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SESSION I : Geographical Names and Sea Names

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SESSION I : Geographical Names and Sea Names The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names Acceptance and Usage of the toponym, East Sea in Scientific and Popular Literature Norman Z. Cherkis (Consultant, Five Oceans Consultants, U.S.A.) Background: Maritime toponyms refer to large bodies of water, parts of those large bodies of water, and undersea features. Many surface regions have been named for hundreds and sometimes thousands of years as in the case of the “East Sea.” The present-day international maritime community, including most governmental agencies however, has been using the term, “Sea of Japan,” exclusively for that body of water for most of the last 100 years or so. The main reason for using Japanese terminology is because after Japan successfully annexed Korea in the early 20th Century, the empire of Japan embarked on a campaign to systematically remove all vestiges of the Korean heritage, including the Korean language. This practice continued until the end of the Second World War, in 1945. After the cessation of hostilities the Korean nation was reinstated in the company of nations of the world and the Korean language was reestablished in the Republic of Korea. The new Korean national anthem has, as its first two words, “Dong Hae…” which translates at “East Sea.” The use of the toponym, “East Sea” or, in Korean, “Dong Hae”can be traced back at least two millennia. At that time, ancient China was dominant in the region and used the term East Sea to indicate that direction from their eastern coastline, and those that eluded destruction during informational “purges” of several Chinese emperors over the past 100 years are now housed in great historical libraries mostly located in China and Korea.. The History of the Three Kingdoms, Samguksagi), an ancient Korean writing dating to approximately 50 years Before the Common Era (BCE). Another reference to Dong Hae appears on a stele to King Gwanggaeto and dates to 414 of the Common Era. The name East Sea was established long before Japan was even known to exist to the western world, for the mariners of the times seldom traveled very far from their home shores. The first western reference to the East Sea is attributed to a world map created in the 13th Century, outlining the travels of Giovanni di Plano Carpini in eastern and Central Asia between 1245 to 1247, C.E. That map is unfortunately lost, but a copy from ca.1434 is known to exist, and it presently resides at Yale University. (Fig. 1). 193 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names Portion of the copy of the di Plano Carpini map of 1434. Maereum Orientale (East Sea) is clearly visible near the upper right portion of the land masses. (fig. 1) The first written reference to the Sea of Japan known to exist in western geographic materials goes to the time of a missionary-priest, Matteo Ricci. S.J., the founder of Catholic Missions in China after 1582 C.E, some 148 years after the copied di Plano Carpini map was published. Father Ricci possibly used the Carpini map, but used the name “Sea of Japan” in a 1602 document in which a map was included. A number of scholarly papers and monographs have been published regarding usage of the East Sea and the Sea of Japan, including variations thereof and arguments for which name should be used in the 21st Century, but these do need to be mentioned here. These arguments can be found in great detail by searching on the terms East Sea and Sea of Japan on Internet search engines. The arguments, most of which are nationalistic in nature were written mainly by Korean and Japanese authors, who wish to establish a proper toponym for the body of water between Korea and Japan. Some of these arguments have been particularly unflattering to the side with the opposing opinions, resulting in emotional interchanges, again, posted mostly on Internet blogs. 194 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names Moving fast-forward toward the 21st Century, we must pause in the mid-20th Century because, as early as March, 1969, the National Geographic Society, an international geography and map publisher of great regard throughout the world, published a map of Korea on page 308 of an article that shows the name, East Sea used as an alternate name for the Sea of Japan. (Fig. 2). © National Geographic Society, 1969 (fig. 2) Indeed, in this earliest part of the 21st Century, ALL major producers of family, school and scholarly atlases, e.g., The Times Atlas, Rand-McNally World Atlas, Langenscheidt Publishers Atlas, Collins World Atlas, National Geographic World Atlas and many others, when publishing Roman-alphabet atlases all give equal importance to the body of water called the EAST SEA and the SEA OF JAPAN. East Sea/Sea of Japan Toponyms East Sea/Sea of Japan toponyms discussed here deal mainly with features completely OUTSIDE of the territorial limits of the nations that border the region, i.e., beyond 12 195 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names nautical