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Oriente Medio, La Hora De Los Pueblos Editorial Sodepaz C/ La Palma, 69, Bajo Oriente Medio, la hora de los pueblos Editorial SODePAZ C/ La Palma, 69, Bajo. 28015 Madrid, España. Tel.: 91 522 80 91 y 616 404 444 Fax: 91 532 30 29 E-mail: [email protected] www.SODePAZ.org Atribución 2.0. Usted es libre de copiar, distribuir y comunicar pública- mente la obra y hacer obras derivadas bajo las condiciones siguientes: Reconocimiento – Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la ma- nera especificada por el autor o el licenciador (pero no de una mane- ra que sugiera que tiene su apoyo o apoyan el uso que hace de su obra) No comercial – No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales. Al reutilizar o distribuir la obra, tiene que dejar bien claro los térmi- nos de la licencia de esta obra. Alguna de estas condiciones puede no aplicarse si se obtiene el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor Los derechos derivados de usos legítimos u otras limitaciones no se ven afectados por lo anterior. © de la edición © los coeditores de los textos © los autores y las autoras. Director Mbuyi Kabunda Jefe de Redacción Miguel Manzanera Salavert Editor Francisco Calderón Sánchez de Rojas Responsable de Documentación Federica Carraro Otros miembros del Consejo de Redacción Eladio José Verdú, Clotilde Routier, Alain Helies I.S.S.N.: Imprime: La maquetación de esta revista se ha realizado íntegramente con software libre. Índice de contenido Introducción......................................................................5 La Nakba continúa: el constante desplazamiento forzoso del pueblo palestino..........................................................7 El Movimiento Sionista.......................................................7 Migración Privilegiada.......................................................11 Derechos de propiedad.....................................................12 Traslado forzoso de la población.........................................13 Política de transferencia silenciosa de hoy...........................15 Nacionalidad judía............................................................16 El camino a seguir...........................................................17 El movimiento de mujeres en Oriente Medio: de los oríge- nes a la actualidad..........................................................19 La evolución del movimiento de mujeres.............................21 Dificultades y limitaciones.................................................32 Secularismos e islam: el problema de la clasificación............36 Bibliografía......................................................................42 Oriente Medio: la cuestión kurda.....................................45 Primera división del Kurdistan............................................46 Siglo XX: origen de la cuestión Kurda.................................48 Consecuencias de la falta de identidad política para el pueblo Kurdo.............................................................................50 De la resistencia a la rebelión............................................50 La cuestión Kurda en el siglo XXI.......................................53 Conclusión......................................................................55 Bibliografía......................................................................56 La yesca libanesa y el polvorín de Oriente Medio. El impac- to de las revoluciones árabes..........................................59 La debilidad estructural del estado libanés...........................60 Las taras inherentes del sistema político libanés...................62 La democracia libanesa y las revoluciones árabes.................66 Percepciones estratégicas de Israel respecto al conflicto en Siria............................................................................69 Un antecedente obligado: la “Operación Orquídea”...............70 Del “silencio oficial” a la opción de la intervención militar......73 El año 2013: se incrementan las tensiones pero prevalece el pragmatismo...................................................................79 Bibliografía......................................................................93 Oriente Medio, la hora de los pueblos 5 Introducción La presente publicación pretende mostrar la actual y convulsa situa- ción que viven los pueblos de Oriente Medio dentro del presente con- texto de las denominadas “revueltas árabes”. Han pasado ya casi 100 años desde que, el 16 de mayo de 1916, Gran Bretaña y Francia firmasen los acuerdos conocidos como el Tra- tado SyKes-Picot, mediante el cual estas dos grandes potencias se re- partieron, con escuadra y cartabón, el territorio hoy conocido como Oriente Medio. Tras su nefasta gestión colonial, dejaron atrás una re- gión totalmente desmembrada, herida de muerte, y abocada a la