heritage

Article Uncovering the Morphology of Kom¯ ad-Dikka in Alexandria

Mirhan Damir 1,2

1 Department of Heritage Conservation and Building History, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Geschwister-Scholl Str. 8a, 99423 Weimar, Germany; [email protected] 2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Alexandria University, Abd El-Salam Aref Str. 108, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; [email protected]



Received: 1 September 2018; Accepted: 15 October 2018; Published: 24 October 2018


Abstract: The historical residential area of Kom¯ ad–Dikka in Alexandria has experienced morphological transformation from the ancient era until the present. Each historical period had a physical impact on the city’s urban structure that in turn struggled to survive the successive one with its different urban conception. However, the sinuous streets of this area, which probably date back to the late Egyptian Medieval period, are characterized as being the only surviving organic fabric intra–muros that was not altered during the Egyptian Modern period. In the absence of scientific publications regarding the history of Kom¯ ad–Dikka, this paper elaborately investigated its chronological history since the ancient era until the mid-twentieth century. Based on an in-depth investigation of historical maps and memoirs, this paper revealed the possible reasons behind the area’s extant sinuous urban form and postulated reconstructions of its urban morphology through sequential phases.

Keywords: Alexandria; Kom¯ ad–Dikka; urban morphology

1. Introduction Until the 1950s, Kom¯ ad–Dikka [1] consisted of two adjacent mounds: The western mound with the Crétin Fort where the Greco–Roman archaeological site was unearthed underneath, and the eastern mound where the historical neighborhood still stands [2]. This neighborhood is the main topic of this paper. In 2007, it was officially acknowledged in the National Registered Heritage Building List as a heritage area. The neighborhood is not only characterized by its location at the only artificial mound in the historic city center of Alexandria, but also by its dominant extant medieval sinuous street structure that is surrounded with integrated traces of the westernized orthogonal street pattern. The irregular and organic street structure of this neighborhood, with its small parceled late Ottoman buildings, is predominantly similar to those of the so-called Turkish Town [3]. And although there have been multiple publications regarding the rich urban and architectural heritage of the Turkish Town, no scientific research was undertaken regarding the documentation of the history of Kom¯ ad–Dikka. This study is an attempt to document its yet uncovered urban history. Regarding the origin of the name Kom¯ ad–Dikka, a number of published historical literature refer to it as Kom el Dekka [4], Kôm El–Dik, Kom el Dikk, Com–el–Dikkéh, and Com–el–Dikeh [5], which derive from the Arabic language: The word Kom¯ means a stack, and ad–Dikka signifies a bench [6]. The ancient Greek geographer Strabo describes a height where one can view all of Alexandria over its hilltop [7]. This information is also confirmed by the engineer and astronomer Mahmoud–Bey al–Falaki [8]. The older inhabitants of the neighborhood report that rooster fights took place on the mound in the past. Hence, the mound’s name evolved from Kom¯ ad–Diakah,¯

Heritage 2018, 1, 273–288; doi:10.3390/heritage1020018 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage Heritage 2018, 1 274 deriving from the Arabic word D¯ık, namely a rooster. This announcement is confirmed by the French physician Clot–Bey, where he identified the quarter as Kom–el–Dyck and Coline du coq [9]. Unlike the Turkish Town which morphed and developed outside the city’s ancient and medieval city walls, the area of this study is regarded as the only settlement—intra muros—where its urban characteristics were bordered and not eliminated by the new westernized urban conception. Nevertheless, this tangible aspect of Kom¯ ad–Dikka has received tenuous attention in the scientific literature. On one hand, former scientific publications were mainly carried out on the archaeological site, namely the former western mound; on the other hand, there is scarce publication on the history of the eastern mound. In the modern literature, it is in 2007 that the American researcher Judith McKenzie briefly refers to the neighborhood of Kom¯ ad–Dikka in her book “The architecture of Alexandria and Egypt c. 300 BC to AD 700”. Based on an illustration in McKenzie’s book that presents a site section of the current archeological site in relation to the eastern mound and current neighborhood of Kom¯ ad–Dikka, McKenzie consolidates the hypothesis that the archaeological site extends below the current historical neighborhood and that it might have had the same residentiary function during the ancient time. This illustration is captured from the publication of polish archaeologist M. Rodziewicz “La Stratigraphie de l’Antique Alexandrie à Lumière des Fouilles de Kôm el- Dikka”. In the book of the Arab engineer and astronomer Mahmoud El-Falaki “Mémoire Sur l’antique Alexandrie, Ses Faubourgs et Environs Découverts, Par Les Fouilles, Sondages, Nivellements et Autres Recherches” in 1872, he only mentions busy roads with property in the area of “Com-el-Dikeh”. Given the lack of archaeological evidence in situ, as well as reliable publications with comprehensive information about this historical residential area, the methodology for this study relied on a critical investigation of historical maps, historical memoirs, and publications.

2. Materials and Methods The historical investigation of Kom¯ ad–Dikka is the pivotal subject of this paper and is explored based on credible primary sources. To thoroughly understand the urban morphology of Kom¯ ad–Dikka, this paper is divided into two main parts: The first part is a descriptive investigation of the scrutiny of its chronological urban history, where each historical urban form is reflected by its urban ideology. The investigation of this part is conducted by critically comparing historical maps with concurrent memoirs and relevant secondary literature. Each of these data are critically chosen based on their liability, as well as their visual and narrative credibility to represent the chronological phases of the research site in relation to its subsequent one. This part served as the chronological framework on which the second illustrative part of the paper was based. As a result of the first part of this paper, the second part proposes a perceptive reconstruction of the urban morphology of Kom¯ ad–Dikka. By analyzing the site’s urban fabric in the illustrative historical maps, guided as primary sources, five interpretive graphical maps are composed. These maps are an attempt to better visualize and understand the different subsequent urban ideologies and the extent of their influence on each other. This paper opens up new research ideas on historical comparative investigations in similar urban forms; it aims at shedding light on the physical urban regeneration which occurred in the city of Alexandria, especially during the Egyptian medieval period.

3. Methodology This part comprises Kom¯ ad–Dikka’s chronological urban history. It first uncovers its urban form during the ancient times; it then depicts the early evolution of its sinuous structure during the Egyptian medieval period, and lastly represents its integrated westernized street structure by the Ninetieth Century. After the Early Arab conquest by the Sixth Century AD, the ancient city of Alexandria lost its ancient global cultural prominence; however, it managed to mainly maintain its status as a Mediterranean entrepôt under the Arabs’ authority [10]. By appointing Fus.tat as the new capital Heritage 2018, 1 275 of Egypt, building materials were used as spolia to build the new capital, thus leading to a gradual Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 17 physical state of decay of the once monumental ancient city. It was left in ruins, especially after a numbernumber of of destructive destructive earthquakes. earthquakes. With With their their sinuous sinuous urban urban conception, conception, new new Arab Arab settlements settlements developeddeveloped on on top top of of the the ancient ancient one. one. Stratigraphically, Stratigraphically, the the existing existing block block of of K Kōom¯m ad–Dikka ad–Dikka lies lies above above thethe ancient ancient city city layer layer of of Alexandria. Alexandria.

¯ 3.1.3.1. The The Hippodamian Hippodamian Salient Salient Features Features of of K Kōomm ad ad-Dikka‐Dikka TheThe first first systematic systematic archaeological archaeological study study of of ancient ancient Alexandria Alexandria began began in in the the Nineteenth Nineteenth Century Century whenwhen El–Falaki El–Falaki was commissioned byby KhediveKhedive of of Egypt Egypt Ismail Ismail Pasha Pasha to to submit submit a reconstructiona reconstruction of theof theancient ancient city. city. Ancient Ancient Alexandria Alexandria was designed was designed by Dinokratous, by Dinokratous, the architect, the architect, and advisor and of advisor Alexander of Alexanderthe Great. the By examiningGreat. By examining the aboveground the aboveground ruins, the Hippodamianruins, the Hippodamian grid plan, asgrid well plan, as theas well ancient as thequarters ancient of quarters the city, wasof the identified city, was and identified mapped. and This mapped. reconstruction This reconstruction attempt was attempt revised bywas the revised end of bythe the Nineteenth end of the Century Nineteenth by the Century German by archaeologist the German archaeologist Ferdinand Noack Ferdinand [11]. Noack [11]. ByBy overlaying overlaying both both reconstruction reconstruction attempts attempts with with the the current current map map of of K Kōom¯m ad–Dikka, ad–Dikka, some some of of the the reconstructedreconstructed Hippodamian Hippodamian streets correspond toto itsits currentcurrent street street raster raster (Figure (Figure1)[ 1)12 [12].]. According According to tothe the map map of of El–Falaki, El–Falaki, the the current current neighborhood neighborhood lies lies approximatelyapproximately 2.5 km to the the west west of of the the former former easterneastern Canopian Canopian city city gate gate and and about about one one kilometer kilometer to the to thenorth north of the of southern the southern ancient ancient city wall. city The wall. fourThe enclosing four enclosing streets streets of the of neighborhood the neighborhood area areaoverlap overlap the Hippodamian the Hippodamian grid: grid: Horizontally Horizontally the Fouadthe Fouad street street with withthe ancient the ancient L1 from L1 the from north the northand traces and tracesof the ancient of the ancient L’2 with L’2 ‘Omar with ‘OmarṬusun StreetT. usun fromStreet the from south. the Vertically, south. Vertically, Dr. Ibrāh Dr.īm Ibr‘Abdah¯ ¯ımas–Saiyid ‘Abd as–Saiyid street overlaps street overlapsthe R2 from the the R2 east, from and the S east,īdī Quštumand S¯ıd ¯ıstreet Quštum the streetancient the R3 ancient from the R3 west. from The the west. location The of location the main of orthogonal the main orthogonal grids also grids matches also withmatches the withmap the by map Ferdinand by Ferdinand Noack. Noack. Noack Noack improved improved El–Falaki’s El–Falaki’s map map by by reconstructing reconstructing the the HellenisticHellenistic secondary secondary grid grid raster. raster. Each Each orthogonal orthogonal street grid is rectangularly shaped,shaped, andand represents represents a aneighborhood neighborhood consisting consisting of of 18 18 insulae, insulae, rationed rationed 1:2 1:2 [13 [13].]. The The grid grid of of some some of of this this insulae insulae matches matches the thegrid grid of thisof this paper’s paper’s study study area. area.

