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IJSS.Vol.14, No.1, September 2018

HISTORY LEARNING AT SECONDARY SCHOOL ABOUT DEMAK KINGDOM

M. Nur Rokhman, Lia Yuliana 6

Abstract

The main problems dealing with history learning has always been correlated with boring and unattractive learning in the classroom. This study aims to find out: the material of the Demak kingdom in learning of history in high school. The research method used in this research is a historical method consisting of five steps, namely topic selection, heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results show that the was the first Islamic sultanate in , which was founded by in 1478 after Demak was established independently separated from the destroyed . The territory of the Demak kingdom includes , , , and lembang, , islands between and , as well as several areas on the island of Kalimantan. The important ports controlled by Demak are Jepara, , Sidayu, Jaratan and Gresik. Demak has an important role in the development of in Java and Demak is the center of the spread of Islam. The people who spread Islam is known as wali. For places of worship and centers of religious activities, wali set up a in Demak. Demak Kingdom experienced a glorious period in the government of Trenggana who ruled from 1521-1546 M. Sultan Trenggana tried to expand his territory to . In 1522 the Demak Kingdom sent troops to West Java under the leadership of Fatahillah.

Keywords: lessons, kingdom, and Demak.

6 State University. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

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M. Nur Rokhman, Lia Yuliana: History Learning at Secondary School ....

Introduction is the Great Demak Mosque, which is thought The establishment of the Demak to be established by the Walisongo. The kingdom could not be separated from the location of the capital of the Sultanate of mission of the preachers in Islamizing the land Demak, which at that time could still be of Java which was later known as "wali navigated from the sea and called Bintara songo". In spreading and developing Islam in (read "Bintoro" in Javanese), has now become Java, wali songo focused their activities on the city of Demak in . The period making the city of Demak as a central of when it became the capital, it was sometimes everything. After reaching 20 years old, Raden called as "Demak Bintara". At the time of the Fatah was sent to Java to deepen the 4th sultan the capital was moved to Prawata knowledge of religion under Raden Rahmat's (read "Prawoto"). care and finally marry his grandson. And Those aspects are then further finally Raden Fatah settled in Demak developed in the younger cities of Java. This (Bintoro). In about 1475 AD, Raden Fatah research also provides a comprehensive began to carry out the orders of his teacher by picture of the emergence, growth and decline opening a madrasah or Islamic boarding of the Demak Kingdom and the lives of its school in the area. people. This research is expected to be used as The task given to Raden Fatah was material to understand and examine various carried out as good as possible. Due to the social and cultural issues that arise in the support given by Walisongo, especially Sunan growth of cities in today, and Ampel's orders, Raden Patah was assigned to increase understanding of urban teach Islam and open a (Isamic developments that are always dynamic. borading school) in Glagahwangi Village. The Demak kingdom was the first Shortly, this village was visited by many Islamic kingdom in Java. Previously, the people. Not only became the center of science Demak kingdom was a duchy of the Majapahit and religion, but it became the center of trade kingdom. This kingdom was founded by and even became the center of the first Islamic Raden Patah in 1500 to 1550 (Soekmono: empire in Java. Glagahwangi Village, in its 1973). Raden Patah is a nobleman of the development became the capital of the Majapahit kingdom who has been confirmed country under the name of Bintoro Demak. by Prabu Brawijaya who officially settled in The Demak Sultanate was founded by Demak and renamed Demak to be a Bintara. Raden Patah in 1478. This Sultanate had (Slamet Muljana: 2005). Raden Patah served previously been a duchy of the Majapahit as duke of the duchy of Bintara, Demak. With kingdom, and was noted to be a pioneer of the the help of other regions that have previously spread of Islam in Java and Indonesia in embraced Islam such as Jepara, Tuban and general. The Demak Sultanate did not live long Gresik, Raden Patah established the Islamic and soon suffered a setback due to a power Kingdom with Demak as its center. struggle between royal relatives. In 1568, the Raden patah as the duke of Islam in power of the Demak Sultanate moved to the Demak severing ties with Majapahit at that Pajang Sultanate founded by Jaka Tingkir. One time, because the condition of the Majapahit of the historical relics of the Demak Sultanate Kingdom was weak. It could be said that the 64

