Handford R H 1932 Sec.Pdf (2.474Mb)

A THE SIS entitled THE BIOLOGY OF THE BEPPER]GRASS BEETLE, GALERUCA EXTERNA SAY, WITH FREQUENT REFERENCES TO THE RED TURNIP BEET�E, ENTOMOSCELIS ADONIDIS (PALLAS); AND THE EXTERNAL LABVAL MORPHOLOGY OF BOTH SPECIES. ( COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) by R. H. Handford Presented May, 1952, to the faculty of Arts and Science of the University of Saskatchewan, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. CON TEN T S Page Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 •••••••• 4 Records of Economic Importance •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• � 6 Geographical Distribution and Ecological Notes ••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 Morphology •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•••••• 10 (a) Ga1eruca ·externa Say ••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• The Mature Larva •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•• 10 Methods and Technique ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 11 General Description ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Head •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 T.hora.x •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• '14 Abdomen ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 Second'Instar •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 First Instar •••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• 20 The Adult •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 The Egg . 20 (b) Entomoscelis adonidis (Pallas) .............................. 21 The Mature Larva ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Methods and Technique ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 General Description ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Head •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Thorax ••••••••••••••••••••.••.••••.••••.•.••.••••••••• 25 Abdomen ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 27 Second and Third Instars ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 First Instar ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 The Adult •••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.•..•••••••.••..•••••• 51 The Egg •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 1 a (c) The Taxonomic Positions of (extern and adonidis ••••••••••••• 51" for the of (d)Characters Hasty Identification the Larvae ••••••• 55 Seasona1 Life-History •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 55 Stadia (Sens. Lat.) .................................................. 42 The Normal Stadia ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 The Effect of Temperature on the Stadia ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 Discussion of Rearing Experiments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Aestivation and Oviposition •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 Aestivation ••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••••••.•••••••••••.•••• 50 Oviposition •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.•...••• 52 CONTENTS (Con'd) Page 56 Food and�Habits of Feeding •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Food Plants •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••• 56 Feeding Habits of Larvae in the Field (�externa) ••••••••••••• 58 Feeding Habits of Adults in the Field (�externa) ••••••••••••• 62 Feeding Periods of Larvae in the Laboratory •••••••••••••••••••• 68 of Food to Larvae of E. adonidis Quantity Required Bring --- . to Maturity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 70 Control ............................................................. 72 1. Natural Control ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 72 Disease ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 72 Parasites ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•.•••• 72 Weather ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75 (a) Entomoscelis adonidis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75 (b) Galeruca externa ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 74 2. Artificial Control •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 75 The Effect of Poisoned Dusts on Larvae •••••••••••••••••••• 75 The Effect of Poisoned Dusts on Adults of G. externa •••••• 75 of The Effect Plowing Down the Eggs of � �onidis •••••••• 78 Summary ............................................,.......,........... 79 Literature Cited •••••••••••••••••••••• � ••••••.•.•••••••••••.•••••••• 81 TABLES . Page Table I. Seasonal Observations on� externa . 