FigureFigure 1. 1. MapMap of of present present Kō Kmom¯ ad ad-Dikka‐Dikka with with overlapped overlapped matching matching reconstructed reconstructed ancient ancient streets streets by bothby bothal‐Falaki al-Falaki and Noack and Noack(overlapping (overlapping reconstructed reconstructed insulae by insulae Noack by in dashed Noack inlines). dashed Edited lines). by author.Edited by author.

El–Falaki divided Alexandria into five districts on his map; he marks contour lines on the location of the two mounds of Kōm ad–Dikka and refers to them as Paneum [14], based on the description of Strabo. He describes the Paneium as a man–made hill: ‘Here, too, is the Paneium, a

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El–Falaki divided Alexandria into five districts on his map; he marks contour lines on the location of the two mounds of Kom¯ ad–Dikka and refers to them as Paneum [14], based on the description of Strabo. He describes the Paneium as a man–made hill: ‘Here, too, is the Paneium, a “height”, as it was, which was made by the hand of man; it has the shape of a fir–cone, resembles a rocky hill, and is from a spiral road, and from the summit one can see the whole of the city below it on all sides’ [15]. Since 1960, the Polish Center for Mediterranean Archeology was commissioned to undergo an archaeological survey on the western artificial hill, located about 20 m above sea level. A large Greco–Roman archaeological complex was uncovered 12 m below sea level. The Polish team did not find any evidence of the Paneium. Among their successful findings was the ancient road R4, situated on the same location indicated on both maps of El–Falaki and Noack. On the east side of the excavated street R4, the archaeologists discovered ruins of a Greco-Roman neighborhood dating from the 1st until the Third century AD [16]. This neighborhood extends beyond the eastern border of the archaeological site and thus its ancient actual area cannot be estimated. It is therefore claimed that the rest of the ancient neighborhood area extends further to the east underneath the present neighborhood [17]. And since it is densely inhabited, no excavations took place to justify this claim; until now the nature of the ancient area below remains unknown.

3.2. Kom¯ ad-Dikka and the Early Medieval Egypt When the city of Alexandria was conquered by the Persian king Khosrau in 619 AD and then came into possession of Khalif Omar in 642 AD, Alexandria sank into insignificance compared to its ancient stature [18]. When the Arabs founded Fustat, today’s Cairo, as the new Egyptian capital, Alexandria’s role was limited to the port as a gateway to the Mediterranean trade which has always been pivotal to the city. Accordingly, new land was silted up by the port on the Heptastadion with extra muros to comply with the new city role. Intra muros, the ancient city, suffered drastic topographical changes due to earthquakes, tsunamis, as well as the maintenance neglection of the ancient water system. Scarcely inhabited, the ancient city walls shrunk [19]. According to the Egyptian historian As–Saiyid Abd al–‘Az¯ız Salim,¯ the Arab military commander, Amr Ibn al–Aas¯ brought seven Arab tribes to take Alexandria as their new home, after the Sixth Century. Among them was the tribe of Lah. m, which settled in Kom¯ ad–Dikka to best guard the city on its hill. However, it is not specified whether the Lah. m tribe inhabited the eastern or western mound [20]. On the western hill, Polish archaeologists revealed three superimposed necropolises dating back to the Egyptian medieval period: The so-called lower necropolis from the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties between the Eighth and Tenth Centuries, the middle necropolis from the Fatimid dynasty in the Eleventh Century, and the upper necropolis from the Ayyubid dynasty from in the Twelfth Century. At that time, the ancient ruins were reused as burial chambers and tombstones [21]. It is assumed that the same stratigraphy is located underneath the neighborhood, especially due to the shrines still standing in it [22]. The soil of the three necropolises in the archaeological complex consisted mostly of rubble and debris from the Muslim period. This was described by travelers like Nicolas Martoni in 1394, who illustrated the area as an artificial hill consisting of masonry and houses wreckage. The Andalusian traveler Léo Africanus compared the artificial hill with the Roman Testaccio and reported fragments of antique vases [23]. During the 1950s, the Polish team uncovered ruins of Arab huts with animal enclosures along with the middle necropolis [24]. This denotes that during the Fatimid dynasty a small settlement existed next to the cemeteries. However, it cannot be verified whether the same settlement also existed underneath the current neighborhood at the same period. The early development of the current urban fabric of Kom¯ ad–Dikka presumably morphed before the end of the Eightieth Century, most likely at the beginning of the Sixteenth Century.

3.3. The Metamorphosis of Kom¯ ad-Dikka During the Egyptian medieval period, Alexandria faced drastic urban changes. Over the years, a new urban settlement was created by the harbor, transforming the Heptastadion into an urban Heritage 2018, 1 277 settlement. Since this settlement mainly morphed during the early Ottoman period, it was referred to as the Turkish Town. In historical maps, the Turkish Town is marked as Alexandrie Nouvelle, where the settlement intra muros was named Vieille Alexandrie [25].

Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 17 3.3.1. The Hypothetical Vestige of Early Urban Morphology 3.3.1.There The is Hypothetical no direct evidence Vestige of to Early indicate Urban the Morphology origin of the sinuous urban fabric of Kom¯ ad–Dikka. La descriptionThere is no de direct l’Egypt evidence was the to firstindicate documentation the origin of tothe publish sinuous accurate urban fabric 2D mapsof Kōm of ad–Dikka. Alexandria; mapsLa description from 1798 de show l’Egypt the mainwas the sinuous first documentation street pattern. to The publish morphology accurate origin2D maps of of the Alexandria; urban fabric beforemaps that from year 1798 can show only the be hypotheticallymain sinuous street derived pattern. with The the helpmorphology of medieval origin travelers’ of the urban memoirs fabric and isometricbefore that maps. year One can only of these be hypothetically maps is made derived in 1566 with by the the Germanhelp of medieval Orient traveler travelers’ Johann memoirs Helffrich; and basedisometric on this maps. map, One an of assumptive these maps inkling is made of in the 1566 urban by the genesis German of Orient the historical traveler area Johann can Helffrich; be derived (Figurebased2 )[on 26this]. map, On Helffrich’s an assumptive map, inkling a noticeable of the urban scene genesis is illustrated of the historical within the area city can wall: be derived A water channel(Figure runs 2) [26]. with On close Helffrich’s adjacent map, buildings a noticeable on both scene of its sidesis illustrated and with within an access the city gate wall: located A water over the channel,channel at runs both with edges close of theadjacent buildings’ buildings alignment. on both Bridgesof its sides are and drawn with to an indicate access gate crossings located from over one sidethe to channel, the other, at both yet his edges textual of the description buildings’ alignment. does not mention Bridges anyare drawn water to artery. indicate Therefore crossings the from artery withone bridges side to canthe other, presumably yet his indicatetextual description a road, under does which not mention runs a any water water channel. artery. Johann Therefore Helffrich the identifiesartery with this bridges illustrated can scene presumably as a bazaar, indicate consisting a road, ofunder caravanserais which runs and a water boutiques. channel. In hisJohann travel diary,Helffrich he reports identifies that this upon illustrated his arrival scene from as a Cairo bazaar, through consisting the of eastern caravanserais Rosetta and Gate boutiques. in Alexandria In his he travel diary, he reports that upon his arrival from Cairo through the eastern Rosetta Gate in stayed in the French Fonticum that was located by the eastern city gate. He describes this Fonticum Alexandria he stayed in the French Fonticum that was located by the eastern city gate. He describes as a two–story rectangular caravansary with courtyard dedicated for foreign merchants. At night, this Fonticum as a two–story rectangular caravansary with courtyard dedicated for foreign the doors of the bazaar are closed and protected by an Arab guard [27]. merchants. At night, the doors of the bazaar are closed and protected by an Arab guard [27].

FigureFigure 2. 2.Map Map ofof Alexandria by by Johann Johann Helffrich, Helffrich, 1566. 1566.

InIn the the Twelfth Twelfth century, Alexandria Alexandria regained regained its role its role as an as important an important port and port trade and city. trade Since city. SinceEuropean European trade trade was not was allowed not allowed in Cairo, in Alexandria Cairo, Alexandria grew into an grew important into an trading important hub connecting trading hub connectingthe East with the Eastthe West with [28]. the Through West [28 ].the Through centuries, the merchant centuries, houses merchant developed houses for developed foreign merchants for foreign merchantsand by the and end by of the the end Seventeenth of the Seventeenth Century, these Century, took the these form took of thecaravanserais form of caravanserais and boutiques, and boutiques,located and located developed and developedinside the city inside walls, the especially city walls, by the especially city gates. by Due the to city the gates.shrinkage Due of tothe the city wall during the Egyptian medieval period, the distance between the eastern border of Kōm ad– shrinkage of the city wall during the Egyptian medieval period, the distance between the eastern Dikka and the eastern Rosetta Gate decreased to about 350 m. The southern course of the Arab city wall ran on the antique L’2 street, where the southern ‘Omar Ṭusun street, of today’s neighborhood, is currently located. According to the Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi, 100 boutiques took place by the eastern Rosetta gate, near which lay the artificial mound [29]. These were either owned by

Heritage 2018, 1 278 border of Kom¯ ad–Dikka and the eastern Rosetta Gate decreased to about 350 m. The southern course of the Arab city wall ran on the antique L’2 street, where the southern ‘Omar T. usun street, of today’s neighborhood, is currently located. According to the Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi, 100 boutiques took place by the eastern Rosetta gate, near which lay the artificial mound [29]. These were either owned by indigenous or foreign merchants; each of these structures was surrounded by a settlement of gatekeepers and porters, located next to or around the trading area [30]. When the Turkish Town developed extra muros by the end of the 17th century, new caravansaries and boutiques were structured on this peninsula. Merchants moved from the bazaars intra muros to the newly populated area on the silted land. This may have caused great decay to the ones intra muros; the once lively trading facilities at the city gates might have been later populated by poorer inhabitants due to new habitation in the Turkish quarter. These poorer inhabitants were presumably the poorer traders or gatekeepers and porters who lived next to the bazaar.