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emergence of the Demak Kingdom was a synthesis of data found to be reconstructed process of until it reached a form into a fact. The final step of the historical of political power. Moreover, the appearance methodology is to do historiography which is of the Demak Kingdom was also accelerated to compile a systemic and systematic history by the weakening of the center of the story according to the principles of historical Majapahit Kingdom itself, due to the rebellion methodology. The approach used in this study and power struggles among the families of the is a political, religious, social and cultural kings (Poesponegoro: 1984). approach. As the first Islamic kingdom on the island of Java, the Kingdom of Demak played a Researh Findings and Discussions major role in the process of Islamization at Towards the end of the , that time. The Kingdom of Demak developed along with Majapahit's setback, several of as a center of trade and as a center for the Majapahit territories began to separate. Even spread of Islam. Demak's territory includes regions which spread over the duchy attacked Jepara, Tuban, Sedayu , Jambi and each other, claiming to be the heirs of the several areas in Kalimantan. In addition, the Majapahit throne. Meanwhile, Demak in the Kingdom of Demak also has important ports northern coast of Java emerged as an such as Jepara, Tuban, Sedayu, Jaratan and independent region. Around the year of 1500, Gresik which have developed into transit a Majapahit regent named Raden Patah, who ports. The problem of this research is how the was domiciled in Demak, openly broke all ties materials about the kingdom of Demak for from the defenseless Majapahit. With the help history learning in high school are. of other muslim regions in such as Jepara, Tuban and Gresik, he founded the Research Methods Islamic Kingdom with Demak as its center The research method employed in this (Soekmono, 1973: 52). This statement is a study is a historical approach consisting of proof that the Demak Sultanate still has a five steps: topic selection, heuristic, criticism, relationship with the Majapahit Kingdom. interpretation, and historiography. The In the Javanese tradition, it is described selected topics are around the theme of the that Demak was a direct substitute of Demak kingdom in the history lesson material Majapahit, while the king of Demak (Raden in high school. Heuristics find sources from Patah) was considered the last son of both primary, secondary, and objects that are Majapahit. The Demak Kingdom was possibly relevant to the research theme. Criticism is founded by a Muslim Chinese named Check carried out through two types of criticism, Ko-po (Ricklefs, M., 2002: 38). It is likely that namely internal and external criticism. his son was Tomé Pires in his Suma Oriental it External criticism deals with the credibility of is called "Pate Rodim", probably meant the sources found, while internal criticism is "Badruddin" or "Kamaruddin" and died carried out on the truth of the content or the around 1504. Son or younger brother of authenticity of the source obtained. Rodim, named Trenggana reigned from 1505 Interpretation is an activity of analysis and to 1518, then from 1521 to 1546. Between

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M. Nur Rokhman, Lia Yuliana: History Learning at Secondary School .... these two periods, the throne was his brother- (Soekmono, 1973: 52). The story of Raden in-law, the king of Yunus (Pati Unus) from Patah means that Majapahit has been at the Jepara. While in the Trenggana period around point of its destruction, while Majapahit 1527, military expansion of the Demak weaponry was transferred to the Demak Kingdom succeeded in subduing Majapahit. Sultanate so that the name of the Majapahit Raden Patah is the first king of Demak. kingdom was not lost, and the weaponry was The Palace of Demak Bintoro establishment is used to strengthen the defense of the Demak marked with: genti mati siniraman janama or Sultanate. 1403 Saka or 1478 AD, after the resignation of In his life, Raden Patah had a sibling Sinuwun Prabu Brawijaya V from dhampar from one mother but another father, he was kencana Majapahit court (Purwadi & Maharsi, named Raden Husain. Raden Husain is the son 2005: 34). Based on the statement, it was of Arya Dilah. This indicates that Raden Patah proven that Raden Patah was the founder of and Raden Husain had a brotherly the first Demak Sultanate and brought Demak relationship. It was further stated that when sultanate drastically achieve its glory. the two sons had grown up they went to Raden Patah is a Brawijaya son. When Majapahit to serve the King of Majapahit. Raden Patah was still in the womb of his During their trip, they stopped at Ampeldenta mother, he was entrusted to the governor in to study Islam and teach . After Palembang by Brawijaya, the place where the two sons succeeded in completing his Raden Patah was born. The place then grew journey, it turned out that Raden Patah and developed as the center of the first Islamic changed his stance so he would not continue empire on the island of Java siince the end of his journey to Majapahit on the grounds that it the 15th century AD, perhaps since the was not in his place for a Muslim to serve a disappearance of the capital city of the king of other faiths. Therefore Raden Husain Majapahit kingdom in the area by left by himself and after being accepted as a the Girindrawardhana dynasty of the kingdom servant in Majapahit, he obtained the position of in 1474 (Poesponegoro & as Duke of Terung. Raden Patah was married notosusonto, 2008: 52). This proves that the to his Sunan Ampel grandson, the daughter of Majapahit Kingdom was obliterated by the Nyai Ageng Maloka. Furthermore, on the Kingdom of Kediri and at that time was the advice of a saint from Ampeldenta, Raden beginning of the rise of the Demak Sultanate Patah was asked to walk west until he found under the leadership of Raden Patah. When an area full of bush (Java: glagah) which collapse, Majapahit did not have a strong smelled good and that was where Raden Patah defense. In other words, at the time Majapahit was asked to open a new village called Bintara was totally weak. (Arcadiam, 16). According to the story,Raden Patah In that place, Raden Patah built the succeeded in overthrowing Majapahit and Sultanate of the Demak Bintoro, but building moving all the equipments of the kingdom the Demak Bintoro Sultanate was not as easy Ceremony and the heirlooms of Majapahit to as turning the palm of the hand, of course Demak, as a symbol of the ongoing Majapahit Raden Patah needed a very difficult struggle kingdom unity but in a new form in Demak to control Demak. Even though Majapahit is 66

