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Bitki Koruma Ziraat Mühendisliğinde Bitki Koruma Editör Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR ISPARTA-2018 Ziraat Mühendisliğinde Bitki Koruma Editör Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR ISPARTA-2018 Ziraat Mühendisliğinde Bitki Koruma Editör: Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR ISBN: 978-605-83004-4-6 1. Baskı- 21 Eylül 2018 © Tüm halkları saklıdır. Bu kitabın tamamı veya bir kısmı 5846 sayılı yasanın hükümlerine göre, Editörün önceden izni olmaksızın elektronik, mekanik, fotokopi ya da herhangi bir kayıt sistemi ile çoğaltılamaz, yayınlanamaz ve depolanamaz. Ancak kaynak göstererek alıntı yapılabilir. Orijinal fotoğrafların kullanımı için bölüm yazarından izin alınmalıdır. Not: Bu kitap içinde tüm sorumluluklar ilgili “Bölüm Yazarlarına” aittir. Editör ve diğer yazarlar kendi bölümleri dışındaki yazı ve şekillerin içeriklerinden sorumlu değildir. İletişim Cep: 0 (542) 566 68 89 İş : 0 (246) 211 48 56 e-posta: [email protected]; [email protected] Kapak tasarımı: Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR ÖNSÖZ Bu kitap, Türkiye’de Ziraat Fakülteleri, Ziraat ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakülteleri, Tarım Bilimleri ve Teknoloji Fakültelerindeki, Bitki Koruma dışındaki diğer bölümlerde ve ayrıca ilgili Yüksek Okullarda okutulmakta olan “Bitki Koruma” dersinde faydalanılmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Daha önce değişik yazarlar tarafından yazılmış olan kitaplar da göz önüne alınarak güncellenmiştir. Kitap hazırlanırken ayrıca yeni düzenlemeler ile “Ziraat Mühendisliği” olarak birinci sınıflarda da okutulmakta olan bu dersin, ikinci sınıfa geçerken öğrencilerin bölüm seçiminde onlara yol göstermesi de amaçlanmıştır. Kitap içindeki bölümlerde tüm anabilim daları ile ilgili temel kavram ve bilgiler haricinde yeni bilgilerin ve bazı ilgi çekici bölümlerin de eklenerek öğrencilerin bilgilendirilmesine çalışılmıştır. Kitabın en önemli özelliklerinden biri de şekillerin tamamına yakınının renkli olması yanında, ilk defa burada verilen orijinal olanlarının da yer almasıdır. Ayrıca kitap içinde geçen yabancı veya bilimsel terimlerin açıklamaları parantez içinde verilerek konuların öğrenciler tarafından daha iyi kavranılmasına çalışılmıştır. Bu kitabın, ilgili Fakültelerde okutulan “Bitki Koruma” dersini veren öğretim elemanlarına ve bu dersi alan öğrencilerimize faydalı olacağı düşüncesindeyiz. Bu kitap ile ilgili her türlü eleştiri, katkı ve düzeltmelere açık olduğumuzu belirtir, saygılar sunarız. Tüm yazarlar adına; Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR (Editör) ISPARTA - Eylül 2018 Bölüm Yazarları Hayvansal Zararlılar Bölümleri 1. Bölüm Böceklerin Önemi ve Faydaları Prof. Dr. Bülent Yaşar 2. Bölüm Böcek Biyomimikrisi Prof. Dr. Bülent Yaşar 3. Bölüm Bitkilere Zarar Veren Böceklerde Beslenme Prof. Dr. Bülent Yaşar 4. Bölüm Böceklerde Üreme ve Gelişme Doç. Dr. Ali Kemal BİRGÜCÜ 5. Bölüm Böcek Morfolojisi Prof. Dr. İsmail KARACA 6. Bölüm Böcek Anatomisi ve Fizyolojisi Doç. Dr. Gökhan AYDIN 7. Bölüm Bitkisel Üretimde Zararlı Akarlar Doç. Dr. Sibel YORULMAZ SALMAN 8. Bölüm Bitkisel Üretimde Zararlı Nematodlar Doç. Dr. Sibel YORULMAZ SALMAN 9. Bölüm Bitkisel Üretimde Zararlı Diğer Hayvansal Organizmalar Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR 10. Bölüm Kültürel Önlemler, Biyolojik ve Kimyasal Mücadele Doç. Dr. Ali Kemal BİRGÜCÜ 11. Bölüm Mekaniksel, Fiziksel ve Biyoteknik Mücadele Prof. Dr. Bülent YAŞAR Bitki Hastalıkları Bölümleri10 12. Bölüm Paraziter Olmayan Bitki Hastalıkları Prof. Dr. Gürsel KARACA 13. Bölüm Prokaryotik Bitki Patojenleri Doç. Dr. Hülya ÖZGÖNEN ÖZKAYA 14. Bölüm Ökaryotik Bitki Patojenleri Doç. Dr. Ş. Evrim ARICI 15. Bölüm Bitki Virüsleri Prof. Dr. Nejla YARDIMCI 16. Bölüm Bitkilerde Hastalık Oluşumu ve Epidemi Doç. Dr. Hülya ÖZGÖNEN ÖZKAYA Yabancı Ot Bölümü 17. Bölüm Yabancı Otlar ve Mücadelesi Doç. Dr. Handan ÇULAL KILIÇ İÇİNDEKİLER Hayvansal Zararlılar ................................................................................................................................ 1 Bölüm 1: Böceklerin Önemi ve Faydaları ............................................................................................... 3 1. Böceklerin Önemi........................................................................................................................ 3 2. Böceklerin Faydaları ................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Böceklerden Direkt Olarak Faydalanma ............................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Bilimsel çalışmalarda kullanma ..................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Bitkilerin tozlaşmasını sağlama ..................................................................................... 5 2.1.3. İnsan veya hayvan besini olarak kullanılması (entomophagy) ....................................... 