3.3.2. The Detectable Phsyiognamy of Kom¯ ad-Dikka In 1798 the engineers of l’armée d’orient of the French Expedition created the first accurate map of Alexandria with its settlements and urban features (Figure3)[ 31]. The largest populated settlement intra muros was located by the eastern city gate and can be divided into two areas: The first located directly at the Rosetta gate extending on both sides of the traces of the ancient road L1 [32]. The second area is located southwest from the first area on the artificial hill where the extant sinuous urban fabric of Kom¯ ad–Dikka is located [33]. By analyzing historical maps and memoirs, two hypotheses can be displayed regarding the origin of the current urban fabric. The first hypothesis develops from the German orient traveler Johann Helffrich’s map in 1566. The bazaar spine illustrated by Helffrich with the street gates is not indicated on any later-produced maps. Nevertheless, it is possible to make a presumption from his map, comparing it with maps from 1798, 1801, and the present condition. The historical map from 1801 represents the main outline of the historical area with its diagonal running spine, namely the present street of Saiyid Darw¯ıš. During the Sixteenth Century, two opposing rows of boutiques with caravanserais formed a street, called a bazaar. During his trip to Alexandria in 1643, the French traveler Gabriel Brémond described the bazaars as settlements inside the city walls, each consisting of a commercial street accessible from both ends by gates. The bazaar contained houses, boutiques, and caravanserais. In the bazaar, various goods are sold by the merchants who also live in the same buildings. At the end of the day, the doors of the caravanserais, the boutiques and the street gates are closed and are guarded overnight [34]. The previous name of the street of Saiyid Darw¯ıš was Suq¯ Kom¯ ad–Dikka [35]. The Arabic word Suq¯ means market or bazaar; this may be an argument that this street was probably originally one of the bazaar streets that Helffrich reported of. This diagonal street can be interpreted from the examination of the maps of 1798 and 2013 as the main access road, on which the quarters have developed structurally. On the isometric map of the English traveler Richard Pococke from 1743, the second hypothesis can be deduced. Pococke illustrates the settlement area by the Rosetta gate; only indicating it as a mound, Pococke identifies the mound as ‘Porters’ Hill’ [36]. This contradicts the claim that today’s neighborhood was originally a bazaar. It can be assumed that the hill was inhabited by the porters who worked for the merchants in the bazaar [37]. Nowadays, the oldest buildings in the area date back to the late Ottoman period. It is stylistically similar to the ones in the Turkish quarter. The urban fabric is probably the only surviving element from the medieval period until before the late Ottoman period [38]. Presumably, the medieval structures of the historical neighborhood deteriorated with the development of the Turkish Quarter by the end of the sixteenth century. Similar to the ancient era, the bazaar building materials may have been reused elsewhere, possibly for the construction of the new ones in the Turkish Town. The German traveler Johann Michael Vansleb reports in his memoir that in 1672, the French built a garden planting project within the city walls that they called Jardin du Marchand [39]. On the historical maps of 1798 and 1801, such gardens are illustrated around Kom¯ ad–Dikka. A map in 1848 by Lemaitre illustrates the southern part of the outlines of the settlement and refers to it as Jardins [40]. Heritage 2018, 1 279

This historical habitation might have developed into a village–like settlement, whose poor inhabitants were engaged in limited trade and agricultural work; this is pictured on the historical photograph of 1905, entitled Village de-Kom-el-Dick, which probably shows its southern area (Figure4). This area continued to develop, while preserving its urban pattern until the first half of the Nineteenth century. HeritageHeritage 2018 2018, 2, ,2 x, xFOR FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 7 7of of 17 17

FigureFigure 3. 3. Map Map of of Alexandria Alexandria by by the the engineers engineers of of l’armée l’arml’arméeée d’orient d’orient of of the the French French Expedition, Expedition, 1789. 1789. The The locationlocation of of K Kōomō¯mm ad ad-Dikkaad‐Dikka‐Dikka is is pointed pointed out out with with arrow. arrow.

FigureFigure 4. 4. Postcard Postcard of of Alexandria Alexandria of of the the village village of of K Kōomōm¯m ad ad-Dikka,ad‐Dikka,‐Dikka, signed signed in in 13 13 July July 1905. 1905.

3.4.3.4. K Kōōmm ad ad‐Dikka‐Dikka and and the the Urban Urban Westernization Westernization TheThe foundation foundation of of modern modern Egypt Egypt began began in in 1805 1805 by by Mohammad Mohammad Ali Ali Pasha, Pasha, who who was was appointed appointed asas W Wāālī lī ofof Egypt Egypt by by the the Ottoman Ottoman Empire. Empire. By By 1805, 1805, Alexandria Alexandria was was a a harbor harbor city city with with about about eight eight thousandthousand inhabitants, inhabitants, who who mostly mostly lived lived on on the the Turkish Turkish Town Town [41]. [41]. In In 1824, 1824, the the first first city city planning planning institutioninstitution of of Alexandria, Alexandria, Le Le Conseil Conseil de de l’Ornato, l’Ornato, was was initiated initiated and and commissioned commissioned to to provide provide new new

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3.4. Kom¯ ad-Dikka and the Urban Westernization The foundation of modern Egypt began in 1805 by Mohammad Ali Pasha, who was appointed as Wal¯ ¯ı of Egypt by the Ottoman Empire. By 1805, Alexandria was a harbor city with about eight thousand inhabitants, who mostly lived on the Turkish Town [41]. In 1824, the first city planning institution of Alexandria, Le Conseil de l’Ornato, was initiated and commissioned to provide new Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 17 urban and architectural regulations [42]. And since the Turkish Quarter was densely built and inhabited,urban theand Ornato architectural regulations regulations were [42]. actively And implemented since the Turkish within Quarter the city was walls’ densely settlements. built and Asinhabited, a tool the to colonialOrnato regulations influence, were the actively Ornato implemented regulated European—like within the city walls’ urban settlements. and architectural structuresAs to a best tool accommodate to colonial influence, the modern the Ornato commercial regulated traffic, European thus— attractlike urban Europeans and architectural to Alexandria. The indigenousstructures to best inhabitants accommodate lived the in modern so–called commercial bidonvilles traffic, asthus artisans, attract Europeans merchants to Alexandria. and peddlers. TheyThe were indigenous mainly categorizedinhabitants lived by in their so–called congested bidonvilles density as artisans, and by merchants the residual and epidemicspeddlers. They that hit were mainly categorized by their congested density and by the residual epidemics that hit the city the city during the medieval period [43]. For this reason, the new westernized ad hoc urban planning during the medieval period [43]. For this reason, the new westernized ad hoc urban planning scheme schemedestroyed destroyed most most of the of structures the structures and settlements and settlements intra muros, intra except muros, the except neighborhood the neighborhood on the eastern on the easternmound. mound. The historicalThe historical map map of of 1855 1855 by by Charles Charles Muller Muller shows the the first first implementations implementations of le of Conseil le Conseil de de l’Ornato:l’Ornato: The northernThe northern part part of the of city the wallcity haswall been has demolishedbeen demolished and aand new a orthogonalnew orthogonal urban urban structure has beenstructure implemented, has been implemented, based on Europeanbased on European urban ideologies. urban ideologies. It is interestingIt is interesting to to notice notice that that Kom¯ ad–DikkaKōm ad–Dikka is the only is remainingthe only remaining urban pattern urban pattern intra muros intra muros drawn drawn on the on mapthe map (Figure (Figure5). In5). formerIn historicalformer maps historical of Alexandria, maps of Alexandria, the historical the historical area is characterizedarea is characterized by the by number the number of Maq of Maqam,¯ ā namelym, the shrinesnamely of the Muslim shrines of saints, Muslim which saints, still which stand still until stand today, until today, as well as as well its as recognition its recognition as porters’as porters’ hill. hill.

Figure 5. Map of Alexandria by Charles Muller, 1855. (rotated by author). The location of Kōm ad‐ Figure 5. Map of Alexandria by Charles Muller, 1855. (rotated by author). The location of Kom¯ Dikka is pointed out with an arrow. ad-Dikka is pointed out with an arrow. It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that Alexandria’s new European urban It was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that Alexandria’s new European developments extended to the area of Kōm ad–Dikka. This is seen on the historical city map of Les urbanServices developments Techniques extended de la Municipalité to the area in of1902 K om¯(Figure ad–Dikka. 6). Its new This displayed is seen settlement on the historical is referred city to map of Lesas Servicesthe Latin TechniquesQuarter, in Arabic de la Municipalital–Ḥaiy al–Laté īinnī, 1902 where (Figure its urban6). form Its new is largely displayed adapted settlement to the is referredancient to as urban the Latintraces. Quarter, The residential in Arabic area, al– whoseH. aiy urban al–Lat pattern¯ın¯ı, where dates back its urban to the formmedieval is largely period adapteddid to thenot ancient coincide urban with traces. the Ornato The development residential area, plan whoseand replaced urban by pattern the westernized dates back street to the course. medieval periodNevertheless, did not coincide these urban with theconstructions Ornato development enclosed the populated plan and replacedsettlement by to theprevent westernized the visual street course.distraction Nevertheless, from the thesenew westernized urban constructions European city enclosed appearance; the this populated also prevented settlement its further to prevent urban the extension. This urban enclosure does not only exemplify a connection of two different urban conceptions but also the relationship between two social strata: The richer inhabitants in the orthogonal new urban settlement, in Arabic known as kharij al–ḥukuma, encompassing the organic residential quarter populated by the poorer residents, in Arabic known as dakhil al–ḥukuma [44].