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weak, surely it will not remain doing nothing attack the Portuguese in . The attack when the territory is taken. was unsuccessful, because the Portuguese Raden Patah ruled Demak from 1500- troops were more powerful and had complete 1518 AD. Therefore, the Demak kingdom weapon. Due to his efforts, Adipati Unus was became an agrarian-maritime kingdom. called as Pangeran Sabrang Lor. Merchandise exported by the Demak kingdom After Raden Fatah died, the throne of includes rice, candles and honey. The goods the Demak kingdom was held by the Duke of were exported to Malacca, Maluku and Unus. He ruled Demak from 1518-1521 AD. Samudera Pasai. During the reign of Raden The period of his ruling was not so long Patah, the territory of the Demak kingdom because he died at young age and did not have included the Jepara, Tuban, Sedayu, a child to substitute him. However, the Demak Palembang, Jambi and several areas in troops had attacked the Portuguese in Kalimantan. In this case, the Demak kingdom Malacca during his reign. After the Duke of also has important ports such as Jepara, Unus died, the throne of the Demak kingdom Tuban, Sedayu, Jaratan, and Gresik which are was held by his brother who had the title of engaged in becoming a transit port. Sultan Trenggana The Kingdom of Demak developed as a Since 1509, the Duke of Unus who is center of trade and the spread of Islam. The the son of Raden Patah, has prepared to attack role of wali songo in the spread of Islam were Malacca. But in 1511, the Portuguese had very big, both on the island of Java and in preceded it. With regard to this, Duke of Unus areas outside of Java, such as in the Maluku did not discourage. In 1512 Demak sent its region carried out by , in East war fleet to Malacca. But, after the fleet Kalimantan carried out by a leader from arrived at the beach of Malacca, Pangeran Demak named Tunggang Parangan. During the Sabrang lor fleet was bombarded by of reign of Raden Patah, the Demak mosque was Portuguese troops assisted by the son-in-law built where the construction of the mosque of the Sultan Mahmud, namely Sultan was assisted by the saints. Raden Patah was Abdullah King of Kampar. The second attack the first king of the Demak Kingdom. He was carried out in 1521 by Pangeran Sabrang conquered the Majapahit kingdom and lor. But it failed again, even though the ship transferred all the ceremonial objects and had been renovated and adjusted to the heritage of the Majapahit kingdom to Demak. terrain. The aim is that the symbol of the Majapahit In addition, he managed to hold an kingdom is reflected in the Demak kingdom. expansion of the kingdom. He eliminated the When the kingdom of Malacca fell to Hindu Majapahit kingdom, which at that time the Portuguese in 1511 AD, the relations part of his territory cooperated with the between Demak and Malacca were cut off. The Portuguese. The duke of Unus died in 938 H / kingdom of Demak felt that they were harmed 1521 M. Demak under the duke of Unus was a by the Portuguese in trading activities. Demak with an archipelago perspective. The Therefore, in 1513 M, Raden Fatah ordered big vision is to make Demak a great maritime the Duke of Unus to lead the Demak army to kingdom.

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Sulltan Trenggana ruled Demak from Blambangan, the last Hindu kingdom on the 1521-1546 AD. Under his rule, the Demak eastern end of the island of Java (1527, 1546). kingdom reached its glory. Sultan Trenggana Trenggana died in 1546 in a battle to conquer tried to expand his territory to West Java. In , and was later replaced by Sunan 1522, the Demak empire sent its troops to Prawoto. One of the Demak warlords at that West Java under the leadership of Fatahillah. time was Fatahillah, a young man from Pasai Regions that have been successfully controlled (Sumatra), who also became son-in-law of include , , and . King Trenggana. While Maulana Hasanuddin, The conquer of this area aims to thwart the son of Sunan Gunung Jati, was ordered by relationship between the Portuguese and the Trenggana to subdue . Later, the Padjajaran kingdom. The Portuguese fleet descendants of Maulana Hasanudin made could be destroyed by the Demak fleet led by Banten an independent kingdom. While Sunan Fatahillah. With that victory, Fathillah Kudus was a priest in the Demak Mosque, he changed the name Sunda Kelapa to Jayakarta was also the main leader in the Majapahit (meaning full of victory). The incident that conquest before moving to Kudus. occurred on June 22, 1527 AD was then The death of Sultan Trenggana caused commemorated as the anniversary of the city great political chaos in the Demak palace. of . Kadipaten (the sub regions) try to break away In an effort to expand his power to East and no longer recognize Demak's power. In Java, Sultan Trenggana led his own army. One Demak itself, controversy arose among the by one, East Java is successfully controlled, heirs who were fighting over the throne. The such as Maduin, Gresik, Tuban and . person who should replace Sultan However, when attacking Pasuruan 953 H / Trengggono's position was the secretary of 1546 M, Sultan Trenggana died. His efforts to Sekar Seda Ing Lepen. However, he was killed enter the infidel port city into his territory by Sunan Prawoto who hoped to inherit the with violence turned out to be a failure. Thus, royal throne. Adipati Jipang, whose name is the Sultan Trenggana ruled for 42 years. In its Arya Penangsang, the son of Prince Sekar Seda glory period, Sultan Trenggana visited Sunan Ing Lepen, did not remain silent because he Gunung Jati. From Sunan Gunung Jati, felt to deserve to inherit the throne of Demak. Trenggana obtained the title of Sultan Ahmad Sunan Prawoto with several of his supporters Abdul Arifin. An Islamic title like that had was killed and Arya Penangsang succeeded in previously been given to Raden Patah, after he ascending the throne. However, Arya defeated Majapahit. Penangsang was not in power for long time Trenggana contibutes to the spread of because he was later defeated by Jaka Tingkir Islam in East Java and Central Java. Under his who was assisted by Kiyai Gede Pamanahan rule, Demak began to control other Javanese and his sons , and KI Penjawi. Jaka areas such as seizing Sunda Kelapa from stepped up the throne and his coronation was Pajajaran and driving away Portuguese troops carried out by Sunan Giri. After becoming who would land there(1527), in Tuban king, he held the title of Sultan Handiwijaya (1527), in Madiun (1529), in and and moved his government center from Pasuruan (1527), in Malang (1545 ), and in Demak to Pajang in 1568. 68

