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Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Environmental and Socioeconomic Data Search and Literature Synthesis OCS Study MMS 2000-049 Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Environmental and Socioeconomic Data Search and Literature Synthesis Volume I: Narrative Report Mississippi Alabama Georgia Texas Florida Deepwater Environment U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone Gulf of Mexico - Cuba Yucatan U.S. DeDartment of the Interior Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region OCS Study MMS 2000-049 Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Environmental and Socioeconomic Data Search and Literature Synthesis Volume I: Narrative Report Author Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. Prepared under MMS contract 1435-01 -98-CT-3091 6 by Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. 759 Parkway Street Jupiter, Florida 33477-9596 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service New Orleans Gulf of Mexico OCS Region July 2000 Disclaimer This report was prepared under contract between the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. This report has been technically reviewed by the MMS, and has been approved for publication. Approval does not signifr that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the MMS, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. It is, however, exempt from review and compliance with the MMS editorial standards. Report Availability Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the Public Information Office at the following address: U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Public Information Office (MS 5034) 1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard New Orleans, LA 70 123-2394 Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or 1 -800-200GULF Suggested Citation Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. 2000. Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Environmental and Socioeconomic Data Search and Literature Synthesis. Volume I: Narrative Report. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2000-049. 340 pp. 111 Acknowledgments This synthesis report was prepared by Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. (CSA) with the assistance of technical experts (primarily from Texas A&M University) serving as independent consultants. The CSA Program Manager was David A. Gettleson and the report editor was Neal W. Phillips. The Annotated Bibliography was compiled by David B. Snyder with the assistance of Kristen L. Metzger and Marilyn Morris, librarians at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Inc. Melody B. Powell was the technical editor. Suzanne R. Short prepared the final graphics and Deborah V. Raffel was responsible for word processing. Clerical support was provided by Deborah M. Cannon, Karen I. Stokesbury, and Caroline M. Simpson. CSA especially wants to acknowledge the chapter authors for their excellent contributions to this report: E.G. Ward1 Deepwater Technology William R. Bryant1 and Jia Y. Liu' Geology Worth D. Nowlin', Ann E. Jochens', Steven F. DiMarco', and Robert 0. Reid1 Physical Oceanography Mahion C. Kennicutt II' Chemical Oceanography Douglas C. Biggs' and Patrick H. Ressler' Water Column Biology Gilbert T. Rowe' Non-Seep Benthos Ian R. MacDonald1 Seep Communities Stephen T. Viada2 Protected Species David B. Snyder2 Fishes and Fisheries Linda A. Tobin3 Socioeconomics 'Texas A&M University 2Continental Shelf Associates, Inc. 3lndependent consultant V Contents Volume I: Narrative Report Page Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Background Objectives 1 Methods 2 Report Organization 2 Literature Cited 4 Chapter 2: Deepwater Technology 5 Introduction Shallow Water Production from Fixed Platforms 5 Deepwater Production to Date 6 Deepwater Development Activities to Date 7 Deepwater Production Systems 7 Floating Production Systems 9 Subsea Production Systems 14 Transportation Systems 15 Future Deepwater Development Activities 16 Future Deepwater Production 16 Floating Production Structures 16 Sub sea Production Systems 18 Transportation Systems 19 Future Technology Challenges 20 Literature Cited 21 Chapter 3: Geology 25 Basin Histoty 25 Study History 26 Seafloor Morphology 26 Structures 29 Salt 29 Faulting within the Continental Slope 36 Sedimentation in the Northern Gulf of Mexico 37 Sediment Sources and Drainage Patterns 38 Depocenters 40 Continental Slope Basins 42 Salt Induced Physiography of the Upper and Middle Continental Slope 43 Salt Induced Physiography of the Lower Continental Slope 46 Geohazards 49 Literature Cited 54 vii Contents (continued) Page Chapter 4: Physical Oceanography 61 Introduction 61 Classical Hydrography 64 Low-Frequency, Local Wind Forcing 72 Surface Wind Waves 74 Forcing By Energetic, Episodic Wind Events 77 Loop Current Forcing and Eddy Activity 85 Sea Level