Heritage 2018, 1 281 visual distraction from the new westernized European city appearance; this also prevented its further urban extension. This urban enclosure does not only exemplify a connection of two different urban conceptions but also the relationship between two social strata: The richer inhabitants in the orthogonal new urban settlement, in Arabic known as kharij al–hukuma, encompassing the organic residential Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW . 9 of 17 quarter populated by the poorer residents, in Arabic known as dakhil al–h. ukuma [44]. The factual argumentationThe factual behind argumentation the perpetuation behind the of Kperpetuationom¯ ad–Dikka of remainsKōm ad–Dikka unknown. remains Hypothetically, unknown. it is possibleHypothetically, that its location, it is possible on the artificialthat its location, hill, did on not the stand artificial in the hill, way did ofnot the stand Ornato’s in the urbanway of planning the development.Ornato’s urban Additionally, planning development. the existence Additionally, of a poorer the settlement existence of next a poorer to the settlement richer one next might to the have createdricher a social one might coherence, have created where a social the poorercoherence, labors where lived the poorer and worked labors lived next and to worked wealthy next elite to [45]. The samewealthy concept elite [45]. can The be same historically concept can derived be historically from the derived porter’s from hill, the indicated porter’s hill, in indicated previous in maps. previous maps. The same practice might have been regenerated for the same purpose but with a new The same practice might have been regenerated for the same purpose but with a new interpretation. interpretation.

FigureFigure 6. Map 6. Map of of Alexandria Alexandria by the the municipality’s municipality’s technical technical service, service, 1902. (rotated 1902. (rotated by author). by The author). location of Kōm ad‐Dikka is pointed out with arrow. The location of Kom¯ ad-Dikka is pointed out with arrow. 4. Results4. Results and and Discussion Discussion Kom¯ K ad–Dikkaōm ad–Dikka has has developed developed through through different different time time spans spans and and urban urban styles. This This derives derives from from the historicalthe historical investigation investigation mainly basedmainly on based the historical on the historical maps. The maps. former The partsformer of parts this paper of this comprised paper a comprised a narrative elaboration of the history of the neighborhood. This part of the paper, however, narrative elaboration of the history of the neighborhood. This part of the paper, however, is an attempt is an attempt to interpretably reconstruct its urban morphology in different phases. The to interpretablymorphological reconstruct phases are itsconceptualized urban morphology based on in historical different maps, phases. reconstruction The morphological attempts, and phases are conceptualizedtravel book descriptions, based on and historical are accordingly maps, reconstruction divided into five attempts, morphological and travel phases. book The descriptions,first two and arephases accordingly represent divided each a intotime fivecycle morphological due to the lack phases. of reliable The firstreferences, two phases as well represent as the similar each a time cyclecartographic due to the lack similarities of reliable in the references, reliable ones. as well The as remaining the similar phases—the cartographic third similarities to the fifth—are in the each reliable ones.relatively The remaining divided phases—the into approximate third time to the intervals. fifth—are These each are relatively also based divided on the illustrated into approximate historical time intervals.city maps These since are the also French based expedition on the illustrated in 1798. This historical reconstruction city maps portrays since the the development French expedition of the in 1798.urban This reconstructionpattern since the portraysantique era the until development today, even if of it the is not urban stratigraphically pattern since successive. the antique era until today, even if it is not stratigraphically successive. 4.1. First Morphological Phase 4.1. First MorphologicalThe first phase Phaseencompasses the Hippodamian traces of the antique Alexandria (Figure 7a). The streets’ pattern is based on the reconstruction maps of El–Falaki and Ferdinand Noack. These Thecorrespond first phase to the encompasses current main access the Hippodamian streets of the neighborhood: traces of the antiqueFouad street Alexandria from the (Figure north, 7a). TheIbr streets’āhīm ‘Abd pattern as–Saiyid is based street onfrom the the reconstructioneast and the western maps part of of the El–Falaki southern and ‘Omar Ferdinand Ṭusun street. Noack. TheseBased correspond on his reconstruction to the current map main of antique access Alexandria, streets of Ferdinand the neighborhood: Noack illustrated Fouad the insulae street fromand the their side streets, from which the current ad–Damāmīnī street overlays one of them. There is as yet

Heritage 2018, 1 282 north, Ibrah¯ ¯ım ‘Abd as–Saiyid street from the east and the western part of the southern ‘Omar T. usun street. Based on his reconstruction map of antique Alexandria, Ferdinand Noack illustrated the insulae andHeritage their side 2018, streets,2, x FOR PEER from REVIEW which the current ad–Damam¯ ¯ın¯ı street overlays one of them. There10 is of as17 yet no clear evidence of the ancient urban character of the current Kom¯ ad–Dikka; however, the exploration of theno reconstructionclear evidence maps of the of ancient Noack andurban al-Falaki, character the of historical the current publications, Kōm ad–Dikka; and the however, reports from the the exploration of the reconstruction maps of Noack and al‐Falaki, the historical publications, and the Polish archaeologist provide the impetus for assuming an ancient neighborhood character more than reports from the Polish archaeologist provide the impetus for assuming an ancient neighborhood one of a Paneium. character more than one of a Paneium.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7. Cont.

Heritage 2018, 1 283

Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 17

(c)

(d)

Figure 7. Cont.

Heritage 2018, 1 284

Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 17

(e)

FigureFigure 7. ( 7.a)K (a)om¯ Kōm ad-Dikka. ad‐Dikka. Reconstruction Reconstruction of phase 1; 1; ( (bb) )KKōomm¯ ad ad-Dikka.‐Dikka. Reconstruction Reconstruction of phase of phase 2; 2; (c) Kōm ad‐Dikka. Reconstruction of phase 3 with existing Sufi shrines (marked in red dots); (c)Kom¯ ad-Dikka. Reconstruction of phase 3 with existing Sufi shrines (marked in red dots); (d)Kom¯ (d) Kōm ad‐Dikka. Reconstruction of phase 4; (e) Kōm ad‐Dikka. Reconstruction of phase 5. ad-Dikka. Reconstruction of phase 4; (e)Kom¯ ad-Dikka. Reconstruction of phase 5.

4.2.4.2. Second Second Morphological Morphological Phase Phase TheThe second second phase phase begins begins in in the the seventh seventh centurycentury AD, AD, where where the the city’s city’s ancient ancient physiognomy physiognomy altered immensely; the traces of the orthogonal roads disappeared and a sinuous urban form altered immensely; the traces of the orthogonal roads disappeared and a sinuous urban form emerged. emerged. This urban change is mostly detectible in travel book descriptions and maps. The various This urban change is mostly detectible in travel book descriptions and maps. The various cartographic cartographic maps of Alexandria that were illustrated until the mid—sixteenth century don’t maps of Alexandria that were illustrated until the mid—sixteenth century don’t explicitly mention explicitly mention the neighborhood. Still, two assumptive scenarios can be derived from them. The thefirst neighborhood. one arises with Still, the twohelp assumptiveof the historical scenarios map by canJohann be derivedHelffrich. from Based them. on his The perspective first one map arises withof the 1566 help and of thehis historicaltravelogue map description, by Johann the Helffrich. illustrated Based spine on hiscomprising perspective the map non of‐indigenous 1566 and his traveloguemerchants’ description, Fonticum thecan illustratedbe assumed spine as the comprising early nascence the of non-indigenous Sūq Kōm ad–Dikka—the merchants’ current Fonticum Saiyid can be assumedDarwīš street. as the The early second nascence scenario of Sisuq¯ based Kom¯ on ad–Dikka—the the presumption current of the Saiyidmorphology Darw of¯ıš street.the same The spine, second scenarioyet not is upon based a oncommercial the presumption genesis but of thea religious morphology one. On of the the current same spine,Saiyid yetDarw notīš uponstreet astands commercial the genesismosque but of a S religiousīdī Surūr, one. where On his the shrine current is located. Saiyid It Darw can be¯ıš presumed street stands that thethe mosquespine of the of Scurrent¯ıd¯ı Sur ur,¯ whereSaiyid his Darw shrineīš isstreet located. first originated It can be presumed upon settlements that the next spine to Sufi of the Figures current (Figure Saiyid 7b). Darw ¯ıš street first originated upon settlements next to Sufi Figures (Figure7b). 4.3. Third Morphological Phase 4.3. ThirdThe Morphological third phase Phaseproceeds with the two above–mentioned scenarios and is placed between the mid—sixteenthThe third phase century proceeds and the with end the of the two eighteenth above–mentioned century. The scenarios commercial and genesis is placed proceeds between with the mid—sixteentha probable development century and of the the original end of path the eighteenthof Sūq Kōm century.ad–Dikka Theinto a commercial village, based genesis on Vansleb’s proceeds description of the Jardin du Marchand—in the 17th century—and the concurrent illustrations on with a probable development of the original path of Suq¯ Kom¯ ad–Dikka into a village, based on historical maps. The first survey map of the city of Alexandria, conducted during the French Vansleb’s description of the Jardin du Marchand—in the 17th century—and the concurrent illustrations expedition in 1798, is the first map to clearly illustrate the urban fabric of the residential area. Based on historical maps. The first survey map of the city of Alexandria, conducted during the French on this map, it can be deduced how the street path developed between the state of 1566 until 1798. expeditionDuring this in 1798, phase, is thenew first sinuous map streets to clearly were illustrate formed theand urban branched fabric off ofthe the main residential spine of area.the current Based on thisSaiyid map, itDarw canīš be street. deduced Among how these the street branching path developedstreets are betweenthe current the S stateīdī Quš of 1566ṭum untilthat is 1798. Duringperpendicular this phase, to newthe present sinuous Saiyid streets Darw wereīš street, formed Sīd andī Alī branchedal‐Badawī off, and the Sī maindī Miḥ spineriz. Their of the origin, current Saiyid Darw¯ıš street. Among these branching streets are the current S¯ıd¯ı Qušt.um that is perpendicular to the present Saiyid Darw¯ıš street, S¯ıd¯ı Al¯ı al-Badaw¯ı, and S¯ıd¯ı Mih. riz. Their origin, history and Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 17 Heritage 2018, 1 285 history and importance are believed to be related to the location of the shrines of Sīdī Miḥriz and Sīdī Qušṭum. Both shrines are located along the above–mentioned streets, which in turn justify the urban importance are believed to be related to the location of the shrines of S¯ıd¯ı Mihriz and S¯ıd¯ı Quštum. progression based on the religious scenario (Figure 7c). . . Both shrines are located along the above–mentioned streets, which in turn justify the urban progression based on the religious scenario (Figure7c). 4.4. Fourth Morphological Phase 4.4. FourthThe historical Morphological map Phaseof 1855 by Charles Muller best illustrates the ensuing development of the historicalThe historical settlement map after of 1798. 1855 This by Charles fourth phase Muller is best between illustrates the end the of ensuing the eighteenth development century of and the historicalmid—nineteenth settlement century after and 1798. witnesses This fourth the phasemain readable is between footprint the end of of the the sinuous eighteenth urban century structure. and mid—nineteenthBoth probable scenarios century don’t and witnesses continue theseparately main readable but merge footprint into one. of the During sinuous this urban phase, structure. Saiyid BothDarw probableīš street scenariosextends further, don’t continue whereas separately other byways but merge branch into off one. from During it (Figure this phase, 7d). From Saiyid the Darw main¯ıš ṭ ḥ streetspine extendsof the current further, S whereasīdī Quš um other street byways other branch paths off branched from it (Figure such as7 d).Sīd Fromī Mi theriz, mainthe current spine of street the of Ibn Nubātā, and al–Fasqiyia. These later developed into subsequent main access streets; their current S¯ıd¯ı Qušt.um street other paths branched such as S¯ıd¯ı Mih. riz, the current street of Ibn Nubat¯ a,¯ andsignificance al–Fasqiyia. as main These access later developedstreets can into also subsequent be justified main by the access existing streets; Sufi their shrines. significance After 1855, as main Le accessConseil streets d’Ornato can also applied be justified the byfirst the urban existing adjustments Sufi shrines. in After Kōm 1855, ad–Dikka. Le Conseil This d’Ornato included applied the thereconstruction first urban adjustments traces of the in K antiqueom¯ ad–Dikka. L1 road—the This included current the reconstructionFouad street—regaining traces of the its antique role L1as road—theAlexandria’s current main Fouad road. street—regaining its role as Alexandria’s main road.