es- clavitud al servicio de los intereses geoestratégicos de Occidente. Algunos analistas sitúan el inicio de la llamada “primavera árabe” en el levantamiento del Campamento saharaui de la Dignidad de Gdeim IziK durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2010. Otros exper- tos lo sitúan en la Revolución de los Jazmines tunecina de finales de ese año. De cualquier manera, la mecha empezó a prender mucho antes fruto del descontento social y el sufrimiento de millones de personas atrapadas en regímenes dictatoriales. La desmesurada y sangrienta represión inicial de los ejércitos se vio, en muchos casos, aplastada por la fuerza y la resistencia de los pueblos que, ante esa insostenible realidad, poco tenían que perder y mucho que ganar. Desde entonces, desde Marruecos a Omán se han producido revuel- tas que han producido diferentes cambios políticos-sociales internos. De esta forma, pudimos observar la caída de dictadores como Ben Ali en Túnez, o la de Hosni MubaraK en Egipto, la guerra civil alimentada por Occidente en Libia, las sangrientas protestas en Jordania, Yemen y Qatar, hasta llegar al actual conflicto armado en Siria. En todo este proceso no podemos olvidar al pueblo palestino como mayor exponente de dignidad y resistencia ante el cruel e ilegal pro- yecto colonial sionista. Palestina se debate entre la desaparición for- zada o el definitivo proceso de autodeterminación, mientras que su población sufre los desatinos impuestos tanto por Israel, como por la división política interna entre los dos partidos mayoritarios, Fatah y Hamas. La obtención de su nuevo estatus en Naciones Unidas como Estado observador no miembro abre las puertas al enjuiciamiento de los criminales de guerra israelíes ante los Tribunales internacionales de Justicia, pero sobre el terreno no cesan de implementarse las polí- ticas racistas de Apartheid, tales como el proceso de judeización de Jerusalem, el drama de los más de 7 millones de personas refugia- das, el vertiginoso y exponencial incremento de las colonias, o la fi- nalización del Muro de la Vergüenza que hacen imposible la consecu- ción de una paz justa y duradera en la región. La ocupación militar sionista, que este año cumple 46 primaveras, no es un problema a 6 Revista África - América Latina: Cuaderno nº 51 solucionar entre ambas partes, sino que es una tragedia para el con- junto de la humanidad contemporánea que se ha de erradicar inme- diatamente. Por todo ello, seleccionamos e incluimos los 5 artículos que compo- nen este número 51. A través de estas páginas podremos entender mejor los procesos de cambio que están aconteciendo; desde la re- sistencia de la población refugiada palestina en su empeño de no quedar en el más absoluto olvido, la lucha e influencia de las mujeres árabes y los movimientos feministas en las revoluciones sociales, el imprescindible análisis de la Cuestión Kurda, y la delicada situación socio-política libanesa, hasta los intereses geoestratégicos determi- nantes en la guerra de Siria. Oriente Medio, la hora de los pueblos 7 La Nakba Continúa: El Constante Desplazamiento Forzoso Del Pueblo Palestino Amjad Alqasis* Las prácticas y políticas israelíes son una combinación de apartheid, ocupación militar y colonización como medios para limpiar étnica- mente el territorio de la Palestina histórica y hacer desaparecer la presencia indígena palestina. Este régimen israelí no se limita a los palestinos que viven en el terri- torio palestino ocupado, sino que también se dirige a los palestinos residentes en el lado israelí de la "Línea de Armisticio de 1949", así como a los que viven en exilio forzoso. Los debates sobre si la solu- ción adecuada para poner fin a la injusticia y el sufrimiento en la Pa- lestina histórica son dos estados o uno solo, ignoran el hecho de que una entidad jurídica ya ha sido establecida en esa área en particular. De hecho, el tratamiento por parte de Israel de los palestinos no judí- os en Israel y en los territorios ocupados constituye un régimen dis- criminatorio con el objetivo de controlar la mayor cantidad de territo- rio posible con la menor cantidad de palestinos viviendo en él. Los principales componentes de esta estructura discriminan a los pa- lestinos en diversos campos tales como la nacionalidad, la ciudada- nía, los derechos de residencia o la propiedad de la tierra. Este siste- ma fue implementado inicialmente en 1948 con el objetivo de domi- nar y expropiar la propiedad de todos los desplazados palestinos, in- cluso de los 150.000 palestinos que habían logrado mantenerse den- tro de los límites de la línea de armisticio; los que más tarde se con- virtieron en palestinos con ciudadanía israelí. Después de la ocupa- ción del resto de la Palestina histórica por las fuerzas israelíes en 1967, este territorio fue sometido al mismo régimen de Israel. En esencia,
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