Revlon Announces Tamara Mellon, Jimmy Choo's Founder, Has Joined Revlon's Board of Directors

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Revlon Announces Tamara Mellon, Jimmy Choo's Founder, Has Joined Revlon's Board of Directors Revlon Announces Tamara Mellon, Jimmy Choo's Founder, has Joined Revlon's Board of Directors August 11, 2008 NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug. 11, 2008--Revlon, Inc. (NYSE: REV) (the "Company") today announced that its Board of Directors has elected Tamara Mellon as a new Director, effectively immediately. The election of Ms. Mellon will increase the size of Revlon's Board of Directors to ten members and increase the number of independent Directors to seven members. Revlon will continue to have a majority of independent Directors on its Board. Ms. Mellon is the President and Founder of J. Choo Limited ("Jimmy Choo"), a leading manufacturer and international retailer of glamorous, ready- to-wear women's shoes and accessories based in London, England. She has served in a senior executive capacity with Jimmy Choo since its inception in 1996. Ms. Mellon, 41, also serves on the Board of Directors and on the Creative Advisory Board of The H Company Holdings, LLC, a privately held holding company which owns and manages the Halston fashion design company. Commenting on the appointment of Ms. Mellon, Revlon Chairman Ronald O. Perelman said, "We would like to welcome Tamara to Revlon's Board and believe that the Company will benefit greatly from Tamara's experience and leadership. Tamara is an exceptional business woman with an extensive background in business development, management and the consumer market. The Board and senior management look forward to working with Tamara and utilizing her expertise as we continue to build our brands and further strengthen our business to achieve our objective to generate sustainable, profitable sales growth." Commenting on her appointment to Revlon's Board of Directors, Ms. Mellon said, "I am thrilled to become a Director of Revlon, an iconic brand in beauty and one that represents the image of a confident glamorous woman. I look forward to leveraging my consumer insights and my experience in the luxury fashion business to help the Company grow its Revlon brand, and its other strong brands around the world. Also, I am proud to be part of a company that does so much to benefit women's health and related causes." About Revlon Revlon is a worldwide cosmetics, hair color, beauty tools, fragrances, skincare, anti-perspirants/deodorants and personal care products company. The Company's vision is to provide glamour, excitement and innovation to consumers through high-quality products at affordable prices. Websites featuring current product and promotional information can be reached at www.revlon.com, www.almay.com and www.mitchumman.com. Corporate and investor relations information can be accessed at www.revloninc.com. The Company's brands, which are sold worldwide, include Revlon(R), Almay(R), Mitchum(R), Charlie(R), Gatineau(R) and Ultima II(R). Forward-Looking Statements Statements made in this press release, which are not historical facts, including statements about the Company's plans, strategies, beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking and subject to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and, except for the Company's ongoing obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether to reflect actual results of operations; changes in financial condition; changes in general economic, industry or cosmetics category conditions; changes in estimates, expectations or assumptions; or other circumstances or events arising after the issuance of this press release. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, the Company's beliefs, expectations and/or plans regarding: (i) our belief that we will benefit greatly from our new director's experience and leadership; (ii) our plans to continue to build our brands and further strengthen our business to achieve our objective to generate sustainable, profitable sales growth. Actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements for a number of reasons, including those set forth in our filings with the SEC, including, without limitation, our 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC in March 2008 and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K that we will file with the SEC during 2008 (which may be viewed on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov or on our website at http://www.revloninc.com), as well as reasons including: (i) less than anticipated benefits from our new director; and/or (ii) difficulties, delays, unanticipated costs or our inability to build our brands and further strengthen our business to achieve our objective to generate sustainable, profitable sales growth, such as due to less than effective new product development, less than expected acceptance of our new products by consumers and/or retail customers, less than expected acceptance of our brand communication by consumers and/or retail partners, less than expected levels of advertising and promotion support for our new product launches and/or less than expected levels of execution with our retail partners. Factors other than those listed above could also cause the Company's results to differ materially from expected results. Additionally, the business and financial materials and any other statement or disclosure on, or made available through, the Company's websites or other websites referenced herein shall not be incorporated by reference into this release. CONTACT: Revlon Investor Relations & Media Abbe F. Goldstein, CFA, 212-527-6465 SOURCE: Revlon, Inc. .
