diseases effectively;

. Principle 13: Promote the increase of natural enemy (auxiliary) populations;

. Principle 14: Minimize the application of chemical pesticides;

. Principle 15: Adopt good harvesting practices;

. Principle 16: Adopt clean and good quality storage facilities.

5.2. Action plan In view of all the above, it is compulsory to set up efficient pest control mechanisms and rational use of pesticides and, above all, to promote alternative control methods and integrated management. It is within this framework that this action plan has been drawn up, the main thrusts of which are as follows:

- the promotion and development of alternative control methods to chemical control;

- the promotion of good pesticide management practices;

- capacity building (training, awareness-raising, institutional support);

- control and monitoring and evaluation.

This IFMP does not promote synthetic chemical pesticides but rather integrated approaches to pest and pesticide management. 5.2.1. Promotion and development of non-chemical methods of pest control Several alternative control methods are used on a small scale by individual producers. These are essentially the aqueous extracts mixed with soap, petroleum, diesel and oil against several pests, especially in nurseries and in market gardening. Wood ash is commonly used against cryptogamic diseases and against cowpea pests.

Thus, applied research actions must be continued by plant protection services, in collaboration with sub-regional research and advisory support institutes (AGRHYMET, ICRISAT, ...) and universities, to specify the dosages appropriate and best methods of application. This will avoid any risk of phytotoxicity, as has been observed with the application of tobacco juice. The activities to be carried out are among others :

 identification of the best non-chemical control methods and their improvements;  dissemination of proven control methods. The non-chemical control methods to be promoted within the framework of this project are biological control, Integrated Pest and Production Management (IPPM) described below.  Biological control

Some millet growing regions (Tillabéry and Dosso) are experiencing, during certain cropping seasons, serious infestations of the millet earworm Heliocheilus albipunctella. Because of the biology of this pest, chemical control is ineffective. The plant protection services in partnership with research institutes (INRAN), have developed a biological control method which consists in using the natural enemy of this pest, Habrobracon hebetor, to combat it. This activity has been supported by the GIMEM (Integrated Management of Millet Leafminer) project, funded by the CCRP (Collaborative Crop Research Program) of the Mcknight Foundation for a first phase. The programme intervened in three countries: Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger.

This project will support and promote these biological control methods beyond the case of the millet leaf miner.  Integrated Pest and Production Management (IPPM) The objective of GIPD is to reduce the use of chemical pesticides while intensifying production and sustainably increasing yields through improved farming practices. Its purpose is to help farmers and extension workers to become aware of the negative consequences that are caused by poorly adapted management methods, such as the use of highly toxic pesticides and the lack of balanced fertilization, and at the same time to present many alternative management methods, positive, feasible and both sustainable and profitable. Its use is timid throughout the country but very suitable by the producers bordering the Niger river.

To contribute to the reduction in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the project intervention area, the GIPD will be generalized through farmer field schools, hence reducing the risks of environmental pollution. Through the Farmer Field Schools (CEP), this concept emphasizes the practice of improved methods of production and methods of alternative control for pest control. The Farmer Field School is a structured group made up of 25 to 30 producers who meet regularly

63 during a growing season (cycle) in their own field (learning ground) in the presence of Researchers and extension workers, to learn how to solve problems relating to the management of their environment and their farms, following a program resulting from a diagnosis previously developed by themselves, with the support of a facilitator and using tools and methods of non-formal adult education. 5.2.2. Promotion of measures for good pesticide management practices This promotion will be done through compliance with phytosanitary regulations (in particular the FAO directives) on the use of pesticides, the improvement of transport and storage conditions, and on good management of empty containers and obsolete stocks.  Compliance with regulations

All pesticides introduced or produced in Niger must comply with the list of products authorized in the CILSS area and benefit from a provisional or final authorization for sale. activities :

 Disseminate the decree of application of the phytosanitary law;  Distribute regulatory texts;  Popularize the updated list of pesticides approved by the CSP.

 Improvement of transport conditions

The aim of this project is to improve the transport conditions for pesticides in the PV services of the localities concerned. At the level of the other actors, awareness-raising actions must be carried out, in particular for approved distributors, so that the transport of pesticides is carried out using specialized vehicles, failing this, avoiding associating pesticides with people or with other goods. The activities to be carried out are among others :

 Provide the regional directorates of agriculture of the regions concerned, with material and financial means in order to regularly maintain the car parks used for the transport of chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers);  Sensitize authorized distributors and producers on the conditions of transport of pesticides and fertilizers.

 Improvement of storage infrastructure Three regions have standardized stores (Dosso and Tillabéry: AfDB funding and Tahoua: World Bank funding). Under the PLUGP (World Bank), all the stores in the eight (8) regions have been upgraded to FAO pesticide storage standards. These stores are currently in the metropolitan area no longer meet international standards

64 for pesticide storage. The construction of standardized stores in the municipalities concerned could be covered in this project. activities :

 Build pesticide storage stores at FAO standards in the project localities;  Draw up an inventory of the phytosanitary warehouses of the cooperatives;  Build new warehouses for certain cooperatives;  Train warehouse managers in PV services, DPs and approved distributors on pesticide management.

 Careful use of pesticides Measures to reduce the use and efficient use of pesticides must be taken prior to any intervention. These include early detection of areas at risk of infestation, maintenance and proper calibration of treatment equipment. Egg surveys to detect areas with high concentrations of viable eggs of embryonic diapause locusts, preventive surveys to locate any threatening aggregations of gregarious locusts, maintenance of application equipment and materials and capacity building of applicators, and the use of biopesticides on young locust stages are necessary to reduce pesticide use.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of pesticides on water, wildlife and flora, it would be advisable to take the following measures:

 the rational and safe use of pesticides to minimize their discharge into water. Also, these waters must be analyzed periodically in order to monitor their quality;  Reducing the use of pesticides will also minimize contamination of aquatic fauna and flora. Thus, animal health could be better improved in the project area.

Measures to reduce and efficiently use pesticides must be taken prior to any intervention. It is about early detection of areas at risk of infestation, maintenance and proper calibration of treatment devices. Surveys of libraries to detect areas with high concentrations of viable eggs of locusts with embryonic diapause, preventive surveys to locate any threatening grouping of gregarious locusts, maintenance of application equipment and materials and capacity building of applicators and the use of bio pesticides on young stages of locusts are necessary to reduce the use of pesticides.

To mitigate the harmful effects of pesticides on water, fauna and flora, it would be wise to take the following measures.  Management of empty packaging

The latest empty packaging and obsolete product inventory report show the presence of empty pesticide packaging in all regions. The field mission found a large quantity of empty containers in the regional agricultural store in Tahoua. Support for the DGPV and the CNLA is necessary to enable them to collect and centralize empty containers of pesticides which constitute a source of environmental pollution. Activities :

 Identify empty packaging and centralize it at the DGPV;  Destroy plastic packaging in compliance with environmental standards;  Squeeze the metal containers.

