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American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies Indonesia US Foreign FRANCES GOUDA with THIJS BROCADES ZAALBERG AMERICAN VISIONS of the NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES/INDONESIA US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 1 AMERICAN VISIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES/INDONESIA de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 2 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 3 AmericanVisions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism,1920-1949 Frances Gouda with Thijs Brocades Zaalberg Amsterdam University Press de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 4 Cover illustration: Sutan Sjahrir with Thomas Jefferson in the background (PTT Museum,The Hague,Netherlands) Cover design:Kok Korpershoek,Amsterdam Lay-out:Het Steen Typografie,Maarssen ISBN 90 5356 479 9 NUGI 641/646 Amsterdam University Press,Amsterdam,2002 All rights reserved.Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced,stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by any means (electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 5 Table of Contents Preface and Acknowledgments 9 Abbreviations and Glossary 13 Introduction 17 Chapter One 25 American Foreign Policy and the End of Dutch Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia: An Overview Chapter Two 44 “It’s 1776 in Indonesia” Chapter Three 66 The United States and the Dutch East Indies:the Celebration of Capitalism in West and East during the 1920’s Chapter Four 83 American Visions of Colonial Indonesia from the Great Depression to the Growing Fear of Japan,1930-1938 Chapter Five 100 The Specter of Japan and America’s Recognition of the Indonesian Archipelago’s Strategic Importance,1938-1945 Chapter Six 119 The Politics of Independence in the Republik Indonesia and International Reactions,1945-1949 Chapter Seven 142 The Emerging Cold War and American Perspectives on Decolonization in Southeast Asia in the Postwar Era 5 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 6 Chapter Eight 165 Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence and the Outside World:England, Australia,and the United States in Search of a Peaceful Solution Chapter Nine 200 Armed Conflict,the United Nations’Good Offices Committee,and the Renville Agreement: America’s Involvement in Trying to Reach a Settlement Chapter Ten 237 Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia and Indonesian Politics:US Foreign Policy Adrift during the Course of 1948 Chapter Eleven 266 Rescuing the Republic’s Moderates from Soviet Communism:Washington’s Conversion to Unequivocal Support of Indonesia’s Independence Epilogue 294 Archival Sources and Selective Bibliography 306 Sources of Illustrations 313 Notes 315 Index 369 6 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 7 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 8 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 9 Preface and Acknowledgments This book is the result of a Fulbright senior research fellowship. In 1995, two unique grants,entitled “Renville Research,”were allocated to an Indonesian and an American historian in celebration of the simultaneous fiftieth anniversaries of Indonesia’s Proclamation of Independence and the genesis of the Fulbright scholarly exchange program.These Fulbright fellowships entailed the specific as- signment of taking a fresh look at the US role in Indonesia’s nationalist struggle in the post-World War II era from a distinctly American perspective, in my case, while Mestika Zed, as the Indonesian Fulbright fellow,was asked to review the same events from an Indonesian point of view. I would like to express my ap- preciation to Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (the Indonesian Academy of Sciences or LIPI),in particular to Prof.Dr.Taufik Abdullah,which served as offi- cial sponsor of this project.I am also grateful to the Council for the Internation- al Exchange of Scholars (CIES) in Washington DC, especially David Adams, for its administrative support.The same holds true for the American-Indonesian Ex- change Foundation (AMINEF) in Jakarta. Collectively,the latter two organiza- tions oversee the Fulbright program’s exchange of scholars,teachers,and students between Indonesia and the United States. In the course of exploring archival materials in the US National Archives and Records Administration in College Park, Maryland (NARA), the George Meany Memorial Archives in Silver Spring,Maryland (GMMA),the United Na- tions Archives in New York City (UN Archives), the Arsip Nasional Republik In- donesia in Jakarta (the National Archives of the Indonesian Republic or ANRI), the Algemeen Rijksarchief in The Hague (the National Archives of the Netherlands or ARA), and the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-,Land- en Volkenkunde in Leiden (Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology or KITLV), I benefited enor- mously from the help of many archivists and librarians who facilitated my work with dedication and kindness. While researching and writing this book, I have