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A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experiences of Stress and Coping Among Transgender Latinx Immigrants

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A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experiences of Stress and Coping Among Transgender Latinx Immigrants University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations August 2019 Intersecting Realities: a Qualitative Study Exploring the Experiences of Stress and Coping Among Transgender Latinx Immigrants Silvia P. Salas University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Cognitive Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Salas, Silvia P., "Intersecting Realities: a Qualitative Study Exploring the Experiences of Stress and Coping Among Transgender Latinx Immigrants" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2241. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2241 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTERSECTING REALITIES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY EXPLORING THE EXPERIENCES OF STRESS AND COPING AMONG TRANSGENDER LATINX IMMIGRANTS by Silvia P. Salas A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Psychology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee August 2019 ABSTRACT INTERSECTING REALITIES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY EXPLORING THE EXPERIENCES OF STRESS AND COPING AMONG TRANSGENDER LATINX IMMIGRANTS by Silvia P. Salas The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 2019 Under the Supervision of Professor Dr. Shannon Chavez-Korell Research on Trans immigrant communities of Latinx descent is underdeveloped, with even less emphasis on how this community experiences and copes with the stressors associated with their membership in multiple oppressed social groups (e.g., ethnicity, gender identity, and immigration status). Nativism, ethnocentrism, and cissexism all impact Trans Latinx immigrants, heightening their risk of being targets of community violence, hate crimes, and discrimination associated with their ethnicity, gender identity, and immigration status. These stressors and violence may be experienced by this community from within and outside their respective communities (e.g., Trans Community, Latinx Community, and Broader U.S. Community). The few available research studies have not considered the experiences of this community from both a strong (focus on interlocking systems of oppression) and weak (focus on multiple identities) intersectionality framework, failing to consider the complexity associated with Trans Latinx immigrants’ unique social position. Given that the Trans Latinx immigrant community has a long-standing history of systemic and institutional discrimination, a collaborative partnership was established with a social worker who was the intermediary between this community and the primary student investigator. This partnership was housed under a community health center that provides services to the Latinx community and served to: (1) establish trust with Trans Latinx immigrants, ii and (2) recruit participants for this study. A Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) paradigm was used to explore the ways in which nine Trans Latinx immigrants navigated their multiple social group memberships and how these influenced their negotiation of experiences with both individual and systemic oppression. A total of four domains emerged via the data analysis process each with a set of categories including: (1) the experiences of Trans Latinx immigrants in different lands (categories: pre-migration to the U.S.; post-migration to the U.S.), (2) benefits experienced by Trans Latinx immigrants (categories: rewards related to ethnicity; rewards related to being an immigrant; rewards related to being Trans; rewards related to belonging in multiple social groups), (3) challenges experienced by Trans Latinx immigrants (categories: disadvantages related to ethnicity; disadvantages related to being an immigrant; disadvantages related to being Trans; disadvantages related to belonging in multiple social groups), and (4) how Trans Latinx immigrants manage their challenges (categories: societal; familial; personal). Within each of these categories several subcategories further describing the experiences of this community also emerged (see Table 4.2). The participants in this study conveyed a myriad of challenges that mirror those faced by their broader Latinx, immigrant, and Trans communities, while simultaneously emphasizing a difficult narrative associated with their distinctive experience related to belonging to multiple oppressed social groups. In response to their challenges, this community voiced the sources of strength they draw from to survive and maintain their spirit. Silvia P. Salas __________________ Student Signature August 8, 2019 __________________ Date iii Dedicado con orgullo y amor a mi familia [with pride and love, I dedicate this to my family]. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this dissertation was possible because of the unconditional love and support I received from my family, mentors, and research team. Traversing the ivory tower as a Queer Latinx immigrant Woman of Color has been a difficult task, and yet, I know that my challenges are minimal compared to the ones you, mama y papa, endure each and every day. Regardless of the challenges you face, you have instilled in Regino, Diana, and myself a strong work ethic which is one of the most important values I used to survive in academia. No tengo palabras para expresarles mi gratitud por todos los sacrificios que han hecho por nosotros—este logro es mas suyo que mío. Thank you Dr. Nayeli Y. Chavez-Dueñas and Dr. Hector Y. Adames for becoming a source of support, validation, and inspiration in my life—I would not be here today without your mentorship. You both have pushed me beyond my limits, honed-in on my strengths, and taught me the importance of producing work that uplifts the strengths of our beautiful Latinx community. A special thank you to my research team member Xochitl Cruz, who selflessly contributed countless hours of her time to support this project. Thank you for your support, love, and dedication—I could not have done this without you. Diana and Regino, thank you both for letting me vent when I needed to, for reminding me of my strengths, and for supporting this project from beginning to end—los quiero mucho. Thank you to my dissertation committee members: Dr. Chavez-Korell, Dr. Morgan, Dr. Weinhardt, and Dr. Sapp, I appreciate your feedback and commitment to embark on a journey that seemed impossible to accomplish. I would also like to acknowledge the community program who aided me in the recruitment of participants. To the participants of this study, thank you all for entrusting me with your narrative. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 7 A. Intersectionality ................................................................................................................... 8 1. Brief History of Intersectionality ............................................................... 8 2. Intersectionality Framework Defined ...................................................... 10 B. Defining the Minority Stress and Coping Model in Research .......................................... 11 C. Research Evidence of Minority Stress Among the Sexually Diverse Community ........... 13 1. Minority Stress Among Trans Populations .............................................. 15 2. Mental Health Professionals Utilizing the Minority Stress Model .......... 17 3. Minority Stress Model Critique ............................................................... 18 4. Working Together: Intersectionality and Minority Stress Frameworks .. 20 D. Intersecting Paths: The Latinx, Immigrant, Trans Experience ......................................... 22 1. Historical and Cultural Underpinnings for Latinxs ................................. 22 2. The Historical and Societal Context of U.S. Latinx Immigration ........... 24 3. Latinxs Immigrants Remaking the Cultural Fabric of the U.S. ............... 27 4. Gender and Sexually Diverse Latinx Immigrants .................................... 28 5. Trans Latinx Asylum Seekers .................................................................. 29 E. Trans Social Group Membership ....................................................................................... 32 1. Latinx and Trans: Historical Underpinnings ............................................ 32 2. Trans Definitions ..................................................................................... 33 F. Trans Latinx Immigrant Research ..................................................................................... 36 G. Current Study .................................................................................................................. 41 vi CHAPTER III. METHOD .................................................................................................... 42 A. History, Theoretical Foundation, and Rationale for CQR ............................................... 44 B. Research Design ............................................................................................................... 46 C. Researchers .................................................................................................................. 48 1. Primary Student Investigator ................................................................... 49 a. Positionality...................................................................................
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