 Management of obsolete stocks

The obsolete stocks identified throughout the country must be collected and centralized at the level of the central store of the DGPV which will continue the search for the appropriate ways and means with a view to their elimination, but also the decontamination of the stores which received them. activities :

 Repatriate all obsolete pesticides to the DGPV;  Look for a solution to eliminate obsolete stocks  Develop and implement a decontamination plan for stores with obsolete products. 5.2.3. Measures required to reduce the risks associated with pesticides The following measures are required to avoid and or reduce the risks associated with the use of pesticides:

- distribution of the updated list of pesticides registered by the CILSS to producers and POs in the municipalities concerned by this project;

- the extension and promotion of practices to reduce the use of pesticides (biological control and use of biopesticides);

- the establishment of a management system for obsolete stocks of pesticides;

- the establishment of a system for the collection, storage and disposal of obsolete chemicals;

- the development of a database on pesticide use;

- support and advice for producers in the acquisition of PPE;

- the development and implementation of health and safety measures in the workplace (awareness-raising on the wearing of PPE, first-aid kit, staff representatives, internal regulations, etc.);

- the implementation of incentives for the recovery of pesticide packaging;

- the promotion of the use of integrated pest and pesticide management alternatives is very decisive in the context of this project. In order to do so, this promotion of the use of alternative strategies must be achieved through the strengthening of learning mechanisms in the field, extension/advisory support and information;

- capacity building of project beneficiaries, with the aim of equipping them for the effective use of integrated pest management practices. The Integrated Pest and Pest Management approach is to be adopted in this project through the training of technicians from the plant protection services concerned. These technicians should in turn train producers at the project site level. 5.2.4. Reducing the risks associated with the transport, storage, handling and use of pesticides The following tables outline the practices that should be applied during the pesticide use cycle.

Table 6: Signs of intoxication and appropriate care of victims

Signs of intoxication Appropriate care Eye contamination (pain or - Flush with plenty of tap water;Consult a doctor if it irritation) gets worse. Skin irritation (tingling and - Wash the contaminated part with soapy water; burning sensations) - Apply a soothing cream; - Consult a doctor if this does not calm. Feeling tired, headache or - To rest ; dizziness - Do not start again before feeling completely rested; - Consult a doctor if this does not calm. Respiratory problems - Stay underthe shade; - Put under medical supervision.

Table 7: Adequate practices during the pesticide use cycle

Step Risks Good practices

Transport and - Contamination of people - Use of PPE; handling (inhalation of the product by - Use of appropriate mechanical devices to transport and unload products; steam, burns, ...); - Have a permit (authorization) for the transport of dangerous products, issued by the Ministry in - Contamination of water charge of the environment in collaboration with the other technical Ministries concerned. sources by washing containers; - Carry only chemicals (pesticides), not mix with food or animals. - Soil contamination following accidental spills

Storage - Odour nuisances; - Storage of the products in a room in conformity with FAO standards;

- Food contamination and - Storage of products in their original packaging; exposure to CMRs - Regular inspection of stored products to ensure their condition; - Contamination of soil and - Identifying and isolating products classified as CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic and Toxic for surface water due to Reproduction). accidental spillage during wind action ;

- alteration of ambient air quality.

Equipment - Soil contamination following - Regularly change the filters of the gas masks and wear the appropriate PPE; maintenance accidental spills; - Periodically check the rubber distribution pipes and the nozzles; - Risk of contamination if PPE - scrupulously respect the manufacturer's instructions during maintenance; is not worn (inhalation of the product by steam, burns, ...). - Use equipment adapted to the type of treatment;

- Use a non-return valve to avoid any siphoning of the tank;

Step Risks Good practices

- Revise the equipment before use to monitor for the presence of leaks.

Preparation of - Alteration of the ambient air - Wear suitable personal protective equipment; porridge quality; - Prepare the spray mixture on a sealed place provided for this purpose to avoid contamination of the - Odor nuisance for soil in the event of accidental spillage; manipulators; - Use only products that are labeled; - Soil contamination following - Monitor the filling to avoid any overflow and use devices avoiding any risk of accidental pollution accidental spills; (intermediate tank, non-return valve, flow meter…); - Dermal contact by splash - Calculate the volumes in advance and adjust the doses of products; during preparation. - Only reserve the tools used for this purpose (funnel, measuring jug, etc.);

- Rinse the cans 3 times then let them drain and dry.

Phytosanitary - Soil contamination following - Require phytosanitary agents to wear PPE (outfit, gloves, muffler, boots, helmets) and wash those and end-of- accidental spills; that can be reused at the end of the application and rinse the tank; application - Contamination of nearby - Organize awareness sessions on the risks to human and animal health of phytosanitary treatments; treatments surface water by runoff or by - Inform local residents beforehand of the day of application; wind actions; - Take into account the weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, high heat) before - Alteration of the ambient air phytosanitary treatments; quality; - Avoid as much as possible the drift phenomenon and choose the application nozzles well; - Odor nuisance for manipulators and local - Avoid phytosanitary treatments at the edge of watercourses and comply with regulations relating residents; to the protection of biodiversity and spreading doses;

- risks of intoxication of local - End the application by rinsing the tank; populations, manipulators and even animals (domestic - Provide advance nozzles and gloves and / or provide with a compressed air pump in the event of and fauna) by inhalation of

Step Risks Good practices

steam; blockage;

- destruction of certain - Organize training sessions on cleaning equipment at the end of application and on the risks linked elements of biodiversity, the to maintenance in order to avoid blowing or sucking in a nozzle; “non-target”; - Require agents to wear PPE when cleaning spray equipment and filters; - Risk of phytotoxicity - phytosanitary agents must take a shower at the end of the application and change their clothes;

- Treat cleaning water as hazardous waste

Packaging - Product Ingestion Related to - Prohibit the dumping of leftovers on the ground ; Management the Reuse of Empty - Rinse the canisters 3 times, then let them drain and dry; Containers (Plastic Cans and Metal Drums) ; - Never submerge or introduce empty packaging (plastic cans, metal drums, bags, boxes, containers, ...) in irrigation channels, rivers or lagoons to wash them; - Spillage of product bottoms on the ground; - Do not burn or bury empty packaging;

- Groundwater contamination - Collect all empty packagings in special bags before their transport by the plant protection services; from the burial of empty packaging; - Set up an operational system for the management of empty packaging (storage, collection, transport, rinsing and compacting); - Chronic intoxication of personnel and local - Organize periodic training and awareness-raising sessions for plant protection agents and residents. producers on the management and harmful effects of empty pesticide packaging.