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Sultan Handiwijaya was very respectful to exist as a firm and authoritative Islamic of those who have contributed. Especially to palace. With regard to the relations among those who once helped the battle against Arya nations, Demak Bintoro palace is the most Penangsang for example Ageng Pemahan respected spokesperson for the Southeast was given Mataram land and Kyai Panjawi Asian region. This is due to the contribution of was given land in Pati. Both were appointed as the Demak Bintoro Palace in the fields of regents in the areas. Sutawijaya, the son of economics, shipping, trade, crafts, agriculture, Kyai Ageng Mengahan was appointed as education and religion (Purwadi & Maharsi, adopted son because of his services in 2005: 1). At that time, the Bintoro Demak was conquering Arya Penangsang. He was good at very victorious, because it controlled several military affairs. After Kyai Ageng Penjahan fields in Southeast Asia. Due to the glory of the died in 1575, Sutawijaya was appointed as his Demak Bintoro, the spread of Islam was also role. growing rapidly and spread throughout the In 1582, Sultan Hadiwijaya died. His archipelago. The strategy of spreading Islam son, Prince Benawa, was appointed as his performed by the Demak Sultanate was successor. There was a rebellion carried out through trade by the scholars. by Arya Panggiri, son of Sunan Prawoto, he The Bintoro Demak indeed has a felt he had the right to rule the throne of strategic location. The Bintoro Demak location Pajang. The rebellion could be thwarted by is very beneficial, both for trade and Pangeran Benawan with the help of agriculture. In the old time, the Bintoro Demak Sutawijaya. Pengeran Benawan realized that tlatah was located on the edge of the strait he was weak, could not control the between the mountains of Murai and Java. government, and unbrave to face enemies and Previously the strait seemed to be rather wide regents who wanted to escape Pajang's power and could be navigated properly so that to his adopted brother, Sutawijaya in 1586. At merchant ships from Semarang could take the that time Sutawijaya had been regent of shortcut to sail to Rembang (Purwadi & Mataram, so the center of the kingdom of Maharsi, 2005: 33). The strategic location of Pajang was moved to Mataram. Demak Bintoro caused Demak Sultanate to Demak is located on the north coast develop rapidly in the early of its with a fertile natural environment, and all is a establishement. With the rapid development village in its local babad called Gelagahwagi. of the Demak Sultanate, Demak was named as This place is said to be used as a Muslim a powerful country in the Southeast Asia settlement under the leadership of Raden region. Patah whose presence in the place was guided The ambassy of the Bintoro Demak by wali songo named Sunan Rahmat or Ampel Palace was placed in Islamic countries. For (Poesponegoro & notosusonto, 2008:). example, , Pasai, , Turkey, Persia, The javanese manuscript telling about Arab and Egyptian countries. Fellow Islamic Demak Bintoro is closely related to the spread countries do indeed have religious solidarity. of Islam in Java. With the full support of Wali Students from Demak Bintoro were also sent Songo, the Palace of Demak Bintoro was able to study in various countries. At that time, the

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M. Nur Rokhman, Lia Yuliana: History Learning at Secondary School ....

Palace of Demak Bintoro indeed became as an for trade can still be added by officials in the Islamic maritime palace that was prosperous, Bintoro Demak without much difficulty If they agile, knowledgeable, cosmopolitan and control the connecting road in Pengging and religious (Purwadi & Maharsi, 2005: 1). From Pajang Hadiningrat. Not surprisingly, this this information, it can be said that the Demak region also achieved prosperity (Purwadi & Sultanate has many friendships with other Maharsi, 2005: 34). It can be seen that at that Islamic countries. So, the solidarity of the time the agriculture in the Demak Bintoro Islamic countries indicated a glorious period Sultanate had advanced because the situation of the development of the Islamic State. The there at that time was very fertile. The main Demak Sultanate also began to develop in the crop in the area was rice. This condition field of education. This is proven by the supports Demak Bintoro to achieve its glory. sending of students from the Sultanate of The Bintoro Demak has become a rice Demak Bintoro to study in various countries. warehouse from agricultural plots on the The Bintoro Demak Sultanate also has a very banks of the strait. The city of Juwana became important area for the economy of the Bintoro a center for the region around the year of Demak, the area is called Tlatah. 1500. The Bintoro Demak is the sole official at The river which connects between the the south of the Muria Mountains (Purwadi & Bintoro Demak and the remote areas in Maharsi, 2005: 33). What is meant by the Central Java is the Serang River which now strait in this context is the strait between the empties into the between Demak Muria Mountains and Java.Also, the strait is Bintoro and Jepara. The river can still be one of the trade routes. navigated with rather small trading boats. Its Jepara is located at the west of the tributaries are sourced in the Middle Kapur Muria mountains. Jepara has a safe port, Mountains. Next to the mountains lies the old which was originally protected by three small places of Central Java, namely Pengging and islands. The location of Jepara harbor is very Pajang Hadiningrat. The roads are quite well advantageous for larger merchant ships, for the cart to pass a low water boundary from which sail through the north coast of Java to the Serang valley to the Bengawan Maluku and return to the west. The short-cut valley, namely Bengawan Solo, which link road to the south of the mountains can no between southern Central Java and East Java longer be navigated by a large boat because it (Purwadi & Maharsi, 2005: 34). The above has become shallow due to silt sediment, then explanation shows that the trade route in Jepara becomes the Bintoro Demak port. Both Demak is so easy that it greatly helps the cities are powerful (Purwadi & Maharsi, economy of the Bintoro Demak. Without the 2005: 33-34). It has been explained above that efficient trade route, the Bintoro Demak trade the Sultanate of Demak and Jepara have a will be hampered and the economy will also close and strong relationship. There is a large decline. port in Jepara, which is very helpful in the The crops of rice fields in Demak trade and shipping of the Bintoro Demak. Bintoro seems to have been good in ancient The Islamic kingdom of Demak is the times. The water management was good. continuation of the Majapahit kingdom before Moreover, the rice supply for themselves and the king of Demak became an independent 70