4.5.4.5. Fifth Morphological Phase TheThe fifthfifth phasephase covers the urban enclosure with the westernized urban vicinity—from 18551855 untiluntil mid—twentiethmid—twentieth centurycentury (Figure(Figure7 7e).e). These These changes changes mark mark the the explicit explicit juxtaposition juxtaposition of of the the two two western western andand sinuoussinuous urbanurban form.form. During the early nineteenth century part of the southernsouthern city gategate waswas Ṭ demolisheddemolished and alteredaltered withwith thethe currentcurrent ‘Omar‘Omar T. usunusun street.street. InIn thethe historicalhistorical neighborhood,neighborhood, moremore bywaysbyways extendedextended fromfrom thethe sinuoussinuous patternpattern intointo thethe currentcurrent FouadFouad street,street, toto thethe north, and the current Ṭ ‘Omar‘Omar T. usun,usun, toto thethe south.south. OneOne ofof themthem isis ad–Damad–Damam¯ām¯ınīn¯ıī street;street; basedbased onon thethe reconstructionreconstruction mapmap ofof Noack,Noack, itit isis probablyprobably locatedlocated aboveabove thethe tracestraces ofof anan ancientancient street.street. TheThe citycity mapmap ofof 19071907 displaysdisplays thethe enclosureenclosure applicationapplication of of thethe sinuoussinuous fabricfabric byby thethe new westernized streets.streets. These are the eastern street Ḫ Ṭ Dr.Dr. Ibrahā¯ h¯ımīm ‘Abd‘Abd as–Saiyid, the western street S ī¯ıddī ¯ıal– a¯ıīāaš¯š¯ıī and the southern street ‘Omar T. usun. ThisThis phasephase marksmarks thethe currentcurrent predominantpredominant urbanurban formationformation ofof KKom¯ōm ad–Dikka.ad–Dikka. Between the earlyearly twentiethtwentieth centurycentury and and today, today, little little urban urban development development has has changed. changed. The fourThe perpendicularfour perpendicular new main new Ṭ accessmain access roads roads of Fouad of Fouad street instreet the in north, the north, ‘Omar ‘OmarT. usun inusun the in south, the south, Dr. Ibr Dr.ah¯ ¯ım Ibr ‘Abdāhīm as–Saiyid ‘Abd as–Saiyid in the eastin the and east S¯ıd and¯ı al– Sīda¯ī ıaš¯al–¯ı inḪa theīāšī westin the frame west haveframe morphed have morphed completely completely organically. organically. ThisThis exampleexample ofof thethe urbanurban morphologymorphology ofof KKom¯ōm ad–Dikkaad–Dikka cancan bebe assumedlyassumedly foundfound inin otherother examples,examples, not only inin Egypt,Egypt, butbut inin thethe surroundingsurrounding MediterraneanMediterranean and Arab region. Accordingly, comparablecomparable analysisanalysis can can be be undertaken undertaken to furtherto further study study the relationthe relation between between such ansuch integrated an integrated social andsocial urban and juxtaposition,urban juxtaposition, where new where urbanization new urbanization is taking place is taking while place preserving while olderpreserving structures. older structures. 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions The historical residential quarter of Kom¯ ad–Dikka has a rectangle–elongated shape and is immediatelyThe historical recognizable residential with itsquarter urban of non–uniform Kōm ad–Dikka physiognomy. has a rectangle–elongated Generally characterized shape byand two is differentimmediately urban recognizable patterns, it with exemplifies its urban two non–uniform juxtaposing, physiognomy. yet complementary, Generally urban characterized forms and by social two groups.different The urban first patterns, urban form it exemplifies comprises two of sinuous juxtaposing, street yet structure, complementary, probably datingurban forms back to and the social 16th century,groups. andThe isfirst inhabited urban form by the comprises social underclass. of sinuous The street second structure, urban formprobably was initiallydating back constructed to the 16th for thecentury, social and elite is back inhabited in the nineteenthby the social century underclass. and consists The second of a westernized urban form orthogonal was initially street constructed structure. Thisfor the westernized social elite urban back style in the encloses nineteenth the sinuous century urban and structureconsists of and a formswesternized the framing orthogonal enclosure street of thestructure. medieval This residential westernized quarter. urban This style enclosure encloses is the crossed sinuous by four urban perpendicular structure and streets forms (Fouad the framing Street, ‘OmarenclosureT. usun, of the Dr. medieval Ibrah¯ ¯ım ‘Abdresidential as–Saiyid quarter. and This S¯ıd¯ı al–enclosureayaš¯ ¯ı). is These crossed streets by four represent perpendicular the rectangular streets enclosure(Fouad Street, and current ‘Omar Ṭ mainusun, access Dr. Ibr roadsāhīm to ‘Abd the area. as–Saiyid The entire and S complexīdī al–Ḫay ofā thisšī). residentialThese streets district represent is an examplethe rectangular of an extant enclosure urban and and current social system main withaccess a homogeneousroads to the area. heterogeneousness. The entire complex of this residentialWhile conductingdistrict is an this example type of researchof an extant to uncover urban theand morphology social system of Kwithom¯ ad–Dikka,a homogeneous it was importantheterogeneousness. to note that most of the results are based on possibilities rather than explicit facts. Based on historical maps, as well as memoirs, the information extracted was sometimes unclear and confusing.

Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 17

While conducting this type of research to uncover the morphology of Kōm ad–Dikka, it was Heritage 2018, 1 286 important to note that most of the results are based on possibilities rather than explicit facts. Based on historical maps, as well as memoirs, the information extracted was sometimes unclear and confusing. Whether Whetherthe current the street current of Saiyid street Darw of Saiyidīš was Darw a bazaar¯ıš was street, a bazaar enclosed street, by gates enclosed at its by gates at its ends, ends, and representsand the represents begin of thethe begin urban of morphology the urban morphology of the neighborhood, of the neighborhood, still remains still remainsa a hypothesis. hypothesis. The tracesThe of traces the street of the gates street are gates nowadays are nowadays not visible. not visible. Based Based on the on maps the maps of 1798 of 1798 and and 1801 the positions 1801 the positions ofof the the former former street street gates gates can can be be assumed assumed in in two two places: places: By By the the intersection intersection west west with the street S¯ıd¯ı ḥ ḫ with the street Sīdī MiMih.rizriz or or with with the the street street al–Šai ad–Darw¯ıš,īš, andand toto the the east east with with the the intersection intersection Rustum Afand¯ı street. Rustum Afandī street.Therefore, Therefore, the morphological the morphological analysis analysis and reconstruction and reconstruction results canresults be considered can be as interpretations considered as interpretationsmore than more definite than facts.definite However, facts. However, since this since paper this is paper mainly is mainly based onbased historical on material and on historical material andsparse on sparse modern modern literature, literature, it can be it perceived can be perceived as an added as an contribution added contribution towards the urban history of towards the urban historythe city of of the Alexandria. city of Alexandria. This study This is a study gateway is a generating gateway generating leads to be leads followed to be by further academic followed by further researchacademic and research analytical and representations,analytical representations, either for the either city for itself the or city for itself other or comparable for cities. other comparable cities. Funding: This paper is a reproduction of part of the author’s unpublished master dissertation, written in 2014 Funding: This paper isin a thereproduction German language, of part of entitled: the author’s Kom¯ unpublished ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung, master dissertation, written in the Technical in 2014 University in Berlin, Germany. The entire master program was funded by the ERASMUS MUNDUS from 2012 until 2014. The master in the German language, entitled: Kōm ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung, in the Technical University in Berlin, dissertation was under the supervision of Dorothée Sack and Ralph Bodenstein. The author has revised and Germany. The entire masterdeveloped program the firstwas partfunded of the by dissertationthe ERASMUS to present MUNDUS this from paper 2012 in the until English 2014. languageThe master to expand the utilization dissertation was underof the its supervision content to a of wider Dorothée range Sack of researchers. and Ralph Bodenstein. The author The is a author current has scholarship revised and holder from the German developed the first partAcademic of the dissertation Exchange to Service present (DAAD) this paper at thein the Bauhaus English University language to Weimar expand in the Germany utilization as a PhD candidate under of its content to a widerthe range supervision of researchers. of Hans-Rudolf The author Meier is and a current Ralph Bodenstein. scholarship holder from the German Academic Exchange ServiceAcknowledgments: (DAAD) at the BauhausI wish to University thank the Weimar institutional in Germany support as thata PhD encouraged candidate under the author to work on this the supervision of Hanspublication:‐Rudolf Meier Bauhaus and Ralph University Bodenstein. Weimar in Germany, the Alexandria University, and the AlexMed Research Center in Egypt. Acknowledgments: I wish to thank the institutional support that encouraged the author to work on this Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest. publication: Bauhaus University Weimar in Germany, the Alexandria University, and the AlexMed Research Center in Egypt. References and Notes Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest. 1. Author’s Note: The Romanization from Arabic to English Is Based on the Rules of the Library of Congress. References and Notes Available online: https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf (accessed on 3 May 2018). 2. The Former Western Mound Is Now an Archaeological Site 12 m below Sea Level with Ongoing Excavations; Polish

