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The Blue Peace Index 2020

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The Blue Peace Index 2020 The Blue Peace Index 2020 SPONSORED BY The Blue Peace Index 2020 1 Contents Acknowledgements 2 Executive Summary 4 What is the Blue Peace Index? 4 Why a Blue Peace Index? 4 Blue Peace Index: Key findings 6 Promoting Blue Peace: Key recommendations 8 Benchmarking indices: strengths and limitations 10 1. Introduction: The need for Blue Peace 11 1.1 The global freshwater crisis 11 1.2 The need for transboundary action 14 1.3 What is Blue Peace? 15 1.4 The benefits of Blue Peace: New public goods 17 2. Blue Peace in selected basins 23 2.1 Amazon River Basin 25 2.2 Mekong River Basin 28 2.3 Senegal River Basin 32 2.4 Sava River Basin 35 2.5 Tigris–Euphrates River Basin 38 2.6 Syr Darya River Basin 42 2.7 Amu Darya River Basin 47 3. Key areas for promoting Blue Peace 52 3.1 Political will: Moving water to the top of the political agenda 52 3.2 Stronger institutions: Building foundations for cooperation 53 3.3 Developing trust: Building up the “momentum of history” 53 3.4 Inclusive decision-making: Finding the common ground 54 3.5 Evidence-based decision-making: Informing and 55 communicating 3.6 Finance: Investing in Blue Peace 55 4 Annex I—Country scorecards 58 Endnotes 123 © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2020 The Blue Peace Index 2020 2 Acknowledgements This report summarises the key findings of the • Dr Alan Nicol, Strategic Program Leader, Blue Peace Index research programme, developed Promoting Sustainable Growth, International by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) with Water Management Institute (IWMI) support from the Swiss Agency for Development • Ms. Belynda Petrie, CEO and co-founder, and Cooperation (SDC). The findings are based on OneWorld Sustainable Investments an extensive literature review, consultation with • Dr Benjamin Pohl, Senior Project Manager, an expert panel, and a comprehensive interview adelphi programme conducted by the EIU between January 2019 and October 2020. In total, more than • Professor Alistair Rieu-Clarke, Professor of 30 representatives from international institutions, Law, Northumbria School of Law NGOs, government entities, the private sector and • Dr Susanne Schmeier, Senior Lecturer in academia were interviewed. Water Law and Diplomacy, IHE Delft The EIU bears sole responsibility for the • Mr Alex Simalabwi, GWPSA Executive content of this report. The findings and Secretary & Head-Africa Coordination, GWP views expressed do not necessarily reflect Global Head–Climate Resilience the views of the partners and experts. • Professor Mark Zeitoun, Professor of Water Security and Policy, University of East Anglia The report was produced by a team of EIU researchers, writers, editors, and graphic The project team is also grateful for the support designers, including: of experts who have volunteered their time to Conor Griffin, Matus Samel, Dina Alborno, Beth inform the content of this report: Warne, Devika Saini, Adam Green, • Dr Iskandar Abdullaev, Deputy Director, Marcus Krakowizer, Audra Martin, Gareth Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Owen, Mike Kenny and Kerry Hughes. (CAREC) Johan Gély, Eileen Hofstetter and Stéphanie • Mr Kakhramon Djumaboev, Research Fellow, Piers de Raveschoot of the Swiss Agency International Water Management Institute for Development and Cooperation (SDC) (IWMI) provided expert guidance to the research and • Dr Cheikh Faye, Researcher, Geography development of the report. Department, Assane Seck University of The project has benefited from counsel Ziguinchor, Laboratory of Geomatics and provided at various stages by a panel of experts Environment consisting of prominent authorities on different • Dr Beatriz Garcia, School of Law, Western aspects of transboundary water cooperation. Sydney University. These include the following: • Dr Kim Geheb, Principal Scientist, Mekong • Dr Christian Bréthaut, Assistant Professor, Region Futures Institute University of Geneva, Geneva Water Hub • Dr Alejandro Iza, Head of Environmental Law • Dr James Dalton, Director, Global Water Programme, IUCN Programme, International Union for • Mr Diego Jara, Legal Officer, Environmental Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Law Programme, IUCN © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2020 The Blue Peace Index 2020 3 • Dr Jonathan Lautze, Research Group Leader, • Mr Greg Shapland, Associate Fellow, Middle Integrated Basin and Aquifer Management, East and North Africa Programme, Chatham International Water Management Institute House (IWMI) • Ms Bota Sharipova, Central Asia Youth for • Mr Bo Libert, Consultant, Stockholm Water Network International Water Institute (SIWI) • Mr Stephen Stec, J.D., M.Phil., Environmental • Mr Talaibek Makeev, Regional Technical Sciences and Policy