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Islamic king and rebelled in disbelief procedures had to be replaced by Islamic (Majapahit). There was no doubt that since religious ceremonies, arts such as and the XIV century were no longer had lost their sacred nature. Its stranger to the Majapahit royal city and the nature then becomes "secular". The Bubat city. Javanese stories telling about "visit development of Javanese literature which at to the king" to the Majapahit Palace as an that time was said to be "modern" was also anual obligation for the vassals who are influenced by the secularization process of Muslims, contain the truth as well. By carrying literary works that were once sacred and the out a "visit to the king" on a regular basis, he sacred history of ancient times. The "coastal" continued to establish relations with the civilization centered on the northern coastal officials of the Majapahit court especially with ports and the east coast of Java, probably in the governor. When King Demak became king the beginning of the XV century, was not of independent Islam and became a sultan, solely Islamic. But its glory in the sixteenth there was no other way for him. and eighteenth centuries clearly shows the Many parts of the old civilization, relationship with the spread of Islam. before the period of Islam, had been taken Demak in the previous period was over by Islamic Javanese Palace in Central known as Bintoro or Gelagahwangi which was Java. This can be viewed from Javanese a duchy area under Majapahit rule. This first literature at that time. The increase in military Islamic kingdom was founded by Raden Patah buildings in Demak and other capitals in Java on the blessing and support of the walisongo in the sixteenth century was also the influence which was estimated not long after the of Islamic heroic traditions. collapse of the Majapahit Kingdom (during the Demak mosque as the center of reign of Prabu Brawijaya V / Kertabumi) i.e.± worship of the first Islamic kingdom in Java 1478 M sinengkelan (marked by condro and its position in the hearts of believers in sengkolo) "SIRNO ILANG KERTANING BUMI ". the sixteenth century and beyond played an The establishment of the Demak sinengkelan important role. There was a group of follower Kingdom" geni mati siniram janmi "which that was very influential who connected with means soko year of 1403/1481 M. international Islamic centers abroad. Before Demak became the center of the Important parts of present-day Islamic kingdom, it was a duchy under the authority Javanese civilization, such as wayang orang, of the Majapahit kingdom (Brawijaya V) and wayang topeng, gamelan, macapat songs and before having the status of a duchy, it was keris making, seem to have existed since the better known as "Glagah Wangi" which was seventeenth century by Javanese saga as the the only duchy whose duke embraced Islam. result of the discovery of contemporaries According to folklore, the first person living in the Demak sultanate. encountered by Raden Patah in Glagah Wangi The art had gained an important is Nyai Lembah from Rawa Pening. Due to the position in the Javanese civilization before suggestion of Nyai Lembah, Raden Patah Islam, possibly it relates to worship. In XV and settled in Glagah Wangi Village which was XVI centuries, in most parts of Java, the pagan later named as "Bintoro Demak". In its