and Tides 96 Currents in Deep Water 98 Deep, Barotropic Currents 99 High-speed, Subsurfaceintensified Currents 102 Currents Responsible for Furrows 102 Effects of Shelf/Slope Canyons and Other Rough Topography 106 Numerical Modeling 107 Types of Models and Studies 107 Eddy Shedding Aspects 110 Other Skill Assessment 111 Status of Nowcast/Forecasts 112 Literature Cited 113 Chapter 5: Chemical Oceanography 123 Introduction 123 Dissolved Gases 124 Dissolved Solids 125 Nutrients 125 Dissolved Organic Matter 127 Dissolved Metals 129 Particulate Matter 130 Particulate Organic Matter 131 Particulate Inorganic Matter 132 The Chemistry of Natural Seepage 133 Brine Seepage 133 Hydrocarbon Seepage 134 Conclusions 135 Literature Cited 135 Contents (continued) Page Chapter 6: Water Column Biology 141 Prirnaiy Productivity and Chlorophyll Standing Stocks 141 Introduction 141 Mean Condition 142 Seasonal Changes 145 Deepwater "Hot Spots" from Entrainment of Freshwater 145 Deepwater "Hot Spots" from Cross Isopycnal Mixing 146 Deepwater "Hot Spots" from Mesoscale Divergence 153 Deepwater Zooplankton, Micronekton, and Ichthyoplankton 154 Introduction 154 The Available Database 155 Previous Reviews 155 Ecology, Biology, and Systematics Studies 159 Biornass and Abundance 160 Spatial and Temporal Variability 164 Acoustic Sampling of Zooplankton and Micronekton Biomass 166 Optical Sampling of Zooplankton and Micronekton Biornass 167 A Combined Approach to Biomass Surveys 167 Literature Cited 169 Appendix 6A: Deepwater Water Column Biology 181 Chapter 7: Non-Seep Benthos 189 Introduction 189 Community Description 193 Microbiota 193 Meiofauna 193 Macrofauna 193 Megafauna 197 Motile Scavengers 199 Community Metabolism 199 Community Function - The Cycling of Organic Carbon 199 Comparison of the Gulf Benthos with Other Oceans 202 Conclusions 203 Literature Cited 204 ix Contents (continued) Page Chapter 8: Seep Communities 209 Introduction 209 Background Biology 210 Microbiology of Chemosynthesis 210 Symbiosis with Invertebrates 210 Discoveries of Chemosynthetic Communities 211 Hydrothermal Vents 211 The Florida Escarpment 211 The Northern Gulf ofMexico Continental Slope 211 The Gulf of Mexico Seep Fauna 212 Vestimentiferan Tube Worms 212 Seep Mussels 214 Vesicomyid Clams 216 Lucinid Clams 216 Polychaete "Ice Worms" 216 Beggiatoa Mats and Other Protozoans 218 Heterotrophic Fauna 218 Types of Seep Communities in the Northern Gulf of Mexico 219 Bush Hill 220 Brine Pool NR1 221 Garden Banks 386 221 Alaminos Canyon 222 Distribution of Seep Communities in the Northern Gulf of Mexico 222 Literature Cited 224 Chapter 9: Protected Species 231 Introduction 231 Cetaceans 232 Listed Species Accounts 232 Nonlisted Species Accounts 235 Distribution and Abundance in the Oceanic Northern Gulf of Mexico 238 Sea Turtles 243 Species Accounts 244 Distribution and Abundance in the Oceanic Northern Gulf of Mexico 246 Sensitivity to Oil and Gas Exploration and Development 247 Literature Cited 250 x Contents (continued) Page Chapter 10: Fishes and Fisheries 255 Deepwater Fishes 255 Introduction 255 History of Deepwater Fish Sampling in the Gulf of Mexico 257 Epipelagic Fishes 258 Mesopelagic Fishes 260 Bathypelagic Fishes 264 Demersal Fishes 264 Interactions among Fishes of Different Assemblages 270 Deepwater Fisheries 270 Introduction 270 History of Deepwater Fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico 271 Key Species 272 Fishing Gear Types 272 Landings Trends 275 Literature Cited 278 Chapter 11: Socioeconomics 285 Introduction 285 The Importance of Time and Space 286 History of Oil and Gas Development in the Gulf Coast States from 1900s Forward 287 A Natural Extension of Growth 290 The Past Thirty Years 292 Socioeconomic Effects of Oil and Gas Activity across Space 293 Community Impacts 294 Port Development 297 Impact of Oil and Gas Development on the Organization of Work 298 Labor Markets 298 Industrial and Business Linkages 300 Industrial Restructuring 301 Relationships to Physical Environment 302 Agriculture 303 Recreational Uses of the Coast and Oil 303 Industrial Development and Infrastructure 304 Port Fourchon 306 Oil Spills and Flazardous Waste 307 Impacts on Families and Individuals 308 Oil and Louisiana Cajuns 309 Economic Impacts on Individuals and Families 310 Social Problems 312 Concentrated Work Scheduling 312 Impacts of Oil on Education, Migration, and Population 313 Conclusions 3 14 Literature Cited 315 xi Contents (continued) Page Chapter 12: Synthesis 321 Introduction 321 Operational Contrasts aid Implications 325 High Production Rates 325 Shift in Types of Structures 325 Changes in Drilling and Production 326 Transportation Challenges 327 Socioeconomic Implications 327 Environmental Contrasts and Implications 328 Physical/Chemcial Environment 328 Water Column Ecosystems 330 Benthic Ecosystems 333 Data Gaps and Information Needs 334 Deepwater Teclrnology
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