miles from the shores of Korea, Japan and Russia. Early 20th Century maps note the existence of the Korea/Tsushima Strait, that body of water that separates Korea and Japan and though which a branch of the oceanographically important Kuroshio Current flows northward. The Strait contains a Japanese island, Tsushima, hence it was given the name, Tsushima Strait a bit over 100 years ago, during the beginning of the Japanese colonial annexation of Korea. However, a significant number of western publications, dating from the middle 1850s, show it as Korea Strait, or the equivalent in other Indo-European tongues. Tsushima Basin is a name applied to a more-or less-circular depression in the southwestern-most East Sea/Sea of Japan. According to IHO/IOC publication B-6 guidelines, “The first choice of a specific term, where feasible, should be one associated with a geographical feature: e.g., Aleutian Ridge, Aleutian Trench….” The nearest geographical feature to this depression is Ulleung-Do (Ulleung Island), and therefore, according to the IHO/IOC principles for naming undersea features, should be called Ulleung Basin because the basin is immediately adjacent to Ulleung-Do. However, since the name Tsushima Basin has been previously used in the scientific and geographic literature, and almost exclusively between 1910 and 1970 due to political events that will not be addressed here, Tsushima Basin should be retained as a variant name within gazetteers, or used concurrently with Ulleung Basin, as can be seen in the appended reference list.. Ulleung Plateau is the geological platform upon which the island of Ulleung-Do is situated. Still being investigated, more papers will, I am sure, be forthcoming. During the 20th meeting of the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (GEBCO-SCUFN), held in Monaco in June of 2007, the recently-formed Korean Committee on Undersea Feature Names (K-CUF) submitted ten (10) names for approval by he Sub-Committee. Those names are Anyongbok Seamount, Gangwon Plateau, Hupo Bank, Igyuwon Seamount, Kimmu Seamount, Onnuri Basin, Saenal Basin, Ulleung Plateau, Usan Escarpment and Usan Trough. Most of these features were recently discovered in the undisputed part of the East Sea / Sea of Japan by Korean research vessels. (fig. 3) 196 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names (Fig. 3) Locations of undersea toponyms. (From: Ocean Atlas of Korea |East Sea|; NORI, Republic of Korea, 2007) All of the above names were approved by unanimous vote of the GEBCO Sub- Committee and will be placed in the GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names (IHO- IOC Publication, B-8), and Kang, Han, et al., (2007) have already described Anyongbok Seamount in a refereed scientific journal. The 21st meeting of GEBCO-SCUFN was held in mid-May, 2008 on Jeju Island, Korea. At that meeting the Korean Committee on Undersea Feature Names (K-CUFN) proposed 8 undersea feature names, 4 of which are in the East Sea: Jugam Ridge, Ulsan Seachannel, Usan Ridge and Wangdol Reef. All of the names were approved by the GEBCO-SCUFN committee and presented to the Guiding Committee for final approval. 197 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names The names will appear in the next version of the IHO-IOC Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names—Publication B-8, and will be available on the IHO website. Statistics: In 2006, an extensive literature search of non-Korean-language publications was initiated, to locate print-media articles that support the Korean position: alternate names can be and have been used within the science community. At the time of this writing, 579 papers (listed in the appendix to this paper) have been located in published literature and governmental sources which support the position of using either alternate- or co-naming of features in the East Sea / Sea of Japan. ALL subaerial toponyms of the East Sea / Sea of Japan are too many to enumerate and are listed in national and international gazetteers. However, for relevance in this paper only, the subaerial toponyms have been limited to the following: East Sea/Sea of Japan and Korea Strait / Tsushima Strait. Of the 579 papers, 469 contain the toponym, EAST SEA, in either the title or in the text. 128 contain the toponym, KOREA STRAIT , in either the title or in the text Of those features that are entirely submerged in the East Sea / Sea of Japan, 125 contain the toponym, ULLEUNG BASIN , in either the title or in the text 9 contain the toponym, ULLEUNG [INTERPLAIN] GAP , in either the title or in the text 198 The 14th International Seminar on Sea Names Geography, Sea Names, and Undersea Feature Names 15 contain the toponym, KOREA PLATEAU , in either the title or in the text 3 contain the toponym, ONNURI BASIN, in either the title or in the text 1 contains the toponym, ULLEUNG PLATEAU, in either the title or the text 1 contains the toponym, ANYONGBONG SEAMOUNT in both the title and the text and one paper contained all of the following toponyms as well: ULJIN FAN, JUKSAN SEAMOUNT CHAIN, ULLEUNG SEAMOUNT, HUPO BANK, HUPO BASIN.
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