5.2.5. Actors’ capacity building Improvement and capacity building of actors at all levels (National Pesticide Management Committee; technical services, support and advisory agents, producers, authorized distributors and civil society) are necessary for the promotion of good pesticide management practices and non-chemical control methods. Within the framework of this project, in order to cover the largest number of stakeholders in the handling of pesticides, awareness sessions, training sessions will be included in the project.  Revitalization of the National Pesticide Management Committee (NPMC)

For better coordination of pesticide management, the NPMC should be revitalized, supported and strengthened in its role as a steering, coordination, monitoring and multisectoral consultation structure to guide the process. Thus, in preparation for the implementation of this IPPMP, a preparation and sharing workshop will be organized and will serve as a launching pad for the NCMP.  Strengthening the intervention capacities of institutional actors and producers It will be a question of equipping the players with the means of prospecting and intervention in the event of infestations, but also with personal protective equipment.

Activities :

 Provide the plant protection services and the CNLA with logistical means (motorcycles) for the early detection of pests ;  Equip the manipulators (Heads of Agricultural Districts, plant health brigadiers and producers) with spraying equipment and protection kits and personal protective equipment.

 Training of actors involved in the management of pests and pesticides To guarantee the effective integration of environmental concerns in the implementation of the project, it is suggested to implement a capacity building program (training and awareness) for all stakeholders which should be articulated around the following axes : operationalize the pesticide management strategy; foster the emergence of expertise and professionals in pesticide management; raising the level of user responsibility in the management of pesticides; protect the health and safety of populations and applicators.

The training should be targeted and adapted to the target groups: Member of the NPMC; Staff of the DGPV, the DGA, the CNLA, the Department of Public Hygiene, the DGE / DD, the services of the targeted communes and producer organizations; distributors / sellers, etc. The training should allow (i) to acquire the necessary knowledge on the content and prevention methods, (ii) to be able to assess their working environment in order to improve it by reducing risk factors, ( iii) adopt the

71 precautionary measures likely to reduce the risk of poisoning, (iv) promote the use of protective equipment and correctly apply the procedures to be followed in the event of accidents or intoxication. The training must also concern community workers and other local people (phytosanitary crossing guards) active in phytosanitary control. activities:

 Train producers on spraying techniques;  Train plant protection officers on pest surveillance, spraying techniques, measures to protect people and the environment;  Train the handlers (phytosanitary crossing guards, storekeepers) on the safe management of pesticides;  Train the applicators on all the parameters allowing an efficient and risk- free spreading of pesticides;  Train health personnel on the management of intoxication cases.

The training modules will cover risks related to the handling of pesticides, ecological management methods (collection, disposal, storage, transport, treatment), appropriate behaviour and good environmental practices, maintenance of installations and equipment, protective measures and measures to be adopted in the event of poisoning, etc. Particular emphasis will be placed on the requirements for safe storage, to avoid mixing with other common household products, but also on the reuse of empty packaging.

With regard to producers, it is recommended to train the trainers (within the framework of the Farmers' Field Schools), by getting them to produce themselves a good practice guide for Pesticide Management, rather than instructing them passively. An indication of the contents of the training modules is described in Box 2 below. Box 2: Some training themes

 Pest Recognition ;  Packaging and storage of pesticides;  Prospecting, phytosanitary spraying;  Hazards of pesticides to man and the environment;  Importance of personal protective equipment in the handling of pesticides.  pesticides ;  Technical requirements and preconditions for pesticide application ;  Training on risks and health and safety advice;  Basic knowledge of procedures for handling and managing pesticides.  risks ;  Wearing protective and safety equipment;  Risks related to the transport of pesticides;  Handling, loading and unloading procedures;  Health and safety in relation to operations;

 Emergency and rescue procedures;  Equipment maintenance and emission control;  Management of poisoning cases.

5.2.6. Information and awareness-raising of the population in the targeted Districts The use of pesticides in communities requires information and sensitization of all stakeholders. Health education and communication should aim at raising awareness, understanding and behavioral change in order to gain support for the effective and efficient use of pesticides. It is therefore essential to develop active programs to communicate accurate information on vector control activities. In this regard, a communication plan should use multimedia communication channels to inform the population about the importance of pesticide use and the possible risks, as well as what could happen if pesticides are not used, and to disseminate information throughout the duration of the project (not only at the start of the control operations).

Activities to be carried out :

 Raising awareness on the regulatory texts (phytosanitary, CILSS regulations);  Raising awareness among producers on the rational use and management of pesticides;  Raising awareness among populations and producers on the harmful effects of pesticides;  Raising awareness among authorized distributors on the importance of specialized infrastructures;  Raising public awareness of the dangers of pesticide exposure.

Information and awareness-raising programs, especially aimed at the general public and decision-makers in particular, are essential to reduce the risks of disease and pesticide poisoning, and ultimately to bring about a real change in behavior. Such programmes should be multifaceted and multi-media based. They should be delivered by community-based organizations, NGOs and Agricultural Producer Associations/Groups; community health structures should also be involved in sensitizing the population. 5.3. Control and monitoring-evaluation of IPPMP implementation The aim is to ensure health, ecological and environmental control and monitoring in the project's intervention areas. Activities to be carried out :

 Check the conformity of the products sold and used;  Analyze the formulation of products;  Analyze pesticide residues in natural resources (water, soil and vegetation) and on livestock;

 Carry out health monitoring of pesticide handlers (phytosanitary brigadiers, storekeepers, producers);  Monitor the implementation of the IFMP;  Evaluate the implementation of the IPPMP at mid-term and at the end of the project.

Table 8: IPPMP Action Plan

Components Results Activities Indicators Officials Cost F CFA Promotion of The texts regulating Updating and dissemination of texts Number of copies Phytosanitary 5 000 000 good pesticide the use of pesticides regulating the use of pesticides updated and Regulations and management are respected and distributed Environmental practices applied. Monitoring Directorate and NPMC The storage Construction of pesticide stores and Number of DGPV 15 000 000 conditions for warehouses (agricultural input warehouses built, NPMC chemicals are shops) for intervention communities, meeting FAO improved and in accordance with FAO standards. standards. comply with the standards

The management of Collect and centralize empty Number of tonnes of DGPV 5 000 000 empty packaging is packaging at specialized centers packaging recovered And NPMC. ensured (plant protection services). after each farm and by municipality.

Promotion of Alternative control Development and implementation of - Number of DGPV ; INRAN ; 12 000 000 non-chemical methods are sub-projects to support the breeding beneficiary NPMC and control developed and of Habrabracon hebetor to producers producers; OP. methods popularized and plant protection services. - Number of ha Development of struggles based on treated biopesticides Actors Capacity The National Organization of a national workshop Ministry in charge 5 000 000 building Pesticide to share the IPPMP at the national of Agriculture. Management level.

