Una Dama Para La Región. La Dama De Elche Como Símbolo Del Regionalismo Valenciano

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Una Dama Para La Región. La Dama De Elche Como Símbolo Del Regionalismo Valenciano Una dama para la región. La Dama de Elche como símbolo del regionalismo valenciano A Lady for the Region. The Lady of Elche as a symbol of Valencian regionalism Antonio Vizcaíno Estevan Doctor en Arqueología – Universitat de València [email protected] Resumen: En este texto se analiza el proceso de apropiación simbólica por el cual la Dama de Elche (s. IV a. C.) se ha convertido en referente de la identidad regional valenciana. Para ello se revisarán los contextos sociopolíticos y culturales que, desde el momento del hallazgo en 1897 hasta la actualidad, han resultado fundamentales para afianzar la centralidad del busto ibérico en el imaginario colectivo valenciano. Palabras clave: Dama de Elche, iberos, regionalismo, nacionalismo, identidad valenciana. Abstract: This paper examines the process of symbolic appropriation by which the so-called Lady of Elche (stone bust, 4th century BC) has become one of the main symbols of Valencian regional identity. With this aim, socio-political and cultural contexts from 1897 –when the Lady of Elche was discovered- to the present-day will be taken into consideration in order to understand the role of the bust in the Valencian social imaginary. Keywords: Lady of Elche, Iberians, regionalism, nationalism, Valencian identity. 1. Introducción das cuentas, como un argumento de peso en la definición de las identidades del presente, pues El pasado tiene un indudable poder legitima- las dota de profundidad temporal y, en dor. A través de los discursos construidos a su consecuencia, las presenta como más creíbles y alrededor se sancionan todo tipo de realidades, respetables, aún y cuando el origen real de éstas desde las que tienen que ver con el territorio, pueda no ser tan remoto (Hobsbawm y Ranger pasando por las vinculadas a cuestiones políti- 2002). Los discursos sobre el pasado al servicio cas e ideológicas, hasta llegar a las de índole de la definición identitaria cuentan, además, con social y económica. El pasado actúa, en resumi- Vizcaíno Estevan, A. Una dama para la región el apoyo de la materialidad asociada, el fico, y hasta tal punto es así que ya a finales de patrimonio, que se convierte en materialización los años 20 Teodoro Llorente Falcó escribía en misma de la identidad (García Canclini 1999). el diario ABC que De este modo, los restos del pasado, sobre todo las piezas arqueológicas consideradas singula- “La Dama de Elche, que en los primeros res ya sea por la excepcionalidad de sus tiempos después de su descubrimiento sólo características técnicas y estéticas, por las cir- tenía un valor arqueológico, comienza a mi- cunstancias de su descubrimiento o por las rarse desde otros puntos de vista; ya no es el posibilidades de trazar paralelismos con otros curioso documento de piedra de las edades elementos de la realidad étnica que las acoge, pasadas, atestiguador de una civilización y son susceptibles de convertirse en capital de una cultura artística, sino la personifica- simbólico a través de un proceso de apropiación ción de la mujer ibérica, de aquella raza que y resignificación que puede conducir a su constituye el fundamento de la española” sacralización (Hamilakis y Yalouri 1999). (1929: 19). En el territorio español, una de las piezas que En el estudio de los usos de la Dama de El- mayor proyección ha tenido como resultado de che en los ss. XX y XXI ha primado la proyec- un potente proceso de apropiación simbólica ha ción del nacionalismo español, sin duda la más sido la Dama de Elche. Desde el momento de su visible de todas aunque no la más temprana. descubrimiento en 1897, el busto activó distin- Sobre este tema existe una abundante literatura tas narrativas –más allá la estrictamente polarizada alrededor de dos momentos clave. arqueológica- a través de las que se le dotó de Por un lado, el descubrimiento del busto y su significado. Primero fue la “Reina Mora”, inter- función como reactivador del orgullo nacional pretación acorde con un imaginario popular que en un contexto de desprestigio internacional tras identificaba lo diferente con el “moro”. Poco la crisis de 1898 (Ruiz 1994; Díaz-Andreu después, a raíz de su traslado al Museo del Lou- 1995; González Reyero 2007). Por otro lado, el vre fue rebautizada como Dama, un cambio de regreso del busto a España en los años 40 y su nombre en apariencia anecdótico pero que definitivo afianzamiento como símbolo funda- traducía, en realidad, una nueva manera de mental de lo español en el marco de la dictadura entender la pieza amoldada a la cosmovisión de Franco y el ascenso del nacionalcatolicismo, burguesa del París de principios del s. XX (Ara- tras un periodo en el que el poder de la Falange negui 1997). El exilio francés supuso el había dejado a los iberos en un segundo plano reconocimiento internacional de la Dama, y a en pro de un filoceltismo que permitía construir partir de ese