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M. Nur Rokhman, Lia Yuliana: History Learning at Secondary School .... development, Bintoro finally became the city of Juwana was such a center for the area capital of the country due to the more people at around the year of 1500. But around 1513 living there. Juwana was destroyed and vacated by Gusti There are several opinions regarding Patih, the commander of the Majapahit the origin of Demak: 1). According to Prof. kingdom which was not Islam. This is Purbotjaroko, Demak comes from the word presumably the last of the old kingdoms. After Delemak. Which means land that contains the fall of Juwana, Demak became the sole water (swamp), 2) according to sholichin ruler to the south of the Muria Mountains. salam in his book "around walisongo" states The link between Demak and the that Prof. Dr. argues, the city of Demak remote areas in Central Java is the Serang is derived from the "Dimak" which River (also known by other names), which means tears, describing the difficulties in now empties into the Java Sea between Demak upholding Islam at that time, 3) according to and Jepara. The harvest of rice fields in the Prof. R.M. Sutjipto Wiryosuparto, Demak Demak area seems to have been good in comes from the which means ancient times. The opportunity to carry out hand or giving. the drainage is sufficient. Moreover, the Geographically, the Demak Kingdom is supply of rice for its own needs and for located in Central Java, but at the beginning of agriculture can still be added by the its establishment the Demak kingdom authorities in Demak without much difficulty, received assistance from the Regents of the if they control the connecting road in Pegging coastal regions of Central Java and East Java and Pajang. who had embraced Islam. Previously, the Based on the research results of Demak area was named Bintoro, which was a Walisongo IAIN Central Java in 1974 on the vassal or subordinate to the Majapahit materials of Islamic History in northern Kingdom. His governmental power was given Central Java, it was reported that there were to Raden Fatah (from the Majapahit kingdom) several opinions regarding the location of the whose mother embraced Islam and came from Sultanate (royal palace) of Demak, namely: Jeumpa (Pasai Region) First, that the former Demak empire did not Demak's location is very beneficial, exist. It is stated that Raden Patah began to both for trade and agriculture. In ancient spread the religion of Islam in Demak solely times the Demak region was located on the for the benefit of the Islamic religion. The edge of the strait between the Muria establishment of the Demak mosque along Mountains and Java. Previously the strait with the walisongo is a symbol of the Demak seemed to be rather wide and could be Sultanate. The residence of Raden Patah was navigated properly so that merchant ships not a magnificent palace, but an ordinary from Semarang could take a shortcut to sail to house which was located around the train Rembang. But since the XVII century the station, nowadays the place was called shortcut cannot be navigated at any time. In "Rowobatok". the sixteenth century it seemed that Deamak Second, in general the location of the had become a rice warehouse from an mosque is not too far from the palace. It is agricultural area on the edge of the strait. The estimated that the location of the Demak 72

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palace is in the place where the Penitentiary to Jaya Suprana, one of the two opinions might was established (east of the square), arguing be wrong, but it could also be wrong (!). This that in the colonial era there was an element is the commentary on Demak in Jaya Suprana of intentionally eliminating the former palace, style kelirumologi. this opinion was based on the existence of the Both opinions above are geologically names of villages that have a historical interesting because they both inevitably background. Like the name: sitihingkil involve a geological process called (setinggil), betengan, pungkuran, sampangan sedimentation. Let's see a little sedimentation and jogoloyo. process in this famous region. Famous? Yes, Third, the location of the palace faces this region is in terms of the famous the Great Mosque of Demak, crossing the river Quaternary sedimentation. It is argued that in marked by the presence of two betel trees. the past Mount Muria in the north of Demak The two areca trees are still there, and there did not converge with Java, it was a volcanic is a grave of the holy church between the two island which eventually merged with the trees. According to the beliefs of the local Javanese mainland by a process of community, what was planted was actually a sedimentation between Demak-Muria. Let's spear (heirloom). examine this opinion based on old historical A new book, "Encyclopaedia of literature. Kelirumologi" (Jaya Suprana, 2009 - Elex Little things about the Kingdom of Media Komputindo-Kompas Gramedia), Demak, need to be written down again to just contains an entry entitled "Demak" on page refresh the mind. The Demak kingdom was 98. In the entry, it was told that the location of the first Islamic kingdom in Java and existed the former Keraton Royal Demak palace had after the Majapahit Kingdom era. Some of the not been agreed between the experts. A group Demak kings are descendants of the Majapahit of experts said that the location of the palace kings, including Raden Patah - the founder of was most likely to be in the southern area of the Kingdom of Demak. The history of the the current town square of Demak and facing Majapahit conquest by Demak has its own north. In the southern region of Demak there story which is very detailed in the book is a place called Sitinggil / Siti Hinggil -a name Slamet Muljana (1968, 2005) "The collapse of that is usually associated with the palace. But the Hindu-Javanese Empire and the another group of experts opposed this opinion emergence of Islamic countries in the because in the XV century, when the Demak archipelago" - Bhratara - LKiS. In 1515, the Kingdom existed, the Demak region was still Kingdom of Demak had its territory from in the form of wild swamps. It is very unlikely Demak to Cirebon. In 1546, the Demak that Raden Patah established his kingdom Kingdom had expanded to include Jambi, there. More likely, according to this group, the Palembang, Bangka, Banten, Sunda Kalapa and center of the Kingdom of Demak is in the area Panarukan in East Java. In 1588 Demak around Semarang, namely Alastuwo, District disappeared and his successor changed to Genuk. This opinion is supported by the Pajang which was the predecessor of the findings of archaeological objects. According kingdom / sultanate in Yogyakarta and