Recommended publications
  • Mitchum's Hardest Working Person in America Chad Pregracke Featured in Albert Maysles Documentary
    Mitchum's Hardest Working Person in America Chad Pregracke Featured in Albert Maysles Documentary October 18, 2010 Illinois river crusader among those showcased in MORE THAN A PAYCHECK: America's Hardest Workers airing tonight on Sundance Channel NEW YORK, Oct 18, 2010 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- Two months ago, Chad Pregracke became Mitchum's "Hardest Working Person In America," a title that was earned by winning a four-month long contest designed to find, highlight and reward the hardest working man or woman in the country. America voted Pregracke, the founder of Living Lands & Waters - a not-for-profit organization dedicated to cleaning up and preserving the nation's rivers - Mitchum's "Hardest Working Person in America." Pregracke is now among five individuals featured in a short film by acclaimed documentary director Albert Maysles, MORE THAN A PAYCHECK: America's Hardest Workers, airing tonight on the Sundance Channel. The 22-minute documentary will showcase Pregracke's work at his not-for-profit organization, Living Lands & Waters. Since starting Living Lands & Waters in 1998, Pregracke, his crew, and more than 60,000 volunteers have collected over six million pounds of debris from our nation's greatest rivers. "Capturing Chad's work on the river, doing the job he loves and we admire, is an important and inspiring story to tell," said director Albert Maysles. "Along with the Mitchum brand, I am honored to profile Chad and his team as they tackle the Mississippi, and we hope that we offered an engaging look at this conservation crusader, hero that he is." MORE THAN A PAYCHECK: America's Hardest Workers will give a unique, behind-the-scenes look into the lives of five engaging, hard working individuals - a cattle rancher in South Dakota, a coach in South Carolina, an entrepreneur in California, a baker in Brooklyn, and Pregracke.
    [Show full text]
  • Almay Signs Leslie Bibb As New Global Brand Ambassador
    Almay Signs Leslie Bibb as New Global Brand Ambassador June 30, 2008 NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--June 30, 2008--Revlon, Inc. (NYSE: REV) today announced that its Almay brand has signed one of Hollywood's rising stars, Leslie Bibb as its newest brand ambassador. Leslie joins Elaine Irwin-Mellencamp and Marina Theiss who currently represent Almay worldwide. In her new role, Leslie will be the face of new and existing cosmetics collections and will appear in global multi-media campaigns that include television, print, in-store and internet placements. One of the entertainment industry's brightest young stars, Leslie will bring her classic beauty, ease and accessibility to a variety of different campaigns, said David Kennedy, President and CEO of Revlon. Her vivacious spirit is a perfect fit for the brand. I am thrilled to be joining the Almay family, said Leslie Bibb. The Almay Woman is pure, fresh, and natural which is how I try to be everyday. It is a tremendous honor to be partnering with a brand which shares the same sensibilities on life and beauty. Leslie was discovered in 1990 on the Oprah Winfrey Show during a nationwide modeling search with the Elite Modeling Agency. After spending subsequent years modeling around the world, she began her acting career and has been featured in such hit television shows as ER and Popular. Her notable film roles include the hits Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby and most recently this summer's blockbuster, Iron Man. Her next film to hit theaters will be Confessions of a Shopaholic, based on the best selling book by Sophie Kinsella.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson 17 Look at the Famous Fashion Designers Tick Any Designers You Have Heard Of
    Brain into gear activity: Lesson 17 Look at the famous fashion designers Tick any designers you have heard of. Write down if you know any facts about them, What are they famous for? Fashion Designers Learning Focus: - To research existing fashion designers to inspire new ideas - Develop presentation skills using ICT . Research Existing Fashion Designers to Learning Outcomes create a mood board & fact file 1-2 Choose a designer & find an image of the designer. Paste into PowerPoint. Add a title. 1. Open a blank PowerPoint document. 3-5 2. Save it as <your name> Designer Find images of the designers work and paste research. them onto the mood board. 3. Open a web page to Google. 4. Type in keywords <designers name>. 