Components Results Activities Indicators Officials Cost F CFA Committee (NPMC) is strengthened. The intervention Provision of plant protection services Number of NPMC 3 000 000 capacities of with logistical means (motorcycles) motorcycles supplied institutional actors for the early detection of pests per intervention and producers are commune strengthened. Provision of spraying equipment and Number of spraying NPMC 5 000 000 PPE kits to the handlers devices and PPE kits (phytosanitary agents and supplied producers).

The capacities of the Training of supervisors (PV services) Number of agents NPMC 6 000 000 Technical Services on pest surveillance, spraying trained are strengthened techniques, protective measures and on preventive surveys (locusts and other pests).

Training of handlers (phytosanitary Number of agents NPMC agents, storekeepers) on the safe trained management of pesticides.

Training of the staff of the health Number of agents NPMC centers concerned by the intervention trained of the project, on the management of cases of intoxication

The capacities of Training of authorized distributors Number of authorized PV and NCMP 3 000 000 authorized on the importance of specialized distributors / resellers services distributors are infrastructure trained strengthened

Components Results Activities Indicators Officials Cost F CFA Producers' Training and supervision of Number of producers PV and NCMP 3 000 000 capacities are producers on the rational use of trained and monitored services strengthened pesticides and spraying techniques.

The beneficiary Sensitization of populations and - Number of NGOand NPMC 3 000 000 populations are producers on the harmful effects of awareness sessions made aware of the pesticides. ; risks linked to the - Percentage of use of pesticides population affected Control, The quality of Laboratory analysis of pesticide - Number of Laboratory of sub- 4 000 000 monitoring and natural resources residues in natural resources (water, samples analyzed ; regional research evaluation of and the health of the soil and vegetation) and on livestock - Physico-chemical centers the beneficiary characteristics of (AGRHYMET, implementation populations are soils and waters. ICRISAT). of the IPPMP monitored. Carrying out an annual health - Number of agents NGOs, NPMC and 4 500 000 assessment (health monitoring) of monitored ; accredited health pesticide handlers (phytosanitary - Annual laboratory. agents, storekeepers and producers). epidemiological profile of the intervention commune. The products used Regular monitoring of products sold Number of products DGPV, CNLA, 3 500 000 are checked. and used, in accordance with FAO controlled INRAN and CILSS standards.

Laboratory analysis of the Number of products INRAN and 3 000 000 formulation of chemical products. analyzed. Laboratories, AGRHYMET,

Components Results Activities Indicators Officials Cost F CFA ICRISAT. The implementation Monitoring - evaluation of the Reports of monitoring NCEA and Partner 5 000 000 of the IPPMP is implementation of the IPPMP. missions carried out Technical Services. monitored and by partner technical evaluated. services.

The total cost of implementing this action plan for the integrated management of pests and pesticides is eighty million CFA francs (80,000,000 F CFA).

CHAPTER VI : ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF THE IPPMP

6.1. Organizational mechanisms This paragraph describes the organizational mechanisms (responsibilities and roles) for implementing and monitoring the measures described in the IPPMP, taking into account the institutions that have their sovereign mission. Several actors are involved in the implementation and monitoring of the IPPMP. The management of pests and pesticides requires a frank and close collaboration between the Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Health, Water, Environment, but also targeted municipalities, sector private sector involved in the import and distribution of pesticides and producer organizations. It is a question of establishing a close collaboration and a synergy of action between these various actors within the framework of the implementation of the IPPMP. In this context, the NPMC constitutes the appropriate framework for intersectoral coordination, monitoring and concertation.

In this perspective, the following institutional arrangements are proposed with regard to the implementation and monitoring of this PGIPP :

 the PMU: it will coordinate the implementation of the IPPMP and will act as an interface with the other stakeholders. It will coordinate capacity building and training for agents and agricultural producers and other technical structures involved in the implementation of the IPPMP.

The PMU will recruit an environmental expert who will coordinate the monitoring of environmental and social aspects within the framework of the implementation of project activities. He is responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the execution of all rational management measures within the project.

 the DGPV, the CNLA and their local services: will supervise the "agricultural" component of the implementation of the IPPMP and will support capacity building of field agents.  The DGE and its local services will supervise the "livestock" component of the implementation of the IPPMP and will support capacity building for field agents.  the NCEA: will ensure regulatory control of the implementation of the IFMP and will support capacity building of field agents.  the communes d'intervention: will participate in raising the awareness of the population and in social mobilization activities. They will also participate in the supervision and external monitoring of the implementation of the measures recommended under the IFMPP.  Producers' Organizations: They must have and apply procedures and good environmental practices for the safe and ecological use and management of pesticides.

 NGOs: those working in the environmental field can also participate in informing, educating and raising awareness among agricultural producers and populations on the environmental and social aspects related to the implementation of the IPPMP, but also in the monitoring of the implementation and the surveillance of the environment.  LANSPEX: will be used within the framework of a collaboration protocol with the PMU for water quality control, pesticide formulation control and analysis of pesticide residues in production. 6.2. Monitoring and evaluation of IPPMP implementation 6.2.1. Follow-up To measure the effectiveness of the Integrated Pest Management Plan, the recommended actions should be monitored and evaluated. The monitoring plan is subject to the planned activities.

Monitoring is supported by data collection and analysis to check whether the implementation of activities is proceeding as planned and to make immediate adjustments, if necessary.

It is therefore an evaluation activity focused on the short term, to allow for real- time action. The frequency of monitoring will depend on the type of information needed, however it will be continuous during the implementation of the action plan. Monitoring will be organized through periodic field visits and will consist of assessing the level of implementation of the following activities of the operational plan :

 the application of good practices in relation to the use and management of pesticides in the project area ;  the application of non-chemical methods of crop pest control by growers at production sites;  the effectiveness of the capacity building programme for the various actors, both managers and members of agricultural cooperatives;  methods of mitigating the adverse effects on the biophysical and human environment of pesticides used up to the point of packaging.

Monitoring will be carried out at national, regional, departmental and municipal levels.

At the national level, by:

 • the PMU (strategic supervision);  • the NPMC, in particular the DGPV and the CNLA;  • the NCEA (for regulatory control).

At regional, departmental and municipal level (in the project areas), by :

The agents of the Plant Protection Services, of the CNLA, of the Environment in the Regional and Departmental Directions and in the targeted districts, as regards proximity monitoring. 6.2.2. Evaluation Achieving the objectives of this plan requires a mid-term evaluation which will make it possible to gauge the level of implementation of the action plan. The results of this evaluation will be made available to technical and financial partners who may be able to contribute to its conduct.

