PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 91(2), 1989, pp. 269-285

KEY TO THE OF EASTERN UNITED STATES WITH A NEW FROM FLORIDA (ISOPTERA)

David A. Nicicle and Margaret S. Collins

(DAN) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, BBH, Agricultural Research Service, % National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560; (MSC) Research Asso- ciate, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560,

Abstract. — \ new of drywood of the genus Neotennes is described and figured, and an identification key is included to separate it from nine other kalotermitids from Florida. This species was first recognized as distinct from another morphologically very similar species, Ncotcnues jouteli (Banks), on the basis of karyotypic and isozymatic differences.

Key Words: Neotennes, Kalotermitidae,

Termites resembling Neolernws joulcli head width, in dorsal view, the greatest (Banks and Snyder) 1920 but differing from breadth at the genae; head depth, in lateral that species in chromosome number and view, the distance between the vertex and isozyme patterns were recently noted by Dr. the ventral margin of the head capsule; eye Peter Luykx during the course of a cytogenic diameter, the width of the eye of the imago survey of species of the family Kalotermi- measured from its anterior to posterior tidae. We were requested to seek, and here- margin; postociilar distance, in dorsal view with report, morphometric features for on the imago, the shortest distance from the characterizing this new taxon to make the midpoint of the occipital margin of the head name available for his research. Although to the imaginary line connecting the pos- we are confident that most of the termite terior margins of the compound eyes; sub- species of the United States have been de- ocular distance, in lateral view, the shortest scribed, we find that refinements in taxo- distance connecting the ventral margin of a nomic techniques are beginning to uncover compound eye with the ventral margin of complexes among already described species the head capsule; ocellus length and width. (Haverty and Thome 1989, in press). When the greatest and shortest diameters, respec- chromosomal, isozymatic, or behavioral tively, of the ocellus; postmentum length. studies are used in termite investigations, the distance from the midpoint of the labial more species may be discovered in North suture to the midpoint of the inner posterior America. margin of the postmentum; postmentum Samples were preserved in 85% ethanol; width, the minimum width of the postmen-

morphological features were measured with tum at its constriction; length and wi(/th of the device described in detail by Grant pronotum. in dorsal view, the medial length (1965). Measurements consisted of the fol- and greatest width of the pronotum; length lowing values in millimeters: head leni^lli. and width of wing, the total length of the in lateral view, the distance from the left forewing, including the scale, and the great- ventral mandibular condyle to the occiput; est width of the forewing; total length, in 270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lateral view, the length of the body from the Tablc 1. A list of chromosome numbers (2n) for Florida species of Kalotemiitidae (Luykx and Syren tip of the face to the apex of the abdomen; 1979, Luykx pers. comm). k'lii^lli of the mandible, in dorsal view, the

length of the soldier mandible measured Spi-L ics from the notch at the base of the outer man- dibular condyle to the tip of the mandible

(Tables 2, 4, 5). Morphometric ratios found to have some value in identifying Florida kalotcrmitids included the following: Head L/W, the ratio of head length to head width; Head L D. the ratio of head length to head depth; Head W/D, the ratio of head width to head depth; Postocular distance/Eye diameter and Sub- ocular distance/Eye diameter, Pronotum W/L, the ratio ofthe greatest width to medial length of the pronotum; Wiiii; L IT, the ra- tio of the wing length to wing width; Wing L/U'ingscale L. and Post nient urn L W (Ta- bles 3, 6, 7). Except for a previously unidentified sol- dier and nymph in the National Museum Collection that had been collected by E. M.

Miller in 1930. all of the material upon which this description is based was collected in south Florida by Peter Luykx. Specimens used in this study have been deposited in the following institutions: National Mu- seum of Natural History, Smithsonian In- stitution, Washington, D.C. [NMNH], and the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY [AMNH],

Description

Neotermes luykxi Nickie and Collins Nkw Spkcies

Holotype. — Short-headed soldier. Flori- da: Broward Co. Dania. PL 389C. 30 June 1984. (Coll. P. Luykx). [NMNH]. Morpho- type. Imago. Florida: Broward Co. Holly- wood. PL 558. 2! August 1986. (Coll. P. Luykx). [NMNH]. Paratype ^el•ies. — 26 roldiers, 15 ima- goes, 20 nymphs. Florida: Broward Co., Hollywood, PL 439, (P. Luykx), 6 soldiers, 5 imagoes, 4 nymphs [NMNH]; Same lo- . '

VOLUME 91, NUMBER 2 271

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Table 4. TERMINTE LONG-HEADED SOLDIERS: means (.v) and ranges of measurements (in mm) of morphological features of Neotennes and Incisttermes species from Florida. Numbers in parentheses after value mdicate size of sample. NA = not available for measurement. 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 91, NUMBER 2 275

Table 6. Ratios of morphological features of long-headed soldier termites from Florida. Numbers in paren- theses after value mdicatc size of sample. NA = not available for measurement. 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Table 7. Ratios of morphological features of short-headed soldier termites from Florida. Numbers in pa- rentheses after value indicate size of sample available for measurement. NA = not available for measurement.