Department, Central Advisor, United Nations Development European University Programme – Kazakhstan • Professor Aaron Wolf, Geographer in the • Dr Shelley McMillan, Senior Water Resources College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Management Specialist, The World Bank Sciences, Oregon State University Group. • Mr Bulat Yessekin, Kazakhstan Green • Dr Naho Mirumachi, Senior Lecturer, Economy National Council expert Department of Geography, King's College • Ms Dinara Ziganshina, Deputy Director, London Scientific Information Centre of Interstate • Mr Igor Petrakov, Legal expert on Commission for Water Coordination (SIC International Water Resources Management, ICWC) Kazakh University • Ms Jenniver Sehring, Senior Lecturer in Water Governance and Diplomacy, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2020 The Blue Peace Index 2020 4 Executive Summary What is the Blue Peace Index? experts at local, national and international levels. In developing the index, the EIU explored The Blue Peace Index examines the extent various elements that impact management to which countries and basins are managing of shared water resources and transboundary their shared water resources in a sustainable, cooperation and grouped them into five equitable and collaborative manner. The index domains. The index thus provides stakeholders is a tool for understanding challenges and with a common framework to understand the opportunities for improving transboundary complexity of this issue and to organise a co- water cooperation and management of shared ordinated response. water resources. The first edition of the index examines 30 Countries and basins need to know how and countries, across seven selected transboundary where to act river basins, on 74 qualitative and quantitative Policymakers, donors and practitioners indicators.* Some indicators are assessed at a working in transboundary water are typically national level and others are assessed at a basin constrained by limited resources. The level. All indicators are designed to capture index analyses countries’ management and some degree of “agency” that countries can cooperation over shared water across a broad exercise. Purely hydrological and geographical range of indicators. It thus allows stakeholders indicators are therefore excluded as countries to identify and understand their countries’ cannot influence them. The indicators are split relative strengths and weaknesses, enabling across five domains. them to address the most relevant challenges. The index’s distinction between domestic and Why a Blue Peace Index? basin-level indicators also enables stakeholders Reliance on stressed transboundary water to understand whether they should focus their resources is growing activities on domestic or regional-level policies and institutions. By 2050, more than 50% of the world’s population will live in water-scarce regions and, Investors and researchers can utilise with almost 60% of freshwater flows coming a holistic assessment of water policy from transboundary rivers, these resources will environments become increasingly crucial in ensuring people Moving away from a focus on short-term risk have an adequate water supply. This creates an factors, the index assesses the underlying urgent need to manage these shared resources policy, legal and institutional environment in a sustainable, equitable and collaborative for sustainable water management and manner. collaboration in the countries and basins, as Diverse stakeholders need a common well as the broader cooperation context in framework to boost cooperation the regions. In the long term, the index will therefore allow for a holistic exploration of the To improve management of shared water drivers and requisite conditions for sustainable resources and boost transboundary water collaboration over shared water resources. * For a detailed description of cooperation, policymakers and diplomats the indicators, sources and index methodology, see the Blue Peace must work closely with scientific and technical Index methodology note. © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2020 The Blue Peace Index 2020 5 The index’s overarching objectives are to: • Increase awareness of the concept of Blue • Incentivise stakeholders to improve their Peace in the broader water management and performance by tracking, and publishing, peace-building communities their progress in this space • Spur a public debate on the desirable goals • Highlight the optimal policy and and best practices for sustainable water management solutions available to respond management to transboundary water opportunities and • Provide a tool for a holistic assessment challenges of drivers and conditions for sustainable collaboration over shared water resources Blue Peace Index Framework I. Policy and legal II. Institutions and III. Water management
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