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Surakarta now. The collapse of the Demak swampy area east of Semarang, at the foot of Kingdom was no different from its conquest of Mount Muria. The area is very fertile and Majapahit. The events of the demise of strategic to master shipping on the north important Demak figures when attacking coast. Jin Bun is based in Demak. In Demak, Jin Blambangan which was former Majapahit, and Bun became an according to the the undermining of the Demak itself made the message of his teacher, Sunan Ampel. He kingdom even weaker and eventually gathered his followers from both the Javanese collapsed on its own. A lesson from history - and Chinese communities. Before rebelling disintegration from within will endanger unity against Majapahit, Jin Bun or Raden Patah and unity. were regents stationed in Demak or Bintara. Back to the search for the center of the Demak used to be located at the edge of Demak Kingdom, the book of Mohammad Ali the sea, but now the distance from the sea to (1963), "The Role of the Indonesian Nation in 30 km, can be interpreted from a puddle map Southeast Asian History" - Bhratara, issued by the Semarang Regional Government interesting to refer to. In describing the (Daldjoeni, 1992, "Geography of History II" - occurrence of the Demak Kingdom, Moh. Ali Alumni). This flood inundation map from wrote that at an event Raden Patah was Semarang to Juwana clearly illustrates the ordered by his teacher, Sunan Ampel from remnants of the swamp around Demak Surabaya, to move west and settle in a place because up to now this area has always been protected by fragrant plants. Lush rearing inundated areas in the event of major flooding plants are certainly only fertile in the swamp from the surrounding rivers. From the map area. In his travels, Raden Patah arrived at the we can estimate that the location of Muryo swamp area on the southern edge of Muryo Island was in the north of Central Java in the Island (Muria), which is a large swamp area 15th to 16th centuries. Demak as a city is that closes the sea or more precisely a strait located on the banks of the that separates Muryo Island from the Central whose water comes from Rawa Pening near Java mainland. It was there that fragrant and Ambarawa. swampy was found; then the place was named In the northwest of the area is the Raden Patah as "Demak". Prawoto hill, a land protrusion like a According to Slamet Muljana (1983), peninsula whose rocks consist of marl in the "Restoration of the Persada History of central Kendeng Mountains. In the history of Majapahit Ancestors" - the forest in Gelagah Demak there was a figure named Sunan Wangi was opened and used as a new Prawoto (Prawata), the son of Prince residence called "Bintara". From the name of Trenggono. His real name was Mukmin, but the new territory, Raden Patah is known as then he was nicknamed Sunan Prawoto Prince of the Priests. Slamet Muljana (1968, because every rainy season, in order to avoid 2005) also wrote that Raden Patah (the puddles around Demak, he fled to the Chinese name is Jin Bun - Raden Patah is the pesanggrahan built on Prawoto hill. The son of the Majapahit king Prabu Brawijaya remnants of the guesthouse still show the and one of his wives called the Chinese presence of a gate and sitinggil (siti hinggil) Princess) chose to live in an empty and and a bathing pool (De Graaf, 1954, "De 74

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Regering van Panembahan Senapati Ingalaga" When in the seventeenth century - Martinus Nijhoff). sediments in the Muryo Strait had increased De Graaf and Th. Pigeaud (1974), "De and finally anchored them so they could no Eerste Moslimse Voorstendommen op Java" - longer be navigated, the port of Demak died Martinus Nijhoff) has good information about and the role of the port was taken over by the location of Demak. The location of Demak Jepara which was located on the west side of is quite beneficial for trade and agricultural Muryo Island. The port is quite good and safe activities. The strait which separated Central from big waves because it is protected by Java and Muryo Island at that time was quite three islands located in front of the port. wide and could be navigated freely, so from Merchant ships that sailed from Maluku to Semarang via Demak the boat could sail until Malacca or vice versa always docked in Jepara. Rembang. Only in the 17th century did the Thus a brief review based on old historical strait not be navigable throughout the year. literature on the location of the more likely In the 17th century, especially in the Demak Kingdom is located in the southern city rainy season, small boats can sail from Jepara of Demak now, in an area which was once a to Pati, which is located on the banks of the swamp and facing a strait (Muryo Strait) and Juwana river. In 1657, Tumenggung Pati Muryo Island (Muria). Precisely by being announced that he intended to order a canal located in such an area, Demak in his time had connecting Demak with Pati so that Juwana mastered the shipping channel in Java before could be used as a trading center. In the 16th the sedimentation buried the existence of the century Demak was thought to be the center Muria Strait. The Pantura highway that for storing agricultural rice from areas along connects Semarang-Demak-Kudus-Pati- the Muryo Strait. As for Juwana in around Juwana now is actually right above the Muria 1500, it also functioned as Demak. In this Strait which used to be heavily navigated by connection, according to the report of a ships. famous foreign traveler in Indonesia at the The building is made of teak wood time - Tom Pires, in 1513 Juwana was measuring 31 m x 31 m with a section of the destroyed by a Majapahit warlord and Demak foyer measuring 31 m x 15 m. The middle roof became the only one who played a role in that was supported by four giant wooden poles function. Demak transportation with the (saka guru), made by four guardians between inland area of Central Java is through the Wali Songo. Southeast Saka is made by Sunan Serang River whose mouth lies between Ampel, southwest of Sunan Gunung Jati, Demak and Jepara. Until almost the end of the northwest made by , while 18th century the Serang River was navigable northeast is not made of one piece of whole by ships to the interior. Serang River is located wood but is composed of several blocks bound on Mount Merbabu and in the Kendeng together (saka tatal), is a donation from Sunan Tengah Mountains. To the south of the Kalijaga. The ensemble with eight mountains there is the Pengging landscape tiangboyongan is an additional building in the (between Boyolali and Pajang / Kartasura). time of Duke of Jonah.