To get feedback after the implementation of this plan, a final evaluation is necessary. The final evaluation of the PGIPP will consist in measuring the effectiveness of its implementation and performance and in identifying the lessons learned. This evaluation will be integrated into the final evaluation of the project. 6.2.3. Monitoring indicators To ensure monitoring, it is necessary to have indicators which are pre-identified signals expressing changes in certain conditions or results linked to specific interventions. These are areas whose use provides quantitative or qualitative information on the environmental and social impacts and benefits of this project. The monitoring indicators will help in the implementation of mitigation measures, monitoring and evaluation of the entire project in order to assess the effectiveness of these activities. The indicators for monitoring a risk / hazard assessment are : Health and Environment

 Quantity available of personal protective equipment;  Level of knowledge of good management practices (pesticides, empty packaging, etc.);  Occupational safety level for people handling and using pesticides;  Percentage of manipulative personnel having undergone a medical check- up;  Level of residue concentration on non-targets;  Level of impact on domestic animals, aquatic organisms, flora and fauna;  Level of toxicity of the decomposed substances;  Level of contamination of water resources;  Annual epidemiological profile of the intervention municipalities;  Physico-chemical characteristics of water resources and soils of valued sites. Storage conditions / management of pesticides and empty packaging

 Percentage of storage facilities available and in compliance with FAO standards;

 Percentage of users complying with pesticide storage and use measures;  Number of products not registered by CILSS used by producers;  Number of accidents/intoxications recorded per year as a result of transport, storage and use of chemicals;  Percentage of producers trained in spraying processes;  Number of tonnes of empty packaging recovered after each crop year and per district;  Existence of waste management systems (pesticide residues and empty packaging).  Available quantity of appropriate spraying equipment;  Percentage of empty packaging recovered; and. Staff training - Information/awareness of the population

 Number of legal texts regulating the use of pesticides updated and disseminated;  Number of training modules and guides developed;  Number of training sessions organized;  Number of IEC tools developed;  Number of actors trained by category;  Percentage of the population reached by awareness campaigns;  Level of knowledge of users on products and associated risks;  Level of knowledge of traders/distributors about the products sold;  Number of producers made aware of the harmful effects of pesticide use;  Number of supervision operations carried out by the plant protection services;  Number of supervision operations carried out by the plant protection services.

The summary of the Monitoring Plan is presented in Table 10 below.

Table 9: Summary of the monitoring plan component Monitoring Indicators and items to Means of Periodicity Monitoring elements collect verification officers Water and soil Water quality Presence rate of Analysis reports 1 time per year • PMU (surface and organochlorines (pesticide from laboratories (Annual) • DPAPV underground water) residues); and research centers. • DGE and soils. Physico-chemical • DGPV characteristics of water • CNLA resources (surface and • NPMC underground water) and soils of valued sites. biodiversity Number of non- -Rate of presence of toxic -Analysis reports Every six months • PMU target fauna, flora, residues in plants, crops, from laboratories (Semi-annually) • DPAPV fishery resources fish, livestock; and research centers; • DGE and livestock. - Number of non-target -Reports of • DGPV fauna and flora destroyed environmental • CNLA following phytosanitary monitoring and • NPMC treatments. follow-up missions. Biophysical and -Living environment -Number of products not -Analysis reports Every six months • PMU human (Hygiene and approved by CILSS, used from laboratories (Semi-annual) • DPAPV environments sanitation by producers; and research centers; • DGE conditions); -Percentage of pesticide - Environmental • Ministry of -Pollution and storage sites compliant monitoring and Health nuisance; with FAO standards; follow-up mission • DGPV -Health and security -Percentage of users reports; • CNLA at work. respecting the storage and -Inventory report; • NPMC use of pesticides; - Field control report -Number of accidents / -Control in health poisonings recorded, centers; related to pesticides; -Monitoring and -Existence of waste environmental management system monitoring mission

84 component Monitoring Indicators and items to Means of Periodicity Monitoring elements collect verification officers (pesticide residues and reports empty packaging); -Percentage of users respecting the wearing of PPE; -Number of producers made aware of the harmful effects of the use of pesticides; -Number of supervision operations carried out by plant protection services.

The estimated cost of implementing the monitoring plan is twenty million (20 000 000 F CFA) and is taken into account in Table 9 (IPPMP Action Plan).

CONCLUSION The diagnosis made it possible to identify the shortcomings and deficiencies related to the use of pesticides in Niger and phytosanitary products in general. These shortcomings include non-compliance with the legislative framework for pest control and environmental management. Thus, the priority axis of intervention of this PGIPP will be to strengthen the capacities of the national sanitary and phytosanitary services, through (i) the organization of the pesticide sector, (ii) capacity building and (iii) the revitalization of the institutional framework as well as the monitoring of environmental components.

Investment in capacity building will make it possible to limit the impact of pests and the health and environmental risks associated with treatments. The Project will give high priority to environmental monitoring of the various environmental and social components in its intervention localities. This monitoring is to be carried out by the National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)in relation with LANSPEX for aspects related to physicochemical analyses, and with INRAN and DGPV, for aspects related to biological control.

The total cost of implementing this action plan for the integrated management of pests and pesticides is eighty million CFA francs (80,000,000 F CFA).

In the light of the above, the effective implementation of this integrated pest and pesticide management plan will make it possible to reduce the risks of degradation of the physical and human environment linked to the misuse of chemical products in crops on hydro-agricultural developments.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ROTTERDAM Convention, revised edition 2005, text with annexes, 38 pages

STOCKHOLM Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP), text with annexes, 50 pages

FAO and UNEP, September 2004, guide to the Rotterdam Convention on hazardous chemicals and pesticides, 16 pages

Government of Quebec, Ministry of Agriculture, Pesticides in the Agricultural Environment, manual, 37 pages.

HC3N; 2013: Action plan for agricultural risk management. High Commission for the 3N Initiative, 83pp.

Food security initiatives in Niger, 1st quarter 2002, activity report, 28 pages plus annexes.

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Africa, December 2007, community guide for the protection of health and the environment, 53 pages

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Africa, December 2007, pesticides are harmful to your health, 55 pages

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Africa, second quarter 2007, pesticides and alternatives, 23 pages

Management Plan for Pests and Pesticides of the Support Project for an Agriculture less Sensitive to Climate Risks (PGPP-PASEC)

Support Program for Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Sectors Burkina Faso (2006): pest and pesticide management plan

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 2007, Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, 132 pages

Irrigues Madagascar Perimeter Watersheds Project (2006): pest and pesticide management plan

Republic of Niger; Ministry of Agricultural Development (2008): Environmental and Social Management Framework (CGES) of the Export Development Project and Agro-Sylvo- Pastoral Markets (PRODEX), 98 p.

Republic of Niger, Ministry of Agricultural Development, World Bank Niger office, June 2008, study of compliance with environmental and social safeguard measures for pesticide storage stores and construction sites for new stores.