^folcrnivs /rtiisilcrmes Inasilermes Incisiicrnws Kahtermes loutcli IuvLm snvderi schwar:i milleri approximalus

Head L/W VOLUME 91. NUMBER 2 277

/. schwarzl LH /. schwarzl SH mlllerl SH 278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

-^^^^hi<.4i

C. nearcticus /. snyderi

Fig. 2. Termite soldiers, head profile. A, .Xeoleniws castciiieus: B, N. joutcli. long-head (LH); C, N. jouleli. short-head (SH); D, N. luykxi. LH; E, N. luykxi, SH; F, Incisitennes schwarzi. LH; G, /. schwarzi. SH; H,

Kalotermes approximatus; I, /. snyderi; J, /. millcii, LH; K, /. milleri, SH; L, Calcaritermes nearcticus.

Capra 1978). These species, othei^vise mor- oped soldiers from 2nd and 3rd instar lar- phologically very similar to Gryllolalpa vae, while older colonies developed soldiers gryllotalpa (L.), have chromosome comple- from 4th and 5th instar larvae. ments of 17, 15, 16, 18, and 14, respec- There are five genera ofdrywood termites tively, compared with 12 for (7. gryllotalpa. in the eastern United States: Calcaritermes

Once it was determined that different chro- (nearcticus (Snyder 1933)). Cryptotermes mosomal numbers occurred within the (cavifrons Banks 1906 and brevis (Walker complex, it was possible to establish mor- 1853)), Incisitermes (snyderi, schwarzi. and phometric parameters of the variable char- milleri), Kalotermes (approximatus Banks acters for each species. and Snyder 1920), and Neotermes (casta-

As in Incisitennes milleri (Emerson). /. neus, jouteli. and the new species luyk.xi). snyderi (Light), /. schwarzi (Banks), and All of these species are known to occur in , N. Inyk.xi soldiers occur Florida. as long-headed or as short-headed forms. Kalotermes appro.ximatus is not usually Short-headed forms are usually more com- economically important, except in rare cases mon than long-headed ones within most when it becomes locally abundant. It is gen- samples we have seen. The different head erally associated with dead wood in sand forms probably result from differences in dunes in northern Florida, Alabama, Mis- the stage of nymphal development when sissippi, and Louisiana, and northward along soldier differentiation occurs. Grasse and the coastal plain into southern Virginia. Noirot (1958) demonstrated that young Weesner (1965) reported this species in Kalotermes flavicollis (F.) colonies devel- homes in Waco, Texas, in 1957 and 1958 VOLUME 91, NUMBER 2 279

A W. luykxl N. iouteli

C. cavifrons

Fig. 3. Wings of alates of kalotermitids. A, Neotermes joulelt B, A', hiykxi; C, N. caslaneus: D, Incisilermes schwarzi; E, /. snyden; F, Crypioiermcs cavifrons; G, Calcarilermes nearclicus. (M = medius vein.)

according to National Pest Control Asso- Indies. Central and South America. Neo- ciation Records, but we have no specimens termes liiyk.xi is presently known only from to confirm its presence in that state. Monroe. Dade, ard Broward Counties. The two genera of kalotermitids most Florida. Neotermes species tend to be more likely to be encountered in southern Florida moisture-dependent than those of Incisi- are Neotermes and liicisiteiDies. Neotermes termes (Collins 1 969). Neotermes jouteli may jouteli occurs in southern Florida, Jamaica, enter man-made structures, infesting wet the West Indies, and Mexico, Neotermes wood or wood that becomes wet from time castaneus occurs in southern Florida, West to time. also has been 280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of morphological features of kalotermitid termites. A, Calcanlennes nearcliais. apex of left foretibia, lateral aspect. B, W-oicrmcs castaneus soldier, left mandible, dorsal aspect. C,

D. Scoiermes castaneus. imago mandibles: C. left. D, right. E, F. Crvptotermes brevis. imago mandibles: E, left, F, right.

recorded as a pest of avocado, guava, and the Coastal Plain from Texas to Florida and citrus trees in south Florida and other parts northward to South Carolina and in Central of its range, attacking dead wood of injuries America and several islands in the Carib- and then invading adjacent living parts of bean. It occurs commonly in dead cypress the trees (Miller 1949, Araujo 1970). {Taxodiuin spp.) in the United States, caus- Incisitennes snyderi is widespread along ing extensive damage to untreated wood and VOLUME 91, NUMBER 2 281

