Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan Final Report of Researc H
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Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan FINAL REPORT OF RESEARCH Jamie N. Thompson, Jennifer L. Whitney, Robert E. Lamb Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife November 2011 Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan FINAL REPORT OF RESEARCH Jamie N. Thompson1, Jennifer L. Whitney2, Robert E. Lamb3 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife http://wdfw.wa.gov 1 School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington (current) 2, 3 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Region 4, Mill Creek i Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan: Final Report of Research Submitted to Puget Sound Energy in partial fulfillment of the Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan SNOQUALMIE FALLS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT FERC No. 2493 License Article 413 Prepared by Jamie N. Thompson Jennifer L. Whitney Robert E. Lamb Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Region 4, Mill Creek, Washington November 2011 All photos throughout this document Courtesy of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Front Cover: Upper Middle Fork Snoqualmie River near Goldmyer Hot Springs Back Cover: Coastal cutthroat trout, Upper Middle Fork Snoqualmie River ii Contents List of Figures v List of Tables viii Acknowledgments x 1. Introduction 1 2. Research OBJECTIVes 2 Phase 1: Literature Review and Study Plan 2 Phase 2: Field Studies 2 Phase 3: Programmatic Implementation 2 3. Study Area 3 Upper Snoqualmie River Watershed 3 Natural history 4 Fish species 4 Study design 5 North Fork Snoqualmie River 7 Middle Fork Snoqualmie River 11 South Fork Snoqualmie River 12 Mainstem Snoqualmie River 13 4. Habitat AND WATER QUALITY 15 Methods 15 Main-stem channel habitat 15 Tributary habitat 16 Stream water temperature 16 Stream discharge regimes and water quality 17 Results 18 Main-stem channel habitat 18 Tributary habitat 22 Stream water temperature 22 Stream discharge regimes and water quality 23 Conclusions 24 Habitat and the fishery 34 Water temperature, discharge, and quality 39 5. Abundance, Distribution, AGE, AND Growth 41 Methods 41 Trout relative abundance and distribution: Main-stem channel surveys 41 Trout abundance estimates for main-stem channel habitats 41 Trout relative abundance and distribution: Tributary surveys 42 Fish capture and processing in main-stem channel habitats 42 Species composition 43 Age and growth 43 Mortality and population age structure 43 Diet analysis 44 Results 44 Trout relative abundance and distribution: Main-stem channel surveys 44 Trout abundance estimates for main-stem channel habitats 50 Trout relative abundance and distribution: Tributary surveys 52 iii Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan Species composition: Field identification 58 Species composition: Genetic identification 60 Age and growth 62 Mortality and population age structure 64 Diet analysis 64 Conclusions 68 Relative abundance and distribution of trout 68 North Fork Snoqualmie River 68 Middle Fork Snoqualmie River 74 South Fork Snoqualmie River 75 Age, growth, and mortality 76 Diet analysis 77 6. MOVEMENT AND LIFE History 78 Methods 78 Radio tag implantation 78 Telemetry tracking 78 Spawning ground surveys and incubation/emergence timing 79 Results 80 Radio tagging and telemetry tracking 80 Spawning ground surveys and incubation/emergence timing 83 Conclusions 88 Trout movement 88 Trout reproductive life history 95 7. ANGLER Use 97 Methods 97 Data analysis 98 Results 99 Volunteer participation rates 99 Angler demographics and catch rates 99 Hooking mortality scenarios 104 Conclusions 104 8. Habitat ENHANCEMENT AND PUBLIC Outreach 108 Habitat enhancement 108 Public outreach and education 109 9. References 110 10. Glossary 113 Acronyms 113 Abbreviations 113 11. Appendices 114 1. Tables 115 2. Figures 128 3. Genetics Composition of Pacific Trout Species in Relation to Landscape Features in the Upper Snoqualmie River Watershed, WA 136 4. A Synthesis of Existing Data for Resident Fishes in the Snoqualmie River above Snoqualmie Falls follows appendix 3 iv List of Figures Figure Page 1. Map of the Snohomish River basin, composed of the Snoqualmie and Skykomish watersheds. 3 2. Land ownership, land management, and urban growth areas in the upper Snoqualmie River watershed. 4 3. Physical map of the upper Snoqualmie River watershed showing known barriers. 5 4. River section divisions and non-surveyed areas. 6 5. River segment divisions and non-surveyed areas. 