Republic of Niger, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Plant Protection Department, October 2004, Environmental management plan within the framework of the Preventive Desert Locust Control Project in Niger, 23 pages

Republic of Niger, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Promotion of Private Irrigation project (PIP2), May 2006, phytosanitary diagnostic report of the irrigated areas of pip2, 45 pages

Republic of Niger, Ministry of Agricultural Development, Promotion of Private Irrigation Project (PIP2), 2005, guide to good pesticide use practices, 25 pages

APPENDICES Appendix 1: list of registered pesticides for 2019 Appendix 2: terms of reference

Appendix 1 : list of registered pesticides for 2019

45th ordinary session of the Sahelian Pesticides Committee (CSP)

Appendix 2: terms of reference

NIGER REPUBLIC

MINISTÈRE DE L'AGRICULTURE ET DE

L'ÉLEVAGE DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DU GÉNIE

RURAL

Hydro-agricultural development project with smart agriculture practices resilient to climate change in Niger

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMC) Gender Analysis and Gender Action Plan (GAP) Integrated Pest and Pesticide Management Plan (IPPMP)

TERMS OF REFERENCE

1. INTRODUCTION The West African Development Bank (BOAD) was admitted to accreditation as an implementing entity for Green Climate Fund (GCF) projects in October 2016. This admission was formalized by the signing of a “ Accreditation Master Agreement ”on April 17, 2018. Through this accreditation, the Bank was mandated to mobilize resources from the GCF for the purposes of developing and implementing the hydro agricultural development project with agricultural practices smart resilient to climate change in Niger. A Request for Project Preparatory Fund (DFPP) and a Concept Note (NC) have been developed to take advantage of the facilities offered by the GCF to formulate the studies necessary for the development of the project. Said DFPP and NC have been technically approved, which marks the entry into the portfolio and the creation of a budget line at the level of the GCF under this project on behalf of the beneficiary country with BOAD as the entity implementing the funds.

These Terms of Reference (ToR) are developed to guide the missions of the firm with a view to developing: (i) the Environmental and Social Management Framework (CGES); (ii) gender analysis and its Gender Action Plan (PAG) and (iii) Pest and Pesticide Management Plan (PGPP). II. CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT Agriculture in Niger employs over 87% of the population and is affected by climatic conditions. It depends on a random and deficient rainfall with recurrent droughts which hamper the efforts of the populations to meet their food needs. Food security is not guaranteed and the poverty index remains high, especially in rural areas where agriculture is the main economic activity. Some 15.7% of the population was food insecure and 33% are exposed to it. Poverty affects more than 48.3% of the population. The malnutrition rate rose from 13.3% in 2013 to 14.8% in 2014 and then to 15% in 2015, reaching the emergency threshold of the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite the country's efforts, food production is still below actual needs, especially in rural areas. The reasons for these recurring situations include, but are not limited to, the low production linked to: an insufficient and inadequate spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation, floods, droughts, unsustainable agricultural practices, materials, low yield and to insignificant technical innovations. In view of the current food needs of the population, the country has decided to strengthen food production with 2000 ha of new hydro-agricultural perimeters (AHA) and the rehabilitation of 1000 ha of old perimeters (AHA). In this context, the State of Niger has signed a renewable contract with the Office National d'Aménagement Hydro-Agricole (ONAHA), and has made available, with other institutions such as the World Bank, technical and equipment, which allows ONAHA to take charge of the development of new perimeters and the rehabilitation of old degraded perimeters, within the time limit. Consequently, the contract provides for the development of at least 1000 ha of new perimeters (AHA) and the rehabilitation of 500 ha of old perimeters (AHA) each year by ONAHA. The present project was initiated to strengthen the resilience of hydro-agricultural developments to the negative effects of climate change through innovative techniques of energy and water saving, and to ensure sustainable food security, within the

6 framework of policies and relevant strategies, in particular the Nationally Determined Contribution (CDN).

III. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The present studies must be carried out in accordance with environmental and social standards (including gender mainstreaming requirements) of Niger, the GCF, and BOAD. The rules in force require that: (i) all projects submitted for funding be subject to an ESIA which takes into account the laws of the country of intervention in order to ensure that the projects are ecologically and socially viable and sustainable and ( ii) an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is implemented by the project promoter in order to improve environmental and social results, while eliminating unintended negative effects in all the activities funded.

The objectives of the study are: (i) to establish a baseline situation to identify, analyze and assess the potential environmental, social and gender impacts of the project activities; (ii) propose mitigation, mitigation, appropriate compensation or capacity- building measures and (iii) define the methods for carrying out the ESIAs of the subprojects.

The development of crops on the sites will require the fight against crop pests. To ensure integrated management of pesticides, the study will propose a pest and pesticide management plan.

While respecting the national environmental and social assessment procedure in Niger, this study will be carried out in accordance with environmental and social performance standards and the gender policy of the GCF and BOAD.

IV. THE FIRM'S MISSION The project consists of pilot actions to develop hydro-agricultural perimeters with smart agricultural practices that are resilient to climate change. It involves developing 20 new sites of 50 ha and rehabilitating 10 old sites of 50 ha for irrigation. The following studies will be carried out - Environmental and Social Management Framework (CGES); - Pest and Pesticide Management Plan (PPMP) and - Gender analysis and a PAG. The firm will provide support in obtaining the environmental compliance certificate.

In addition, the firm will support BOAD in taking into account the observations of the GCF until the final approval of the Project by the Board of Directors of said Fund.

4.1. Preparation of the pest and pesticide management plan (PPMP)

Scientific experiments show that, in addition to the role of pesticides, in the fight against harmful organisms which can affect the quantity and quality of agricultural production, their use can also involve direct or indirect risks on humans (the user and the general population who are at risk through air, water and food) and ecosystems. 7 Potential risks include:

- contamination of water by pesticides; - contamination of other environmental media, especially soils (high persistence of organochlorine compounds), and air, and - possible effects on human health that may be chronic (birth defects, cancers, lymphomas). Thus, if the use of these products is not well controlled, drainage from irrigation systems can affect the quality of water, especially potable water in the project areas, and sensitive aquatic ecosystems. This situation leads to a double conclusion : - the need to act on products and practices in order to reduce the use, presence and effects of pesticides and - the need to have scientific information on these products and their effects, in order to better understand their possible effects while providing preventive measures.

Given the potential negative effects of misuse or overuse of pesticides, the development of a PPMP to prevent and control all risks associated with their use on developed sites is necessary.