5 2.1.4. Böceklerden sağlık alanında kullanılması ...................................................................... 6 2.1.4.1. Kurtçuk tedavisi ...................................................................................................... 7 2.1.4.2. Apiterapi (=Biyoterapi) ........................................................................................... 7 2.2. Böceklerin Ürünlerinden Faydalanma .................................................................................. 8 2.2.1. Balarılarının bal, polen, zehir ve arısütünden faydalanma ............................................. 8 2.2.2. Hamamböceği ve ağustosböceği beyinlerinin antimikrobiyal özellikleri ....................... 9 2.2.3. Vernik yapımı ve giysi boyamada faydalanma .............................................................. 9 2.2.4. İpekböceği’nden ipek elde etme .................................................................................. 10 2.2.5. Karmen kırmızısı renk maddesinin böceklerden elde edilmesi .................................... 10 2.2.6. Kanser tedavisinde böceklerin zehirinin kullanımı ...................................................... 10 2.2.7. Arıkovanı solunum terapisi .......................................................................................... 11 2.2.8. Kırıkları tutturmak için ipekten vida yapımı ................................................................ 11 2.2.9. Böceklerin yaptığı gallerden tannik asit elde etme ....................................................... 11 2.2.10. Bomba ve mayın aramada arı kullanımı .................................................................... 12 2.2.11. Bomba arama ve imha etmede çekirge kullanımı ...................................................... 12 Bölüm 2: Böcekleri Taklit Etme (Böcek Biyomimikrisi) ...................................................................... 15 1. Biyomimikri nedir? ................................................................................................................... 15 2. Böceklerle İlgili Bazı Biyomimikri Örnekleri ........................................................................... 16 2.1. İşitme Cihazı Tasarımı ........................................................................................................ 16 2.2. Sıcaklık Sensörü Tasarımı .................................................................................................. 16 2.3. Su tutmayan Giysi Tasarımı ............................................................................................... 17 2.4. Binaların Havalandırma Tasarımı ....................................................................................... 18 2.5. Çarpışma Önleyici Sensör Tasarımı ................................................................................... 18 2.6. Sikorsky Helikopterinin Tasarımı ....................................................................................... 19 2.7. Çölde Nem Toplama Yapı Tasarımı ................................................................................... 19 2.8. LED Benzeri Yapı Tasarımı ............................................................................................... 20 2.9. Katlanabilir Kanat Tasarımı................................................................................................ 20 2.10. Parlaklığını Arttıran Diyot Tasarımı ................................................................................. 21 2.11. Daha Verimli Rüzgâr Türbinleri Tasarımı ........................................................................ 21 2.12. Suda Sıçrayabilen Robotik Böcek Tasarımı...................................................................... 22 2.13. Dijital Böcek Gözü Tasarımı ............................................................................................ 22 2.14. Geniş Açılı Bir Lens Tasarımı .......................................................................................... 23 Bölüm 3: Bitkilere Zarar Veren Böceklerde Beslenme ......................................................................... 25 1. Zararlı nedir? ............................................................................................................................. 25 2. Konukçu nedir? ......................................................................................................................... 26 3. Böceklerin bitkilerde oluşturduğu zarar şekilleri ....................................................................... 27 4. Böceklerde besine yönelme ....................................................................................................... 28 5. Böceklerin bitkilere yumurta bırakma tercihi ............................................................................ 30 6. Nektar ve polenle beslenme ......................................................................................................
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