7 6a. Boulder cascades in the Illinois Creek segment of the Up NF. 9 6b. Erosion, LWD recruitment, and pool habitat in the Lakebed segment of the Mid NF. 9 6c. Big Creek Falls, a short series of bedrock cascade barriers in the Big Creek Falls segment of the Mid NF. 10 6d. Constrained pool-riffle habitat in the Calligan segment of theid M NF. 10 6e. Bedrock cascades in the lower Black Canyon segment of the Low NF. 10 7a. Broad, active valley with pool-riffle alluvial habitat and expansive accumulations of LWD in the Goldmyer segment of the Up MF. 11 7b. Boulder cascades at the base of Dingford Canyon in the Garfield Mtn. segment of the Mid MF. 11 7c. Alluvial pool-riffle habitat in thearfield G Mtn. segment of the Mid MF. 11 7d. Boulder riffles and cascade pocket water in the Mt.Teneriffe segment of the Low MF. 12 7e. Plane-bed and pool-riffle habitat in the North Bend segment of the Low MF. 12 8a. Bedrock cascade and pool habitat in the Denny Creek segment of the Up SF. 12 8b. Alluvial plane-bed habitat in the Tinkham segment of the Mid SF. 13 8c. An unnamed bedrock cascade barrier upstream of Weeks Falls in the Weeks Falls segment of the Mid SF. 13 8d. Alluvial pool-riffle habitat in theorth N Bend segment of the Low SF. 13 9a. Pool habitat and LWD jam in the Three Forks segment of the Up MN. 14 9b. Broad gravel bar in the Kimball segment of the Low MN. 14 9c. Rip-rap and channelized pool habitat in the Kimball segment of the Low MN. 14 10. Locations where temperature loggers were installed in each river section. 17 11. Longitudinal profiles of channel depth and width, number of pieces of LWD, and elevation in the North Fork Snoqualmie River. 20 12. Longitudinal profiles of channel depth and width, number of pieces of LWD, substrate size, and elevation in the Middle Fork Snoqualmie River. 20 13. Longitudinal profiles of channel depth and width, number of pieces of LWD, and elevation in the South Fork Snoqualmie River. 21 14. Longitudinal profiles of channel depth and width, number of pieces LWD, substrate size, and elevation in the Mainstem Snoqualmie River above Snoqualmie Falls. 21 15. Habitat type as a proportion of the total surface area within the survey range in each river section of the upper Snoqualmie River watershed. 22 16. Active slumping in the Mid NF Lakebed segment and debris avalanche near the Lakebed— Big Creek Falls segment interface. 24 17. Erosion of solid clay banks in the Mid NF Lakebed segment and loose clay banks in the Mid MF Pratt segment. 24 18a. Tributary surveys conducted in the North Fork Snoqualmie River sub-basin. 25 18b. Tributary surveys conducted in the Middle Fork Snoqualmie River sub-basin. 25 18c. Tributary surveys conducted in the South Fork Snoqualmie River sub-basin. 26 18d. Tributary surveys conducted in the Mainstem Snoqualmie River sub-basin. 26 v Snoqualmie River Game Fish Enhancement Plan 19a. An example of a low gradient, unconfined lower tributary type (Gardiner Creek). 30 19b. An example of a moderately steep and confined lower tributary type (Roaring Creek). 30 19c. An example of an unconstrained tributary type (unnamed, alias: Firefighter Creek). 30 19d. An example of a constrained tributary type (Talapus Creek). 30 20. Density of LWD and mean substrate size rank among lower, unconstrained, and constrained confinement type tributaries. 31 21. Temperature profiles for rivers sections in the a) North Fork Snoqualmie River, b) Middle Fork Snoqualmie River, c) South Fork Snoqualmie River, and d) Mainstem Snoqualmie River. 31 22. Mean (+2SE) width-to-depth ratios for base flow wetted widths in main-stem channels for each river section. 32 23. Daily stream discharge in the a) North Fork Snoqualmie River, b) Middle Fork Snoqualmie River, c) South Fork Snoqualmie River, and d) Mainstem Snoqualmie River between September 1, 2008 and November 30, 2010. 32 24. Mean daily stream discharge in Boxley Creek and mean daily surface elevation in Chester Morse Lake between September 1, 2008 and November 30, 2010. 34 25a. Adult pure native coastal cutthroat trout captured in the Up SF Asahel Curtis segment. 45 25b. Large adult coastal cutthroat trout captured in the Low SF North Bend segment. 45 26. Large adult Onxx trout captured in the Low NF Black Canyon segment. 45 27. Large adult pure hatchery-lineage rainbow trout captured in the Low NF Three Forks segment. 45 28. Adult westslope cutthroat trout captured in the Up SF Commonwealth segment. 45 29. Adult eastern brook trout captured in the Mid SF Weeks Falls segment. 45 30. Distribution of fishes in the upper Snoqualmie River watershed. 46 31. Relative abundance of large adult trout. 46 32. Longitudinal patterns of trout, whitefish, and sucker abundance in the North Fork Snoqualmie River. 47 33. Longitudinal patterns of trout, whitefish, and sucker abundance in the Middle Fork Snoqualmie River. 48 34 Longitudinal patterns of trout, whitefish, and sucker abundance in the South Fork Snoqualmie River. 49 35. Longitudinal patterns of trout, whitefish, and sucker abundance in the Mainstem Snoqualmie River above Snoqualmie Falls. 50 36. Observed mean density of trout >99 mm in different habitat types among river sections. 51 37. Estimated density of trout >99 mm in each river section. 51 38 Estimated fish biomass density in snorkeled habitat units. 52 39.