momento, y a lo largo del s. XX, puentes con la Alemania nazi (Díaz-Andreu ha sido reivindicada como referente de distintas 1995; Ruiz Zapatero 1996; Álvarez Sanchís y formas de identidad, principalmente político- Ruiz Zapatero 1998; Prieto Arciniega 2003; territoriales, pero también de otro tipo, Wulff 2003; Ruiz, Sánchez y Bellón 2006). Sin relacionadas, por ejemplo, con el ideal de be- embargo, el uso político de la Dama por parte lleza femenina, la pureza racial, el neopaga- del nacionalismo español no ha sido ni es exclu- nismo… Incluso la veneración local del busto sivo. Su reivindicación como referente ha ve- ha llevado a desarrollar prácticas cotidianas nido también de la mano de otras identidades próximas a la ritualidad católica (Vizcaíno político-territoriales, algunas de ellas compati- 2015). En este sentido, el valor simbólico de la bles con el discurso nacional español, como la Dama ha acabado prevaleciendo sobre el cientí- identidad local ilicitana y la regional valen- 164 ArqueoWeb, 17, 2016: 163-181 ISSN: 1139-9201 ciana, pero otras abiertamente divergentes, 2. El origen de una relación duradera: los como el nacionalismo valenciano y por exten- iberos, la Renaixença y el oportuno hallazgo sión –aunque no en todos los casos- con una de la Dama de Elche identidad catalana más extensa reflejada en la fórmula de los Països Catalans. No obstante, a El s. XIX constituye un momento verdadera- pesar de las posibles afinidades existe una cues- mente trascendental para el análisis de los usos tión en la que ni siquiera los discursos identita- del pasado. El surgimiento y desarrollo de los rios compatibles con el nacionalismo español nacionalismos supuso, entre otras muchas co- son necesariamente permisivos: la posesión del sas, trasladar la centralidad de los linajes busto. Tanto desde la esfera local como desde la dinásticos como sujeto preferente de atención regional y la nacional valenciana se reclama el de los discursos históricos e identitarios al derecho a disfrutar de la Dama en el propio nuevo concepto de nación surgido tras la territorio, un argumento que no es nuevo pero Revolución Francesa (Wulff 2002). La nación, que se ha visto reforzado durante las últimas entendida en sentido contemporáneo, asumía tres décadas como resultado de la descentraliza- una responsabilidad política para cuya legitima- ción de las competencias en el marco del Estado ción requería de relatos sobre el pasado que de las Autonomías, pero también como res- explicitaran su carácter milenario, lo cual ex- puesta al desanclaje identitario acelerado por la plica el importante desarrollo historiográfico globalización (Giddens 2003). Un fenómeno que vivió el s. XIX. Un desarrollo del que Es- que abre el interesante y acalorado debate sobre paña también fue parte integrante. A lo largo de la titularidad de los bienes patrimoniales. la centuria se sucedieron historias nacionales impregnadas de un claro componente naciona- Partiendo de ese juego de encuentros y lista y esencialista. La historia era entendida desencuentros identitarios provocados en torno como el relato de las glorias de la nación desde a la Dama, en este texto prestaremos atención a tiempos inmemoriales, lo que daba a entender la escala regional, analizando de qué maneras el que la esencia de la comunidad nacional había icono ha sido asumido y utilizado políticamente sido la misma a lo largo del tiempo y a pesar de para justificar una manera concreta de entender la sucesión de invasiones y conquistas (Álvarez la identidad valenciana que hoy en día continúa Junco 2003: 59). Lógicamente esos discursos siendo la mayoritaria (Archilés 2006b). Para históricos no fueron creados de cero, sino que ello nos remontaremos a finales del s. XIX, se aprovechó la tradición historiográfica de si- momento en que tiene lugar el descubrimiento glos anteriores y se amoldó a las necesidades de de la Dama de Elche pero también el afianza- la nueva clase dirigente. miento del repertorio de símbolos de la identi- dad regional. A partir de ahí, rastrearemos el En el devenir histórico de España, los iberos proceso de incorporación del busto al imagina- y los celtas, y en especial los celtíberos, consti- rio simbólico valenciano hasta llegar a nuestros tuían el punto de partida de la trayectoria nacio- días. nal, y a ellos se les atribuía el germen del espí- ritu español, con sus virtudes pero también con sus defectos, como la tantas veces lamentada desunión. Ahora bien, las culturas prerromanas peninsulares no fueron patrimonio exclusivo del nacionalismo español, y de hecho a lo largo del s. XIX surgieron de manera paralela otras for- 165 Vizcaíno Estevan, A. Una dama para la región mas de identidad que clamaron por ese pasado esa mirada nostálgica y orgullosa que la Renai- antiguo. Algunas de ellas derivarían más tarde xença proyectaba sobre el pasado, pues consti- en nacionalismos que chocarían con la idea de tuían la mejor garantía del carácter milenario de lo español, como el catalán y el vasco, mientras lo valenciano.
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