6-7 Computer generated Mood board(s) - Create a theme to your mood board 5. Select images of interest to paste to your - Change background colours and fonts. mood board. - Detailed information 6. Create a theme to your mood board by - Selection of images to inspire ideas changing background colours and fonts. - Add key words and information to explain your designer & their textile work/style. 7. Add key words and information to 8-9 Use descriptive words to explain your designer explain your designer & their textile & their textile work/style, include your work/style. opinion. You could included your own sketches. Key words: Research, Designer, Influence, Collate, Descriptive What is a Mood Board A collage of images and text expressing a certain topic or subject, often used to generate ideas or for design work. Skills/traits
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysian Batik Voyagers Fong Wai Ling Speaks to Some of Malaysia’S Prominent Designers About the Waves They Are Making on the Global Fashion Scene Using Batik
    Malaysian Batik Voyagers Fong Wai Ling speaks to some of Malaysia’s prominent designers about the waves they are making on the global fashion scene using batik. And who's that voyager who took our batik into space? Dato’ Tom Abang Saufi side instead of the management side of the business. A strong identity wins ardent fans in London Dato’ Tom has had to defy impediments by learning and Europe the ropes from scratch. She credits much of her suc- cess to her friends and family who have been a It was familiarity that prompted Sarawakian Dato’ Tom tremendous help along the way. Even shoe maestro, Abang Saufi (the Datoship was appropriately con- Datuk Jimmy Choo, proposed the location for the ferred on her in the past year by the state of Pahang) store. to set up her boutique in London. Aside from her days "There were just so many things to learn and it’s as a student in the London School of Fashion, many tough. For example, hidden costs that can easily be of Dato’ Tom’s family reside in London – including her overlooked, the high rent – and marketing batik to an daughter – which makes London the perfect site for international market!" her first retail store out of Malaysia. The batik that she sells in London is mainly resort Nestled in the high fashion district of Connaught wear – clothes that exude bright and warm colours, Village, Dato’ Tom’s boutique sits on the same street light fabrics and bold patterns. They quickly garnered as Armani, Gucci, Jimmy Choo, Chanel and other lux- the attention of Londoners, especially in the summer ury brand names on Connaught Street, London.
    [Show full text]
  • The King and Queen Visit London
    The King and Queen visit London LONDON: Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Tuanku Nur Zahirah were in London late April to attend the wedding of Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at the Westminster Abbey. The King and Queen also took this opportunity to grace the Majlis Bersama Rayat hosted by the Grand Chamberlain of Istana Negara Malaysia at the Ballroom, Intercontinental Hotel in London to meet and greet members of the Diplomatic Corp and Malaysian Agencies in the UK. SPB YDP Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Nur Zahirah graced the ’Majlis Bersama Rakyat’ at Intercontinental Hotel London. Picture MHC London SPB YDP Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Nur Zahirah attending the royal SPB YDP Agong Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin and Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Nur Zahirah meet and greet the wedding at Westminster Abbey - AFP picture guests. Picture MHC London Malaysia’s Golden Garden LONDON: THE award-winning nied by Prince Andrew and the Tourism Malaysia garden received Duchess of Cornwall. We were a special visit by Queen Elizabeth also visited by Prince Albert of II who made a brief visit and Monaco," said Dr Ng. showed a keen interest in the Present at the garden, tropical lowland garden with which won a gold for the second streams and water lilies. year, were celebrity chef Rick She was met by Tourism Stein and Miriam Clegg, wife of Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ng Yen Yen the British deputy prime minister. and the garden's two designers, The garden attracted a lot of Tourism Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ng Yen Yen receiving Queen Elizabeth at the ethno botanists James Wong and attention with its waterfall and Tourism Malaysia garden in the Chelsea Flower Show in London - Bernama David Cubero, who also designed sounds of insects.
