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Phycidae, Lotidae, Merlucciidae, Steindachneriidae

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Phycidae, Lotidae, Merlucciidae, Steindachneriidae 588 Enchelyopus cimbrius (Linnaeus, 1776) Phycidae Fourbeard rockling Range: Coast of North America from Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico; also southwest Greenland, Iceland and European coast from Bar- Meristic Characters ents Sea to Bay of Biscay Myomeres: 51–55 Habitat: Demersal on muddy sand, usually between harder substrates, Vertebrae: 15–17+38–39=49–55 or soft, silty areas on continental slope, in depths of 20–650 m Dorsal fin rays: 1+about 50+45–55 (mostly 20–50 m) perhaps deeper Anal fin rays: 39–49 Pectoral fin rays: 15–19 Spawning: Year-round with most in May–Sep and a strong peak in Jun; eggs Pelvic fin rays: 4 (larvae) 5–7 (adults) rarely collected south of southern New England waters; most Caudal fin rays: 31–35 spawning in Gulf of Maine. (Illustrated specimens collected in Long Island Sound.) Eggs: – Pelagic, spherical, buoyant, transparent – Diameter: 0.66–0.98 mm – Chorion: smooth Preserved eggs tend to – Yolk: homogeneous float at surface of water – Oil globules: usually single, greenish yellow, diameter 0.13–0.27 mm; sometimes multiple, coalescing to 1 – Perivitelline space: narrow Larvae: – Hatching occurs at 1.6–2.4 mm – Late embryo has lightly pigmented eyes and characteristic larval pigment pattern – Yolk absorbed at about 3.6 mm – Body stubby anteriorly with long, tapering tail – Anus opens laterally on finfold (not at margin) in early larvae – Barbel forms on lower jaw at about 10 mm (3 barbels form on snout during juvenile stage) – Sequence of fin ray formation: P2 – C, D2, A – D1, P1 – Pigmentation: melanophores on snout and crown; pigment on nape and peritoneal pigment sometimes merge into an oblique swath; band crosses mid-tail, most dense on dorsal and ventral margins; spot at notochord tip disappears when caudal fin rays form; entire pelvic fin pigmented black, persists until transformation when it is restricted to distal part of fin – Transformation occurs at sizes greater than 20 mm, after development of 1st dorsal fin rays Note: 1. Larvae of Gaidropsarus are similar to those of Enchelyopus, but have prominent posttemporal spines 2. Some recent authors include Enchelyopus, Gaidropsarus and Ciliata in the family Gaidropsaridae, based largely on the structure of the dorsal fin (a single, long ray, followed by a series of short filaments in a groove, followed by a long fin of unspecialized fin rays) and the presence of barbels on the snout (Fig. G). 3. Early larvae of Urophycis lack notochord tip pigment and if pigment is present on pelvic fin, it is restricted to tip of fin; also compare structure of 1st dorsal fin and number of pelvic fin rays (4–7 in Enchelyopus; 2–3 in Urophycis) G. Dorsal Fin Structure (Adult) Figures: Adult and G: Cohen and Russo, 1979; Egg: Battle, 1929; A–F: Fahay, 1983 References: Cohen and Russo, 1979; Markle, 1982; Markle and Frost, 1985; Methven, 1985; Berrien and Sibunka, 1999; Iwamoto and Cohen, 2002b Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean 589 Enchelyopus cimbrius A. 2.6 mmNL B. 2.9 mmNL C. 3.8 mmNL D. 6.0 mmNL E. 7.2 mmNL Pelvic fin rays increase in number from 4 to 5-7 at transformation; in the phycid genus Urophycis, 3 pelvic fin rays are reduced to 2 at transformation F. 10.3 mmNL 590 Gaidropsarus ensis (Reinhardt, 1837) Phycidae Threebeard rockling Range: North Atlantic Ocean from Baffin Island and Greenland to Flemish Cap and Scotian Shelf, including deeper parts of Gulf of St. Law- Meristic Characters rence; a few records off United States coast, as far south as 39°N Myomeres: about 52–53 Habitat: Deep-abyssal, at least in southern part of range; occupies depths to Vertebrae: 16–17+35–36=52–53 1,500 m, rarely <100 m Dorsal fin rays: 1, many, 52–64 Anal fin rays: 40–48 Spawning: Undescribed; larvae rarely collected in study area, most often near Pectoral fin rays: 22–27 Newfoundland Pelvic fin rays: 8–9 Eggs: Undescribed Caudal fin rays: 41–46 Gill rakers: 10–11+1–2 (Fig. D) Larvae: – Hatching occurs at unknown size; presumably <2.4 mmNL – Body stubby, with rounded head and snout – Anus opens laterally on finfold (not at margin) in early larvae – Preanus length 40–46% NL, increasing to 50–57% SL – Maximum body depth 26–32% NL decreasing to 20–24% SL – Barbels form on lower jaw (1) and snout (2) after transformation to juvenile stage (size unknown) – Pterotic spines form laterally on head in larvae as small as 2.7 mm; visible until 31.0 mm – Sequence of fin ray formation: P2 – C – D2, A – D1 – P1 – Pelvic fin rays gradually increase in number: 4 at 4 mm; 6 at 8.7 mm; 8–9 at 