1. Author’s Note: The RomanizationCenter for Mediterranean from Arabic to Archaeology: English Is Based Warsaw, on the Poland, Rules of 2018. the Library of Congress. Available online: 3.https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cThe Turkish Town Is anpso/romanization/arabic.pdf Artificial Peninsula Located between (accessed the on Alexandrian 3 May 2018). Eastern and Western Harbor. 2. The Former Western MoundCompare Is Now Building an Archaeological Typologies. Site 12 In mAlexandrie: below Sea Level Une with Architecture Ongoing Ottomane Excavations; Annaloro,; Polish M.; Lange, G. (Eds.) Center for MediterraneanÉditions Archaeology: Parenthè Warsaw,ses: Marseille, Poland, France, 2018. 2011. 3. The Turkish Town4. Is Koman Artificial el Dekka Peninsula et Non Kom Located el Dick, between Comme ilthe Est Alexandrian Communément Eastern Appel andé, Est Western le Nom Donné à Une Butte au Harbor. Compare BuildingCentre Typologies. de la Ville d’AlexandrieIn Alexandrie: Aujourd’hui Une Architecture Rasé e.Ottomane Kom el; Dekka Annaloro, et Non M., Kom Lange, el Dick G., Est le Vrai Nom Arabe’ Eds.; Éditions Parenthèses:Lackany, Marseille, Radames. France, Notes Sur2011. Quelques Damir, NomenclatureM. Kōm ad–Dikka Alexandrines. Quarteruntersuchung. In Cahiers d’Alexandrie. Série II Fascicule Master’s Thesis, Technical1. Alexandria University; Le Berlin, Centre Berlin, d’Études Germany, Alexandrines—CEA: 2014. Alexandria, Egypt, 1964; p. 58. Available online: 4. Kom el Dekka et Non Komhttp://www.cealex.org/pfe/diffusion/PFEWeb/pfe_009/PFE_009_002_w.pdf el Dick, Comme il Est Communément Appelé, Est le Nom Donné à Une Butte (accessed on 30 May 2018). au Centre de la Ville5. d’AlexandrieIn His Book, Aujourd’hui El–Falaki Identifies Rasée. Kom It as el ‘Com–el–Dikk Dekka et Noné Komh’ on el Page Dick 57 Est and le Vrai ‘Com–el–Dikeh’ Nom on Page 20. M. Arabe’ Lackany, Radames.El–Falaki, Notes MSurémoire Quelques Sur l’antiqueNomenclature Alexandrie, Alexandrines. Ses Faubourgs In Cahiers et d’Alexandrie. Environs Dé Sériecouverts, Par Les Fouilles, II Fascicule 1. AlexandriaSondages,; Le Centre Nivellements d’Études Alexandrines—CEA: et Autres Recherches Alexandria, (Bianco Luno,Egypt, 1872). 1964; p. Available 58. Available online: http://www.cealex. online: http://www.cealex.org/pfe/diffuorg/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdfsion/PFEWeb/pfe_009/PFE_009_002_w.pdf (accessed onon 25 30 May May 2018). 2018). 6. Langenscheidts Handwörterbuch Arabisch–Deutsch; Langenscheidt KG: Berlin, Germany; München, 5. In His Book, El–Falaki Germany,Identifies It 1996. as ‘Com–el–Dikkéh’ on Page 57 and ‘Com–el–Dikeh’ on Page 20. M. El– Falaki, Mémoire 7.Sur Strabo.l’antiqueThe Alexandrie, Geography ofSes Strabo Faubourgs VIII, Book et XVII Environs; Harvard Découverts, University Par Press: Les Cambridge, Fouilles, MA, USA, 1967. Sondages, Nivellements8. El–Falaki, et M.Autres Mémoire Recherches Sur l’antique (Bianco Alexandrie, Luno, Ses Faubourgs1872). Available et Environs online: Découverts, Par Les Fouilles, http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/Sondages, Nivellementsdiffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf et Autres Recherches (Bianco Luno, (accessed 1872), 57.on 25 Available May 2018). online: http://www.cealex. 6. Langenscheidts Handwörterbuchorg/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf Arabisch–Deutsch; Langenscheidt KG: Berlin, Germany; (accessed München, on Germany, 25 May 2018). 1996. 9. Clot–Bey, A. Aperçu Général Sur l’Égypte. (Fortin, Masson et cie, 1840), 194. Available online: https: 7. Strabo. The Geography of//archive.org/details/b22018992_0001 Strabo VIII, Book XVII; Harvard University (accessed Press: on Cambridge, 30 March 2018). MA, USA, 1967. 8. El–Falaki, M. Mémoire10. Haas, Sur l’antique C. Alexandria Alexandrie, in Late Ses Antiquity: Faubourgs Topography et Environs and SocialDécouverts, Conflict Par; The Les Johns Fouilles, Hopkins University Press: Sondages, NivellementsBaltimore, et Autres MD, USA, Recherches 1997. (Bianco Luno, 1872), 57. Available online: http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2018).

Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 17

9. Clot–Bey, A. Aperçu Général Sur l’Égypte. (Fortin, Masson et cie, 1840), 194. Available online: https://archive.org/details/b22018992_0001 (accessed on 30 March 2018). 10. Haas, C. AlexandriaHeritage in Late2018 Antiquity:, 1 Topography and Social Conflict; The Johns Hopkins University Press: 287 Baltimore, MD, USA, 1997. 11. Grimm, G. City Planning? In Alexandria and Alexandrianism; Getty Publications: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 11. Grimm, G. City Planning? In Alexandria and Alexandrianism; Getty Publications: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1996. Available online: http://d2aohiyo3d3idm.cloudfront.net/publications/virtuallibrary/0892362928.pdf 1996. Available online: http://d2aohiyo3d3idm.cloudfront.net/publications/virtuallibrary/0892362928.pdf (accessed on 30 March 2018). (accessed on 30 March 2018). 12. Damir, M. Kōm ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung. Master’s Thesis, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, 12. Damir, M. Kom¯ ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung. Master’s Thesis, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2014. Germany, 2014. 13. Hoepfner, W.; Schwandner, E.L. Haus und Stadt im klassischen Griechenland; Deutscher Kunstverlag: Berlin, 13. Hoepfner, W.; Schwandner, E.L. Haus und Stadt im klassischen Griechenland; Deutscher Kunstverlag: Berlin, Germany, 1986; pp. 240–241. Germany, 1986; pp. 240–241. 14. In His Book, El–Falaki Refers to It as the Paneum, Wherein Other Literature It Is Referred to as Paneium 14. In His Book, El–Falaki Refers to It as the Paneum, Wherein Other Literature It Is Referred to as Paneium (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo VIII, Book XVII. Translated by Jones HL. (Harvard University Press, (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo VIII, Book XVII. Translated by Jones HL. (Harvard University Press, 1967), 41. and R. McLeod, The Library of Alexandria: Centre of Learning in the Ancient World. (Tauris I.B., 1967), 41. and R. McLeod, The Library of Alexandria: Centre of Learning in the Ancient World. (Tauris I.B., 2005, 40). 2005, 40). 15. The Translator Points out that the Paneium Is a Sanctuary of the God Pan. In The Geography of Strabo VIII, 15. The Translator Points out that the Paneium Is a Sanctuary of the God Pan. The Geography of Strabo VIII, Book Book XVII; Warmington, E.H., Page, T.E., Rouse, W.H.D., Capps, E., Post, L.A., Eds.; Harvard University XVII; Warmington, E.H.; Page, T.E.; Rouse, W.H.D.; Capps, E.; Post, L.A. (Eds.) Harvard University Press: Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1967; p. 41. Cambridge, MA, USA, 1967; p. 41. Heritage 2018,16. 2, x FORMajcherek, PEER REVIEW G. The Auditoria on Kom el–Dikka: A glimpse of late antique education14 in of Alexandria. 17 In 16. Majcherek, G. The Auditoria on Kom el–Dikka: A glimpse of late antique education in Alexandria. Proceedings of the Twentyfifth International Congress of Papyrology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 29 July–4 In Proceedings of the Twentyfifth International Congress of Papyrology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, While conductingAugust 2007; this Volumetype of 9,research p. 471. to uncover the morphology of Kōm ad–Dikka, it was 29 July–4 August 2007; Volume 9, p. 471. important 17.to noteMcKenzie, that most J. The of Architecture the results of are Alexandria based onand possibilitiesEgypt c. 300 BC rather to AD than700; Yale explicit University facts. Press:Based New Haven, 17. McKenzie, J. The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt c. 300 BC to AD 700; Yale University Press: New Haven, on historical maps,CT, USA, as well2007. as memoirs, the information extracted was sometimes unclear and CT, USA, 2007. 18. McKenzie, J. The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt c. 300 BC to AD 700; Yale University Press: New Haven, confusing. Whether the current18. streetMcKenzie, of Saiyid J. The Darw Architectureīš was a of bazaar Alexandria street, and Egyptenclosed c. 300 by BC gates to AD at 700 its; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 2007; p. 10. ends, and represents the begin ofCT, the USA, urban 2007; morphology p. 10. of the neighborhood, still remains a 19. Forster, E.M. Alexandria: A History and a Guide; Supreme Council of Culture: Cairo Governorate, Egypt, hypothesis. The traces of the street19. Forster,gates are E.M. nowadaysAlexandria: not A History visible. and Based a Guide on; Supreme the maps Council of 1798 of Culture: and Cairo Governorate, Egypt, 1974; 1974; p. 124. 1801 the positions of the former streetp. 124. gates can be assumed in two places: By the intersection west 20. Sālim, A.A.ḥ Tarīḫ Al–‘Iskandariyia Waḫ Ḥadāratihā Fī Al–‘Asr Al‐‘Islamī. In The History and Culture of with the street Sīdī Mi riz or with20. theSalim,¯ street A.A. al–Šai Tar¯ı ad–DarwAl–‘Iskandariyiaīš, and Wato theH. ad eastaratih¯ witha¯ F ¯ıthe Al–‘Asr intersection Al-‘Islam ¯ı. In The History and Culture of Alexandria in the Islamic Era; Mu’assasat Ash–Shabāb Al–Gāmi‘īyah: Alexandria, Egypt; 1982; pp. 91–92. Rustum Afandī street. Therefore, Alexandriathe morphological in the Islamic analysis Era; Mu’assasat and reconstruction Ash–Shabab¯ Al–G resultsami‘¯ ¯ıyah:can be Alexandria, Egypt, 1982; pp. 91–92. NOTE: Sālim references the information based on An–Nūwīrī Al–Iskandarānī’ publication Kitāb Al– considered as interpretations more thanNOTE: definite Salim¯ references facts. However, the information since this based paper on An–N is mainlyuw¯ ¯ır¯ı Al–Iskandarbased on an¯ ¯ı’ publication Kitab¯ Al–Ilmam:¯ ̄ ʻ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̌ ̄ ̄ ̥ ̄ ʻ ̈ historical materialIlma andm: onBil–I sparsela m FimodernBil–I‘lma am¯ G literature, Farat¯ıma¯ GaratBihi˘ itAl–Ah Bihi can Al–A ̣kabe mhperceived. k am¯Wa Wa Al–Umu Al–Um as anur¯r addedAl–Maqd Al–Maq contribution¯ıyahīyah FFi¯ı Waq‘a Waq ¨t Al–Iskandarat Al– ¯ıyah. ‘At.¯ıyah, A.S., towards the urbanIskandar historyīyah. of ʻA theṭīyah, cityEd.; A.S., of Osmania Alexandria.Ed.; Osmania Oriental This Oriental Publications study Publications is a Bureau, gateway Bureau, Osmania generating Osmania University: leadsUniversity: Hyderabad,to be Hyderabad, India, 1970; p. 77. However, followed by furtherIndia, academic 1970; p. 77. research However,since and this since analytical book this isbook published representations, is published in 4 parts, in 4 eitherparts, Salim¯ Sforā doeslim the does not city specifynot itself specify whichor for which one one the the information is extracted. other comparableinformation cities. is extracted.The The author author was was able able to access to access parts parts three three and fourand four where where the information the information is not is found. not Another publication found. Another publicationconfirms confirms the information the information about about the Arab the tribeArab ‘Lakhm’ tribe ‘Lakhm’ in R. Lackany,in R. Lackany, Notes Notes sur quelques nomenclature Funding: This papersur quelquesis a reproduction nomenclature Alexandrines.of part Alexandrines. of the author’s In Cahiers In Cahiersunpublished d’Alexandrie d’Alexandrie master; Le; Centre Le dissertation, Centre d’É tudesd’Études written Alexandrines—CEA: Alexandrines—CEA: in 2014 Alexandrie, Egypt, 1964; in the German language,Alexandrie, entitled: Egypt, K ō1964;mp. ad–Dikka 59.p. 59. Quarteruntersuchung, in the Technical University in Berlin, Germany. The21. entireKulicka, master E. programThe Moslem21. wasKulicka, Cemeteriesfunded E. by The the on Moslem ERASMUSKom El–Dikka Cemeteries MUNDUS in Alexandria: on Komfrom El–Dikka2012 Excavation until in 2014. Alexandria: Season The master 2004/2005 Excavation Polish Season 2004/2005 Polish dissertation was Archaeologyunder the supervision in theArchaeology of MediterraneanDorothée in Sack the MediterraneanandJournal Ralph Bodenstein.Online. Journal (PAM Online. The author (PAM18, has2005). 18, 2005).revised Available Available and online:online: http://www.pcma.uw. developed the firsthttp://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp–cont part of the dissertationedu.pl/wp–content/uploads/pam/PAM_2005_XVII/261.pdf to present thisent/uploads/pam/PAM_2005_XVII/261.pdf paper in the English language to expand the (accessed utilization (accessedon 25 May on 25 May 2018). of its content to 2018).a wider range of22. researchers.For More The Information author is about a current the Shrines—Maq scholarship holderam.¯ See from Damir, the M.German Kom¯ Ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung. Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) at the Bauhaus University Weimar in Germany as a PhD candidate under 22. For More Information Master’sabout the Thesis, Shrines—Maq Technicalām. University See Damir, Berlin, M. K Berlin,ōm Ad–Dikka Germany, Quarteruntersuchung. 2014; pp. 106–124. the supervision of Hans‐Rudolf Meier and Ralph Bodenstein. Master’s Thesis, Technical23. Véronique, University F. Les Berlin, céramiques Berlin, Germany, médiévales 2014; d’Alexandrie: pp. 106–124. Un témoignage Archéologique D’importance. Acknowledgments:23. Véronique, I wish toF. Lesthank céramiques theIn Alexandrieinstitutional médiévales Mé disupportévale: d’Alexandrie: Tome that 1 ;Dencouragedécobert, Un témoignage C., the Empereur, author Archéologique to J.-Y., work Eds.; on Institut D’importance. this Français In D’arch éologie Orientale publication: BauhausAlexandrie University Médiévale: Weimar Tomedu in Caire—IFAO: 1 Germany,; Décobert, the C., Cairo, AlexandriaEmpereur, Egypt, 1999; J.University,‐Y., p.Eds.; 60. Institut and the Français AlexMed D’archéologie Research Orientale Center in Egypt. du Caire—IFAO:24. Cairo,Zsolt, Egypt, K. 1999; Polish p. Research60. in Alexandria, Past Research, Layout I. 2007, p. 118. Available online: http: Conflicts of24. Interest: Zsolt, The K. author Polish declares Research//www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/template/main/img/lat70/book70_10.pdf no conflictin Alexandria, of interest. Past Research, Layout I. 2007; p. 118. Available online: (accessed on http://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp21 May 2018).‐content/uploads/template/main/img/lat70/book70_10.pdf (accessed on References and21 Notes May 2018). 25. Check Planche XIII. Carte particulière de la vieille et la nouvelle Alexandrie et des ports 1738. In Atlas Historique de La Ville et Des Ports d’Alexandrie; Jondet, G. (Ed.) Institut Français D’archéologie Orientale du

1. Author’s Note: The Romanization Caire—IFAO:from Arabic to Cairo, English Egypt, Is Based 1921. on Available the Rules online: of the http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_ Library of Congress. Available online: https://www.loc.gov/catdir/calex/LVR_000025_w.pdfpso/romanization/arabic.pdf (accessed on 22 May (accessed 2018). on 3 May 2018). 2. The Former Western Mound Is 26.Now anThe Archaeological oldest isometric Site maps12 m below of Alexandria Sea Level werewith Ongoing drawn back Excavations at the end; Polish of the 15th century. In 1611, the English Center for Mediterranean Archaeology:traveler Warsaw, George Poland, Sandys 2018. reports that Pierre Belon’s Alexandria map of 1554 represents a more accurate 3. The Turkish Town Is an Artificialimage Peninsula of the cityLocated than thebetween previous the ones.Alexandrian The map Eastern version and of Johann Western Helffrich includes copies of multiple

Harbor. Compare Building Typologies.illustrative In Alexandrie: scenes from Une the Architecture map of Pierre Ottomane Belon.; Annaloro, M., Lange, G., Eds.; Éditions Parenthèses: Marseille, France, 2011. Damir, M. Kōm ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung. Master’s Thesis, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2014. 4. Kom el Dekka et Non Kom el Dick, Comme il Est Communément Appelé, Est le Nom Donné à Une Butte au Centre de la Ville d’Alexandrie Aujourd’hui Rasée. Kom el Dekka et Non Kom el Dick Est le Vrai Nom Arabe’ Lackany, Radames. Notes Sur Quelques Nomenclature Alexandrines. In Cahiers d’Alexandrie. Série II Fascicule 1. Alexandria; Le Centre d’Études Alexandrines—CEA: Alexandria, Egypt, 1964; p. 58. Available online: http://www.cealex.org/pfe/diffusion/PFEWeb/pfe_009/PFE_009_002_w.pdf (accessed on 30 May 2018). 5. In His Book, El–Falaki Identifies It as ‘Com–el–Dikkéh’ on Page 57 and ‘Com–el–Dikeh’ on Page 20. M. El– Falaki, Mémoire Sur l’antique Alexandrie, Ses Faubourgs et Environs Découverts, Par Les Fouilles, Sondages, Nivellements et Autres Recherches (Bianco Luno, 1872). Available online: http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2018). 6. Langenscheidts Handwörterbuch Arabisch–Deutsch; Langenscheidt KG: Berlin, Germany; München, Germany, 1996. 7. Strabo. The Geography of Strabo VIII, Book XVII; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1967. 8. El–Falaki, M. Mémoire Sur l’antique Alexandrie, Ses Faubourgs et Environs Découverts, Par Les Fouilles, Sondages, Nivellements et Autres Recherches (Bianco Luno, 1872), 57. Available online: http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2018).