relished Mestika Zed’s keen insights into the political history of the Republic of Indonesia,in general,and the unfolding of the nationalist revolution in West Sumatra,in particular. My intel- lectual debt to Thijs Brocades Zaalberg began as a family affair. Living in Wash- ington DC in the United States until the summer of 1999, the ample Fulbright fellowship during 1995-1997 also provided my youngest nephew in the Nether- lands with a chance to do original research in the archival records of the State 9 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 10 AMERICAN VISIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES/INDONESIA Department and US intelligence agencies in order to prepare his Master’s thesis in history at the University of Groningen. He arrived in Washington in early 1996. In the course of many months of shared daily research at NARA in Col- lege Park, Maryland, he became a valued intellectual partner.At a time when I was only beginning to immerse myself in the writing process,Thijs completed his MA thesis.When I read the incremental installments of his scriptie, it became clear that Thijs had influenced my thinking in ways that transcended the role of research assistant,as I had originally envisioned our scholarly relationship.As a re- sult,American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia:US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 has become a collaborative book, because I was able to incorporate many of his insights and findings. In completing this project, I encountered a variety of people who are ex- tremely knowledgeable about Indonesian culture and politics, Dutch political history in the twentieth century, or America’s foreign policy during the Cold War. They all provided new historical materials, useful references to archival sources, or valuable ideas. I would like to acknowledge the help, both direct and indirect,of Marga Alisjahbana,Henri Chambert-Loir,Pieter Drooglever,William Frederick, Paul Gardner, Marlene Indro Nugroho-Heins, Bambang Harymurti, Albert Kersten, Paul Koedijk, Melvyn Leffler, Jennifer Lindsay,Elsbeth Locher- Scholten, Robert McMahon, Rudolf Mrázek,Anna Nelson, Mien Sudarpo, and Sudarpo Sastrosatomo. Audrey and George Kahin offered the warmest of friendships, intellectual counsel, and a cornucopia of original documents concerning the Indonesian struggle for independence, while I am also grateful to Audrey for reading and commenting on a large part of the manuscript with meticulous care. Before his death, I was able to correspond with Charlton Ogburn, whose recollections of his impassioned involvement in the Dutch-Indonesian negotiations during 1947-1948, sponsored through the Good Offices Committee (GOC) of the United Nations’Security Council,clarified my understanding and provided new information concerning America’s visions of the Indonesian independence struggle. Gerlof Homan and Paul Gardner graciously provided access to their previous exchanges with Ogburn as well as other significant materials. Adji Damais in Jakarta granted me permission to review his father’s eye witness ac- counts of the Dutch-Indonesian conflict, as conveyed in Louis Damais’ letters during the period 1945-1947 to Claire Holt in Washington. The two “Renville Research” Fulbright fellowships were the brainchild of Arthur Anthony Vaughn,the former cultural attaché of the American Embassy in Jakarta and a member of the AMINEF Board of Directors.While I was in Jakar- ta,Jo-Anne,Tony,and Andrea Vaugh also functioned as an agreeable source of dis- traction and delicious dinners. Similarly, Margie Bauer’s hospitality offered a peaceful haven in what remains for most of us an overwhelming city.I am grate- 10 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 11 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ful to Margie for her generosity.Nelly Polhaupessy,the AMINEF program offi- cer in charge of American Fulbrighters in Indonesia,helped me with a multitude of matters.From guiding me through the delicate negotiations with Jakarta’s bu- reaucracy to providing a free-floating stream of insights into contemporary In- donesian politics,Nelly made an enormous difference and became a friend in the process. In the Netherlands, Gary Price, Elsbeth Locher-Scholten, Harry Poeze and Kees van Dijk read parts or all of the book manuscript and furnished constructive criticism and advice. My new colleagues at the Belle van Zuylen Institute at the University of Amsterdam provided intellectual companionship and especially good cheer. Saskia de Vries, Suzanne Bogman, and Jaap Wagenaar at Amsterdam University Press have all contributed to making the arduous process of trans- forming an unwieldy manuscript into a real book a pleasant one. A book about the history of Indonesia is not complete without a note on or- thography. I have chosen to use the spelling of modern-day bahasa Indonesia as much as possible, such as in references to the archipelago’s cities and regions or nationalist parties and other organizations.When citing a primary source, how- ever, I have added the traditional, Dutch-inflected Malay.
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