21.7 mm – Fin ray ossification in nd2 dorsal and anal fins begins in the middle of the fin – Pigmentation: early larvae have saddle of pigment on nape, joined to scattered melanophores over gut, and a pronounced band midway along the tail; pigment near tip of pelvic fin begins at about 3.9 mm; at about 8–9 mm, the 2 major accumulations of pigment merge, yielding a dusky over-all appearance with an unpig- mented section near the caudal peduncle; later larvae and juveniles have dusky over-all pigment with the caudal peduncle becoming pigmented last – Transformation occurs at sizes greater than 20 mm, when all fin rays are formed Note: 1. Distinguished from the more rare (and similar) Gaidropsarus argentatus (Reinhardt, 1838) by fewer, but less elongate, gill rakers (7–10 + 1 in G. argentatus) and one more total vertebra (16–17+35=51–52 in G. argentatus). Gaidropsarus argentatus occurs from Greenland to Grand Bank; also Iceland to the Faroes in the eastern Atlantic. 2. Some recent authors include Enchelyopus, Gaidropsarus and Ciliata in the family Gaidropsaridae, based largely on the structure of the dorsal fin (a single, long ray, followed by a series of short filaments in a groove, followed by a long fin of unspecialized fin rays) and the presence of barbels on the snout. D: Gill rakers on first gill arch in 2 species of Gaidropsarus Gaidropsarus ensis Gaidropsarus argentatus Figures: Adult: D. R. Harriott (Scott and Scott, 1988); A–D: Markle, 1982 References: Grey, 1956; Markle, 1982; Methven, 1985; Iwamoto and Cohen, 2002b Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean 591 Gaidropsarus ensis A. 2.8 mmNL (Gaidropsarus sp.) Larvae of Urophycis lack pigment on nape merging with pigment over gut B. 4.5 mmNL (Gaidropsarus sp.) Larvae of Enchelyopus have prominent melanophore at notochord tip C. 17.8 mmSL (Gaidropsarus ensis) Note: 2 small spines deriving from the pterotic bone are visible in the lateral head region in larvae as small as 2.7 mm and remain visible until about 31.0 mm; no other phycid (or any other gadiform) in present study area has these larval spines. They do, however, occur in eastern Atlantic Phycis larvae. 592 Urophycis chesteri (Goode and Bean, 1878) Phycidae Longfin hake Range: Coast of North America from Labrador to Straits of Florida Habitat: Edge of continental shelf and continental slope; found in depths of 90–1,4000 m, mostly 400–800 m; also deep fjords nearshore Meristic Characters Myomeres: 45–52 Spawning: Oct; larvae rarely collected in study area Vertebrae: 13–16+31–37 Eggs Dorsal fin rays: 8–12+50–63 (Urophycis sp.): – Pelagic, spherical Anal fin rays: 43–54 – Chorion: smooth, clear, colorless Pectoral fin rays: 16–18 – Diameter: 0.69–0.76 mm Pelvic fin rays: 2 – Yolk: homogeneous Caudal fin rays: 28–36 – Oil globule: single, 0.17–0.23 mm in diameter – Perivitelline space: narrow Larvae: – Length at hatching unknown Note: Eggs of the several species – Body stubby, with rounded head and snout in early larvae of Urophycis are not presently – Anus opens laterally on finfold (not at margin) in early larvae distinguishable. Characters here – Preanus length 43–50% TL; body depth at dorsal fin origin pertain to eggs collected through- 22–28% SL out the year, with a peak in sum- – Barbel forms on lower jaw after transformation mer and fall – Sequence of fin ray formation: P2 – C – D2, A – D1, P1 – Pectoral fin base slightly pedunculate – Pelvic fin base high on body – Transformation occurs at sizes greater than 30 mm (pelagic-juvenile stage), when all fin rays are formed – Pigmentation: early larvae have melanophores scattered over top of head and dorsum of body; few spots on side of head, tip of snout; pigment at tips of pelvic fin rays may form late in development; body liberally covered with melanophores by 11.0 mm Note: 1. Distinguished from larvae of congeners by high location of pelvic fin base and by deep body (see table); epibranchial gill rakers (4–5) formed by 16–18 mm; (also see table on Urophycis earlii page) Body depth in larvae of Urophycis chesteri and other Urophycis species: Urophycis Urophycis Urophycis Urophycis Measurement (% SL) chesteri chuss regia tenuis Body depth at anus 19–25 15–18 19–25 16–20 Body depth at D1 origin 22–29 17–23 about 26 19–25 Body depth at D2 origin 21–30 16–24 25–29 16–24 Figures: Adult: H. L. Todd; A–C: David Ruple (Methven, 1985) References: Markle, 1982; Wenner, 1983; Fahay and Markle, 1984; Methven, 1985; Methven and McKelvie, 1986; Comyns and Grant, 1993; Comyns and Bond, 2002a Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean 593 Urophycis chesteri A. 4.5 mm B. 11.0 mm C. 28.9 mm Note: This species is referred to the genus Phycis by many authors.
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