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of morphological features of kalotermitid termites. A, C, E. Crypto- tennes brevis. soldier: A, dorsal, C, lateral, E, frontal aspect. B, D, P. Cryplotcrmes cavifrons. soldier: B, dorsal, D, lateral, F, frontal aspect.

fence posts (Miller 1949). Incisitennes ilcrnu's nilllcri is known only from the for- schwarzi. found commonly in south Flori- ested areas of the Florida Keys and .lamaica da, also occurs in eastern Mexico (Yucatan) and is found in the sound wood of dead and throughout the West Indies. Like Neo- stumps. termes jouteli. I. schwarzi is found in hab- The remaining drywood termites in this itats with more available moisture and region all have soldiers with phragmotic higher temperatures than /. snydcri. Incis- (stopper-like) heads. Calcarilcnncs has nu- 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON PHMP^P^^^^I VOLUME 91, NUMBER 2 283

merous species in the Neotropics but only - Media (M) of forewing curving anteriorly and joining radial sector at about two-thirds length a single species, ncarcticus (Banks 1918), in of wing from suture (Fig. 3F) [Ciyploiennes] 5 the United States. Calcaritcnncs ncarctlciis 3. Body length 7-8 mm; body dark brown .... is found in natural habitats in northern Incisilermes milleri Florida but has not yet been recorded from - Body length greater than 10 mm, but usually man-made structures. In contrast, termites not exceeding 16 mm; body yellow to yellowish brown 4 of the genus Cryptotermes are major pests. 4. Body length 15-16 mm; yellow-brown; wing Cryptotermes cavifrons has been found in length (including wing scale) greater than 10 natural habitats throughout peninsular mm (Fig. 3D); head shape as in Fig. 6M-0 Florida, islands of the Caribbean and Cen- Incisitennes schwarzi - tral America (Araujo 1977), but Ciypto- Body length 10-12 mm; yellowish; wing length less than 10 mm (Fig. 3E); head shape as in IcTDies brevis, the more important pest Fig. 6J-L lucisitcniu's snyderi species of the two, is known only from the 5. Body length 10-12 mm; head width behind dry wood of man-made structures in the eyes greater than 1.0 mm; antenna usually with United States and elsewhere in the world. 16-18 articles Crypiolermcs brcvis - It is a common household pest from North Body length less than 10 mm; head width less than 1.0 mm; antenna usually with fewer than Carolina through Florida to Texas and is 16 articles Ciyptolernies cavifrons frequently found in furniture, picture frames, 6. M vein of forewing unsclerotized, located mid- and other wooden items that have been way between Rs and Cu; compound eye less transported to northern states from areas of than 0.35 mm in diameter; ocellus less than infestation in the South and other warm re- 0.12 mm in diameter; head length/width ratio

greater than 1 .0; body sooty black; wings short- gions of the world. er than body Kalolcrmes approximatus The following identification key resolves - M vein of forewing nearly as scleroti/ed as Rs, some of the difficulties in determining ter- located closer to Rs than to Cu; without other mites from the eastern United States. above combination of characters 7 7. Rs and M of forewing close together, without crossveins; Cu equidistant between M and anal margin (Fig. 3G) Calcaritermcs nearclicus Key to the Ten Species of - Rs and M of forewing wider apart, with several Kalotermitidae Occurring in crossveins extending from Rs to costal border; Eastern United States Cu closer to M than to anal margin (Fig. 3C) IMAGOES [Neotcrmcs] 8 8. Body length 15-16 mm; wing length greater 1. Anterior edge of second marginal tooth of left than 12 mm; wing dark brown; forewing with mandible elongated, longer than straight line numerous crossveins between Rs and M (Fig. transect of posterior edge of first marginal tooth 3C); body darkly pigmented; head and prono- (Fig. 4E) 2 tum usually with both long and short setae (Fig. - .Anterior edge of second marginal tooth of left 6A-C) Neotermes caslaneus

mandible not elongated, subequal in length to - Body length less than 1 5 mm; wing length 9.0-

straight line transect of posterior edge of first 1 1.5 mm; wing clear or only slightly pigment- marginal tooth (Fig. 4C) 6 ed; forewing with a few crossveins between Rs 2. Media (M) of forevving running midway be- and M (Fig. 3A. B); body golden or yellow; tween radial sector (Rs) and cubitus (Cu) and head and pronotum with short setae only (Fig. extending to apex of wing (Fig. .^D, E) [Iiicis- 6C^I) 9

ilcniics] 3 9. Mean total body length 8. 1 mm (range 7.8-9.0

Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of morphological features of kalotermitid termites. A, B, C, Ncotenncs castaneus. dorsal, dorso-lateral. lateral, respectnely. D. E. F, Neolcrmes joulcli. G, H, I. Neoternws luykxi. J, K. L. Incisilermes snvderi. M. N. O. Incisitcrnies schwarzi. 284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