The development of an Integrated Pest and Pesticide Management Plan will reduce the potential negative effects on human health and the environment and will promote the adoption of sound integrated pest management in accordance with the BOAD Pest and Pesticide Safeguard and Management Policy, and in compliance with national regulations in force. This will involve the formulation of an IPPMP which will be structured as follows:  List of tables  list of figures  introduction  project description - Context and justification of the project - Project component - Project intervention areas • Policy, legal and institutional framework for pests and pesticides in Niger - National Plant Protection Policy - BOAD Pest Management Policy - International legal framework - National legal framework - Institutional framework - Summary of the analysis of the legal and institutional framework - Difficulties in implementing national regulations - Difficulties in the control and monitoring of products used in the country

8 • Current management of pests and pesticides and their impacts - Main endemic crop pests - Main pesticides used in the project communities - Current pesticide management practices - Import and marketing of pesticides - Pesticide Supply Channels - Storage infrastructure - Transport - Management of empty packaging - Management of obsolete stocks - Synthesis of Analysis of Current Pest and Pesticide Management Practices - Analysis of the environmental and social impacts and risks of current pesticide management - Environmental impacts and risks - Impacts and risks on socio-economic aspects - Exposed or Vulnerable Populations - Summary of risks related to current pesticide use practices • Integrated pest and pesticide management approach under the project - Alternative control methods - Integrated approach to the management of pests and pesticides in the project area - Priority issues identified in the integrated management of pests and pesticides • Action Plan for the Integrated Management of Pests and Pesticides - Principles of Intervention - Action Plan - Control and monitoring-evaluation of IFMP implementation • Organizational mechanisms for implementation and monitoring of the IPPMP - Organizational mechanisms - Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the IPPMP - Follow-up - Evaluation - Monitoring indicators • Conclusion • Bibliographical references The firm's mission is to develop a PPMP in accordance with the principles set out in the WADB's Pest and Pesticide Management Policy. The firm should work with the Plant Protection Directorate ( DGPV ) and its regional and departmental services, the Agriculture Directorate ( DGA ) and its regional services ( DGGR ), the Environment Directorate ( DGE ), the National Environmental Assessment Office ( NCEA ), and local communities to develop solutions and recommendations for an appropriate, clear, simple, and user-friendly study. The preparation of the document will necessarily include, among others, the

9 following activities:

- review of available documents; - visiting the authorities and other key actors; - collaboration with specialists in the management of pathologies, pesticides and disease vectors (ministries and technical departments); - consultation with the populations of the sites (participatory activity); elaboration of the PPMP; and - the formulation of conclusions and recommendations.

4.2. Gender analysis

The GCF has adopted a gender policy that aims, among other things, to (i) build the resilience of men and women to climate change in an equitable manner; (ii) ensure that men and women contribute to project development and benefit equitably from activities financed by the Fund; (iii) reduce the risks associated with adaptation and mitigation activities financed by the Fund for women and men; and (iv) reduce gender inequality and social, economic and environmental vulnerability exacerbated by climate change. In accordance with this policy, the proposed project should include a gender analysis. The firm will undertake a gender analysis/assessment to better identify the relationships between men and women in the project area, their access to resources, their activities and the constraints they face in relation to each other. As part of this study, the firm shall examine the different roles, rights, needs and opportunities of women and men, boys and girls in order to develop a plan consistent with actions for their equitable improvement. The firm should propose ways to ensure that : (i) the differential needs of women and men are taken into account; (ii) women and men have equitable access to resources, services and capacity building; (iii) women participate equitably in decision-making processes.

The firm should propose ways to ensure that : (i) the differential needs of women and men are taken into account; (ii) women and men have equal access to resources, services and capacity building; and (iii) women and men participate equally in decision-making bodies. As part of these analyses, the firm will collect and analyse information on, among other things:  the poverty rate, the employment rate in the agricultural sector in Niger (data will be broken down by gender);  the legal status of women in Niger;  the division of labour between women and men in the country;  participation/ contribution between women and men in the formal/informal economy in Niger, particularly in the project area;  differences in the vulnerability of men and women and their capacity to adapt to climate change;  existing gender inequalities that may be exacerbated by the impacts of 10 climate change;  existing inequalities between different social groups in the project area and how these inequalities affect people's ability to adapt to climate change;  the roles that women and men should play in the context of the project;  the resources (economic, financial, physical, natural, other assets) to which women and men have access;  the roles of women and men in managing resources or controlling access;  how women and men in vulnerable communities can have equitable access to the information and opportunities needed to participate and benefit fully from the project's expected results;  how women have equitable access to technical knowledge, and/or skills upgrading under the project;  how the services and technologies provided by the project will be available and accessible to both women and men;  the extent to which women and men from vulnerable communities participate in decision-making processes;  the type of decisions taken by women;  the constraints (social, cultural, economic, political) that limit women's active participation in decision-making processes at the family and community levels;  the differential needs of women and men that the project must address;  How the needs of specific (and vulnerable) sub-groups (e.g. children, girls, women and men living with disabilities, the elderly, widows) could be addressed by the project; and  how the specific knowledge and skills of women and men, especially from vulnerable groups, can be used to contribute to project results and solutions.

These various analyses and evaluations should make it possible to prepare a Gender Action Plan (GAP). The GAP will present :  the work carried out to address gender issues within the project;  the objectives and design features incorporated into the project to address gender issues and ensure real benefits to women and men, especially from vulnerable communities;  the mechanisms to ensure the implementation of the gender modelling elements; and  gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation indicators.

The GAP measures will be budgeted and integrated into the budget as well as into the project components. The firm will use the GCF model to develop the project gender action plan available on : http://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/20182/574712/form 09 - gender assessment and action plan t emplat e.p df/3f 4b8173-fbb2-4bc7-9bff-92f 82dadd5c0. 11

4.3. Preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) will be carried out according to the GCF's Environmental and Social Performance Standards for national environmental and social impact assessment procedures. This pilot project for the development of hydro-agricultural perimeters with climate-resilient smart agricultural practices provides environmental and socio-economic benefits and will strengthen the resilience of vulnerable populations to climate change through smart agricultural techniques. However, the implementation of site development activities will have some negative impacts that can be mitigated or eliminated. These impacts are reversible and can be mitigated through the implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) activities. Therefore, the project is classified as Category B, in accordance with the GCF policy. During the studies, the firm will conduct the environmental and social impact assessment of the project according to 8 IFC Performance Standards. The environmental and social studies will address, among others, the following aspects:

4.4. Contextualization of project activities

The firm will describe the context in which the project is being carried out and justify it from the point of view of vulnerability to climate change, socio-economic conditions, etc. The firm will also provide a description of the project's environmental impact. It will present the objectives, components and activities of the project.

4.5. Appropriate political, legal and institutional framework

The firm will review the environmental and social performance standards triggered by the project during the environmental categorization and gender policy for GCF projects. The firm will take into account the BOAD standards that are not directly addressed by the performance standards. The environmental and social performance standards adopted by the Green Climate Fund are those of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), in particular : (i) environmental and social risk and impact assessment system; (ii) labor and working conditions; (iii) pollution prevention and mitigation; (iv) community health, safety and security; (v) land acquisition and involuntary resettlement; (vi) biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of natural resources; (vii) indigenous peoples; and (viii) cultural heritage. At the time of the review, the firm will verify whether GCF has adopted its own performance standards. In this session, the firm will also provide: - a summary of policy, legal and regulatory texts for the agricultural sector and irrigation sub-sector, including agricultural hydro development, environmental management, public health protection, water, land and forest resources 12 management, national and international pollution standards; - a summary of the conventions, laws, regulations and texts that Niger has signed and ratified at the international level or adopted at the national level concerning land, water, soil, forest and biodiversity management; and - a description of the different institutions that are likely to be involved in the project and their competence. The relationship between these texts and the project must be established.