57 Table II. Seasonal Data on � externa and � adonidis, 1928-1951••• 40 Table III. Time Required to Rear Larvae of � externa During May and June, 1929 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• :: 45 Table IV. Time Required to Rear Larvae of b_ !I1onidis During I and 1951 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• 44 May June, : Table V. Average Results.of Rearing Experiments with Larvae �f Both species •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 of 54 Table VI. Eggs Laid by Adults � externa During Autumn, 1951 ••• 55 Table VII. Eggs Laid by Adults ofb_ adonidis During Autumn, 1951 ••• Table VIII. Time and Temperature at Which Larvae of � externa Feed ••••••• � •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59 Table IX. Time and Temperature at Which Adults of � externa ' Feed ••••••••••••••••• � •••••••••••• e,_ ••••• ••••••• 65 '1 ( (Auxiliary) � Table IX. Comparison of Sun, Shade, and Soil Temperatures ••••••••• 66 Table X. Period of Larvae of externa and adonidis . Feeding � � in the Laboratory ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 Ta.ble XI. Adults Killed Various by Poisoned Dusts •••.••••.•••••••• 77 FIGURES Opposite page The mature . Fig. 1.- fh externa. larva ...................... 11 n " Fig. 2.- The head ••••.•.....•••.•...•..•.•••.•.. 12 " " The Fig. 3·- u:a.xilla, labrum, and mandible •••••• 13 It n Fig. 4.':'" The thorax ............................. 15 " " Fig. 5.- The a.bdominal segments ................. 18 " II Fig. 6.... The eggs · .............................. 20 Fig. 7.- !:... adonidis. The mature larva . ...................... 21 II II Fig. 8.- fhe head · .............................. 22 " " Fig. 9·- The maxilla, la.brum, and uandible ...... 23 " " Fig.10.- The thorax ........................ " ... 25 n " Fig.ll.- The leg . .................... 27 n II Fig.12.- The abdominal segments •••••• I •••••••••• 28 " " Fig.13.- The eggs · .............................. 31 11"'TRODUCTION The study of the peppergrass beetle (Galeruca externa Say) and the red turnip beetle (Entomoscelis adonidis (Pallas)), was begun "during Ig28 on the suggestion of' Mr. Norman Criddle, Entomologist in charge of' the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Treesbank, Manitoba, who for several years had been aware of the similarity in habits of' the two species as well as the degree to which the larvae resemble each other. It was, however. carried on only as one small phase ot a minor investigation in conjunction with other more important pro jects. Increased attention was given both species during the winter ot 1930-3l, but it was not until the spring ot 1931 that they were given the full attention and status of' a separate project. Thus most ot the observations were made near Treesbank, Manitoba, during the swmmer ot 1931, and the morphological studies were conducted almost at the entirely during January and February, 1932 , Dominion Entomolog ical Laboratory, Saskatoon. The insects being garden pests, and the writer holding a position as an investigator of economic entomological problems, it was natural that the economic aspect of' the study should be stressed. A few of the experiments, however, are only remotely applicable to the economic field, and were included more for the purpose of obtain ing leads to other, possibly new, economic studies. Though the red turnip beetle, at least, has been trouble some in gardens for several decades, very little has been written - - 2 regarding its life-history. Nor does there appear to be any experi- mental data available on the control of either species, though the commonly used chanical methods are recommended. Fletcher's report ot 1892 contains a brief description ot the larvae, but most liter ature on the species refers only to outbreaks in various localities trom year to year. This is discussed later. From various members of the Dominion Entomological Branch and trom entomologists of provincial universities the writer has ob tained valuable infor.mation and advice. He welcanes this opportunity to express his appreeia�ion and extend his sincere thanks for their unstinted kindnesses. For four seasons the writer has worked under the direction of Mr. Noman Criddle and during that time has received only the kind est consideration and most usetul advice. Mr. Criddle's keenness ot observation and wealth ot entomological experience have enabled him to point out many pitfalls which might easily have caused much waste ot time and ettort. Mr. R. M. White, also ot the Treesbank laboratory, has on several occasions indicated points of interest that the writer had overlooked. �ss M. Criddle and Mr. E. Criddle have assisted in locating intestations and in coilecting specimens. From Dr. L. G. Saunders of the University of Saskatchewan, to whom the plans of the study were submitted tor tinal approval, many valuable suggestions were received, especially in regard to morpho logical technique and the preparation of the manuscript. Mr� K. M. Bing, of the Saskatoon laboratory aided the writer in choosing his thesis, and has done everything possible to provide adequate tacilities tor the winter work on the project. To the other members ot the Saskatoon staft -- Messrs. Amason, Paul, Glen, and MCMillan -- the writer also owes much tor advice and assistance. The writer is inde bted to Mr. Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist, and Mr. H. G. Crawtord, Chief ot the Division ot Field Crop and Garden Insects, tor their kindly attitude toward his work and tor pennission

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