    [Show full text]
  • WWD Beauty Inc Top 100 Shows, China Has Been An
    a special edition of THE 2018 BEAUT Y TOP 100 Back on track how alex keith is driving growth at p&g Beauty 2.0 Mass MoveMent The Dynamo Propelling CVS’s Transformation all the Feels Skin Care’s Softer Side higher power The Perfumer Who Dresses the Pope BINC Cover_V2.indd 1 4/17/19 4:57 PM ©2019 L’Oréal USA, Inc. Beauty Inc Full-Page and Spread Template.indt 2 4/3/19 10:25 AM ©2019 L’Oréal USA, Inc. Beauty Inc Full-Page and Spread Template.indt 3 4/3/19 10:26 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS 22 Alex Keith shares her strategy for reigniting P&G’s beauty business. IN THIS ISSUE 18 The new feel- 08 Mass EffEct good facial From social-first brands to radical products. transparency, Maly Bernstein of CVS is leading the charge for change. 12 solar EclipsE Mineral-based sunscreens are all the rage for health-minded Millennials. 58 14 billion-Dollar Filippo Sorcinelli buzz practicing one Are sky-high valuations scaring away of his crafts. potential investors? 16 civil sErvicE Insights from a top seller at Bloomies. fEaTUrES Francia Rita 22 stanD anD DElivEr by 18 GEttinG EMotional Under the leadership of Alex Keith, P&G is Skin care’s new feel-good moment. back on track for driving singificant gains in its beauty business. Sorcinelli 20 thE sMEll tEst Lezzi; Our panel puts Dior’s Joy to the test. 29 thE WWD bEauty inc ON THE COvEr: Simone top 100 Alex Keith was by 58 rEnaissancE Man Who’s on top—and who’s not— photographed Meet Filippo Sorcinelli, music-maker, in WWD Beauty Inc’s 2018 ranking of by Simone Lezzi Keith photograph taker, perfumer—and the world’s 100 largest beauty companies exclusively for designer to the Pope and his entourage.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysian Design (Pg. 347-348)
    Malaysian Design (pg. 347-348) Published in Bloomsbury Encyclopaedia of Design (2016) Volume 2. Chief in Editor : Clive Edward Zainurul, A. Rahman (Ph.D) Senior Lecturer in Visual Communication and Graphic Comm. Design School of the Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation of thirteen states and three territories spread around the South China Sea, in the Malay Peninsula and the north and west of Borneo. Mostly populated by Malay, Chinese, Indian and indigenous peoples, its history and culture, and therefore design, has been infused by multiple ethnic groups, religions and beliefs. On the trading route between China and India, its location has interested many traders, invaders and settlers since the first century. Little is now clearly identifiable with this rich history, except for buildings like the Minangkabau’s Rumah Gadang in Negeri Sembilan or the Hindu Candis in Kedah, as well as artefacts like the kris (dagger) or even ceremonials like the Malay wedding. After hundred years of the Sultanate of Malacca (c. 1400-1511) and the rise of Islam in the region, European colonialism started with the Portuguese in 1511, which was then superceded by the Dutch in 1641. Their influences in urban architecture became widespread. During the nineteenth century, Siam took over the northern sultanates, while the United Kingdom was taking control over the southern ones and those of Borneo. By the early twentieth century, Siam ceded their states to the British Empire. The main European influence in Malaysia is British. They created modern Malaysia by progressively controlling each state and federating them. From law and government to buildings and education, everything was modelled after the colonial empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Charlotte Olympia Plots Expansion
    Charlotte Olympia Plots Expansion By Samantha Conti LONDON — Charlotte Olympia, the small and self-funded British footwear and accessories brand, is using a cocktail of nostalgia, glamour and laughs to build an international business. By the end of this year, the company, launched by Charlotte Olympia Dellal in 2008 and run by Jimmy Choo and Halston veteran Bonnie Takhar, will have nine freestanding stores worldwide. The first was opened on London’s Maddox Street in 2010. Wholesale clients include Harrods, Neiman Marcus, On Pedder in Hong Kong, Bergdorf Goodman and Tsum in Moscow. The business is notching triple-digit sales growth and double-digit profit gains on the back of collections such as Archie’s Girls, which had a Pop Art-y, retro feel and was based on the comic books; Hollywoodland, which featured platforms and stiletto heels with celluloidlike straps or Art Deco flourishes, and Overboard, with platform peep-toes shaped like fish, or towering message-in-a-bottle heels. The brand is also well-known for its collection of slipper-inspired flats, especially the Kitty, with a cat’s face and perky ears, and the Charlotte’s Web with a spider’s work picked out on the vamp. “Charlotte Olympia is in a league of its own in terms of making shoes that are cute and funny,” said Helen David, fashion director of women’s wear, accessories, fine jewelry and children’s wear at Harrods. “The customer is almost anyone — unless they are completely lacking in a sense of humor.” David added that customers have even begun to collect the designs.