4.6. Description of the receiving environment

It involves the following: - Locate project sites with geographic coordinates; - list the hydro-agricultural development sites and surrounding villages on a legible map and provide directions to help make the map easier to read; - delimit the area of direct influence and the area of indirect influence of site management activities, facilities and hydraulic structures; - describe the related environmental components that may be affected directly or indirectly by the project in terms of:  flora and fauna, including protected areas and wildlife reserves in the project area;  climatic data (pluviometry and temperature) with data from climatic forecasts (pluviometry and temperature) with future forecasts;  geological, pedological, hydrographic and hydrogeological data with details on the behavior and flows of water and  socio-economic activities developed in the project area;  etc. The firm will analyze the biophysical and human parameters that influence the project or that the project will influence. Supporting maps will be required to describe.

4.7. Alternative to the project and justification of the choices made in the framework of the project

The firm will identify alternative solutions to the project and justify the social, environmental and economic aspects of the selected project (solution). The analysis will also take into account the six GCF investment criteria for project sustainability including : - the potential for climate impact (quantify the contribution of the project to the achievement of the objectives of the GCF and the results framework); - the potential for paradigm shift (determining the potential of the project to catalyze its impact beyond a pilot project, determining the potential for large- scale replication, sharing knowledge and learning and its contribution to the regulatory framework and country policies); - the potential for sustainable development, in particular the identification of 13 related economic, social and environmental benefits, and the impact on the promotion of gender; - the degree of vulnerability of beneficiary groups to climate change and their financing needs; - the appropriation of the project by the direct beneficiaries and the country as well as the determination of the coherence of the project and of its conformity with national policies and strategies in terms of climate and adaptation or mitigation priorities); and - cost-effectiveness and efficiency analysis: (evaluation of the economic and financial soundness of the project activities, evaluating factors such as the debt coverage ratio, the cost per tonne of CO2 equivalent.). 4.8. Identification and analysis of the impacts and risks of the chosen variant and proposal of mitigation, compensation and improvement measures.

Depending on the proposed activities, the firm will identify the impacts and risks of the project. This identification should be done using the methodology defined above by the firm and which takes into account the environmental and social performance standards of the GCF. The negative effects identified as well as the risks will be analyzed in order to characterize the effects on the biological, physical and human environments. Impacts and risks will be assessed by the firm to determine the significance or severity of the impact / risk. This analysis will lead to the proposal of mitigation and / or compensation measures for negative impacts, or reinforcement for positive impacts or risk prevention. The proposed measures should be relevant and financially, technically, socially and environmentally feasible.

4.9. Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Framework Plan (ESMP)

The firm will prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan that includes : - activities that are sources of impact; - impacts on environmental and social components; - measures to mitigate/compensate for adverse effects; - measures to enhance positive impacts; - an environmental monitoring program that includes :  the list of items that require monitoring;  all the means and measures envisaged to protect the environment;  the characteristics of the monitoring program (implementation schedule, human and financial resources allocated to the program);  the parties' commitments regarding the submission of monitoring reports (number, frequency, content) to the National Environmental Assessment Office (NCEA)) and  the procedures for producing monitoring reports (number, frequency) at the 14  BOAD; - an institutional framework for the implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), accompanied by a capacity building program for stakeholders if possible; - an environmental and social monitoring program; - Reinforcement of the capacities of the actors for the implementation of the ESMP; - a budget for the implementation of the ESMP; and - a summary table of the ESMP with monitoring indicators.

4.10. Development of the environmental and social monitoring program and capacity building of stakeholders for the implementation of the ESMP The firm will prepare an environmental and social monitoring plan. It will define the modalities for the implementation of the ESMP and the institutional arrangements. The role of each stakeholder should be explained in order to avoid duplication of effort.

4.11. Content of the impact assessment report

The study report shall include at least the following elements : - list of acronyms; - summary; abstract; introduction; - brief description of the project and its context; methodology for conducting the study; - policy, legal and institutional framework for the protection of the environment and human health, including gender; - description of the project intervention areas and their main biophysical and human characteristics; - analysis of project-related alternatives; - identification and assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts of the selected alternatives and possible mitigation measures; - environmental and social management plan, including implementation costs; institutional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of the ESMP; - bibliographical references and appendices:  list of people met during the public consultation  Others.

4.12. Deliverables and validation

The mission deliverables are: - The Pest and Pesticide Management Plan; - The Gender Analysis Report and Gender Action Plan (GAP); and - The environmental and social impact assessment report including the environmental and social management plan (ESMP). The ESIA, the gender analysis and its action plan, and the PPMP will be validated 15 during a workshop. The firm will rely on the BOAD, the National Environmental Assessment Office (NCEA) and the Nationally Designated Authority of the GCF to organize the workshop. Validated reports must be delivered in both French and English.

4.13. Obtaining the Environmental Compliance Certificate

The firm will request from the NCEA, after the validation of the documents and the production of the final reports, the Certificate of environmental conformity of the project.

V. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PARTIES

5.1. Responsibility of the project promoter

The project promoter provides the firm with all the documents and information necessary for carrying out the study. He will facilitate contacts and visits to the study areas and will ensure that the firm has access to all the available information necessary for carrying out this study. Its decentralized technical services will facilitate site visits and field work.

5.2. Firm's responsibility

The firm will be fully responsible for the conduct, review process and approval of the study. The firm will provide competent specialists for the proper performance of the engagement.

VI. FIRM PROFILE

The firm must: (i) have knowledge of the environmental and social safeguard standards, environmental and social principles and performance standards applicable to the various United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) funds and the WADB; (ii) have experience in preparing a pest and pesticide management plan and environmental and social assessment reports for the Green Climate Fund; and (iii) have proven experience in gender studies (action plan, strategic plan, diagnosis, gender assessment, etc.).

The number of sites for which documents will be formulated is important. Therefore, the firm will form a team composed of:

- One (01) Environmentalist, Head of Mission, with a minimum of Bachelor's degree and at least ten (10) years of experience in a similar assignment; - One (01) Sociologist, Gender Specialist: with a minimum of Bachelor's degree and eight (08) years of experience in gender analysis and development of gender action plans; 16 - One (01) specialist in pest and pesticide management with at least a BAC+5 level and eight (08) years of experience in a similar mission. - One (01) expert in Rural Engineering with a level of Bac +5 with at least 10 years of experience in the management of irrigated perimeters.

VII. DURATION OF THE STUDY

The study relating to the environmental and social impact assessment and the development of the pest and pesticide management plan will be carried out over a period of four (04) months maximum.