Heritage 2018, 1 288

27. Helffrich, J. Kurtzer Vnd Warhafftiger Bericht von Der Reyß Aus Venedig Nach Hierusalem, von Dannen Inn Aegypten Auff Den Berg Sinai, Alcair, Alexandria und Folgends Widerumb Gen Venedig; Berwaldts, J., Ed.; Erben: Leipzig, Germany, 1579; p. 218. 28. Abu-Lughod, J. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1991; p. 228. 29. Bacque-Grammont, J.; Dankoff, R. D’Alexandrie à Rosette D’après La Relation de Voyage d’Evliya Celebi; Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes: Istanbul, Turkey, 2001; p. 30. 30. Müller-Wiener, M. Eine Stadtgeschichte Alexandrias von 564/1169 Bis in Die Mitte Des 9/15. Jahrhunderts: Verwaltung Und Innerstädtische Organisationsformen; Klaus–Schwarz–Vlg: Berlin, Germany, 1992; pp. 250–251. 31. Awad, M.F. The Impact of Economic Change on the Structure and Function of the Building Industry in Egypt (1920–1985). Ph.D. Thesis, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, 1992; p. 263. 32. Except for the traces of L1, no urban or architectural traces have survived. 33. Forster, E.M. Alexandria: A History and a Guide; Supreme Council of Culture: Cairo Governorate, Egypt, 1974; p. 117. 34. Bremond, G. Voyage En Egypte de Gabriel Bremond, 1643–1645; Institut Français D’archéologie Orientale du Caire—IFAO: Cairo, Egypt, 1974; p. 27. 35. See Cadastral map of Alexandria, Block 578. Surveyed in January 1937. Published by the Survey of Egypt. Scale 1:500. 36. See Planchet XIV by, R. Pococke, ‘A Plan of Alexandria’. 1742. in Jondet, Gaston. Atlas Historique de La Ville et Des Ports d’Alexandrie. (l’Institut Français D’archéologie Orientale, 1921). Available online: http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000025_w.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2018). 37. In a paper by Niall Christie, the example of Funduq Al–Bayd. Wa–Al–Qas.ab that dates back to the fourteenth century is described and reconstructed upon historical sources. She cites that it was located ‘on the southern side of the Mah. ajjah al–‘Uz.má, the main road that runs from the Rosetta Gate at the east end of Alexandria to the Green Gate at the west end’. This also supports the hypothesis that Kom¯ ad–Dikka might have been a bazaar or at least a settlement to serve one. Christie, N. Reconstructing Life in Medieval Alexandria from an Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 17 Eighth/Fourteenth Century Waqf Document. Mamluk¯ Stud. Review 2004, III, 165. 38. This paper only focuses on documenting the urban morphology and is therefore not mentioning the While conducting this type of research to uncover the morphology of Kōm ad–Dikka, it was underground water system. For more information, please see Hairy, I. Du Nil à Alexandrie, Histoires important to note that most of the results are based on possibilities rather than explicit facts. Based D’eau; Le Centre d’Études Alexandrines—CEA: Alexandria, Egypt, 2011. Damir, M. Kom¯ Ad–Dikka on historical maps, as well as memoirs, the information extracted was sometimes unclear and Quarteruntersuchung. Master’s Thesis, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; pp. 20–58. confusing. Whether the current39. Vansleb,street of J.M. SaiyidNouvelle Darw Relation,īš was a en bazaar Forme destreet, Journal, enclosed d‘un Voyage by gates Fait en at Egypte. its En 1672 & 1673; Estienne ends, and represents the beginMichallet: of the urban Lyon, France,morphology 1677; p. 182.of the neighborhood, still remains a hypothesis. The traces of the40. streetImage gates Library. are nowadays Map of not Alexandria. visible. Based Available on the online: maps ofhttp://www.alexanderstomb.com/main/ 1798 and 1801 the positions of the former imageslibrary/maps/alexmaplemaitre1848.jpgstreet gates can be assumed in two places: (accessed By the intersection on 3 May 2018). west with the street Sīdī Miḥriz or41. withRama thed streetan,¯ A.A. al–Šai Tar¯ıḫ al–Iskandariyiaad–Darwīš, and fi to al–‘A thes reast al–H withad¯ıt. the In Theintersection History of Modern Alexandria; Al–Hay’a . . . ¯ Rustum Afandī street. Therefore,Al–Misriyah the morphological Al–‘Amah¯ Lil–Kit analysisab:¯ Cairo, and Egyot,reconstruction 1993; p. 92. results can be considered as interpretations42. moreThe than best study definite of Le facts. Conseil However, d’Ornato since is by Michael this paper J. Reimer is mainly in his publishedbased on paper. Michael, J. Reorganizing historical material and on sparseAlexandria: modern Theliterature, Origins it and can History be perceived of the Conseil as an d’Ornato. added contributionJ. Urban Hist. 1993, 19, 55–83. towards the urban history of43. theReimer, city of M.J. Alexandria. Les Fondements This study de la Villeis a gateway Moderne: generating Un Tableau leads Socio–D toé bemographique Entre 1820 et 1850. followed by further academic researchRevue de and l’Occident analytical Musliman representations, et de la M éeitherditerran forée, the nr. city 46. 1987,itself pp.or for 110–120. Available online: https: other comparable cities. //www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035--1474_1987_num_46_1_2194 (accessed on 25 May 2018). 44. The inhabitants of Egypt were divided into two groups: the indigenous inhabitants, in Arabic ‘dakhil Funding: This paper is a reproductional–h .ofukuma’, part of the comprised author’s of unpublished 88.7%, and master the non–Arabs dissertation, and written Europeans in 2014 with 11.3%, in Arabic ‘kharij in the German language, entitled: Kal–hōm. ukuma’.ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung, in the Technical University in Berlin, Germany. The entire master program45. More was funded information by the on ERASMUS the social MUNDUS relationships from of2012 Kom ¯until ad–Dikka 2014. The whichmaster was mostly characterized by dissertation was under the supervisionthe Nubian of Dorothée community Sack and can Ralph be found Bodenstein. in M. Damir.The author Damir, has M.revised Kom¯ and ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung. developed the first part of the dissertationMaster’s to present Thesis, Technicalthis paper University in the English Berlin, language Berlin, to Germany, expand the 2014. utilization of its content to a wider range of researchers. The author is a current scholarship holder from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) at the Bauhaus University© 2018 by theWeimar author. in Germany Licensee MDPI,as a PhD Basel, candidate Switzerland. under This article is an open access the supervision of Hans‐Rudolf Meier and Ralph Bodenstein.article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution Acknowledgments: I wish to thank the institutional(CC support BY) license that (encouragedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ the author to work on this ). publication: Bauhaus University Weimar in Germany, the Alexandria University, and the AlexMed Research Center in Egypt.

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

References and Notes

1. Author’s Note: The Romanization from Arabic to English Is Based on the Rules of the Library of Congress. Available online: https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf (accessed on 3 May 2018). 2. The Former Western Mound Is Now an Archaeological Site 12 m below Sea Level with Ongoing Excavations; Polish Center for Mediterranean Archaeology: Warsaw, Poland, 2018. 3. The Turkish Town Is an Artificial Peninsula Located between the Alexandrian Eastern and Western Harbor. Compare Building Typologies. In Alexandrie: Une Architecture Ottomane; Annaloro, M., Lange, G., Eds.; Éditions Parenthèses: Marseille, France, 2011. Damir, M. Kōm ad–Dikka Quarteruntersuchung. Master’s Thesis, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2014. 4. Kom el Dekka et Non Kom el Dick, Comme il Est Communément Appelé, Est le Nom Donné à Une Butte au Centre de la Ville d’Alexandrie Aujourd’hui Rasée. Kom el Dekka et Non Kom el Dick Est le Vrai Nom Arabe’ Lackany, Radames. Notes Sur Quelques Nomenclature Alexandrines. In Cahiers d’Alexandrie. Série II Fascicule 1. Alexandria; Le Centre d’Études Alexandrines—CEA: Alexandria, Egypt, 1964; p. 58. Available online: http://www.cealex.org/pfe/diffusion/PFEWeb/pfe_009/PFE_009_002_w.pdf (accessed on 30 May 2018). 5. In His Book, El–Falaki Identifies It as ‘Com–el–Dikkéh’ on Page 57 and ‘Com–el–Dikeh’ on Page 20. M. El– Falaki, Mémoire Sur l’antique Alexandrie, Ses Faubourgs et Environs Découverts, Par Les Fouilles, Sondages, Nivellements et Autres Recherches (Bianco Luno, 1872). Available online: http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2018). 6. Langenscheidts Handwörterbuch Arabisch–Deutsch; Langenscheidt KG: Berlin, Germany; München, Germany, 1996. 7. Strabo. The Geography of Strabo VIII, Book XVII; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1967. 8. El–Falaki, M. Mémoire Sur l’antique Alexandrie, Ses Faubourgs et Environs Découverts, Par Les Fouilles, Sondages, Nivellements et Autres Recherches (Bianco Luno, 1872), 57. Available online: http://www.cealex.org/sitecealex/diffusion/etud_anc_alex/LVR_000021_w.pdf (accessed on 25 May 2018).