    [Show full text]
  • Kuala Lumpur
    DESTINATION GUIDE SERIES KUALA LUMPUR 1 ELITE GUIDE TO KUALA LUMPUR HIGHLIGHTS OF KUALA LUMPUR 3 ONLY ELITE 4 Elite Traveler has selected the most exclusive VIP experiences CONCIERGE RECOmmENDATIONS 5 We asked Kuala Lumpur’s top concierges to share their personal recommendations for the perfect day EL ALEph SAILING YachT WHERE TO ➤ STAY 7 ➤ DINE 13 ➤ TO BE pampERED 15 Spa VILLAGE, RITZ-carLTON WhaT TO DO ➤ DurING THE DAY 17 ➤ DURING THE NIGHT 19 ➤ FEATURED EVENTS 20 ➤ SHOppING 21 SEpaNG CIRCUIT NEED TO KNOW ➤ MARINAS 25 ➤ prIVATE JET TErmINALS 26 ➤ EXCLUSIVE TraNSPORT 27 ➤ USEFUL INFORMATION 27 SUNSET AT REBAK ISLAND DESTINATION GUIDE SERIES ELITE DESTINATION GUIDE | KUALA LUMPUR www.elitetraveler.com 2 HIGHLIGHTS OF KUALA LUMPUR Don’t miss out on Kuala Lumpur’s wealth of attractions, adventures and experiences alaysia, the cultural melting pot of And of these, none is shining so bright as almost equidistant between Thailand, the MSoutheast Asia, has long been renowned Kuala Lumpur – a city as breathtaking as the Philippines and Singapore and draws these for its natural beauty. But now man is natural wonders surrounding it. different cultural strains together. Add to catching up with nature – dreams of luxurious The cultural and economic center of the this the city’s proud islamic heritage, shown holidays amidst these marvels have now country, Kuala Lumpur has become a hive throughout the Bangsar District by Neo come fully into fruition. Here, lavish hotels of activity over the last two decades and Moorish architecture, and you have a truly lie on untouched islands and great cities is quickly emerging as an international diverse and dynamic city right at the heart of rise out of the swathes of verdant rainforest.
