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A Batista, Fulgencio, 3, 83, 121 acculturation, 52n27, 63 Batistianos, 30 African Americans, 8, 10–12, 15, 17, blackness, 7, 17, 29, 33, 36–7, 38, 39, 19–20, 28–35, 38, 40, 47, 48, 67, 42, 54n42, 83, 88, 90, 110, 118, 70–2, 75, 80, 81, 84, 86, 89–93, 131, 133, 146, 165, 166, 185, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, 121–2, 195, 196, 211, 214, 215, 217, 123–4, 125, 129, 132, 133, 143, 219, 224 151, 152, 154, 162, 178, 190–6, blanqueamiento , 3, 38, 195 199, 207, 213–17, 220–2, 224 Boatlift, Mariel, 11, 34, 35, 39, 40, Afro-Cubanismo, 16 44, 46, 66, 78, 92, 107, 111, Afro-Latinidad, 226 113, 117, 118, 123, 125, 128, Afro-Latino, 11, 191, 192 145, 147, 149, 153, 179 Afro-Latinx, 7, 13, 15, 38, 47, 48, buena presencia (good presence), 164 79–81, 84, 111, 129, 131–2, 155, 161, 196, 199, 207n41, 211, 216, 218, 220, 221, 224 C ajiaco , 61–103, 185, 194, 195 Calle Ocho (Southwest Eighth Street), Allapattah, 28, 33, 47, 84, 108, 179 109, 175, 176, 189, 192 Americanization, 218 Casal, Lourdes, 47, 52n22, 69, assimilation, 9, 47, 63, 65, 70, 72, 102n53, 147, 204n27 122, 128, 148, 157, 219 civil rights movement/revolution, 30, 83, 115, 148, 186 Cofradía de la Negritud , 147 B Cold War , 7, 30, 67, 74, 144, 150, baby bonds, 221 193 balseros , 143–70 colorism, 38, 147, 178, 219

COMECON, 144 encomiendas , 3 context of reception, 12, 48, 64, 66, entrepreneurship, 30 67, 69, 122, 124, 125, 215 escoria, 116 creolization, 62–4 ethnic enclave, 7, 10, 12, 13, 18, 19, Cuba de Ayer , 13, 19, 166, 175–207 28, 47, 62–6, 78, 85, 93, 109, Cuban Adjustment Act (CAA), 7, 30, 117, 122, 148, 154, 165, 181, 48, 67, 84, 145, 223 188, 215 Cuban American Lobby, 181 Cuban American National Council (CANC), 206n36 F Cuban American National Foundation federal job guarantee, 221 (CANF), 121, 150–2 fi no , 164 Cubanidad , 10, 12, 13, 18, 48, 49, 62–4, 67, 88, 91, 94, 163, 184, 185, 194, 195, 199, 215–17 G Cuban Missile Crisis, 30 gentrifi cation, 108, 111, 163 Cuban Refugee Resettlement Program , “golden exiles,” 30, 44, 119 83 Gonzalez, Elían, 1, 18, 146, 150, Cuban Revolution, 3–5, 30, 35, 38 151 cultural assimilation, 9 guajiro , 185 cultural defi ciencies, 70, 71, 216 cultural racism, 13, 190, 193, 216 culture of poverty, 68 H Herald , Miami , 112, 113, 149, 153 Hialeah, 30, 42, 47, 80, 148, 149, D 175, 184, 188, 189, 192 Daily Granma , 153 Hispanic, 14, 16, 17, 20, 28, 32–4, De Ayer, Miami, 13, 19, 166, 41, 42, 47, 90, 91, 93, 94, 109, 175–207, 216 110, 129–34, 148, 155, 165, Dominicans, 7, 11, 14, 33, 41, 46, 63, 197, 211, 213, 219 80, 92, 107, 148, 164, 178, 197 Domino Park, 109, 110, 175–7 downward assimilation, 70 I internalized racism, 39, 178, 188, 218 E intersectionality, 146, 187, 209, 211 economic globalization, 183 invisibility, 13, 34, 81, 82, 92, 94 el bloqueo (the embargo/blockade), 181, 223 el dialog , 114, 115 J el exilio , 2, 11, 61–103, 180, 181, 188 Jim Crow, 5, 12, 30, 35, 82, 83, 88, El Nuevo Herald , 118, 165 93, 112, 196 INDEX 239

L Ortiz, Fernando, 34, 52n27, 62, 67, la saguesera (southwest miami), 92, 88, 95n4, 194–5 153, 163, 189, 196 Overtown, 31, 61, 107, 109, 112, lateral mobility, 6, 7, 68 131, 212, 213 latifundia, 121 Latinidad, 29, 213, 215, 217 Latinos/as, Latin@s, Latinxs, 31, 71, P 72, 164, 165, 199, 209–28 passing, 14, 40, 119, 129, 149, 155, 223 Liberty City, 28, 31, 47–8, 61, 89, “people-to-people” travel, 182, 209 108, 109, 112, 213 personal responsibility, 6, 13, 19, 197, Little Havana, 28, 30, 42, 47, 48, 61, 200 80, 88, 92, 108, 109, 148–51, pigmentocracy, 87, 133, 215 163, 175, 176, 178, 179, 188, “politics of respectability,” 166 189, 191, 217 Living Wage, 223–4 R racial democracy, 11, 20, 37, 89, 166, 179 M racialization, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 38, Maceo, Antonio, 33 48, 67, 70, 93, 101n46, 197, Mandela, Nelson, 121–2 211, 214, 215, 218, 220 Martí, Jose, 36, 88, 102n8, 206n39 remittances, 4, 146, 147, 182, 183 mestizos, 37 Miami City Commission, 121 Miami-Dade County, 10–12, 14–20, 27, S 29, 31, 38, 41–9, 64, 69, 72–83, segmented assimilation, 70, 122, 148 85, 91–3, 107, 113, 120–30, 134, segregation, 5, 12, 27, 28, 30, 35, 47, 144, 146, 148–50, 153, 156–61, 78, 81, 83, 85, 89, 91, 133, 134, 165, 175, 176, 179, 189, 191, 193, 179, 187, 196, 215 195, 197–9, 209, 212–16, 222–4 Small Business Administration (SBA), miscegenation, 4, 36 30, 97n20 Moore, Carlos, 37, 170n32, 206n39 social distance theory, 102n55 mulatto/mulatta, 5, 14, 17, 20, 36–7, sociedad de castas , 5, 36 39, 48, 88, 117, 129, 149, 150, socioeconomic assimilation, 72 152, 183, 192 spatial assimilation, 47, 148 Special Period in Peace time (Período Especial) , 44, 144 N structural assimilation, 65, 95n8 negrophobia , 37, 38, 86, 111, 193

T O “tangles of pathology,” 216 oppositional culture, 98n28, 99n33 transnationalism, 7, 215 Organización de Pioneros José Martí, 21 tri-racial order, 13, 215 240 INDEX

U whiteness, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, “undeserving poor,” 166, 191 29, 32, 36–9, 40, 42, 44, 48, 67, undesirables, 114, 119 82, 87, 92, 118, 125, 127, 131, Union City, New Jersey, 73 132, 149, 154, 178, 184, 185, 189, 191, 199, 214, 215 whitening, 3, 87 W “welfare queen,” 125, 191 “white fl ight,” 38, 65, Y 148 Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, 12