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The Great Mosque of Demak is an wooden panel which was previously located Islamic-style mosque built by walisongo in on the inner wall above the main door. The one night. Regarding the year of construction sound of the inscription is the Hadeging of the of this mosque, there are still many experts mosque, even though the guardians, the nalika debated with their respective sources. The dinten on Thursday Kliwon malem on Friday first source is written in the form of chapters, legi on 1 Dulkaidah in 1428 S / 1506 AD saga, and ancient texts. While the second (Raharjo, 1997: 29). source in the form of inscriptions and However, the more believed year as the candrasengkala which until now can still be year of the establishment of the Great Mosque seen in the Demak mosque. of Demak was 1401 S / 1479 AD which was In the chronicle demolition of based on the candrasengkala located on the Atmodarminto, it was stated that the west wall of the mihrab. Namely in the form of construction of the mosque was marked by a turtle ornament that shows the head, body, candrasengkala lawang trusguna ning jalmi four legs and tail. Meanwhile, the Great which contained the 1399 saka or 1477 AD Mosque of Demak has experienced at least 10 numerical meaning. Also mentioned in the repairs. In the mentioned in book Nukilan Sedjarah Tcirebon stated that 1634 S (1710 AD), Pakubuwono I gave the the Agng Demak Mosque was built by the order to repair the Great Mosque of Demak trustees in the same year as the Cirebon and replace the shingle. During the reign of mosque, which was 1498 (Hariwijaya, 2006: the , improvements were 28). made to the Great Demak mosque, among Candrasengkala in the form of dragon others by strengthening the main pillars by head images can be seen on the main door giving wood linings and iron clamps. leaves in the front of the mosque. Lawang / Furthermore, the improvement efforts made door is often called Lawang Bledeg or in the twentieth century included: 1) in 1924- Lightning Door. The door was made by Ki 1926 the replacement of the mosque's porch Ageng Selo which illustrates the mixing of 2 and shingles, the addition of the construction cultures between Majapahit (stupa) and of the horses in the roof of the mosque and the Chinese culture (picture of a dragon at the construction of iron towers, 2) In 1966-1969, bottom). The sound from Candrasengkala the replacement of lstrik installations and contained at the door is the Dragon mulad front fence, front gate breaking, fence around salira wani which means numbers in the year the mosque, demolition and redevelopment of 1388 S or 1466M (Sabariyanto, 1981: 39). The the mosque's foyer, 3) 1973-1974 concretion door that is now a copy and the original one is on the mosque wall, replacement of some stored in the Museum. shingles and rehabilitation of the sultan's Other Candrasengkala are found on the grave, 4) 1982 / 1983-1987 / 1988, the western wall of the mihrab in the form of restoration was carried out in an integrated turtle ornaments. This candrasengkala shows and integrated manner by the Project for the the numbers in the year 1401 S or 1479 AD. Restoration and Maintenance Development of Another source is an inscription containing the History and Antiquities of Central Java. 1428 S. This inscription is written on a 76

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Conclusions The Demak Sultanate was the first Demak Kingdom experienced a Islamic sultanate in Java which was founded glorious period in the government of Sultan by Raden Patah in 1478 after Demak stood Trenggana who ruled from 1521-1546 M. alone apart from the destroyed Majapahit. In a Sultan Trenggana tried to expand his territory short time, Demak developed into a large to West Java. In 1522 the Demak Kingdom kingdom. The territory of the Demak kingdom sent troops to West Java under the leadership includes Jepara, Semarang, Tegal, and of Fatahillah. He was a cleric from the market lembang, jambi, island islands between who came to Demak to serve the Sultan. His Kalimantan and Sumatra, as well as several arrival was well received by Sultan Trenggana. areas on the island of Kalimantan. The In 1527 the Demak fleet under Faletehan important port ports controlled by Demak are headed to Banten, Sunda Kelapa and Cirebon. Jepara, Tuban, Sidayu, Jaratan and Gresik. The three regions are included in the kingdom Demak has an important role in the of Pajajaran. Banten can be captured, then development of Islam in Java and Demak is the carried out an attack on Sunda Kelapa, when center of the spread of Islam. Spreader of the the Portuguese also came to Sunda Kelapa. spread of Islam is known as the guardian. For They will establish trading offices and places of worship and centers of religious fortresses in Sunda Kelapa. Then there was a activities, the trustees set up a mosque in war between the Portuguese and the Demak Demak. It is important to note here that fleet. Demak then won and the Portuguese Demak kings are well-known as protectors of fleet could be destroyed. Right on June 22, religion so that between kings and are 1527 Sunda Kelapa was controlled and closely linked, especially with walisanga. The renamed Jayakarta. establishment of the Great Demak Mosque by the guardians with its architecture Sunan References Kalijaga is the preaching center of the Aboebakar. 1955. Sejarah Mesjid dan amal guardians, including Walisanga, namely Sunan ibadah dalamnja. : Adil. Ampel, , , Sunan Arif S. Sadiman., et.al. 2011. Media Pendidikan Muria, Sunan Bonang, , Sunan (Pengertian Pengembangan dan Darajat, Sunan Giri, and Syeh Lemah Abang / Pemafaatannya). Jakarta: Rajawali. Siti Jenar. However, Syeh Lemah Abang / Syeh Siti Jenar is not considered as the other Aunurrahman. 2010. Belajar dan guardians. This is because he spread the Pembelajaran. Bandung: Alfabeta. forbidden teachings, namely about "Jumbuhing Kawula Gusti" (the union of Azhar Arsyad. 2006. Media Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. servants with their Lord). After being followed up by other trustees, it was said that what was Adnan Sekecake, Peta dan Kerajaan Demak, taught by Siti Jenar was true, but it was very http:// warungbaca9.blogspot.com, dangerous, especially if it was taught to the retrieved on Friday 23 October 2015. public.

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