    [Show full text]
  • Precarious Creativity of Women Designers in Shanzhai Culture
    Communication, Culture & Critique ISSN 1753-9129 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Fashioning China: Precarious Creativity of Women Designers in Shanzhai Culture Sara Liao Department of Radio-Television-Film, Moody College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1067, USA This study examines a copycat culture called Shanzhai,particularlylookingintofashion imitations made and circulated by a group of women designers through digital media. It investigates the cultural transformation of labor taking place in China through the critical lens of precarious creativity. Women designers perform digital labor to de-fetishize the labor process of global fashion brands, which mythicizes class and commodity. These women’s fashion work lacks official recognition as meaningful labor, while their ability to make a case for the legitimacy of their work is further diminished when the state co-opts Shanzhai for its nation-building narratives. These women’s experiences of precarity and their very act of copying reveal the simultaneous possibility and impossibility of the Chinese Dream. Keywords: Precarious Creativity, Women, Digital Labor, Shanzhai, Fashion Imitations, Creative Industries, Chinese Dream. doi:10.1111/cccr.12170 In 2009, the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) featured a copy of the official Lunar New Year Show in which ordinary people recorded amateur performances with hand-held camerastobroadcastthemonline.ItoccurredonthesamenightasChinaCentral Television’s official Lunar New Year Gala (Canaves & Ye, 2009). Unlike the big state-sponsored event that regularly features stars, celebrities, professional perform- ers, and major politicians, the copycat show embraced a do-it-yourself (DIY) creative spirit and eschewed celebrities, and hence generated a lot of publicity in China. The WSJ argued that this show marked a high point of Shanzhai ( ), a copycat culture that displays a certain creativity, ingenuity, rebellion, and resistance to dominant cultural values among Chinese.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Procter & Gamble Co. L'oreal Group
    RANK COMPANY + 2008 BEAUTY SALES SUBSIDIARIES + MAIN BRANDS RECENT HISTORY L’OREAL GROUP Consumer: L’Oréal Paris, Garnier, In June, L’Oréal celebrated its 100th anniversary in the midst of CLICHY, FRANCE Maybelline-New York, SoftSheen- the toughest business climate in decades. Although the fi rm’s 2008 Carson, Le Club des Créateurs top line stayed in the black, its net profi ts fell 26.6% year-on-year $ 25.81 BILLION de Beauté. Professional: L’Oréal to 1.95 billion due to nonrecurrent items. In the fi rst quarter of this 17.54 BILLION Professionnel, Kérastase, Redken, year, the Luxury Products Division, whose revenues dipped 0.4% 1 2.8% V. ’07 Matrix, Mizani, PureOlogy. Luxury: to 926 million, was hardest hit from inventory cuts in Western Lancôme, Biotherm, Helena Europe and drops in sales in Russia, Dubai and travel retail. On a Rubinstein, Kiehl’s, Shu Uemura, comparable basis, sales fell 17.5%. The YSL Beauté business, which Giorgio Armani Parfums and L’Oréal integrated on July 1, 2008, following its acquisition from Cosmetics, Parfums Cacharel, PPR for 1.15 billion, added more than three points of worldwide Ralph Lauren Fragrances, Paloma beauty market share to the French beauty giant’s holdings last year. Picasso, Parfums Guy Laroche, It aims to grow YSL Beauté’s sales, currently at slightly more than Diesel, Yue-Sai, Viktor & Rolf, 600 million, to 1 billion in a decade. YSL Beauté’s 17 subsidiaries Martin Margiela. YSL Beauté: Yves are being integrated into the Luxury Products Division. In 2008, L’Oréal Saint Laurent, Stella McCartney, spent 3.3% of total sales on research and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Fashion Is a General Term for a Popular Style Or Practice, Especially in Clothing, Footwear, Accessories, Makeup, Or Furniture
    Fashion is a general term for a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, or furniture. "Fashion" refers to a distinctive; however, often-habitual trend in a look and dress up of a person, as well as to prevailing styles in behavior. "Fashion" usually is the newest creations made by designers and are bought by only a few number of people; however, often those "fashions" are translated into more established trends. [1] The more technical term, "costume," has become so linked in the public eye with the term "fashion" that the more general term "costume" has in popular use mostly been relegated to special senses like fancy dress or masquerade wear, while the term "fashion" means clothing generally, and the study of it. For a broad cross-cultural look at clothing and its place in society, refer to the entries for clothing, costume, and fabrics. The remainder of this article deals with clothing fashions in the Western world.[2] Early Western travelers, whether to Persia, Turkey or China frequently remark on the absence of changes in fashion there, and observers from these other cultures comment on the unseemly pace of Western fashion, which many felt suggested an instability and lack of order in Western culture. The Japanese Shogun's secretary boasted (not completely accurately) to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years.[3] However in Ming China, for example, there is considerable evidence for rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing.[4] Changes in costume often took place at times of economic or social change (such as in ancient Rome and the medieval Caliphate), but then a long period without major changes followed.
    [Show full text]