mm); mean head length L44 mm, mean head head width ca. 1.9 mm (range: 1.7-2.3 mm); width 1.66; eye diameter 0.4-0.5 mm head depth ca. 1.3 mm (range: 1.2-1.7 mm); Neotermes joiileli ratio of postmentum length to minimum width Mean total body length usually less than 7.5 usually greater than 4.7 mm (range 6.50-7.92 mm); mean head length Neotermes jouteli [short-headed] 1.31 mm, mean head width 1.46 mm; eye di- - Head length less than 2.1 mm (range: 1.8-2.1 ameter less than 0.4 mm Neotermes luyk.xi mm); head width less than 1.8 mm (range: 1.6-1.8 mm); head depth 1.2 mm (range: 1.0- 1.2 mm); ratio of postmentum length to min- SOLDIERS imum width usually less than 4.5 Neotermes luykxi [short-headed]

1. Head phragmotic, with front of face rising 10. Body length less than 6.5 mm; restricted to sharply at an angle of 50-90'" to longiludmal Florida keys Incisitermes milleri a.\is; mandibles small relative to size of head Body length greater than 6.5 mm; range not capsule (Figs. 2L, 5A-F) 2 limited to southern tip of Florida 11

Head not phragmotic, with front of face slop- 1 1. Head length greater than 3.0 mm; postmen- ing gradually at an angle less than 45° to lon- tum length greater than 2.4 mm

gitudinal axis; mandibles well developed . 4 Incisitermes schwarzi [long-headed] 2. One anterior tibial spur on foretibia enlarged, Head length less than 2.6 mm; postmentum well developed (Fig. 4A) length less than 1.9 mm 12 Caicanlernies nearcticus 12. Head length greater than 2.3 mm, and head

- Tibial spurs on foretibia subequal in length width less than 1 .6 mm

[( ryinolcnnes] 3 Incisitermes snyderi [long-headed]

3. Dorsum of head capsule weakh concave; sur- Head length less than 2.3 mm. and head width face of forehead smooth or finely crenulaled either less than 1.5 mm or greater than 1.6 (Fig. 5B, D, F) Cryptotennes cavifrons mm 13 Dorsum of head capsule distinctly concave; 13. Head width greater than 1.6 mm; third an- surface of forehead deeply convoluted (Fig. tennal article usually longer than 4 and 5 com- 5.A, C, E) Cryplolenncs hrevis bined; head nearly as broad as long; head L/W

4. Anterior margin of pronotum neither deeply less than 1.40 (Fig. IJ); antenna usually with concave nor incised 5 16 articles Incisitermes schwarzi [short-headed] - .Anterior margin of pronotum deeply concave Head width less than 1.5 mm; third antennal or incised (Fig. IH-L) [Inci^itenncs] 10 article no longer than 4 and 5 combined; head 5. Third antennal article only slightly longer than longer than broad; head L/W greater than 1.40 fourth; hindfemur moderately innatcd. with (Fig. IH); antenna usually with fewer than 16 L/W ratio greater than 3.0; head length greater articles Incisitermes snyderi [short-headed] than 3.4 mm; head depth greater than 1.7mm Neotermes castaneus - Third antennal article subequal to or greater

than articles 4 plus 5; hindfemur strongly in- Acknowledgments flated, with L/W ratio less than 2.6; head length We wish to thanlc the following individ- less than 3.4 mm; head depth less than 1.5 uals for providing valuable insights and sug- mm 6 6. Eyes unpigmented Kalotermes approximatus gestions for this manuscript: Dr. William B. - Eyes pigmented, purplish, gray, or sooty black Nutting, retired. University of Arizona, 7 Tucson, AZ, and Drs. Eric E. Grissell and

7. Postmentum length greater than 2.00 mm . 8 Manya B. Stoetzel. Systematic Entomology - Postmentum length less than 2.00 mm .. 9 Laboratory. BBIL USDA, 7c National Mu- 8. Mean ratio of length of postmentum to its seum of Natural History, Smithsonian In- minimum width 7.09; head width 1 .9-2. 1mm; width of pronotum usually less than 2.3 mm stitution. Washington. DC. Finally, we are Neotermes luykxi [long-headed] indebted to Dr. Peter Luykx. University of - Mean ratio of length of postmentum to its Miami. Coral Gables, PL, for the specimens minimum width 4.62; head width 2.0-2.5 mm; upon which this paper is based and for shar- width of pronotum usually greater than 2.3 mm Neotermes jouteli [long-headed] ing information regarding the biology of the 9. Head length ca. 2.3 mm (range: 2.0-2.9 mm); drywood termites of Florida. VOLUME 91, NUMBER 2 285

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